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parallel adaptive evolution of geographically distant herring populations on both sides of the north atlantic ocean.atlantic herring is an excellent species for studying the genetic basis of adaptation in geographically distant populations because of its characteristically large population sizes and low genetic drift. in this study we compared whole-genome resequencing data of atlantic herring populations from both sides of the atlantic ocean. an important finding was the very low degree of genetic differentiation among geographically distant populations (fixation index = 0.026), suggesting lack of reproducti ...201728389569
ovigerity, selective predation, and variable diel vertical migration in euchaeta elongata (copepoda: calanoida).we present a statistical analysis of a previously published (yen, 1983) but heretofore unanalyzed data set on the vertical distributions and diel vertical migration (dvm) of adult females of the marine planktonic copepod euchaeta elongata in dabob bay, washington, usa. non-ovigerous females were strongly migratory on all four dates sampled, residing between 75-175 m during the day and at shallower depths during the night, commonly entering the upper 50 m of the water column. in contrast, ovigero ...199128313831
the empirical bayes estimators of fine-scale population structure in high gene flow species.an empirical bayes (eb) pairwise fst estimator was previously introduced and evaluated for its performance by numerical simulation. in this study, we conducted coalescent simulations and generated genetic population structure mechanistically, and compared the performance of the ebfst with nei's gst , nei and chesser's bias-corrected gst (gst_nc ), weir and cockerham's θ (θwc ) and θ with finite sample correction (θwc_f ). we also introduced eb estimators for hedrick' g'st and jost' d. we applied ...201728241394
oogenesis and reproductive investment of atlantic herring are functions of not only present but long-ago environmental influences as well.following general life history theory, immediate reproductive investment (egg mass × fecundity/body mass) in oviparous teleosts is a consequence of both present and past environmental influences. this clarification questions the frequent use of season-independent (general) fecundity formulas in marine fish recruitment studies based on body metrics only. here we test the underlying assumption of no lag effect on gametogenesis in the planktivorous, determinate-fecundity atlantic herring (clupea ha ...201728223491
ontogenetic loops in habitat use highlight the importance of littoral habitats for early life-stages of oceanic fishes in temperate waters.general concepts of larval fish ecology in temperate oceans predominantly associate dispersal and survival to exogenous mechanisms such as passive drift along ocean currents. however, for tropical reef fish larvae and species in inland freshwater systems behavioural aspects of habitat selection are evidently important components of dispersal. this study is focused on larval atlantic herring (clupea harengus) distribution in a baltic sea retention area, free of lunar tides and directed current re ...201728205543
morphology of the filtration apparatus of three planktivorous fishes and relation with ingested anthropogenic particles.anthropogenic particles (aps), including microplastics, are ingested by a wide variety of marine organisms. exposure of clupeiformes (e.g. herrings, anchovies, sardines) is poorly studied despite their economic and ecological importance. this study aims to describe the morphology of the filtration apparatus of three wild-caught clupeiformes (sardina pilchardus, clupea harengus and engraulis encrasicolus) and to relate the results to ingested aps. consequently, the species with the more efficient ...201728065554
the use of peptide markers of carp and herring allergens as an example of detection of sequenced and non-sequenced proteins.the objective of this study is to identify fish protein markers for detecting multiple species based on a comparative proteomic approach that relies on fragments with identical sequences. the possibilities and challenges of the use of peptides obtained from carp (cyprinus carpio) and herring (clupea harengus) proteins are discussed. a bioinformatic analysis was followed by an lc-ms/ms experiment to identify markers predicting the presence of fish allergenic proteins. selected myosin peptides wer ...201627956857
temporal trends and geographical differences of perfluoroalkyl acids in baltic sea herring and white-tailed sea eagle eggs in sweden.temporal and spatial trends of perfluoroalkyl acids (pfaas) were investigated in baltic sea herring liver (clupea harengus) from three sites, and white-tailed sea eagle (wtse) eggs (haliaeetus albicilla) from two freshwater and two marine areas in sweden. trends of most quantifiable pfaas increased over the monitored period (1980-2014 in herring, 1960s/1980s-2010 in wtse). no significant decreasing trends were observed for the most recent ten years for any substances, except perfluorooctane sulf ...201627775331
nad-preferring malic enzyme: localization, regulation and its potential role in herring (clupea harengus) sperm cells.herring spermatozoa exhibit a high activity of nad-preferring malic enzyme (nad-me). this enzyme is involved in the generation of nadh or nadph in the decarboxylation of malate to form pyruvate and requires some divalent cations to express its activity. in order to confirm that nad-me isolated from herring sperm cells is localized in mitochondria, we performed immunofluorescent analysis and assayed spectrophotometrically the malic enzyme reaction. production of polyclonal rabbit antibodies again ...201727630022
marine ecosystem connectivity mediated by migrant-resident interactions and the concomitant cross-system flux of lipids.accumulating research argues that migrants influence the functioning and productivity of local habitats and ecosystems along migration routes and potentially drive cross-system energy fluxes of considerable magnitude, yet empirical documentation of local ecological effects and descriptions of the underlying mechanisms are surprisingly rare. in this study, we discovered migrant-resident interactions and substantial cross-system lipid transportation in the transition zone between the baltic sea an ...201627516865
ichthyophonus parasite phylogeny based on its rdna structure prediction and alignment identifies six clades, with a single dominant marine type.despite their widespread, global impact in both wild and cultured fishes, little is known of the diversity, transmission patterns, and phylogeography of parasites generally identified as ichthyophonus. this study constructed a phylogeny based on the structural alignment of internal transcribed spacer (its) rdna sequences to compare ichthyophonus isolates from fish hosts in the atlantic and pacific oceans, and several rivers and aquaculture sites in north america, europe, and japan. structure of ...201627409236
disease surveillance of atlantic herring: molecular characterization of hepatic coccidiosis and a morphological report of a novel intestinal coccidian.surveillance for pathogens of atlantic herring, including viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), ichthyophonus hoferi, and hepatic and intestinal coccidians, was conducted from 2012 to 2016 in the nw atlantic ocean, new jersey, usa. neither vhsv nor i. hoferi was detected in any sample. goussia clupearum was found in the livers of 40 to 78% of adult herring in varying parasite loads; however, associated pathological changes were negligible. phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit 18s rr ...201627409233
persistent organic pollutants in baltic herring (clupea harengus)-an aspect of gender.persistent organic pollutants (pops) are monitored regularly in water, sediment, and biota in the baltic sea. lipophilic substances are measured in remarkable concentrations especially in the fatty parts of fish, such as herring (clupea harengus). however, less lipophilic pops, e.g. perfluorinated compounds (pfcs), can also be detected. for the first time to our knowledge, this study provides a broad range of contaminant concentrations simultaneously measured in filet, liver, and gonads of both ...201627226172
the genetic basis for ecological adaptation of the atlantic herring revealed by genome sequencing.ecological adaptation is of major relevance to speciation and sustainable population management, but the underlying genetic factors are typically hard to study in natural populations due to genetic differentiation caused by natural selection being confounded with genetic drift in subdivided populations. here, we use whole genome population sequencing of atlantic and baltic herring to reveal the underlying genetic architecture at an unprecedented detailed resolution for both adaptation to a new n ...201627138043
population genomic evidence for adaptive differentiation in the baltic sea herring.detecting and estimating the degree of genetic differentiation among populations of highly mobile marine fish having pelagic larval stages is challenging because their effective population sizes can be large, and thus, little genetic drift and differentiation is expected in neutral genomic sites. however, genomic sites subject to directional selection stemming from variation in local environmental conditions can still show substantial genetic differentiation, yet these signatures can be hard to ...201627093194
outlier loci detect intraspecific biodiversity amongst spring and autumn spawning herring across local scales.herring, clupea harengus, is one of the ecologically and commercially most important species in european northern seas, where two distinct ecotypes have been described based on spawning time; spring and autumn. to date, it is unknown if these spring and autumn spawning herring constitute genetically distinct units. we assessed levels of genetic divergence between spring and autumn spawning herring in the baltic sea using two types of dna markers, microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphis ...201627050440
thermal impacts on the growth, development and ontogeny of critical swimming speed in atlantic herring larvae.increases in swimming ability have a profound influence on larval fish growth and survival by increasing foraging success, predator avoidance and the ability to favorably influence transport. understanding how development and environmental factors combine to influence swimming performance in aquatic organisms is particularly important during the transition from viscous to inertial environments. we measured the growth, development and ontogenetic changes in critical swimming speed (ucrit) in atla ...201626945594
feeding ecology of northeast atlantic mackerel, norwegian spring-spawning herring and blue whiting in the norwegian sea.the norwegian spring-spawning (nss) herring (clupea harengus), blue whiting (micromesistius poutassou) and northeast atlantic (nea) mackerel (scomber scombrus) are extremely abundant pelagic planktivores that feed in the norwegian sea (ns) during spring and summer. this study investigated the feeding ecology and diet composition of these commercially important fish stocks on the basis of biological data, including an extensive set of stomach samples in combination with hydrographical data, zoopl ...201626895485
environmental genotoxicity assessment along the transport routes of chemical munitions leading to the dumping areas in the baltic sea.the frequencies of micronuclei (mn), nuclear buds (nb) and nuclear buds on filament (nbf) were examined in 660 specimens of herring (clupea harengus) collected in 2009-2014 at 65 study stations located mainly along the chemical munition transport routes in the baltic sea. the frequency of nuclear abnormalities was strongly increased in herring caught at four stations located close to chemical munition dumping sites, or cwas - substances (chemical warfare agents) in sediments. significant increas ...201626763319
ultra-deep sequencing of vhsv isolates contributes to understanding the role of viral quasispecies.the high mutation rate of rna viruses enables the generation of a genetically diverse viral population, termed a quasispecies, within a single infected host. this high in-host genetic diversity enables an rna virus to adapt to a diverse array of selective pressures such as host immune response and switching between host species. the negative-sense, single-stranded rna virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), was originally considered an epidemic virus of cultured rainbow trout in euro ...201626743117
projected habitat loss for atlantic herring in the baltic sea.projected, climate-driven changes in rainfall patterns are expected to alter the salinity (s) of estuaries and larger brackish water bodies, such as the baltic sea. some marine fish larvae are potentially more sensitive to low salinity than older stages, hence we compared the low salinity tolerance of atlantic herring (clupea harengus) larvae at the individual and population levels including four populations in the north and baltic seas. acute low salinity tolerance was similar (s = 1.9-2.7) acr ...201626724744
correction: latitudinal gradient in otolith shape among local populations of atlantic herring (clupea harengus l.) in norway. 201526698572
characteristics of the norwegian coastal current during years with high recruitment of norwegian spring spawning herring (clupea harengus l.).norwegian spring spawning herring (nssh) clupea harengus l. spawn on coastal banks along the west coast of norway. the larvae are generally transported northward in the norwegian coastal current (ncc) with many individuals utilizing nursery grounds in the barents sea. the recruitment to this stock is highly variable with a few years having exceptionally good recruitment. the principal causes of recruitment variability of this herring population have been elusive. here we undertake an event analy ...201526636759
anthropogenic and naturally produced brominated substances in baltic herring (clupea harengus membras) from two sites in the baltic sea.in the eutrophicated baltic sea, several naturally produced hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (oh-pbdes) have been found in marine biota. oh-pbdes are toxic to adult and developing zebrafish and shown to be potent disruptors of oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos). disturbed oxphos can result in altered energy metabolism and weight loss. in herring, the concentration of oh-pbdes (i.e. 2'-oh-bde68 and 6-oh-bde47) has increased during the period 1980-2010 in the baltic proper. over the sam ...201626613358
investigating the effect of tones and frequency sweeps on the collective behavior of penned herring (clupea harengus).we experimentally played back tones and sweeps to captive herring (clupea harengus) in a net pen and measured the collective response of a large and a small group of fish using a camera, echo sounder, and multibeam sonar. the playbacks ranged in frequency from 160 to 500 hz and 131 to 147 db re 1 μpa in received sound pressure level. herring behavior was scored by a team that blindly evaluated the observations. overall, the responses were modest. stronger reactions were observed at higher source ...201626610983
potential population consequences of active sonar disturbance in atlantic herring: estimating the maximum risk.effects of noise on fish populations may be predicted by the population consequence of acoustic disturbance (pcad) model. we have predicted the potential risk of population disturbance when the highest sound exposure level (sel) at which adult herring do not respond to naval sonar (sel(0)) is exceeded. when the population density is low (feeding), the risk is low even at high sonar source levels and long-duration exercises (>24 h). with densely packed populations (overwintering), a sonar exercis ...201626610962
antioxidative low molecular weight compounds in marinated herring (clupea harengus) salt brine.this study aimed at unravelling the antioxidative capacity of low molecular weight compounds (lmwc) (peptides, amino acids and phenolic acids) present in salt brines from the marinated herring production. brines were fractionated into <10kda fractions using dialysis and further into 94 fractions using size exclusion chromatography. all samples were analysed for protein, total phenolic content (tpc) and antioxidant activities. protein-enriched samples were pooled (p1, p2 and p3) and analysed for ...201626471668
morphological abnormalities in gonads of the baltic herring (clupea harengus membras): description of types and prevalence in the northern baltic sea.due to heavy anthropogenic influence and variation of the environmental conditions in the baltic sea, reproductive disorders are becoming a major environmental concern. we show here an increasing prevalence of gonadal malformations in the baltic herring (clupea harengus membras), a key species of the baltic ecosystem and important in commercial fishery. during 1987-2014, the spawning herring population in the archipelago sea (as) (north baltic sea, finland) was monitored annually and analyzed fo ...201626446509
differences in growth and survival between cod gadus morhua and herring clupea harengus early stages co-reared at variable prey concentrations.it was hypothesized that the survival and growth strategies of herring clupea harengus, displaying a flexible reproductive activity, are adapted to coping with longer periods of prey deprivation (i.e. more variable prey availability), in contrast to cod gadus morhua, which are adapted to match growth and survival at high prey concentrations. experimental larval growth and survival data for the two naturally co-occurring species reared either in separate tanks or in combination are presented to t ...201526412336
historical arctic logbooks provide insights into past diets and climatic responses of cod.gadus morhua (atlantic cod) stocks in the barents sea are currently at levels not seen since the 1950s. causes for the population increase last century, and understanding of whether such large numbers will be maintained in the future, are unclear. to explore this, we digitised and interrogated historical cod catch and diet datasets from the barents sea. seventeen years of catch data and 12 years of prey data spanning 1930-1959 cover unexplored spatial and temporal ranges, and importantly capture ...201526331271
detection of anthropogenic particles in fish stomachs: an isolation method adapted to identification by raman spectroscopy.microplastic particles (mp) contaminate oceans and affect marine organisms in several ways. ingestion combined with food intake is generally reported. however, data interpretation often is circumvented by the difficulty to separate mp from bulk samples. visual examination often is used as one or the only step to sort these particles. however, color, size, and shape are insufficient and often unreliable criteria. we present an extraction method based on hypochlorite digestion and isolation of mp ...201526289815
inhibition of cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidation through the use of annatto and bixin in high-pressure processed fish.annatto and bixin, the main carotenoid of annatto seeds, were both found to inhibit cholesterol oxidation in minced herring (clupea harengus) and minced mackerel (scomber scombrus) during high pressure processing (600 mpa for 10 min) and subsequent chilled storage for 2 wk, a treatment which otherwise increased the content of cholesterol oxidation products above a critical limit for human consumption. annatto but not bixin reduced the loss of docosahexaenoic acid caused by high pressure processi ...201526219922
latitudinal gradient in otolith shape among local populations of atlantic herring (clupea harengus l.) in norway.otolith shape analysis of atlantic herring (clupea harengus) in norwegian waters shows significant differentiation among fjords and a latitudinal gradient along the coast where neighbouring populations are more similar to each other than to those sampled at larger distances. the otolith shape was obtained using quantitative shape analysis, the outlines were transformed with wavelet and analysed with multivariate methods. the observed morphological differences are likely to reflect environmental ...201526101885
direct effects of microalgae and protists on herring (clupea harengus) yolk sac larvae.this study investigated effects of microalgae (rhodomonas baltica) and heterotrophic protists (oxyrrhis marina) on the daily growth, activity, condition and feeding success of atlantic herring (clupea harengus) larvae from hatch, through the end of the endogenous (yolk sac) period. yolk sac larvae were reared in the presence and absence of microplankton and, each day, groups of larvae were provided access to copepods. larvae reared with microalgae and protists exhibited precocious (2 days earlie ...201526035592
temporal and spatial trends of pcbs, ddts, hchs, and hcb in swedish marine biota 1969-2012.in the 1960s, the baltic sea was severely polluted by organic contaminants such as pcbs, hchs, hcb, and ddts. elevated concentrations caused severe adverse effects in baltic biota. since then, these substances have been monitored temporally and spatially in baltic biota, primarily in herring (clupea harengus) and in guillemot (uria aalge) egg, but also in cod (gadus morhua), perch (perca fluviatilis), eelpout (zoarces viviparous), and blue mussel (mytilus edulis). these chemicals were banned in ...201526022330
quantifying alosine prey in the diets of marine piscivores in the gulf of maine.the objectives of this work were to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of the occurrence of anadromous fishes (alewife alosa pseudoharengus, blueback herring alosa aestivalis and american shad alosa sapidissima) in the stomachs of demersal fishes in coastal waters of the north-west atlantic ocean. results show that anadromous fishes were detectable and quantifiable in the diets of common marine piscivores for every season sampled. even though anadromous fishes were not the most abund ...201525943427
otolith shape: a population marker for atlantic herring clupea harengus.otolith shape variation of seven atlantic herring clupea harengus populations from canada, the faroe islands, iceland, ireland, norway and scotland, u.k., covering a large area of the species' distribution, was studied in order to see if otolith shape can be used to discriminate between populations. the otolith shape was obtained using quantitative shape analysis, transformed with wavelet and analysed with multivariate methods. significant differences were detected among the seven populations, w ...201525846860
purification and stability of octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase isoform from herring (clupea harengus) organ of vision.creatine kinases (cks) constitute a large family of isoenzymes that are involved in intracellular energy homeostasis. in cells with high and fluctuating energy requirements atp level is maintained via phosphocreatine hydrolysis catalyzed by creatine kinase. in contrast to invertebrates and higher vertebrates, in poikilothermic vertebrates the adaptations for the regulation of energy metabolism by changes in the oligomeric state of ck isoforms are not well known. the present study aimed at identi ...201525770046
a baseline study of metals in herring (clupea harengus) from the norwegian sea, with focus on mercury, cadmium, arsenic and lead.the norwegian spring spawning (nss) herring is an ecologically and economically important fish population in the norwegian sea. it was the first of several norwegian fish stocks subject to a baseline study designed to give a comprehensive account of the levels of contaminants in a fish species from most of its area of distribution and during different seasons. during 2006 and 2007, 800 individual herring were sampled in their feeding areas in the norwegian sea in spring and autumn and at their s ...201525703778
[infestation rates of the main commercial fish species with larvae of contracaecum osculatum (rudolphi, 1802) (nematoda: anisakidae) in russian waters of the south baltic in 2000-2012].the infestation dynamic of the sprat (sprattus sprattus balticus), the baltic herring (clupea harengus membras), and the baltic cod (gadus morhua callaris) with nematodes contracaecum osculatum 1 (anisakidae) from russian waters of the south baltic were studied in 2000-2012. peculiarities of larval growth in different hosts were analyzed. a total of 6233 fish specimens were investigated, including 1420, 3867, and 946 specimens of sprat, herring, and cod, respectively. the prevalence and mean int ...201525693327
female baltic herring clupea harengus allocate resources from growth to reproduction in poor feeding conditions.the trade-off between somatic growth and reproduction in the female baltic herring clupea harengus was investigated from 1984 to 2002. during the study period, growth decreased, as a consequence of decreasing salinity and weakening of feeding conditions. production of muscle and ovarian tissue decreased in repeat spawners, but investment in reproduction took an increasing amount of the total production of new tissues. this suggested that a shift in allocation to reproduction takes precedence ove ...201525611187
effect of spatial differences in growth on distribution of seasonally co-occurring herring clupea harengus stocks.the mechanisms most likely to determine the distribution of the two major herring clupea harengus stocks in their common early summer feeding ground in the eastern north sea, skagerrak and kattegat were investigated through analysis of acoustic survey data from six consecutive years. no change was detected in biomass of north sea autumn spawning c. harengus (nsas) over time, whereas the biomass of western baltic spring spawning c. harengus (wbss) declined severely. analyses of centre of abundanc ...201525470075
determination of selenium and its compounds in marine organisms.in this study, we investigate the type and quantity of selenium compounds in fish and marine organisms, using ion-pair reversed phase lc–icp-ms, developed and applied for the analysis of atlantic cod, atlantic salmon, greenland halibut, atlantic herring, blue mussel, common crab, scallop, calanus, and euphasia super. of the samples examined, the lowest level of selenium was found in farmed atlantic salmon (0.17 mg se kg(−1) dm). the total selenium extraction efficiency by phosphate buffer was 2. ...201525468190
assessing the environmental genotoxicity risk in the baltic sea: frequencies of nuclear buds in blood erythrocytes of three native fish species.nuclear bud (nb) formation was investigated in blood erythrocytes of 1892 flounder platichthys flesus, herring clupea harengus, and eelpout zoarces viviparus specimens that were collected at 82 sites representing different regions of the baltic sea in 2009-2011. this is the first attempt to evaluate the baseline levels of nb and rank the genotoxicity risk for native fish species. nb levels were compared to the previously published micronuclei (mn) data from the same individual fish specimens in ...201525384369
seasonal dynamics of atlantic herring (clupea harengus l.) populations spawning in the vicinity of marginal habitats.gillnet sampling and analyses of otolith shape, vertebral count and growth indicated the presence of three putative atlantic herring (clupea harengus l.) populations mixing together over the spawning season february-june inside and outside an inland brackish water lake (landvikvannet) in southern norway. peak spawning of oceanic norwegian spring spawners and coastal skagerrak spring spawners occurred in march-april with small proportions of spawners entering the lake. in comparison, spawning of ...201425372461
temporal dynamics of top predators interactions in the barents sea.the barents sea system is often depicted as a simple food web in terms of number of dominant feeding links. the most conspicuous feeding link is between the northeast arctic cod gadus morhua, the world's largest cod stock which is presently at a historical high level, and capelin mallotus villosus. the system also holds diverse seabird and marine mammal communities. previous diet studies may suggest that these top predators (cod, bird and sea mammals) compete for food particularly with respect t ...201425365430
effects of temperature on specific dynamic action in atlantic cod gadus morhua.growth requires that energy is directed towards ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation of a meal; energy expenditures are often expressed as the specific dynamic action (sda). while sda is an important part of fish energy budgets and strongly affected by water temperature, temperature effects are not known across a wide temperature range in atlantic cod gadus morhua. the objective of this study was to examine effects of temperature (2, 5, 10, 15 or 20 °c) on the energetic cost and tim ...201525343877
ecosystem scale acoustic sensing reveals humpback whale behavior synchronous with herring spawning processes and re-evaluation finds no effect of sonar on humpback song occurrence in the gulf of maine in fall 2006.we show that humpback-whale vocalization behavior is synchronous with peak annual atlantic herring spawning processes in the gulf of maine. with a passive, wide-aperture, densely-sampled, coherent hydrophone array towed north of georges bank in a fall 2006 ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (oawrs) experiment, vocalizing whales could be instantaneously detected and localized over most of the gulf of maine ecosystem in a roughly 400-km diameter area by introducing array gain, of 18 db, order ...201425289938
screening for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in marine fish along the norwegian coastal line.viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infects a wide range of marine fish species. to study the occurrence of vhsv in wild marine fish populations in norwegian coastal waters and fjord systems a total of 1927 fish from 39 different species were sampled through 5 research cruises conducted in 2009 to 2011. in total, vhsv was detected by rrt-pcr in twelve samples originating from atlantic herring (clupea harengus), haddock (melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (merlangius merlangus) and silvery ...201425248078
school density affects the strength of collective avoidance responses in wild-caught atlantic herring clupea harengus: a simulated predator encounter experiment.an experimental study in a semi-controlled environment was conducted to examine whether school density in wild-caught atlantic herring clupea harengus affects the strength of their collective escape behaviours. using acoustics, the anti-predator diving responses of c. harengus in two schools that differed in density were quantified by exposing them to a simulated threat. due to logistical restrictions, the first fish was tested in a low-density school condition (four trials; packing density = 1. ...201425243659
warming shelf seas drive the subtropicalization of european pelagic fish communities.pelagic fishes are among the most ecologically and economically important fish species in european seas. in principle, these pelagic fishes have potential to demonstrate rapid abundance and distribution shifts in response to climatic variability due to their high adult motility, planktonic larval stages, and low dependence on benthic habitat for food or shelter during their life histories. here, we provide evidence of substantial climate-driven changes to the structure of pelagic fish communitie ...201525230844
flame retardants at the top of a simulated baltic marine food web--a case study concerning african penguins from the gdansk zoo.the present study estimated hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd) as a sum of three main isomers (α, β, and γ) and tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) in african penguins (spheniscus demersus) from gdansk zoo and in their sole food, baltic herring (clupea harengus), from gdansk bay. the average concentration of hbcd in whole herring was 22.0 ± 9.9 ng/g lw, whereas tbbpa was approximately 10-fold lower (2.3 ± 1.3 ng/g lw). brominated flame retardants (bfrs) were also found in muscle and liver of herring. the e ...201525224990
organ damage in atlantic herring larvae as a result of ocean acidification.the dissolution of anthropogenically emitted excess carbon dioxide lowers the ph of the world's ocean water. the larvae of mass spawning marine fishes may be particularly vulnerable to such ocean acidification (oa), yet the generality of earlier results is unclear. here we show the detrimental effects of oa on the development of a commercially important fish species, the atlantic herring (clupea harengus). larvae were reared at three levels of co2: today (0.0385 kpa), end of next century (0.183 ...201425154101
metazoan parasites from herring (clupea harengus l.) as biological indicators in the baltic sea.zoographical distribution of metazoan fish parasites in herring, clupea harengus, from the baltic sea was analysed in order to use them as potential biological indicators. a total of 210 herring from six different sampling sites were investigated, harbouring 12 different parasite species [five digeneans (d), one cestode (c), three nematodes (n) and three acanthocephalans (a)]. the distribution of the parasite species differed according to region, with a distinct gradient of decreasing species ri ...201425119368
the proteome of atlantic herring (clupea harengus l.) larvae is resistant to elevated pco2.elevated anthropogenic pco2 can delay growth and impair otolith structure and function in the larvae of some fishes. these effects may concurrently alter the larva's proteome expression pattern. to test this hypothesis, atlantic herring larvae were exposed to ambient (370 μatm) and elevated (1800 μatm) pco2 for one-month. the proteome structure of the larvae was examined using a 2-de and mass spectrometry. the length of herring larvae was marginally less in the elevated pco2 treatment compared t ...201425110053
a survey of wild marine fish identifies a potential origin of an outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in wrasse, labridae, used as cleaner fish on marine atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., farms.viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) was isolated from five species of wrasse (labridae) used as biological controls for parasitic sea lice predominantly, lepeophtheirus salmonis (krøyer, 1837), on marine atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., farms in shetland. as part of the epidemiological investigation, 1400 wild marine fish were caught and screened in pools of 10 for vhsv using virus isolation. eleven pools (8%) were confirmed vhsv positive from: grey gurnard, eutrigla gurnardus l.; atlant ...201525102953
the dynamics of a metapopulation: changes in life-history traits in resident herring that co-occur with oceanic herring during spawning.different populations of atlantic herring are regarded as forming a metapopulation, but we know little about the dynamics of the connectivity and degree of interbreeding between the populations. based on data from three periods between 1962 and 2011, we identified the presence of two components of herring in a small semi-enclosed coastal marine ecosystem based on different somatic growth patterns and mean vertebrae sum (vs). the two components were interpreted as belonging to a resident herring ...201425051066
impact of extreme climate and bioinvasion on temporal coupling of spring herring (clupea harengus m.) larvae and their prey.we used weekly observational data from mid-may to end of july in 1958-2012 in gulf of riga to investigate temporal coupling between spring herring larvae and their first prey - copepod nauplii, under the extreme hydroclimatic conditions. we focused on a small shallow estuary that is important nursery ground for larvae of the gulf of riga (baltic sea) herring population. we quantified the effect of extreme values of the winter air temperatures, time of ice retreat and spring water temperatures on ...201424933435
myxozoa in high arctic: survey on the central part of svalbard archipelago.myxosporeans (myxozoa), microscopic metazoan parasitic organisms, are poorly studied in the arctic region. our survey of benthic and pelagic fish (n = 234) collected in isfjorden (svalbard, norway) together with detailed morphological and molecular examination revealed the presence of nine myxosporean species. we compared observed myxosporean diversity with diversity documented in regions close to the arctic and revealed that water depth rather than geographic distribution is an important factor ...201424918076
a day in the life of fish larvae: modeling foraging and growth using quirks.this article introduces "quirks," a generic, individual-based model synthesizing over 40 years of empirical and theoretical insights into the foraging behavior and growth physiology of marine fish larvae. in quirks, different types of larvae are defined by a short list of their biological traits, and all foraging and growth processes (including the effects of key environmental factors) are modeled following one unified set of mechanistic rules. this approach facilitates ecologically meaningful c ...201424901937
parasites as biological tags in marine fisheries research: european atlantic waters.studies of the use of parasites as biological tags for stock identification and to follow migrations of marine fish, mammals and invertebrates in european atlantic waters are critically reviewed and evaluated. the region covered includes the north, baltic, barents and white seas plus icelandic waters, but excludes the mediterranean and black seas. each fish species or ecological group of species is treated separately. more parasite tag studies have been carried out on atlantic herring clupea har ...201524722002
acetylcholinesterase secreted by anisakis simplex larvae (nematoda: anisakidae) parasitizing herring, clupea harengus: an inverse relationship of enzyme activity in the host-parasite system.acetylcholinesterase (ache) is a key enzyme involved in nerve impulse transmission in both vertebrates and invertebrates. in addition to neuromuscular ache, many parasitic nematodes synthesize ache in secretory glands and release the enzyme into their external environment. in this study, we evaluate the activities of both somatic and secreted ache from larvae (l3) of the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex, and compare these to the ache activity in its host, herring, clupea harengus. a. simplex ...201424705520
species identification and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from the meat of sea fish.seventy-eight isolates of staphylococci obtained from the meat of theragra chalcogramma, scomber scombrus, and clupea harengus were identified and tested in this study. 16s rdna sequence specific for the genus staphylococcus was detected in all isolates with the help of pcr method. all of 78 isolates were coagulase-negative, and dnase activity was only confirmed in 4 of them. the following species of staphylococci were identified using maldi-tof mass spectrometry: s. warneri (52%), s. epidermidi ...201424689907
comparing temporal trends of organochlorines in guillemot eggs and baltic herring: advantages and disadvantage for selecting sentinel species for environmental monitoring.within europe, the marine strategy framework directive (msfd) is aimed at addressing the chemical status and quality of the marine environment. one of the main goals is to achieve good environmental status (ges) in the marine environment. environmental monitoring of biota e.g., baltic herring and guillemot eggs, is conducted annually in sweden to follow temporal changes in environmental contaminants. to determine the suitability of guillemot eggs as a sentinel species for investigating ges, we c ...201424680644
shifts in the spring herring (clupea harengus membras) larvae and related environment in the eastern baltic sea over the past 50 years.because of the high management relevance, commercial fish related aspects have often been central in marine ecosystem investigations. the iterative shiftogram method was applied to detect occurrence, type and timing of shifts in the single and multivariate time series linked to the spring spawning herring larvae in the gulf of riga (baltic sea). altogether nineteen larval herring and related environmental variables were utilized during the period of 1957-2010. all the time series investigated, e ...201424637830
parasites as biological tags of marine, freshwater and anadromous fishes in north america from the tropics to the arctic.parasites have been considered as natural biological tags of marine fish populations in north america for almost 75 years. in the northwest atlantic, the most studied species include atlantic cod (gadus morhua), atlantic herring (clupea harengus) and the redfishes (sebastes spp.). in the north pacific, research has centred primarily on salmonids (oncorhynchus spp.). however, parasites have been applied as tags for numerous other pelagic and demersal species on both the atlantic and pacific coast ...201524612602
thermal stratification influences maturation and timing of spawning in a local clupea harengus population.maturation and timing of spawning in relation to temperature were studied in a local atlantic herring clupea harengus population inhabiting a small semi-enclosed ecosystem (7 km(2)) separated from the larger outer fjord system by narrow sills on the west coast of norway. ambient temperatures varied annually up to 4° c during both the pre-spawning and spawning periods from february to april, but without affecting the spawning time. instead, the timing of spawning was found to be related to therma ...201424588732
broad-scale climate influences on spring-spawning herring (clupea harengus, l.) recruitment in the western baltic sea.climate forcing in complex ecosystems can have profound implications for ecosystem sustainability and may thus challenge a precautionary ecosystem management. climatic influences documented to affect various ecological functions on a global scale, may themselves be observed on quantitative or qualitative scales including regime shifts in complex marine ecosystems. this study investigates the potential climatic impact on the reproduction success of spring-spawning herring (clupea harengus) in the ...201424586279
experimental evidence of threat-sensitive collective avoidance responses in a large wild-caught herring school.aggregation is commonly thought to improve animals' security. within aquatic ecosystems, group-living prey can learn about immediate threats using cues perceived directly from predators, or from collective behaviours, for example, by reacting to the escape behaviours of companions. combining cues from different modalities may improve the accuracy of prey antipredatory decisions. in this study, we explored the sensory modalities that mediate collective antipredatory responses of herring (clupea h ...201424489778
from puffins to plankton: a dna-based analysis of a seabird food chain in the northern gulf of maine.the predator-prey interactions within food chains are used to both characterize and understand ecosystems. conventional methods of constructing food chains from visual identification of prey in predator diet can suffer from poor taxonomic resolution, misidentification, and bias against small or completely digestible prey. next-generation sequencing (ngs) technology has become a powerful tool for diet reconstruction through barcoding of dna in stomach content or fecal samples. here we use multi-l ...201324358258
distribution of cadmium, mercury, and lead in different body parts of baltic herring (clupea harengus) and perch (perca fluviatilis): implications for environmental status assessments.for heavy metals, quality standards indicating good environmental status are designed to evaluate concentrations in the whole fish body, whereas monitoring of metals is often conducted using muscle or liver tissue. as most metals accumulate at different rates in different parts of fish, data should be adjusted to reflect whole fish body concentrations; however, this requires knowledge on distribution of metal concentrations within fish. here, concentrations of cadmium, mercury, and lead were ana ...201424262210
protein synthesis, growth and energetics in larval herring (clupea harengus) at different feeding regimes.rates of growth, protein synthesis and oxygen consumption were measured in herring larvae, clupea harengus, in order to estimate the contribution that protein synthesis makes to oxygen consumption during rapid growth at 8°c. protein synthesis rates were determined in larvae 9 to 17 d after hatching. larvae were bathed in (3)h phenylalanine for several hours and the free pool and protein-bound phenylalanine specific radioactivities were determined.fractional rates of protein synthesis increased 5 ...199524197441
smelling danger - alarm cue responses in the polychaete nereis (hediste) diversicolor (müller, 1776) to potential fish predation.the harbour ragworm, nereis (hediste) diversicolor is a common intertidal marine polychaete that lives in burrows from which it has to partially emerge in order to forage. in doing so, it is exposed to a variety of predators. one way in which predation risk can be minimised is through chemical detection from within the relative safety of the burrows. using cctv and motion capture software, we show that h. diversicolor is able to detect chemical cues associated with the presence of juvenile floun ...201324155953
oil and oil dispersant do not cause synergistic toxicity to fish embryos.atlantic herring (clupea harengus) embryos were exposed to water accommodated fractions (wafs; oil dissolved in water) and chemically enhanced water accommodated fractions (cewafs; oil dispersed in water with corexit 9500a) of medium south american (mesa) crude oil. the cewaf was approximately 100-fold more toxic than waf based on nominal loadings of test solutions (% v/v). in contrast, the ratio of waf and cewaf toxicity expressed as measured oil concentrations approximated 1.0, indicating that ...201424115182
changes in the distribution of atlantic bluefin tuna (thunnus thynnus) in the gulf of maine 1979-2005.the gulf of maine, nw atlantic ocean, is a productive, seasonal foraging ground for atlantic bluefin tuna (thunnus thynnus), but commercial landings of adult size classes were up to 40% below the allocated total allowable catch between 2004 to 2008 for the rod and reel, harpoon, and purse seine categories in the gulf of maine. reduction in atlantic bluefin tuna catches in the gulf of maine could represent a decline in spawning stock biomass, but given wide-ranging, complex migration patterns, an ...201324069420
environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in flounder (platichthys flesus), herring (clupea harengus) and atlantic cod (gadus morhua) from chemical munitions dumping zones in the southern baltic sea.the data on environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity levels as well as on genotoxicity risk in flounder (platichthys flesus), herring (clupea harengus) and cod (gadus morhua) collected in 2010-2012 at 42 stations located in chemical munitions dumping areas of the southern baltic sea are presented. the frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges in erythrocytes was used as genotoxicity endpoint and the induction of fragmented-apoptotic, bi-nucleated and 8-shaped erythrocyt ...201424064039
tracking niche variation over millennial timescales in sympatric killer whale lineages.niche variation owing to individual differences in ecology has been hypothesized to be an early stage of sympatric speciation. yet to date, no study has tracked niche width over more than a few generations. in this study, we show the presence of isotopic niche variation over millennial timescales and investigate the evolutionary outcomes. isotopic ratios were measured from tissue samples of sympatric killer whale orcinus orca lineages from the north sea, spanning over 10 000 years. isotopic rati ...201323945688
detection of allergenic parvalbumin of atlantic and pacific herrings in fish products by pcr.the conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to detect the major allergenic protein parvalbumin beta 2 of atlantic herring (clupea harengus) and pacific herring (clupea pallasii) was developed. the specific set of primers for the amplification of the partial genomic sequence of the pvalb 2 gene encoding the main fish allergen of both herrings was designed and applied to the investigation of 24 commercial fish products. the targeted amplicon size was 189 bp of pvalb 2 gene of atlantic ...201323886376
robust identification of local adaptation from allele frequencies.comparing allele frequencies among populations that differ in environment has long been a tool for detecting loci involved in local adaptation. however, such analyses are complicated by an imperfect knowledge of population allele frequencies and neutral correlations of allele frequencies among populations due to shared population history and gene flow. here we develop a set of methods to robustly test for unusual allele frequency patterns and correlations between environmental variables and alle ...201323821598
temporal trends in dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in baltic herring (clupea harengus).polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (pcdd/fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-pcbs) concentrations in baltic herring (clupea harengus) have been relatively stable since the mid to late 1990s. it is unclear why concentrations in baltic herring are not following the observed decreases in other environmental matrices. here, changes in long-term temporal trends in baltic herring were examined. a number of biological variables were examined alongside the temporal trends t ...201323806670
oceanographic connectivity and environmental correlates of genetic structuring in atlantic herring in the baltic sea.marine fish often show little genetic structuring in neutral marker genes, and atlantic herring (clupea harengus) in the baltic sea are no exception; historically, very low levels of population differentiation (f st ≍ 0.002) have been found, despite a high degree of interpopulation environmental heterogeneity in salinity and temperature. recent exome sequencing and snp studies have however shown that many loci are under selection in this system. here, we combined population genetic analyses of a ...201323745145
a parvicapsulid (myxozoa) infecting sprattus sprattus and clupea harengus (clupeidae) in the northeast atlantic uses hydroides norvegicus (serpulidae) as invertebrate host.a myxosporean producing actinospores of the tetractinomyxon type in hydroides norvegicus gunnerus (serpulidae) in denmark was identified as a member of the family parvicapsulidae based on small-subunit ribosomal dna (ssu rdna) sequences. myxosporean samples from various danish and norwegian marine fishes were examined with primers that detect the novel myxosporean. sprattus sprattus (linnaeus) and clupea harengus linnaeus (teleostei, clupeidae) were found to be infected. the sequences of this pa ...201323724734
exposure to parvalbumin allergen and aerosols among herring processing workers.there are increasing reports of allergies and respiratory symptoms among workers in the fish processing industry, coinciding with an increasing use of high-pressure water in the processing plants. however, few studies have measured exposure in these work environments.201323704136
mercury and chlorinated pesticides on the highest level of the food web as exemplified by herring from the southern baltic and african penguins from the zoo.aquatic birds are often used as a health indicator of the marine ecosystem. african penguins living in the zoo make good research material as they form a link between the marine and the terrestrial ecosystem in terms of xenobiotic circulation. tests were performed on whole herring-the food of the penguins-as well as on bird muscle, liver, brain, eggs, feathers and guano in order to determine total mercury, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan isomers, endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor, d ...201323687395
detection of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons in a range of commercial fish oils by gc-icpms analysis.the present study describes the use of a simple solid-phase extraction procedure for the extraction of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons from fish oil followed by analysis using gas chromatography (gc) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icpms). the procedure permitted the analysis of a small sample amount, and the method was applied on a range of different commercial fish oils, including oils of anchovy (engraulis ringens), atlantic herring (clupea harengus), sand eel (ammody ...201323620370
the high diversity of arsenolipids in herring fillet (clupea harengus).arsenolipids represent a relevant step in the biosynthesis of organoarsenicals from inorganic arsenic compounds. their fate after human consumption is still uncertain. by means of a hplc-icp-ms/esi-q-tof-ms method, 16 lipid soluble arsenic compounds, including seven formerly unknown organoarsenicals, have been identified in commercial herring fillet. the structural assignment was done by exact mass and high resolution ms/ms data. this is the first identification of arsenolipids in herring (clupe ...201323618187
clupeid response to stressors: the influence of environmental factors on thiaminase expression.over the past five decades, a reproductive failure related to thiamine deficiency, referred to as thiamine deficiency complex (tdc), has been observed in valuable salmonine fishes in the great lakes and finger lakes in north america and the baltic sea in europe. the cause of tdc has been linked to the consumption of clupeid fish, which contain high levels of a thiamine-destroying enzyme called thiaminase i (hereafter referred to as "thiaminase"). high activities of thiaminase have been reported ...201323560604
purification and properties of malic enzyme from herring clupea harengus spermatozoa.herring spermatozoa exhibit higher activity of malic enzyme (me) than atlantic salmon (salmo salar), brown trout (salmo trutta), carp (cyprinus carpio) and african catfish (clarias gariepinus) spermatozoa. two molecular forms of me are present in herring spermatozoa: an nad-preferring malic enzyme with very high activity and an nadp-specific malic enzyme with much lower activity (ratio about 33:1). nad-preferring me was purified by chromatography on deae-sepharose, red agarose and sephadex g-200 ...201323313742
high degree of cryptic population differentiation in the baltic sea herring clupea harengus.marine fish species are characterized by a low degree of population differentiation at putatively neutral marker genes. this has been traditionally attributed to ecological homogeneity and a lack of obvious dispersal barriers in marine habitats, as well as to the large (effective) population sizes of most marine fish species. the herring (clupea harengus) is a case in point - the levels of population differentiation at neutral markers, even across vast geographic areas, are typically very low (f ...201323294045
effect of alkaline ph-shift processing on in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of herring (clupea harengus) fillets.the effect of alkaline ph-shift processing on herring (clupea harengus) protein oxidation, salt solubility and digestibility, has been evaluated. for the latter, herring mince and ph-shift produced herring protein isolate, both raw and heat-treated, were digested using a static gastrointestinal in vitro model. the ph-shift process resulted in drastically lowered protein salt solubility and increased lipid oxidation while protein carbonyl formation was unaffected. yet, no significant differences ...201223265479
whole mitochondrial genome scan for population structure and selection in the atlantic herring.marine fish, such as the atlantic herring (clupea harengus), often show a low degree of differentiation over large geographical regions. despite strong environmental gradients (salinity and temperature) in the baltic sea, population genetic studies have shown little genetic differentiation among herring in this area, but some evidence for environmentally-induced selection has been uncovered. the mitochondrial genome is a likely target for selection in this system due to its functional role in me ...201223259908
estimating age at maturation and energy-based life-history traits from individual growth trajectories with nonlinear mixed-effects models.a new method is presented to estimate individuals' (1) age at maturation, (2) energy acquisition rate, (3) energy expenditure for body maintenance, and (4) reproductive investment, and the multivariate distribution of these traits in a population. the method relies on adjusting a conceptual energy allocation model to individual growth curves using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. the method's performance was tested using simulated growth curves for a range of life-history types. individual age ...201323247685
interactions between small pelagic fish and young cod across the north atlantic.species interactions that play out over large spatial scales are difficult to observe, particularly in the oceans. the current lack of empirical evidence for biologically meaningful interaction parameters likely delays the application of holistic management procedures. here we estimate interactions during the early life history of fish across regions. we present separate and hierarchical bayesian models that estimate the direction and strength of interactions between atlantic cod and dominant pe ...201223185876
population-scale sequencing reveals genetic differentiation due to local adaptation in atlantic herring.the atlantic herring (clupea harengus), one of the most abundant marine fishes in the world, has historically been a critical food source in northern europe. it is one of the few marine species that can reproduce throughout the brackish salinity gradient of the baltic sea. previous studies based on few genetic markers have revealed a conspicuous lack of genetic differentiation between geographic regions, consistent with huge population sizes and minute genetic drift. here, we present a cost-effe ...201223134729
[phylogeography of pacific herring clupea pallasii from eurasian seas].eleven samples of pacific herring from the four seas of eurasia (sea of japan, sea of okhotsk, bering sea, and white sea), and one sample of atlantic herring were analyzed. complete and partial sequences of the mtdna control region with the sizes up to 1071 bp were used. to verify the haplogroups identified, additional sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase i gene was performed. it was demonstrated that pacific herring from the seas of eurasia belonged to one mitochondrial haplogroup. the gene flo ...201223113337
structural analysis of ca²⁺ dependent and ca²⁺ independent type ii antifreeze proteins: a comparative molecular dynamics simulation study.comparative molecular dynamics simulations of ca²⁺ dependent psychrophilic type ii antifreeze protein (afp) from herring (clupea harengus) (hafp) and ca²⁺ dependent type ii antifreeze protein from long snout poacher (brachyopsis rostratus) (lpafp) have been performed for 10 ns each at five different temperatures. we have tried to investigate whether the ca²⁺ dependent protein obtains any advantage in nature over the independent one. to this end the dynamic properties of these two proteins have b ...201223079646
evidence for an ontogenetic change from pre-programmed to meal-responsive cck production in atlantic herring, clupea harengus l.the effects of up to three days of food deprivation on the cholecystokinin (cck)-producing cells in the atlantic herring gut were assessed by quantifying the number of cells detected by in situ hybridization at three ontogenetic stages. in feeding larvae that still possessed yolk-sacs (2 and 8days after hatch, dah), intestinal cck expression appeared to be maintained regardless of external nutritional conditions. in 30 dah-old herring larvae with well-established exogenous feeding only, very few ...201323063626
optimization of the pepsin digestion method for anisakids inspection in the fishing industry.during the last 50 years human anisakiasis has been rising while parasites have increased their prevalence at determined fisheries becoming an emergent major public health problem. although artificial enzymatic digestion procedure by codex (stan 244-2004: standard for salted atlantic herring and salted sprat) is the recommended protocol for anisakids inspection, no international agreement has been achieved in veterinary and scientific digestion protocols to regulate this growing source of biolog ...201323044250
evolution of type ii antifreeze protein genes in teleost fish: a complex scenario involving lateral gene transfers and episodic directional selection.i examined hypotheses about lateral transfer of type ii antifreeze protein (afp) genes among "distantly" related teleost fish. the effects of episodic directional selection on amino acid evolution were also investigated. the strict consensus results showed that the type ii afp and type ii antifreeze-like protein genes were transferred from osmerus mordax to clupea harengus, from the ancestral lineage of the brachyopsis rostratus-hemitripterus americanus clade to the ancestor of the hypomesus nip ...201223032610
fourteen new microsatellite markers for atlantic herring clupea harengus.fourteen new microsatellite loci were developed and tested on atlantic herring clupea harengus with 39 individuals from iceland and 49 individuals from norway. the microsatellites, which contain di, tri and tetranucleotide repeats, are polymorphic (7-30 alleles), with observed heterozygosity ranging between 0·69 and 1·00 and expected heterozygosity between 0·55 and 0·97.201222957880
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