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antibody response of an h9 subtype avian influenza poultry vaccine on three kinds of wild birds in shanghai zoo.a semiannual immunization with a commercial inactivated h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine developed for poultry has been used to prevent and control the avian influenza (ai) infections among captured wild birds in shanghai zoo. however, the overall safety and effectiveness of the poultry vaccine for housed birds in the zoo remain unclear. to verify the safety and efficacy of the commercial inactivated h9 ai vaccine on zoo birds and to explore a more reasonable and effective immuniza ...202134339128
biological and physicochemical properties of the nests of white stork ciconia ciconia reveal soil entirely formed, modified and maintained by birds.the physiological and behavioural activities of animals have far-reaching impacts on the characteristics and functioning of soil. this includes vertebrates, which are capable of modifying the physicochemical and biochemical properties of soil. to date, however, no species is known to be responsible for the entire process of soil formation, modification and maintenance. large-bodied birds build nests which they then use for several years or even decades. during nest construction or renovation, bi ...202033143925
antibody response of a h9 subtype avian influenza poultry vaccine on three kinds of wild birds in shanghai zoo.a semi-annual immunization with a commercial inactivated h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine developed for poultry has been used to prevent and control the avian influenza (ai) infections among captured wild birds in shanghai zoo. however, the overall safety and effectiveness of the poultry vaccine for housed birds in the zoo remains unclear. to verify the safety and efficacy of the commercial inactivated h9 ai vaccine on zoo birds, and to explore a more reasonable and effective immun ...202033108447
abundance and spatial distribution of the structure supporting the nest of white stork ciconia ciconia in guerbes-sanhadja wetland eco-complex, northeastern of algeria.in the present investigation, the spatial distribution of the nest of white stork ciconia ciconia was examined. spearman's rank-order correlations test and the principal component analysis (pca) were applied to a total of 227 nests recorded in the guerbes-sanhadja wetland eco-complex, northeastern of algeria, over seven sites, for which the percentage of occupied nests reaches 89% (202 nest were occupied). our goals are twofold: to explore the variation and distribution of the structure supporti ...202033094456
seasonal niche tracking of climate emerges at the population level in a migratory bird.seasonal animal migration is a widespread phenomenon. at the species level, it has been shown that many migratory animal species track similar climatic conditions throughout the year. however, it remains unclear whether such a niche tracking pattern is a direct consequence of individual behaviour or emerges at the population or species level through behavioural variability. here, we estimated seasonal niche overlap and seasonal niche tracking at the individual and population level of central eur ...202032962549
foraging at solid urban waste disposal sites as risk factor for cephalosporin and colistin resistant escherichia coli carriage in white storks (ciconia ciconia).white stork (ciconia ciconia) may act as a reservoir and vehicle of cephalosporin resistant (cr) escherichia coli. between 2011 and 2014, we sampled white storks from colonies exposed to different degrees of anthropic pressure across the major areas of natural distribution of white storks in spain. cloacal swab samples (n = 467) were obtained from individuals belonging to 12 different colonies from six different regions. additionally, 70 samples were collected from recently deposited droppings a ...202032849315
mortality limits used in wind energy impact assessment underestimate impacts of wind farms on bird populations.the consequences of bird mortality caused by collisions with wind turbines are increasingly receiving attention. so-called acceptable mortality limits of populations, that is, those that assume that 1%-5% of additional mortality and the potential biological removal (pbr), provide seemingly clear-cut methods for establishing the reduction in population viability.we examine how the application of these commonly used mortality limits could affect populations of the common starling, black-tailed god ...202032724513
urban birds: an important source of antimicrobial resistant salmonella strains in central spain.antimicrobial resistance (amr) is one of the most important threats of the 21 st century. wild birds have been described as reservoirs of amr in different bacterial species, such as salmonella spp. privation of food, climate change and overpopulation have forced many wild species to modify their feeding habits, attending urban areas. in this context, the aim of this study was to study salmonella presence, as well as related amr in urban birds that inhabit the city and its surroundings. a total o ...202032717528
distance to landfill and human activities affects the debris incorporation into the white stork nests in urbanized landscape in central spain.human's activities dominates many aspects of the earth's environment; thus animals are forced to adapt and respond to the resulting changes in habitat structure and functioning due to anthropogenic pressure. along with the growing human population and the associated amount of waste produced, the amount of different type of physical contamination component in environment is increasing. incorporation of debris in nests may be a mounting avian response to anthropogenic pollution. in this research, ...202032557058
a protective nesting association with native species counteracts biotic resistance for the spread of an invasive parakeet from urban into rural habitats.non-native species are often introduced in cities, where they take advantage of microclimatic conditions, resources provided by humans, and competitor/predator release to establish and proliferate. however, native communities in the surrounding rural or natural areas usually halt their spread through biotic resistance, mainly via top-down regulative processes (predation pressure). here, we show an unusual commensal interaction between exotic and native bird species that favours the spread of the ...202032411270
a novel herpesvirus in a white stork associated with splenic and hepatic necrosis.we identified a novel herpesvirus in a captive juvenile white stork (ciconia ciconia) that experienced progressive weight loss followed by death. histologic findings included severe splenic and hepatic necrosis, and intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes and unidentified splenic cells. the virus was amplified, sequenced, and subsequently accessioned as ciconiid alphaherpesvirus 1. phylogenetic analysis was performed and revealed that this virus is more closely related to mammalian herpesvi ...202032274981
circadian preferences of birdwatchers in poland: do "owls" prefer watching night birds, and "larks" prefer daytime ones?birdwatching is a very popular and increasing leisure activity, and the study and observation of birds is more popular in the morning due to the greater activity among birds at that time of day. the aim of our study was to find out whether there was a relationship between the circadian preference of observers and their favourite bird species and whether it was influenced by such factors as professional status, age and gender. in an e-mail survey we asked a total of 433 polish ornithologists (pro ...202032175191
low occurrence of acinetobacter baumannii in gulls and songbirds.acinetobacter baumannii is a worldwide occurring nosocomial pathogen, the natural habitats of which remain to be defined. recently, white stork nestlings have been described as a recurring source of a. baumannii. here, we challenged the hypothesis of a general preference of a. baumannii for avian hosts. taking advantage of campaigns to ring free-living birds, we collected cloacal swab samples from 741 black-headed gulls (chroicocephalus ridibundus) in poland, tracheal and cloacal swabs from 285 ...202032162853
mcr-colistin resistance genes mobilized by incx4, inchi2, and inci2 plasmids in escherichia coli of pigs and white stork in spain.colistin has become the last-line antimicrobial for the treatment of multidrug resistant (mdr) enterobacterales in human medicine. to date, several colistin resistance genes have been described. of them mcr-1 is disseminated worldwide in escherichia coli of human and animal origin. the aim of this study was to characterize mcr-mediated resistance plasmids from e. coli of animal origin in spain. from our strain collection, 70 e. coli of pig origin collected between 2005 and 2014 (10 per year, exc ...201932010114
antioxidant supplementation slows telomere shortening in free-living white stork chicks.telomere length (tl) and shortening is increasingly shown to predict variation in survival and lifespan, raising the question of what causes variation in these traits. oxidative stress is well known to accelerate telomere attrition in vitro, but its importance in vivo is largely hypothetical. we tested this hypothesis experimentally by supplementing white stork (ciconia ciconia) chicks with antioxidants. individuals received either a control treatment, or a supply of tocopherol (vitamin e) and s ...202031937223
daily energy expenditure in white storks is lower after fledging than in the nest.many juvenile birds turn into long-distance migrants within weeks of fledging. this transition involves upheavals in their energy management as major changes in growth and activity occur. understanding such ontogenetic transitions in energy allocation has been difficult because collecting continuous data on energy costs in wild developing birds was previously largely impossible. here, we continuously measured heart rate and fine-scale movements of 20 free-living juvenile white storks (ciconia ci ...202031900347
determination of nest occupation and breeding effect of the white stork by human-mediated landscape in western poland.choosing an appropriate nest site is essential for successful breeding. changes in land use cause populations of many species to decline although some species adapt to anthropogenic changes. the white stork ciconia ciconia commonly uses artificial nest sites. recently, white storks from western europe have been using landfills as feeding sites; the beginnings of this process are being observed in central-eastern europe. the study aimed to determine factors influencing the probability of nest occ ...202031828707
do agricultural environments increase the reproductive success of white stork ciconia ciconia populations in south-western poland?as populations of white stork ciconia ciconia have decreased at different rates in europe, the specific environmental drivers that influence breeding success are a matter of controversy. here we use body size, blood, and environmental data of a total of 1226 stork nestlings of different ages from a total of 363 nests in three different habitats (meadows, forest-edges, open agricultural landscapes) in s-w poland to ask whether: 1) natural grassland environments increase the reproductive output in ...202031726342
"closer-to-home" strategy benefits juvenile survival in a long-distance migratory bird.human-induced changes in the climate and environment that occur at an unprecedented speed are challenging the existence of migratory species. faced with these new challenges, species with diverse and flexible migratory behaviors may suffer less from population decline, as they may be better at responding to these changes by altering their migratory behavior. at the individual level, variations in migratory behavior may lead to differences in fitness and subsequently influence the population's de ...201931462993
static landscape features predict uplift locations for soaring birds across europe.soaring flight is a remarkable adaptation to reduce movement costs by taking advantage of atmospheric uplifts. the movement pattern of soaring birds is shaped by the spatial and temporal availability and intensity of uplifts, which result from an interaction of local weather conditions with the underlying landscape structure. we used soaring flight locations and vertical speeds of an obligate soaring species, the white stork (ciconia ciconia), as proxies for uplift availability and intensity. we ...201930800386
implementation of genetic based individualization of white stork (ciconia ciconia) in forensic casework. 201930744983
data exploration on diet, and composition, energy value and functional division of prey items ingested by white storks ciconia ciconia in south-western poland: dietary variation due to land cover, reproductive output and colonial breeding.the dataset presented in this data paper supports "linking land cover satellite data with dietary variation and reproductive output in an opportunistic forager: arable land use can boost an ontogenetic trophic bottleneck in the white stork ciconia ciconia" (orłowski et al. 2019) [1]. analysis of data on diet and prey composition based on an investigation of 165 pellets of white storks ciconia ciconia sampled from 52 nests showed that their diet was based primarily on 'eurytopic prey' (embracing ...201830456232
early arrival at breeding grounds: causes, costs and a trade-off with overwintering latitude.early arrival at breeding grounds is of prime importance for migrating birds as it is known to enhance breeding success. adults, males and higher quality individuals typically arrive earlier, and across years, early arrival has been linked to warmer spring temperatures. however, the mechanisms and potential costs of early arrival are not well understood. to deepen the understanding of arrival date differences between individuals and years, we studied them in light of the preceding spring migrati ...201830120893
corticosterone implants produce stress-hyporesponsive birds.in birds, the use of corticosterone (cort) implants is a frequent tool aimed at simulating systemic elevations of this hormone and studying effects on biological traits (e.g. physiology, morphology, behavior). this manipulation may alter adrenocortical function, potentially changing both baseline (cortbas) and stress-induced (cortstress) plasma cort levels. however, implant effects on the latter trait are rarely measured, disregarding downstream consequences of potentially altered stress respons ...201830111557
a periodic markov model to formalize animal migration on a network.regular, long-distance migrations of thousands of animal species have consequences for the ecosystems that they visit, modifying trophic interactions and transporting many non-pathogenic and pathogenic organisms. the spatial structure and dynamic properties of animal migrations and population flyways largely determine those trophic and transport effects, but are yet poorly studied. as a basis, we propose a periodic markov model on the spatial migration network of breeding, stopover and wintering ...201830110431
linking land cover satellite data with dietary variation and reproductive output in an opportunistic forager: arable land use can boost an ontogenetic trophic bottleneck in the white stork ciconia ciconia.determining how the progressive loss of resources due to agricultural intensification and habitat degradation affect individual fitness and population persistence is a matter of urgency. here we explored three major questions in order to extend knowledge of the relationship between reproduction rate, diet and energy intake in white storks ciconia ciconia based both on our own analysis of pellets and landscape properties sampled in 52 nests in south-western poland, and published literature data. ...201930056236
from local collective behavior to global migratory patterns in white storks.soaring migrant birds exploit columns of rising air (thermals) to cover large distances with minimal energy. using social information while locating thermals may benefit such birds, but examining collective movements in wild migrants has been a major challenge for researchers. we investigated the group movements of a flock of 27 naturally migrating juvenile white storks by using high-resolution gps and accelerometers. analyzing individual and group movements on multiple scales revealed that a sm ...201829798883
scaling of avian bipedal locomotion reveals independent effects of body mass and leg posture on gait.birds provide an interesting opportunity to study the relationships between body size, limb morphology and bipedal locomotor function. birds are ecologically diverse and span a large range of body size and limb proportions, yet all use their hindlimbs for bipedal terrestrial locomotion, for at least some part of their life history. here, we review the scaling of avian striding bipedal gaits to explore how body mass and leg morphology influence walking and running. we collate literature data from ...201829789347
how weather conditions in non-breeding and breeding grounds affect the phenology and breeding abilities of white storks.it has often been suggested that conditions in wintering grounds affect the breeding abilities of migratory birds. this is known as the carry-over effect. heretofore, many studies have reported the relationship between conditions in wintering grounds, dates of departure from and arrival at breeding grounds, and breeding success. however, very few studies have shown how these conditions affect the capacity of females for egg production.201829709867
synchronization, coordination and collective sensing during thermalling flight of freely migrating white storks.exploring how flocks of soaring migrants manage to achieve and maintain coordination while exploiting thermal updrafts is important for understanding how collective movements can enhance the sensing of the surrounding environment. here we examined the structural organization of a group of circling white storks (ciconia ciconia) throughout their migratory journey from germany to spain. we analysed individual high-resolution gps trajectories of storks during circling events, and evaluated each bir ...201829581396
factors determining the occurrence of anthropogenic materials in nests of the white stork ciconia ciconia.birds have been using anthropogenic materials for nest construction for the past few decades. however, there is a trade-off between the use of new nesting material, which is often linked to greater breeding success, and the higher risk of nestling mortality due to entanglement or ingestion of debris. here, we investigate the incorporation of anthropogenic materials into nests of the white stork ciconia ciconia, based on a long-term study of a population in western poland. we recorded at least on ...201829536420
the distribution and heterogeneity of mast cells in tongue from five different avian species.this study was conducted with the aim of determining the morphology, distribution and heterogeneity of mast cells in the tongues of seagull (larus fuscus), common buzzard (buteo buteo), goose (anser anser), white stork (ciconia ciconia) and gerze rooster. the study used five samples of tongue material from each of the healthy adult avian species. the samples were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin (nbf) solution, then, after routine tissue follow-up, the samples blocked with paraplast. cross ...201829492994
a serosurvey of flavivirus infection in horses and birds in slovakia.in central europe, at least three flaviviruses circulate among vectors and vertebrate hosts. west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) are mosquito-borne viruses maintained in the nature by enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds. tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a flavivirus causing annual human cases in slovakia. the aim of this study is the prevalence assessment of flavivirus infections in horses (n = 145) and birds (n = 109) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and conf ...201829437548
plastic ingestion in aquatic-associated bird species in southern portugal.excessive use of plastics in daily life and the inappropriate disposal of plastic products are severely affecting wildlife species in both coastal and aquatic environments. birds are top-predators, exposed to all threats affecting their environments, making them ideal sentinel organisms for monitoring ecosystems change. we set a baseline assessment of the prevalence of marine plastic litter affecting multi-species populations of aquatic birds in southern portugal. by examining 160 stomach conten ...201829421119
complete genome sequencing of acinetobacter sp. strain logew2-3, isolated from the pellet of a white stork, reveals a novel class d beta-lactamase gene.whole-genome sequencing of acinetobacter sp. strain logew2-3, isolated from the pellet of a white stork (ciconia ciconia), reveals the presence of a plasmid of 179,399 bp encoding a crispr-cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated genes) system of the i-f type, and the chromosomally encoded novel class d beta-lactamase oxa-568.201829326210
avian influenza virus surveillance in south-central spain using fecal samples of aquatic birds foraging at landfills.aquatic wild birds have been intensively studied to better understand their role in avian influenza virus (aiv) maintenance and spread. to date, aiv surveillance has primarily focused on natural aquatic environments where different bird species aggregate and viral survival is enhanced. however, artificial habitats such as landfills are attracting substantial numbers of wild birds, aiv reservoir species included. the use of landfills as a predictable food source has significantly influenced popul ...201729124060
migratory white stork (ciconia ciconia): a potential vector of the oxa-48-producing escherichia coli st38 clone in algeria.the emergence of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae is of great concern to public health worldwide. the aim of this study was to screen for the presence of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in white stork (ciconia ciconia) migratory bird stools, and to investigate their molecular support on β-lactamase production. in march 2015, 32 fecal samples of white stork were collected in the commune of el madher wilaya de batna, in eastern algeria. samples were subjected to selective isol ...201829022829
relatedness of wildlife and livestock avian isolates of the nosocomial pathogen acinetobacter baumannii to lineages spread in hospitals worldwide.the natural habitats and potential reservoirs of the nosocomial pathogen acinetobacter baumannii are poorly defined. here, we put forth and tested the hypothesis of avian reservoirs of a. baumannii. we screened tracheal and rectal swab samples from livestock (chicken, geese) and wild birds (white stork nestlings) and isolated a. baumannii from 3% of sampled chicken (n = 220), 8% of geese (n = 40) and 25% of white stork nestlings (n = 661). virulence of selected avian a. baumannii isolates was co ...201728925528
a potential new threat to wild life: presence of uv filters in bird eggs from a preserved area.the present study uses bird eggs of 7 wild species as a biomonitoring tool for sunscreens occurrence. seven uv filters (uv-fs), including 3 hydroxy-metabolites of oxybenzone (benzophenone 3, bp3) were characterized in unhatched eggs from doñana natural space (southwestern, spain). high frequency of detection was observed for all uv-fs, ranging from 95% to 100%. the oxybenzone metabolite 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4hb) was ubiquitous at concentrations in the range 12.0-3,348ng g(-1) dry weight (dw). ...201728870065
factors determining presence of passerines breeding within white stork ciconia ciconia nests.nests of white stork ciconia ciconia are commonly used by various passerines as nesting sites. in this study, we investigated factors determining presence and number of pairs of species breeding within white stork nests in an extensive farmland in ne poland. in 133 (57%) out of 233 white stork nests, we found at least one breeding pair of passerine bird. these were from three species: house sparrows passer domesticus (68% of 133 nests with co-breeding), tree sparrows passer montanus (65%), and s ...201728821917
concentration of 12 metals and metalloids in the blood of white stork (ciconia ciconia): basal values and influence of age and gender.the white stork (ciconia ciconia) is being increasingly used in biomonitoring programmes of environmental contaminants due to its growing population in europe; however, studies on inorganic elements are scarce. the blood of 70 white storks was collected and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (icp-ms) to determine the presence of the following elements: lead (pb), mercury (hg), arsenic (as), nickel (ni), iron (fe), zinc (zn), copper (cu), selenium (se), manganese (mn), chrom ...201728698978
hymenolepididae (cestoda, cyclophyllidea) of ciconiiform and pelecaniform birds: the genera oschmarinolepis spassky and spasskaja, 1954 and paraoschmarinolepis gen. n.the monotypic genus oschmarinolepis spassky and spasskaja, 1954 (cestoda, hymenolepididae) is reviewed. its validity is confirmed with an updated diagnosis, and its type-species, oschmarinolepis microcephala (rudolphi, 1819), is redescribed. the new monotypic genus paraoschmarinolepis gen n. is erected with paraoschmarinolepis multiformis (creplin, 1829) comb. n., as its type-species. the morphology of both type-species, o. microcephala and p. multiformis comb. n. is reviewed on the basis of pub ...201728682778
intestinal helminths of the white stork (ciconia ciconia linnaeus 1758) from an inter-route site in turkey.in turkey, a study was conducted during the years 2009-2015 to detect the gastrointestinal helminth species of 18 white storks (ciconia ciconia linnaeus, 1758 (aves: ciconiiformes) sampled from aquatic or swamp areas of bursa province, one of the inter-route sites where storks intensely stay. the results of postmortem examination revealed that 17 (94.44%) white storks harboured one or more helminth species. eight species of helminths were detected at the following prevalence rates: dictymetra di ...201728605970
sexual differences in food preferences in the white stork: an experimental study.sex differences in the foraging ecology of monomorphic species are poorly understood, due to problems with gender identification in field studies. in the current study, we used experimental conditions to investigate the food preferences of the white stork ciconia ciconia, an opportunistic species in terms of food, but characterised by a low level of sexual dimorphism. during a 10-day experiment, 29 individuals (20 females and 9 males) were studied by means of a 'cafeteria test' in which the stor ...201728389678
patterns of change in the population and spatial distribution of oriental white storks (ciconia boyciana) wintering in poyang lake.using total counts in simultaneous annual surveys, we monitored the population size and spatial distribution of oriental white storks (ciconia boyciana) wintering in poyang lake between 1998 and 2011. results showed that poyang lake wetland is an important wintering ground for oriental white storks, with an annual average population number of 2 305±326. the population sizes in 2004, 2005, 2010, and 2011 were higher than the highest-ever estimate of its global population. in 2005, we recorded 3 7 ...201628105798
occurrence and relevance of mycoplasma sturni in free-ranging corvids in germany.several mycoplasma spp. are well-known pathogens in poultry. in birds of prey, white storks ( ciconia ciconia ), and some waterfowl (anatidae, pelecanidae) species, mycoplasmas occur commonly and seem to be apathogenic or commensal and most likely belong to the physiologic microbial flora of the respiratory tract. in other bird species, such as common nightingales ( luscinia megarhynchos ) and tits (paridae), mycoplasma spp. are absent in healthy birds. in corvids, the prevalence and role of myc ...201728099075
network analysis shows asymmetrical flows within a bird metapopulation.how the spatial expansion of a species changes at a human time scale is a process difficult to determine. we studied the dispersal pattern of the french white stork population, using a 21-year ringing/resighting dataset. we used the graph-theory to investigate the strength of links between 5 populations (north-east, north-west, centre, west, and south) and to determine factors important for the birds' movements. two clusters of populations were identified within the metapopulation, with most fre ...201627893770
epidemiological and molecular analysis of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 in a german zoo: effective disease control with minimal culling.outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (hpaiv) subtype h5n8, clade 2.3.4.4, were first reported in january 2014 from south korea. these viruses spread rapidly to europe and the north american continent during autumn 2014 and caused, in germany, five outbreaks in poultry holdings until february 2015. in addition, birds kept in a zoo in north-eastern germany were affected. only a few individual white storks (ciconia ciconia) showed clinical symptoms and eventually died in the cours ...201627860371
a case of chaunocephalosis by chaunocephalus ferox (digenea: echinostomatidae) in an oriental white stork, ciconia boyciana, in korea.we intended to describe a case of chaunocephalosis and morphological characteristics of its causative agent, chaunocephalus ferox, recovered from an oriental white stork, ciconia boyciana, in the republic of korea. an oriental white stork was referred to the wildlife center of chungbuk in korea in february 2014 for severe depression with cachexia and it died the next day. at necropsy, the stomach was severely expanded and 7 thick-walled nodules were observed in the upper part of the intestine. a ...201627853124
assessment of dna damage in ardea cinerea and ciconia ciconia: a 5-year study in portuguese birds retrieved for rehabilitation.over the past decades, the presence of micronucleated blood cells has been used to detect genotoxic effects of xenobiotics in fish, amphibians and birds. this study assessed the frequency of micronuclei (mn) and other nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of individuals of ardea cinerea and ciconia ciconia retrieved for rehabilitation in order to evaluate the influence of age, temporal and spatial factors on the occurrence of dna damage in portuguese wild birds. blood smears from 65 birds with d ...201727833047
threat-sensitive anti-predator defence in precocial wader, the northern lapwing vanellus vanellus.birds exhibit various forms of anti-predator behaviours to avoid reproductive failure, with mobbing-observation, approach and usually harassment of a predator-being one of the most commonly observed. here, we investigate patterns of temporal variation in the mobbing response exhibited by a precocial species, the northern lapwing (vanellus vanellus). we test whether brood age and self-reliance, or the perceived risk posed by various predators, affect mobbing response of lapwings. we quantified ag ...201627738383
hepatitis virus infections in poultry.viral hepatitis in poultry is a complex disease syndrome caused by several viruses belonging to different families including avian hepatitis e virus (hev), duck hepatitis b virus (dhbv), duck hepatitis a virus (dhav-1, -2, -3), duck hepatitis virus types 2 and 3, fowl adenoviruses (fadv), and turkey hepatitis virus (thv). while these hepatitis viruses share the same target organ, the liver, they each possess unique clinical and biological features. in this article, we aim to review the common an ...201627610716
variation in white stork (ciconia ciconia) diet along a climatic gradient and across rural-to-urban landscapes in north africa.assessing diet composition of white storks (ciconia ciconia) breeding under north african conditions provides key information to understanding its trophic niche for conservation purpose. since, climate controls productivities of foraging habitats and thus food availability for predators, this study examines how storks' diet parameters varied following a climate gradient along with rural-to-urban landscapes in north-eastern algeria. feeding strategies to cope with severe conditions were discussed ...201727582284
concentrations of metals, metalloids, and chlorinated pollutants in blood and plasma of white stork (ciconia ciconia) nestlings from spain.the aim of this study was to determine the levels of different inorganic elements (lead [pb], mercury [hg], and arsenic [as]) and persistent chlorinated pollutants (including polychlorinated biphenyls [pcbs] and organochlorine pesticides [ocps]) in blood and plasma of white stork (ciconia ciconia) nestlings from northwest (nw) spain. the concentrations of pcbs were lower than the limit of detection in all samples. the ocps γ-hch, 4,4'-dde, hcb, and endosulfan were detected most frequently in pla ...201627475645
use of wildlife rehabilitation centres in pathogen surveillance: a case study in white storks (ciconia ciconia).more than 70% of new human pathogens are zoonotic and many originate from the wildlife reservoir. wildlife rehabilitation centres (wrc) are an easily accessible source for sample and data collection for preventive surveillance, but data collected this way may be biased. we use white storks (ciconia ciconia) as a model to compare pathogen prevalence obtained in the field and wrc. we address factors that may affect disease prevalence data like origin, the age group and the "diseased" state of wrc ...201627435653
extra-pair paternity in the socially monogamous white stork (ciconia ciconia) is fairly common and independent of local density.although many birds are socially monogamous, most (>75%) studied species are not strictly genetically monogamous, especially under high breeding density. we used molecular tools to reevaluate the reproductive strategy of the socially monogamous white stork (ciconia ciconia) and examined local density effects. dna samples of nestlings (germany, spain) were genotyped and assigned relationships using a two-program maximum likelihood classification. relationships were successfully classified in 79.2 ...201627328982
description and prevalence of mycoplasma ciconiae sp. nov. isolated from white stork nestlings (ciconia ciconia).the mycoplasma strain st 57t was isolated from the trachea of a clinically healthy, free-ranging white stork nestling in nielitz, mecklenburg-western pomerania, germany. strain st 57t grew in fried-egg-shaped colonies on mycoplasma (sp4) agar plates and was dependent on sterol for growth. the organism fermented glucose and did not hydrolyse arginine or urea. the optimal growth temperature was 37 °c, with a temperature range from 23 to 44 °c. strain st 57tcould not be identified as a representati ...201627266728
the challenges of the first migration: movement and behaviour of juvenile vs. adult white storks with insights regarding juvenile mortality.migration conveys an immense challenge, especially for juvenile birds coping with enduring and risky journeys shortly after fledging. accordingly, juveniles exhibit considerably lower survival rates compared to adults, particularly during migration. juvenile white storks (ciconia ciconia), which are known to rely on adults during their first fall migration presumably for navigational purposes, also display much lower annual survival than adults. using detailed gps and body acceleration data, we ...201627046512
description of haemoproteus ciconiae sp. nov. (haemoproteidae, haemosporida) from the white stork ciconia ciconia, with remarks on insensitivity of established polymerase chain reaction assays to detect this infection.haemoproteus ciconiae sp. nov. (haemosporida, haemoproteidae) was found in the white stork ciconia ciconia (ciconiiformes, ciconiidae) after spring migration in lithuania. this organism is illustrated and described based on the morphology of its blood stages. the new species can be readily distinguished from all other haemoproteids parasitizing ciconiiform birds due to the presence of large number (approximately 20 on average) small (<1 μm) pigment granules in its mature gametocytes. growing and ...201627000089
are white storks addicted to junk food? impacts of landfill use on the movement and behaviour of resident white storks (ciconia ciconia) from a partially migratory population.the migratory patterns of animals are changing in response to global environmental change with many species forming resident populations in areas where they were once migratory. the white stork (ciconia ciconia) was wholly migratory in europe but recently guaranteed, year-round food from landfill sites has facilitated the establishment of resident populations in iberia. in this study 17 resident white storks were fitted with gps/gsm data loggers (including accelerometer) and tracked for 9.1 ± 3. ...201626981250
costs of migratory decisions: a comparison across eight white stork populations.annual migratory movements can range from a few tens to thousands of kilometers, creating unique energetic requirements for each specific species and journey. even within the same species, migration costs can vary largely because of flexible, opportunistic life history strategies. we uncover the large extent of variation in the lifetime migratory decisions of young white storks originating from eight populations. not only did juvenile storks differ in their geographically distinct wintering loca ...201626844294
the occurrence of dechlorane plus and related norbornene-based flame retardants in baltic wild salmon (salmo salar).twenty five baltic wild salmon (salmo salar) specimens were analysed for the content of dechlorane-related compounds (drcs). out of the ten analysed drcs, seven compounds were detected in the muscle tissues of salmon, including dechlorane (dec) 602, dec 603, syn- and anti-stereoisomers of dechlorane plus (dp), dechlorane plus monoadduct (1,3-dpma), hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (dbhctd), and mirex. the concentrations of dec 604 and two dp dechlorinated compounds - decachloropenta ...201626766358
hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals of the oriental white stork (ciconia boyciana) and the application of an automatic hematologic analyzer.this study was conducted to establish accurate baseline values of clinical laboratory data with regard to age-related changes in the oriental white stork (ciconia boyciana). in addition, the availability of an automated hematological cell counter was evaluated. a total of 94 clinically normal storks, including 64 young storks (＜1 year old; 30 male and 34 female) and 30 adults (＞ 1 year old; 17 male and 13 female) were included. hematological assays were performed using manual and automated cell ...201626726025
wild birds, frequent carriers of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) producing escherichia coli of ctx-m and shv-12 types.to get a better insight into the role of birds as reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) and plasmidic ampc β-lactamase (pampc) escherichia coli producers, 100 fecal samples belonging to 15 different wild avian species from northern spain were analyzed. cefotaxime-resistant (ctx(r)) e. coli isolates were identified in 16 of the 100 tested birds, which corresponded to 9 animal species (gyps fulvus-griffon vulture, larus michahellis-yellow-legged gull, milvus migrans-black kite, milvus ...201626687342
detection of mrsa st3061-t843-mecc and st398-t011-meca in white stork nestlings exposed to human residues.the objective of this study was to analyse the prevalence of tracheal carriage of staphylococcus aureus/mrsa in storks and to study the resistance and virulence genes in the obtained isolates.201626490014
characterization of fecal vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired and intrinsic resistance mechanisms in wild animals, spain.the objectives were to evaluate the presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with acquired (vre-a) and intrinsic (vre-i) resistance mechanisms in fecal samples from different wild animals, and analyze their phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance. a total of 348 cloacal/rectal samples from red-legged partridges (127), white storks (81), red kites (59), and wild boars (81) (june 2014/february 2015) were inoculated in slanetz-bartley agar supplemented with vancomycin (4 μg/ml). we ...201626194421
temporal trends in classical and alternative flame retardants in bird eggs from doñana natural space and surrounding areas (south-western spain) between 1999 and 2013.several halogenated flame retardants were detected in black kite, white stork and greater flamingo unborn eggs from doñana natural space (spain) collected in 1999, 2003, 2011 and 2013. the main components of penta-bde commercial mixture (bde-47, -99 and -100) showed a decrease in the studied time interval, concurring with the ban of this mixture in the european union (eu) in 2006. on the other hand, bde-209, the main component of deca-bde mixture showed a clear trend in black kites but further m ...201526111846
sex ratio of white stork ciconia ciconia in different environments of poland.the aim of this study was to analyze the variation in sex ratio of white stork ciconia ciconia chicks from differentiated poland environments. we took under a consideration the impact of cd and pb for establish differences among sex ratio in chicks. we also study multiplex pcr employment for establish gender considerations. we collected blood samples via venipuncture of brachial vein of chicks during 2006-2008 breeding seasons at the odra meadows (sw-poland; control), which were compared with th ...201525940461
[structure characteristics of natural nests and its implication to artificial nest frame design for ciconia boyciana].artificial nest can improve the breeding success of birds in the field, and it has been proved to be more effective to endangered species. we surveyed the structure characteristics of natural nest and the status of the use of artificial nests for oriental white stork, ciconia boyciana, in honghe national nature reserve, heilongjiang province. differences were investigated among the structure characteristics of the used and unused artificial nests, and natural nests based on one-way anova. it was ...201425876394
corynebacterium pelargi sp. nov., isolated from the trachea of white stork nestlings.a gram-stain-positive, pleomorphic, oxidase-negative, non-motile isolate from the trachea of a white stork from poland, designated strain 136/3(t), was subjected to a comprehensive taxonomic investigation. a comparative analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence showed highest similarities to corynebacterium mustelae , corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , corynebacterium vitaeruminis and corynebacterium ulcerans (96.0-96.3%). the quinone system consisted of major amounts of mk-8(h2), minor amounts o ...201525678678
description of corynebacterium trachiae sp. nov., isolated from a white stork (ciconia ciconia).a gram-stain-positive bacterial isolate, strain 280/10(t) was isolated from the trachea of a white stork. the isolate was morphologically rod- to coccoid-shaped, non-motile and showed no oxidase activity. the highest 16s rrna gene sequence similarity was found to the type strain of corynebacterium ciconiae (97.3 % similarity) as the nearest relative of strain 280/10(t), all other 16s rrna gene sequence similarities to type strains of species of the genus corynebacterium were below 94.2 %. strain ...201525479955
gemmobacter intermedius sp. nov., isolated from a white stork (ciconia ciconia).a cream-coloured, gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod- to irregular shaped bacterium, strain 119/4(t), was isolated from a choana swab of a white stork nestling on sheep blood agar. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and subsequent comparisons showed that it was a member of the family rhodobacteraceae, showing 94.9 % similarity to the type strain of gemmobacter tilapiae and 94.6 % similarity to that of gemmobacter nectariphilus, but also similarly low sequence similarity to the type strai ...201525479954
psychrobacter ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from white storks (ciconia ciconia).five beige bacterial strains (176/10(t), 178/10, 182/10, 185/7 and 193/8) were isolated from white storks in poland and found to share identical 16s rrna gene sequences; they were also investigated in a polyphasic taxonomic study. the cells of all isolates were rod-shaped and gram-stain-negative. a comparison of the 16s rrna gene sequences of these organisms with the sequences of the type strains of the most closely related species of the genus psychrobacter showed highest sequence similarities ...201525479953
chlorinated pollutants in blood of white stork nestlings (ciconia ciconia) in different colonies in spain.the aim of this study was to investigate the levels of persistent chlorinated pollutants (pops) in wild birds. the concentrations of multiple pops, including polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and organochlorine pesticides (ocps) were determined in plasma of white stork nestlings. blood samples were collected from three breeding colonies located in the west of spain that were exposed to different environmental conditions and human activities. the concentrations of pcbs were below the limit of dete ...201525465955
composition, structure and pattern of helminth assemblages associated with central european storks (ciconiidae).the composition, structure and pattern of helminth assemblages associated with the storks (ciconiidae), ibises and spoonbills (threskiornithidae) are poorly understood. here we analyze the prevalence, intensity and diversity of the helminth component communities associated with the white stork ciconia ciconia and black stork ciconia nigra, and notice the findings of helminths on eurasian spoonbill platalea leucorodia and glossy ibis plegadis falcinellus obtained in the czech republic in years 19 ...201525462710
prevalence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in white stork ciconia ciconia in poland.the aim of this study was to investigate the role of white stork ciconia ciconia as a potential reservoir of campylobacter spp. antimicrobial resistance and the presence of putative virulence genes of the isolates were also examined. a total of 398 white stork chicks sampled in western poland in habitats with high density of breeding were examined. rectal swabs were collected during breeding season 2009-2012 from storks developing in a relatively pure environment (odra meadows), in polluted area ...201525456607
impact of supplementary feeding on reproductive success of white storks.european white stork (ciconia ciconia) populations have been object to several conservation measures such as reintroduction programs, habitat improvement or supplementary feeding in the last decades. although recent white stork censuses revealed an upward trend of most of the western populations, evaluations of the relative importance of certain conservation measures are still scarce or even lacking. in our study we analyzed the effect of supplementary feeding on the reproductive success of whit ...201425119566
seroprevalence of paramyxoviruses in synanthropic and semi-free-range birds.avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) are classified into nine different serotypes (apmv 1-9). virulent strains of apmv-1 are already well characterized as the etiologic agent of newcastle disease (nd), an important disease in poultry that is potentially capable of infecting all orders of avian species. however, very little is known about the other eight serotypes, the majority of which can cause disease in domestic birds. the role of synanthropic and semi-free-range birds as reservoirs of avian paramyx ...201425055638
breeding near a landfill may influence blood metals (cd, pb, hg, fe, zn) and metalloids (se, as) in white stork (ciconia ciconia) nestlings.cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, iron, zinc and arsenic levels were measured in blood samples from 59 free-ranging white stork nestlings from colonies located in three different environmental conditions in western spain. the reference colony was situated in "llanos de cáceres y sierra de fuentes", an area of special interest for bird protection. a second colony was located close to (4.9 km) an urban landfill and a third one was close to both an intensive agricultural area and an urban landfill ...201425011922
the application of laser microdissection in molecular detection and identification of aspergillus fumigatus from murine model of acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.invasive aspergillosis (ia) is a major concern in patients with severe immune deficiency. as antifungal susceptibility varies in different fungal pathogens, accurate and timely identification of species is becoming imperative for guidance of therapy and reducing high mortality rates in patients with ia. but, in fact, the diagnosis is challenging and new validated techniques are required for the detection and identification of clinically relevant isolates. the laser capture microdissection (lcm) ...201424973974
satellite tracking of a white stork from italy to morocco.two young white storks were tracked by satellite during a part of their first migratory journey from the nest colony (settled in piedmont, nw italy) to the wintering ground in western africa. both birds left westward, but only one of the two birds provided reliable data which allowed the reconstruction of its migratory route along the coasts of france and spain up to morocco. a new aspect of the journey is that the bird did not pass from europe to africa at gibraltar, the storks' known western r ...199724897336
bioaccumulation and biomagnification of emerging and classical flame retardants in bird eggs of 14 species from doñana natural space and surrounding areas (south-western spain).the occurrence of classical (polybrominated diphenyl ethers, pbdes) and emerging frs (dechloranes, hexabromobenzene (hbb), pentabromoethyl benzene (pbeb) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdpe)) in unborn eggs of 14 different species from doñana natural space and surrounding areas was studied. pbdes, dec-602, dec-603 and dp were detected in all the species, whereas hbb, pbeb, dbdpe and dec-604 were not detected in any sample. σpbde and σdechlorane levels ranged from 1.40 to 90.7, and from 0.77 to 2 ...201424727066
a model for habitat selection and species distribution derived from central place foraging theory.we have developed a habitat selection model based on central place foraging theory. an individual's decision to include a patch in its habitat depends on the marginal fitness contribution of that patch, which is characterized by its quality and distance to the central place. the essence of the model we have developed is a fitness isocline which is a function of patch quality and travel time to the patch. it has two parameters: the maximum travel distance to a patch of infinite quality and a coef ...201424696358
description of rare echinostomatid fluke echinodollfusia longiuscula n. sp. (trematoda: echinostomatidae) parasitizing white stork with an amended diagnosis of the genus echinodollfusia.a new species of digenean, echinodollfusia longiuscula n. sp. (trematoda: echinostomatidae), is described and illustrated based on specimens collected from the intestine of the white stork ciconia ciconia (l.) (aves: ciconiidae) from eastern slovakia and dissected soon after its spring arrival from african wintering. the new species differs from the two existing congeners echinodollfusia stenon (dollfus, 1950) and echinodollfusia bulgarica vassilev (sofia 6:327-338, 1958) clearly by the oesophag ...201424535734
is population structure in the european white stork determined by flyway permeability rather than translocation history?european white stork are long considered to diverge to eastern and western migration pools as a result of independent overwintering flyways. in relatively recent times, the western and northern distribution has been subject to dramatic population declines and country-specific extirpations. a number of independent reintroduction programs were started in the mid 1950s to bring storks back to historical ranges. founder individuals were sourced opportunistically from the eastern and western european ...201324455123
[the correlations between population of oriental white stork and climate change in the poyang lake national nature reserve].this study analyzed the population dynamics of the oriental white stork (ciconia boyciana) wintering in the poyang lake national nature reserve (plnnr) from 1985 to 2011, to see if there was any relationship with climate change. testing of several climate variables-monthly average temperature, monthly average maximum and minimum temperature, as well as monthly precipitation-indicated that the population size of the oriental white stork in the plnnr was 1,340±178 ind., with significant linear inc ...201324415686
characterization of plasma cholinesterase from the white stork (ciconia ciconia) and its in vitro inhibition by anticholinesterase pesticides.blood plasma cholinesterase (che) activity is a sensitive biomarker of exposure to organophosphorus (op) and carbamate (cb) insecticides in vertebrates. several studies indicate that more than one che form may be present in blood of birds. in this study the predominant che activity (acetylcholinesterase - ache- or butyrylcholinesterase - bche-), the range of che activity as well as che age-dependent changes in non-exposed individuals of white stork (ciconia ciconia) have been established. the in ...201323962622
complex phenological changes and their consequences in the breeding success of a migratory bird, the white stork ciconia ciconia.1. the timing of bird migration has shifted in response to climate change. however, few studies have linked the potential consequences of any phenological shift on individual fitness and even fewer have disentangled the role of plasticity and microevolution in the observed shifts. 2. the arrival date and breeding success of white storks (ciconia ciconia) have been recorded since the 1880 s in slovakia. we used data for two periods (1895-1913 and 1977-2007), which were considered, respectively, a ...201323855800
macroanatomic, light and scanning electron microscopic studies of the pecten oculi in the stork (ciconia ciconia).this study was undertaken to investigate the pecten oculi of stork by using macroscopic, light and electron microscopic techniques. a total of 20 eyes that were obtained from 10 storks were used. the eyes were cleaned and isolated by dissection. after various procedures, four of the pecten oculi were examined by light microscope while the other four with an electron microscope. the remaining 12 eyes were assigned for macroscopic investigation. pecten oculi of the stork were determined as accordi ...201323836700
foraging habitat use of oriental white stork (ciconia boyciana) recently breeding in china.the yellow river delta, a stopover site, has become one of the breeding sites of oriental white storks (ciconia boyciana) in china, with 28 breeding pairs. to gain insight into the characteristics of foraging habitat use during the breeding season, we surveyed the foraging habitats in 2009 and 2010. in 2009, using a quadrat sampling technique, we surveyed 74 quadrats in two breeding phases. fourteen variables were analyzed with dca. oriental white storks mainly foraged in the reed swamp of recov ...201323829216
first detection and genotyping of human-associated microsporidia in wild waterfowl of slovakia.a total of 47 avian faecal samples of wild waterfowl (great cormorant - phalacrocorax carbo, great crested grebe - podiceps cristatus, white stork - ciconia ciconia) trapped in the eastern slovakia were screened for the presence of human pathogenic microsporidia by microscopy and real-time sybr green pcr method using species primers and sequenced. microscopic analysis showed presence in 32 samples (29 cormorants, 3 dippers). microsporidial dna (encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype i) was identified ...201323377906
dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant clones of salmonella enterica among domestic animals, wild animals, and humans.non-typhoidal salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by salmonella enterica. this work focuses on the identification of salmonella enterica clonal strains which, presenting a wide distribution potential, express resistance determinants that compromise effectiveness of the antimicrobial therapy. the screening was performed on 506 salmonella enterica isolates from animals and humans, which were characterized by serovar and phage typing, genome macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel e ...201323360170
pollution-induced oxidative stress and biochemical parameter alterations in the blood of white stork nestlings ciconia ciconia from regions with different degrees of contamination in poland.this paper aimed to illustrate the most reliable biomarkers to detect pollution-related oxidative stress in white stork nestlings in polluted (from copper manufacture), suburban and odra meadows (as a control area) areas . lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content, tbars) and oxidative modified protein levels (stable 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine derivates of the carbonyl groups) were used as indicators of the oxidative stress, as well as other selected biochemical parame ...201223143755
isolation of herpesvirus and newcastle disease virus from white storks (ciconia ciconia) maintained at four rehabilitation centres in northern germany during 1983 to 2001 and failure to detect antibodies against avian influenza a viruses of subtypes h5 and h7 in these birds.herpesvirus isolations from peripheral white blood cells of 253 white storks (ciconia ciconia) were obtained during a long-term study (1983 to 2001). the storks lived for a few months to 20 years at four rehabilitation centres. isolates were obtained from 83 of 253 storks. this herpesvirus is indigenous for storks and unrelated to any other avian herpesvirus. significantly more herpesvirus isolates were obtained during spring than in autumn samplings. the intervals between the first and last vir ...201222834553
developmental exposure to a toxic spill compromises long-term reproductive performance in a wild, long-lived bird: the white stork (ciconia ciconia).exposure to environmental contaminants may result in reduced reproductive success and long-lasting population declines in vertebrates. emerging data from laboratory studies on model species suggest that certain life-stages, such as development, should be of special concern. however, detailed investigations of long-term consequences of developmental exposure to environmental chemicals on breeding performance are currently lacking in wild populations of long-lived vertebrates. here, we studied how ...201222529928
characterization of cholinesterases in plasma of three portuguese native bird species: application to biomonitoring.over the last decades the inhibition of plasma cholinesterase (che) activity has been widely used as a biomarker to diagnose organophosphate and carbamate exposure. plasma che activity is a useful and non-invasive method to monitor bird exposure to anticholinesterase compounds; nonetheless several studies had shown that the che form(s) present in avian plasma may vary greatly among species. in order to support further biomonitoring studies and provide reference data for wildlife risk-assessment, ...201222470503
seropositivity and risk factors associated with toxoplasma gondii infection in wild birds from spain.toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan parasite of worldwide distribution that infects many species of warm-blooded animals, including birds. to date, there is scant information about the seropositivity of t. gondii and the risk factors associated with t. gondii infection in wild bird populations. in the present study, t. gondii infection was evaluated on sera obtained from 1079 wild birds belonging to 56 species (including falconiformes (n = 610), strigiformes (n = 260), ciconi ...201122216311
[the susceptibility of proteus mirabilis strains isolated from white stork (ciconia ciconia)].proteus sp. rods are ubiquitous bacteria, widespread in the environment and classified also as opportunistic human pathogens. the aim of our study was to evaluate susceptibility of proteus mirabilis strains isolated from white stork (ciconia ciconia) regarding as his natural bacterial flora, compare and discuss their results with data obtained from scientific literature for clinical strains of the same species. susceptibility of 59 p. mirabilis strains was estimated for 27 antimicrobials using d ...201122184908
isolation and characterization of microsatellite dna markers for the oriental white stork, ciconia boyciana.following fiasco protocol and across-amplification approach, we present eleven microsatellite primers of the oriental white stork, ciconia boyciana in this article. all loci were polymorphic, except for locus cbo235, which possessed two alleles but was homozygous in all 23 individuals of c. boyciana used in this study. the number of the alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, and the observed heterozygosity (h(o)) and expected heterozygosity (h(e)) ranged from 0 to 0.857 and 0.222 to 0.851, ...201121801002
animals as an indicator of carbon sequestration and valuable landscapes.possibilities of the assessment of a landscape with the use of succession development stages, monitored with the value of the mean individual biomass (mib) of carabid beetles and the occurrence of bird species are discussed on the basis of an example from poland. higher variability of the mib value in space signifies a greater biodiversity. apart from the variability of mib, it is suggested to adopt the occurrence of the following animals as indicators, (in the order of importance), representing ...201121738434
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