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morphometric diagnosis of glossina palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) population structure in ghana.this study aimed to identify isolated population(s) of glossina palpalis in ghana using geometric morphometrics to evaluate variations in wing-shape and size between populations of the fly from three regions.201729284545
competitiveness and survival of two strains of glossina palpalis gambiensis in an urban area of senegal.in the niayes area, located in the west of senegal, only one tsetse species, glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank (diptera: glossinidae) was present. the government of senegal initiated and implemented an elimination programme in this area that included a sterile insect technique (sit) component. the g. p. gambiensis strain (bkf) mass-reared at the centre international de recherche-développement sur l'elevage en zone subhumide (cirdes) in burkina faso was used for the sit component.201729281634
fipronil 1% pour-on: further studies of its effects against lab-reared glossina palpalis gambiensis.in order to assess the residual effects of fipronil 1% on tsetse fly survival, male glossina palpalis gambiensis were released on non-treated and treated cattle, with 0.1 ml of fipronil/kg b.w. as a pour-on formulation. in a second trial, the female fecundity performances were evaluated by feeding teneral females on the same cattle. these females were then mated and their production parameters monitored, as well as the survival of freshly emerged flies. fipronil had a significant effect on tsets ...201728932909
intestinal bacterial communities of trypanosome-infected and uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis from three human african trypanomiasis foci in cameroon.glossina sp. the tsetse fly that transmits trypanosomes causing the human or the animal african trypanosomiasis (hat or aat) can harbor symbiotic bacteria that are known to play a crucial role in the fly's vector competence. we hypothesized that other bacteria could be present, and that some of them could also influence the fly's vector competence. in this context the objectives of our work were: (a) to characterize the bacteria that compose the g. palpalis palpalis midgut bacteriome, (b) to evi ...201728824591
transcriptional profiling of midguts prepared from trypanosoma/t. congolense-positive glossina palpalis palpalis collected from two distinct cameroonian foci: coordinated signatures of the midguts' remodeling as t. congolense-supportive niches.our previous transcriptomic analysis of glossina palpalis gambiensis experimentally infected or not with trypanosoma brucei gambiense aimed to detect differentially expressed genes (degs) associated with infection. specifically, we selected candidate genes governing tsetse fly vector competence that could be used in the context of an anti-vector strategy, to control human and/or animal trypanosomiasis. the present study aimed to verify whether gene expression in field tsetse flies (g. p. palpali ...201728804485
geometric morphometrics of developmental instability: analyzing patterns of fluctuating asymmetry with procrustes methods.although fluctuating asymmetry has become popular as a measure of developmental instability, few studies have examined its developmental basis. we propose an approach to investigate the role of development for morphological asymmetry by means of morphometric methods. our approach combines geometric morphometrics with the two-way anova customary for conventional analyses of fluctuating asymmetry and can discover localized features of shape variation by examining the patterns of covariance among l ...199828565401
comparative genomics of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans to reveal gene orthologs involved in infection by trypanosoma brucei gambiense.blood-feeding glossina palpalis gambiense (gpg) fly transmits the single-celled eukaryotic parasite trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tbg), the second glossina fly african trypanosome pair being glossina morsitans/t.brucei rhodesiense. whatever the t. brucei subspecies, whereas the onset of their developmental program in the zoo-anthropophilic blood feeding flies does unfold in the fly midgut, its completion is taking place in the fly salivary gland where does emerge a low size metacyclic trypomasti ...201728421044
using genetic data to improve species distribution models.tsetse flies (diptera, glossinidae) transmit human and animal trypanosomoses in africa, respectively a neglected human disease (sleeping sickness) and the most important constraint to cattle production in infested countries (nagana). we recently developed a methodology to map landscape friction (i.e. resistance to movement) for tsetse in west africa. the goal was to identify natural barriers to tsetse dispersal, and potentially isolated tsetse populations for targeting elimination programmes. mo ...201728342886
influence of temperature and relative humidity on survival and fecundity of three tsetse strains.tsetse flies occur in much of sub-saharan africa where they are vectors of trypanosomes that cause human and animal african trypanosomosis. the sterile insect technique (sit) is currently used to eliminate tsetse fly populations in an area-wide integrated pest management (aw-ipm) context in senegal and ethiopia. three glossina palpalis gambiensis strains [originating from burkina faso (bkf), senegal (sen) and an introgressed strain (senbkf)] were established and are now available for use in futu ...201627682638
eco-epidemiology of porcine trypanosomosis in karim lamido, nigeria: prevalence, seasonal distribution, tsetse density and infection rates.animal trypanosomosis is a major economic disease in nigeria causing considerable morbidity and mortality in livestock. despite reports in other animals, the disease is under reported in pigs.201627519526
variations in attack behaviours between glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides in a gallery forest suggest host specificity.tsetse flies glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides are among the major vectors of sleeping sickness (human african trypanosomiasis-hat) and nagana (african animal trypanosomiasis - aat) in west africa. both riparian species occur sympatrically in gallery forests of south west burkina faso, but little is known of their interspecies relationships although different authors think there may be some competition between them. the aim of this study was to check if sympatric species have diffe ...201627513602
near infrared imaging as a method of studying tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) pupal development.near infrared (nir) photography and video was investigated as a method for observing and recording intrapuparial development in the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis and other muscomorpha (cyclorrhapha) diptera. we showed that nir light passes through the puparium, permitting images of the true pupae and pharate adult to be captured. various wavelengths of nir light from 880 to 1060 nm were compared to study the development of tsetse fly pupae from larviposition to emergence, using time-la ...201627402791
molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria.animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ...201627216812
neemazal ® as a possible alternative control tool for malaria and african trypanosomiasis?research efforts to identify possible alternative control tools for malaria and african trypanosomiasis are needed. one promising approach relies on the use of traditional plant remedies with insecticidal activities.201627146309
high frequency of (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) type among (diptera: glossinidae) in a historic trypanosoma foci in north-eastern gabon: preliminary study.human african trypanosomiasis became a neglected disease after the 1960s, when case numbers dropped dramatically. it again became a public health problem in sub-saharan africa at the end of the 1990s, when new cases were reported, notably in central africa, and specifically in gabon, where historic foci existed and new cases have been reported. therefore, the present study reports on an entomological survey conducted in may 2012 to determine the pathogenic trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fl ...201627113105
xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in campo (cameroon).the sleeping sickness focus of campo in south cameroon is still active, at a low endemic level, for more than a century, despite a regular medical surveillance. the present study focuses on the spatial distribution of xenomonitoring information obtained from an entomological survey performed in the dry season 2012. it appears that humans constitute a third of the blood meals and that the flies' densities were coherent with those classically observed in the different biotopes. paradoxically, the ...201627071554
a molecular method to discriminate between mass-reared sterile and wild tsetse flies during eradication programmes that have a sterile insect technique component.the government of senegal has embarked several years ago on a project that aims to eradicate glossina palpalis gambiensis from the niayes area. the removal of the animal trypanosomosis would allow the development more efficient livestock production systems. the project was implemented using an area-wide integrated pest management strategy including a sterile insect technique (sit) component. the released sterile male flies originated from a colony from burkina faso.201626901049
[ecology of glossina palpalis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera: glossinidae) in mangrove area of guinea: influence of tides on tsetse densities].the mangrove area on the guinea littoral constitutes a favourable habitat for transmission of trypanosoma brucei gambiens, the parasite causing sleeping sickness also called human african trypanosmosis (hat), due the simultaneous presence of the vector (tsetse flies) and the human hosts. in order to assess the influence of the sea tides on the densities of glossina palpalis gambiensis (gpg), major vector of hat in the mangrove, entomological surveys were performed using two transects, according ...201626875082
rna-seq de novo assembly reveals differential gene expression in glossina palpalis gambiensis infected with trypanosoma brucei gambiense vs. non-infected and self-cured flies.trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tbg), causing the sleeping sickness chronic form, completes its developmental cycle within the tsetse fly vector glossina palpalis gambiensis (gpg) before its transmission to humans. within the framework of an anti-vector disease control strategy, a global gene expression profiling of trypanosome infected (susceptible), non-infected, and self-cured (refractory) tsetse flies was performed, on their midguts, to determine differential genes expression resulting from in ...201526617594
quality of sterile male tsetse after long distance transport as chilled, irradiated pupae.tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause human and african animal trypanosomosis, a debilitating disease of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana). an area-wide integrated pest management campaign against glossina palpalis gambiensis has been implemented in senegal since 2010 that includes a sterile insect technique (sit) component. the sit can only be successful when the sterile males that are destined for release have a flight ability, survival and competitiveness that are as c ...201526562521
mapping landscape friction to locate isolated tsetse populations that are candidates for elimination.tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of deadly human and animal trypanosomes in sub-saharan africa. tsetse control is a key component for the integrated management of both plagues, but local eradication successes have been limited to less than 2% of the infested area. this is attributed to either resurgence of residual populations that were omitted from the eradication campaign or reinvasion from neighboring infested areas. here we focused on glossina palpalis gambiensis, a riverine tsetse spec ...201526553973
technical data of the transcriptomic analysis performed on tsetse fly symbionts, sodalis glossinidius and wigglesworthia glossinidia, harbored, respectively by non-infected, trypanosoma brucei gambiense infected and self-cured glossina palpalis gambiensis tsetse flies.microarray is a powerful and cheap method to identify and quantify gene expression in particular in a mix of total rna extracted from biological samples such as the tsetse fly gut, including several organisms (here, the fly tissue and the intestinal microorganisms). besides, biostatistics and bioinformatics allow comparing the transcriptomes from samples collected from differently treated flies, and thus to identify and quantify differential expressed genes. here, we describe in details a whole ...201526484198
importance of vector-borne infections in different production systems: bovine trypanosomosis and the innovation dynamics of livestock producers in senegal.in senegal, a project has been undertaken to eradicate a population of tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis) from a prime area for intensifying livestock production--the coastal region of niayes. the project is intended to remove the constraint of trypanosomosis and allow the ecological intensification of cattle production. a cross-sectional analysis of ten case studies was the inductive phase of an assessment to gauge the impact of removing trypanosomosis on livestock production strategie ...201526470458
trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies in the "silent" sleeping sickness focus of bafia in the centre region in cameroon.the bafia sleeping sickness focus of cameroon is considered as "silent" with no case reported for about 20 years despite medical surveys performed during the last decades. in this focus, all epidemiological factors that can contribute to trypanosomes transmission are present. to update our knowledge on the current risks of human and animal african trypanosomiases, different trypanosome species were identified in midguts of tsetse flies captured in the bafia focus.201526458386
do tsetse flies only feed on blood?tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are the vectors of trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans, and nagana (animal trypanosomosis) in domestic animals, in subsaharan africa. they have been described as being strictly hematophagous, and transmission of trypanosomes occurs when they feed on a human or an animal. there have been indications however in old papers that tsetse may have the ability to digest sugar. here we show that hungry tsetse (glossina palpalis gambiensis) in the lab do fe ...201526391183
the antennal sensilla of species of the palpalis group (diptera: glossinidae).infection of tsetse fly with trypanosome parasites could be influenced by its ability to locate vertebrate host(s) in the wild. generally, the antennae of insects are known to bear chemo-sensory organs (sensilla), which are used for host search among other functions. in order to exploit the potentials of tsetse-search behavior, knowledge of sensilla types on the antennae is desirable. in line with this, the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the antennae of glossina palpalis and glossina tachinoides ...201526335467
immunogenicity and serological cross-reactivity of saliva proteins among different tsetse species.tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse's ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. we compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus morsitans: glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm) ...201526313460
a spatio-temporal model of african animal trypanosomosis risk.african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is a major constraint to sustainable development of cattle farming in sub-saharan africa. the habitat of the tsetse fly vector is increasingly fragmented owing to demographic pressure and shifts in climate, which leads to heterogeneous risk of cyclical transmission both in space and time. in burkina faso and ghana, the most important vectors are riverine species, namely glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides, which are more resilient to human-induced ...201526154506
detection and identification of pathogenic trypanosome species in tsetse flies along the comoé river in côte d'ivoire.in order to identify pathogenic trypanosomes responsible for african trypanosomiasis, and to better understand tsetse-trypanosome relationships, surveys were undertaken in three sites located in different eco-climatic areas in côte d'ivoire during the dry and rainy seasons. tsetse flies were caught during five consecutive days using biconical traps, dissected and microscopically examined looking for trypanosome infection. samples from infected flies were tested by pcr using specific primers for ...201526035296
differential expression of midgut proteins in trypanosoma brucei gambiense-stimulated vs. non-stimulated glossina palpalis gambiensis flies.the unicellular pathogenic protozoan trypanosoma brucei gambiense is responsible for the chronic form of sleeping sickness. this vector-borne disease is transmitted to humans by the tsetse fly of the group glossina palpalis, including the subspecies g. p. gambiensis, in which the parasite completes its developmental cycle. sleeping sickness control strategies can therefore target either the human host or the fly vector. indeed, suppression of one step in the parasite developmental cycle could ab ...201526029185
laboratory evaluation of efficacy and persistence of a 1% w/w fipronil pour-on formulation (topline®) against glossina palpalis gambiensis, diptera: glossinidae.one zebu bull of 365 kg live weight was treated along the back line with 36 ml of fipronil as a pour-on formulation. long-lasting mortalities of glossina palpalis gambiensis were recorded despite exposure to sunlight and regular rinsing with 50 l of water during the following 5 months. significantly higher mortalities were still observed even 140, 170 and 190 days after treatment following their triple releases or triple feeding of caged tsetse on the treated bull. mortalities of 70, 80 and 44%, ...201525944739
long distance transport of irradiated male glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae and its impact on sterile male yield.the application of the sterile insect technique (sit) requires mass-production of sterile males of good biological quality. the size of the project area will in most cases determine whether it is more cost effective to produce the sterile flies locally (and invest in a mass-rearing facility) or import the sterile flies from a mass-rearing facility that is located in another country. this study aimed at assessing the effect of long distance transport of sterile male glossina palpalis gambiensis p ...201525927610
effect of sampling methods, effective population size and migration rate estimation in glossina palpalis palpalis from cameroon.human and animal trypanosomiases are two major constraints to development in africa. these diseases are mainly transmitted by tsetse flies in particular by glossina palpalis palpalis in western and central africa. to set up an effective vector control campaign, prior population genetics studies have proved useful. previous studies on population genetics of g. p. palpalis using microsatellite loci showed high heterozygote deficits, as compared to hardy-weinberg expectations, mainly explained by t ...201525917495
ecotype evolution in glossina palpalis subspecies, major vectors of sleeping sickness.the role of environmental factors in driving adaptive trajectories of living organisms is still being debated. this is even more important to understand when dealing with important neglected diseases and their vectors.201525775377
comparative gene expression of wigglesworthia inhabiting non-infected and trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected glossina palpalis gambiensis flies.tsetse flies (glossina sp.) that transmit trypanosomes causing human (and animal) african trypanosomiasis (hat and aat, respectively) harbor symbiotic microorganisms, including the obligate primary symbiont wigglesworthia glossinidia. a relationship between wigglesworthia and tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes has been suggested, as removal of the symbiont results in a higher susceptibility to midgut infection in adult flies. to investigate this relationship and to decipher the role of w. glos ...201425452752
midgut expression of immune-related genes in glossina palpalis gambiensis challenged with trypanosoma brucei gambiense.tsetse flies from the subspecies glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina palpalis gambiensis, respectively, transmit trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma brucei gambiense. the former causes the acute form of sleeping sickness, and the latter provokes the chronic form. although several articles have reported g. m. morsitans gene expression following trypanosome infection, no comparable investigation has been performed for g. p. gambiensis. this report presents results on the different ...201425426112
storage of male glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae at low temperature: effect on emergence, mating and survival.procurement of sterile tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis) from burkina faso for an eradication programme in senegal that incorporates the sterile insect technique (sit) required the development of transport and handling protocols that would allow retaining the female flies in the rearing facility and transport of the male flies as irradiated pupae. the proposed handling scheme included the chilling of the male pupae after the female emergence and transport to senegal under low temperatu ...201425287653
ex-ante benefit-cost analysis of the elimination of a glossina palpalis gambiensis population in the niayes of senegal.in 2005, the government of senegal embarked on a campaign to eliminate a glossina palpalis gambiensis population from the niayes area (∼ 1000 km(2)) under the umbrella of the pan african tsetse and trypanosomosis eradication campaign (pattec). the project was considered an ecologically sound approach to intensify cattle production. the elimination strategy includes a suppression phase using insecticide impregnated targets and cattle, and an elimination phase using the sterile insect technique, n ...201425144776
population genetics of forest type of trypanosoma congolense circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon.genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms. to improve our knowledge on the population genetics of trypanosomes, trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah types were identified in the mid-guts of glossina palpalis palpalis caught in five villages of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. from the positive samples of trypanosoma congolense forest, the genetic diversity and the population genetic str ...201425142136
challenges towards the elimination of human african trypanosomiasis in the sleeping sickness focus of campo in southern cameroon.the sleeping sickness focus of campo lies along the atlantic coast and extends along the ntem river, which constitutes the cameroonian and equatorial guinean border. it is a hypo-endemic focus with the disease prevalence varying from 0.3 to 0.86% during the last few decades. investigations on animal reservoirs revealed a prevalence of trypanosoma brucei gambiense of 0.6% in wild animals and 4.83% in domestic animals of this focus. from 2001 to 2012, about 19 931 tsetse were collected in this foc ...201425129168
using species distribution models to optimize vector control in the framework of the tsetse eradication campaign in senegal.tsetse flies are vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in sub-saharan africa and are the target of the pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (pattec). glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae) is a riverine species that is still present as an isolated metapopulation in the niayes area of senegal. it is targeted by a national eradication campaign combining a population reduction phase based on insecticide-treated targets (itts) and cattle and an eradication ph ...201424982143
population genetics of trypanosoma brucei circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis and domestic animals of the fontem sleeping sickness focus of cameroon.human african trypanosomiasis is still a public health threat in cameroon. to assess trypanosoma brucei strains circulating in the fontem sleeping sickness focus, we conducted a genetic structure study using microsatellites to assess genotypes circulating in both tsetse flies and domestic animals.201424690359
genetic correlations within and between isolated tsetse populations: what can we learn?isolated tsetse populations constitute a target for tsetse control programmes in endemic countries, since their isolation, if demonstrated, allows control without reinvasion risk from neighbouring populations. population genetic parameters, such as the fixation index, have proven useful to assess isolation status, and should also give important information on the divergence time since isolation. we gathered results obtained from different datasets regarding several examples of putatively totally ...201424657846
the transcriptional signatures of sodalis glossinidius in the glossina palpalis gambiensis flies negative for trypanosoma brucei gambiense contrast with those of this symbiont in tsetse flies positive for the parasite: possible involvement of a sodalis-hosted prophage in fly trypanosoma refractoriness?tsetse flies, such as glossina palpalis gambiensis, are blood-feeding insects that could be subverted as hosts of the parasite trypanosoma brucei gambiense: initiated in the tsetse fly mid gut, the developmental program of this parasite further proceeds in the salivary glands. the flies act as vectors of this human-invasive parasite when their salivary glands sustain the generation of metacyclic trypomastigotes, the exclusive morphotypes pre-programmed to further develop in the human individuals ...201424637266
glossina palpalis palpalis populations from equatorial guinea belong to distinct allopatric clades.luba is one of the four historical foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) on bioko island, in equatorial guinea. although no human cases have been detected since 1995, t. b. gambiense was recently observed in the vector glossina palpalis palpalis. the existence of cryptic species within this vector taxon has been previously suggested, although no data are available regarding the evolutionary history of tsetse flies populations in bioko.201424438585
standardising visual control devices for tsetse flies: central and west african species glossina palpalis palpalis.glossina palpalis palpalis (g. p. palpalis) is one of the principal vectors of sleeping sickness and nagana in africa with a geographical range stretching from liberia in west africa to angola in central africa. it inhabits tropical rain forest but has also adapted to urban settlements. we set out to standardize a long-lasting, practical and cost-effective visually attractive device that would induce the strongest landing response by g. p. palpalis for future use as an insecticide-impregnated to ...201424421909
analysis of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina tachinoides from two distant locations in burkina faso using maldi tof ms.riverine tsetse (glossina) as glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 and glossina tachinoides westwood 1850 are the main vectors for african animal trypanosomoses in burkina faso. vector control has been proven efficient in disease containment, but its success is endangered by the reinvasion of tsetse from neighbouring areas. thus, identifying relic populations can enhance the success rate of vector control efforts. this is currently carried out through microsatellite analysis which is ti ...201424292542
dynamics of tsetse natural infection rates in the mouhoun river, burkina faso, in relation with environmental factors.in burkina faso, the cyclical vectors of african animal trypanosomoses (aat) are riverine tsetse species, namely glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank (g.p.g.) and glossina tachinoides westwood (g.t.) (diptera: glossinidae). experimental work demonstrated that environmental stress can increase the sensitivity of tsetse to trypanosome infection. seasonal variations of the tsetse infection rates were monitored monthly over 17 months (may 2006-september 2007) in two sites (douroula and kadomba). ...201324010125
spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the bipindi focus of southern cameroon.human african trypanosomiasis (hat) remains a public health problem in many poor countries. due to lack of financial resources in these countries, cost-effective strategies are needed for efficient control of this scourge, especially the tsetse vector. it was shown that perennial water sources maintain a favourable biotope for tsetse flies and thus the transmission dynamics of sleeping sickness. the present paper aimed at assessing the transmission dynamics of hat in a forest environment where t ...201323815985
decrease in survival and fecundity of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (diptera: glossinidae) fed on cattle treated with single doses of ivermectin.human and animal trypanosomes are major problems for the socio-economic growth of developing countries like burkina faso. ivermectin is currently used to treat humans in mass drug administration programs in africa, and is also commonly used for veterinary purposes. in this study, we tested the effect of ivermectin injected into cattle on the survival and fecundity of glossina palpalis gambiensis, the main vector of human and animal trypanosomes in west africa.201323741989
release-recapture studies confirm dispersal of glossina palpalis gambiensis between river basins in mali. 201323634232
the sequential aerosol technique: a major component in an integrated strategy of intervention against riverine tsetse in ghana.an integrated strategy of intervention against tsetse flies was implemented in the upper west region of ghana (9.62°-11.00° n, 1.40°-2.76° w), covering an area of ≈18,000 km(2) within the framework of the pan-african tsetse and trypanosomosis eradication campaign. two species were targeted: glossina tachinoides and glossina palpalis gambiensis.201323516662
identification of glossina palpalis gambiensis specific salivary antigens: towards the development of a serologic biomarker of human exposure to tsetse flies in west africa.the saliva of blood sucking arthropods contains a number of pharmacologically active compounds that induce an antibody response in exposed human individuals. the objectives of the present study were (i) to assess the human igg response directed against salivary antigens of glossina palpalis gambiensis, the main vector of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in west africa, as a biomarker of human-tsetse contacts; and (ii) to identify specific salivary antigens. immune reactivity of human plasma collecte ...201323500186
epidemiology of sleeping sickness in boffa (guinea): where are the trypanosomes?human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in west africa is a lethal, neglected disease caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted by the tsetse glossina palpalis gambiensis. although the littoral part of guinea with its typical mangrove habitat is the most prevalent area in west africa, very few data are available on the epidemiology of the disease in such biotopes. as part of a hat elimination project in guinea, we carried a cross-sectional study of the distribution and abundance of people, ...201223272259
population dynamics of glossina palpalis gambiensis symbionts, sodalis glossinidius, and wigglesworthia glossinidia, throughout host-fly development.the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae), the vector of trypanosomes causing human and animal trypanosomiasis, harbors symbiotic microorganisms including the primary symbiont wigglesworthia glossinidia, involved in the fly's nutrition and fertility, and the secondary symbiont sodalis glossinidius, involved in the trypanosome establishment in the fly's midgut. both symbionts are maternally transmitted to the intrauterine progeny through the fly's milk gland secretions. in this study, we investigated ...201323107774
multiple host feeding in glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina tachinoides in southeast mali.changes in agricultural practices and the resulting extinction of wildlife have led to the reduction or disappearance of savannah tsetse species. riparian tsetse such as glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 and glossina tachinoides westwood 1850 (diptera: glossinidae) continue to persist in peridomestic sites, transmitting trypanosomiasis. at present, little is known about interspecies differences in feeding behaviour in these two species in southeast mali, or of the phenomenon of multi ...201323002954
identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the malanga (kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo.the malanga sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo has shown an epidemic evolution of disease during the last century. however, following case detection and treatment, the prevalence of the disease decreased considerably. no active survey has been undertaken in this focus for a couple of years. to understand the current epidemiological status of sleeping sickness as well as the animal african trypanosomiasis in the malanga focus, we undertook the identification of tsetse blo ...201222992486
[behavioral interactions and rhythms of activity of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides (diptera: glossinidae) in a forest gallery in burkina faso].glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides are the main vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in west africa. in some parts of their distribution area, they co-exist in sympatry, but little is known about their interactions. this study aimed to explore their respective flight height and daily activity when co-existing or alone. attractive targets were used, made of a black/blue/black cloth covered with adhesive film, so that all tsetse that landed were caught. the study was conducted i ...201222910664
best-bet integrated strategies for containing drug-resistant trypanosomes in cattle.african animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to the rearing of productive livestock in the sub-humid sudan-sahel zone of west africa where cotton is grown. trypanosomosis is mainly controlled using trypanocidal drugs, but the effective use of drugs is threatened by the development of widespread resistance. this study tested integrated best-bet strategies for containment and/ or reversal of trypanocide resistance in villages in south-east mali where resistance has been reported.201222874003
phenetic and genetic structure of tsetse fly populations (glossina palpalis palpalis) in southern ivory coast.sleeping sickness, transmitted by g. p. palpalis, is known to be present in the ivory coast. g. p. palpalis has recently been reported to occur in several places within the town of abidjan, including: (i) the banco forest, (ii) the abobo adjamé university campus and (iii) the zoological park. could these three places be treated sequentially, as separate tsetse populations, or should they be taken as one area comprising a single, panmictic population?201222846152
the bacterial flora of tsetse fly midgut and its effect on trypanosome transmission.the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis is a vector of the trypanosome that causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle along with associated human health problems and massive economic losses. the insect is also known to carry a number of symbionts such as sodalis, wigglesworthia, wolbachia whose effects on the physiology of the insect have been studied in depth. however, effects of other bacterial flora on the physiology of the host and vector competence have received little attention. ep ...201322841948
irradiated male tsetse from a 40-year-old colony are still competitive in a riparian forest in burkina faso.tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of african trypanosomosis that constitute a major constraint to development in africa. their control is an important component of the integrated management of these diseases, and among the techniques available, the sterile insect technique (sit) is the sole that is efficient at low densities. the government of burkina faso has embarked on a tsetse eradication programme in the framework of the pattec, where sit is an important component. the project plans to ...201222590652
understanding local population genetics of tsetse: the case of an isolated population of glossina palpalis gambiensis in burkina faso.tsetse flies are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases. for tsetse eradication programs, it is crucial to be able to identify and target isolated populations, because they can be targeted for eradication without risk of reinvasion. however, most data that are available on non-isolated populations fail to find how these populations are locally structured, because wahlund effect (admixture of individuals from genetically different units) always interfere with interpretations. in this pap ...201222546274
wolbachia symbiont infections induce strong cytoplasmic incompatibility in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.tsetse flies are vectors of the protozoan parasite african trypanosomes, which cause sleeping sickness disease in humans and nagana in livestock. although there are no effective vaccines and efficacious drugs against this parasite, vector reduction methods have been successful in curbing the disease, especially for nagana. potential vector control methods that do not involve use of chemicals is a genetic modification approach where flies engineered to be parasite resistant are allowed to replace ...201122174680
VectorBase: improvements to a bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vector genomics.VectorBase (http://www.vectorbase.org) is a NIAID-supported bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. It hosts data for nine genomes: mosquitoes (three Anopheles gambiae genomes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus), tick (Ixodes scapularis), body louse (Pediculus humanus), kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus) and tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans). Hosted data range from genomic features and expression data to population genetics and ontologies. We describe improvements ...201222135296
the salivary secretome of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae) infected by salivary gland hypertrophy virus.the competence of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes (diptera; glossinidae) to acquire salivary gland hypertrophy virus (sghv), to support virus replication and successfully transmit the virus depends on complex interactions between glossina and sghv macromolecules. critical requisites to sghv transmission are its replication and secretion of mature virions into the fly's salivary gland (sg) lumen. however, secretion of host proteins is of equal importance for successful transmission and require ...201122132244
transmission of human african trypanosomiasis in the komo-mondah focus, gabon.knowledge about transmission of sleeping sickness in a given focus is of a great importance since it governs the efficacy and the cost-effectiveness of control strategy. the komo-mondah focus is the most endemic sleeping sickness focus of gabon. this focus has hardly been investigated and available publications are more than thirty years old. in order to update transmission features of sleeping sickness in that focus, we have conducted epidemiological and entomological surveys in march-april 200 ...201122121444
Multiple Trypanosoma infections are common amongst Glossina species in the new farming areas of Rufiji district, Tanzania.ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis are among several factors that constrain livestock development in Tanzania. Over the years Rufiji District was excluded from livestock production owing to tsetse fly infestation, however, a few years ago there was an influx of livestock following evictions aimed at conserving the Usangu wetlands. METHODS: A study was conducted to determine the efficiency of available traps for catching tsetse flies, Glossina species infesting the area, thei ...201122093363
[Entomological survey in the historical sleeping sickness focus of Bendje (Gabon)].The situation of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is poorly known in Gabon. Most of the historical foci have not been investigated for more than 15 years. Few cases are passively recorded from the historical focus of Bendjé; they involved mainly fishermen but determining their contamination site is difficult because of their mobility due to their activity. The presence of these cases in that focus could favour its reactivation if the vector is still there. In order to assess a p ...201122091460
Glycolysis in the african trypanosome: targeting enzymes and their subcellular compartments for therapeutic development.Subspecies of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, which cause human African trypanosomiasis, are transmitted by the tsetse fly, with transmission-essential lifecycle stages occurring in both the insect vector and human host. During infection of the human host, the parasite is limited to using glycolysis of host sugar for ATP production. This dependence on glucose breakdown presents a series of targets for potential therapeutic development, many of which have been explored and validated ...201122091393
post eclosion age predicts the prevalence of midgut trypanosome infections in glossina.the teneral phenomenon, as observed in glossina sp., refers to the increased susceptibility of the fly to trypanosome infection when the first bloodmeal taken is trypanosome-infected. in recent years, the term teneral has gradually become synonymous with unfed, and thus fails to consider the age of the newly emerged fly at the time the first bloodmeal is taken. furthermore, conflicting evidence exists of the effect of the age of the teneral fly post eclosion when it is given the infected first b ...201122087240
expression of chemosensory proteins in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans is related to female host-seeking behaviour.chemosensory proteins (csps) are a class of soluble proteins present in high concentrations in the sensilla of insect antennae. it has been proposed that they play an important role in insect olfaction by mediating interactions between odorants and odorant receptors. here we report, for the first time, the presence of five csp genes in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans, a major vector transmitting nagana in livestock. real-time quantitative reverse transcription pcr showed that three o ...201122074189
attenuation of the sensing capabilities of phoq in transition to obligate insect-bacterial association.sodalis glossinidius, a maternally inherited endosymbiont of the tsetse fly, maintains genes encoding homologues of the phop-phoq two-component regulatory system. this two-component system has been extensively studied in facultative bacterial pathogens and is known to serve as an environmental magnesium sensor and a regulator of key virulence determinants. in the current study, we show that the inactivation of the response regulator, phop, renders s. glossinidius sensitive to insect derived cati ...201122072980
native microbiota shape insect vector competence for human pathogens.the resident microbiota of insect vectors can impede transmission of human pathogens. recent studies have highlighted the capacity of endogenous bacteria to decrease viral and parasitic infections in mosquito and tsetse fly vectors by activating their immune responses or directly inhibiting pathogen development. these microbes may prove effective agents for manipulating the vector competence of malaria and other important human pathogens.201122018231
alba proteins are stage regulated during trypanosome development in the tsetse fly and participate in differentiation.the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is responsible for sleeping sickness and alternates between mammal and tsetse fly hosts, where it has to adapt to different environments. we investigated the role of two members of the alba family, which encodes hypothetical rna-binding proteins conserved in most eukaryotes. we show that alba3/4 proteins colocalize with the dhh1 rna-binding protein and with a subset of poly(a+) rna in stress granules upon starvation. depletion of alba3/4 proteins by rna ...201121965287
the chemistry and biology of trypanosomal trans-sialidases: virulence factors in chagas disease and sleeping sickness.trans-sialidases constitute a special group of the sialidase family. they occur in some trypanosome species and, in a unique reversible reaction, transfer sialic acids from one glycosidic linkage with galactose (donor) to another galactose (acceptor), to form (α2-3)-sialyl linkages. trypanosomes cause such devastating human diseases as chagas disease in south america (trypanosoma cruzi) or sleeping sickness in africa (trypanosoma brucei). the trans-sialidases strongly contribute to the pathogeni ...201121956798
towards an optimal design of target for tsetse control: comparisons of novel targets for the control of palpalis group tsetse in west africa.tsetse flies of the palpalis group are the main vectors of sleeping sickness in africa. insecticide impregnated targets are one of the most effective tools for control. however, the cost of these devices still represents a constraint to their wider use. the objective was therefore to improve the cost effectiveness of currently used devices.201121949896
Human African trypanosomiasis in endemic populations and travellers.Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) gambiense (West African form) and T.b. rhodesiense (East African form) that are transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly, Glossina spp.. Whereas most patients in endemic populations are infected with T.b. gambiense, most tourists are infected with T.b. rhodesiense. In endemic populations, T.b. gambiense HAT is characterized by chronic and intermittent fever, headache, pruritus ...201121901632
genetic diversity and population structure of the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies, sodalis glossinidius, in sleeping sickness foci in cameroon.previous studies have shown substantial differences in sodalis glossinidius and trypanosome infection rates between glossina palpalis palpalis populations from two cameroonian foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), bipindi and campo. we hypothesized that the geographical isolation of the two foci may have induced independent evolution in the two areas, resulting in the diversification of symbiont genotypes.201121886849
lipophorin acts as a shuttle of lipids to the milk gland during tsetse fly pregnancy.during pregnancy in the viviparous tsetse fly, lipid mobilization is essential for the production of milk to feed the developing intrauterine larva. lipophorin (lp) functions as the major lipid transport protein in insects and closely-related arthropods. in this study, we assessed the role of lp and the lipophorin receptor (lpr) in the lipid mobilization process during tsetse reproduction. we identified single gene sequences for gmmlp and gmmlpr from the genome of glossinamorsitansmorsitans, and ...201121875592
Cryptic diversity within the major trypanosomiasis vector Glossina fuscipes revealed by molecular markers.The tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes s.l. is responsible for the transmission of approximately 90% of cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. Three G. fuscipes subspecies have been described, primarily based upon subtle differences in the morphology of their genitalia. Here we describe a study conducted across the range of this important vector to determine whether molecular evidence generated from nuclear DNA (microsatellites and gene sequence information), mitochondrial ...201121858237
how do tsetse recognise their hosts? the role of shape in the responses of tsetse (glossina fuscipes and g. palpalis) to artificial hosts.palpalis-group tsetse, particularly the subspecies of glossina palpalis and g. fuscipes, are the most important transmitters of human african trypanomiasis (hat), transmitting >95% of cases. traps and insecticide-treated targets are used to control tsetse but more cost-effective baits might be developed through a better understanding of the fly's host-seeking behaviour. electrocuting grids were used to assess the numbers of g. palpalis palpalis and g. fuscipes quanzensis attracted to and landing ...201121829734
population genetics of glossina palpalis palpalis from central african sleeping sickness foci.abstract: background: glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) is widespread in west africa, and is the main vector of sleeping sickness in cameroon as well as in the bas congo province of the democratic republic of congo. however, little is known on the structure of its populations. we investigated g. p. palpalis population genetic structure in five sleeping sickness foci (four in cameroon, one in democratic republic of congo) using eight microsatellite dna markers. results: a strong i ...201121767402
Contrasting population structures of two vectors of African trypanosomoses in Burkina Faso: consequences for control.African animal trypanosomosis is a major obstacle to the development of more efficient and sustainable livestock production systems in West Africa. Riverine tsetse species such as Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank and Glossina tachinoides Westwood are the major vectors. A wide variety of control tactics is available to manage these vectors, but their removal will in most cases only be sustainable if the control effort is targeting an entire tsetse population within a circumscribed area.201121738812
sleeping sickness.human african trypanosomiasis (hat), or sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne disease that flourishes in impoverished, rural parts of sub-saharan africa. it is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei and is transmitted by tsetse flies of the genus glossina. the majority of cases are caused by t. b. gambiense, which gives rise to the chronic, anthroponotic endemic disease in western and central africa. infection with t. b. rhodesiense leads to the acute, zoonotic form of ...201121722252
impact of microscopic motility on the swimming behavior of parasites: straighter trypanosomes are more directional.microorganisms, particularly parasites, have developed sophisticated swimming mechanisms to cope with a varied range of environments. african trypanosomes, causative agents of fatal illness in humans and animals, use an insect vector (the tsetse fly) to infect mammals, involving many developmental changes in which cell motility is of prime importance. our studies reveal that differences in cell body shape are correlated with a diverse range of cell behaviors contributing to the directional motio ...201121698122
trapping tsetse flies on water.riverine tsetse flies such as glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in west africa. despite intimate links between tsetse and water, to our knowledge there has never been any attempt to design trapping devices that would catch tsetse on water. in mangrove (guinea) one challenging issue is the tide, because height above the ground for a trap is a key factor affecting tsetse catches. the trap was mounted on the remains of an old wooden d ...201121678789
population genetics of trypanosoma evansi from camel in the sudan.genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of microorganisms. we have investigated genetic variation at 15 microsatellite loci of t. evansi isolated from camels in sudan and kenya to evaluate the genetic information partitioned within and between individuals and between sites. we detected a strong signal of isolation by distance across the area sampled. the results also indicate that either, and as expected, t. evansi is pure ...201121666799
polyandry is a common event in wild populations of the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes and may impact population reduction measures.glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa, particularly in uganda. attempts to control/eradicate this species using biological methods require knowledge of its reproductive biology. an important aspect is the number of times a female mates in the wild as this influences the effective population size and may constitute a critical factor in determining the success of control methods. to date, polyandry in g.f. fuscipes has not been investigated in ...201121666797
tsetse immune system maturation requires the presence of obligate symbionts in larvae.beneficial microbial symbionts serve important functions within their hosts, including dietary supplementation and maintenance of immune system homeostasis. little is known about the mechanisms that enable these bacteria to induce specific host phenotypes during development and into adulthood. here we used the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and its obligate mutualist, wigglesworthia glossinidia, to investigate the co-evolutionary adaptations that influence the development of host physiological ...201121655301
polymorphic microsatellite markers for the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes (diptera: glossinidae), a vector of human african trypanosomiasis.our understanding of glossina fuscipes fuscipes, a major vector of sleeping sickness, has been severely constrained by a lack of genetic markers for mapping and population genetic studies. here we present 10 newly developed microsatellite loci for this tsetse species. heterozygosity levels in moyo, an ugandan population, averaged 0.57, with only two loci showing very low heterozygosity. five loci carried more than six alleles. together with five recently published microsatellite loci, this bring ...200821586090
bovine trypanosomosis in the upper west region of ghana: entomological, parasitological and serological cross-sectional surveys.baseline surveys were conducted in the upper west region of ghana to assess the distribution and densities of tsetse species, as well as the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis. the entomological survey was designed to cover the suitable tsetse habitats along the three main rivers in the study area (i.e. black volta, kulpawn and sissili). results indicated the presence of glossina tachinoides in all three river basins, whilst glossina palpalis gambiensis was only found close to the southern limi ...201121550616
have tsetse flies disappeared from brazzaville town?from 1980 to 1985, the zoological park of brazzaville was the only tsetse resting site located in downtown which supplied others temporary sites. the last trapping survey carried out in this area in 1987 showed that there were no more tsetse flies. knowing that areas free of tsetse used to be reinvaded many years later, we have carried out an entomological survey in the area with the aim to verify what has happened more than twenty years later; given that suitable environmental conditions for gl ...200921532712
[ivory coast uprising and returning burkinabe immigrants: evaluation of the risk for reemergence of sleeping sickness in burkina faso].following the sociopolitical unrest that occurred in ivory coast in 2002, 360,000 burkinabe immigrants returned to burkina faso that was the epicenter of sleeping sickness last century and is now thought to be free of autochthonous transmission. the purpose of this study was to determine if the massive return of immigrants from human african trypanosomiasis (hat) endemic areas of ivory coast to areas in burkina faso where the vector (tsetse fly) is currently present could lead to re-emergence of ...201021520653
antimicrobial peptide killing of african trypanosomes.the diseases caused by trypanosomes are medically and economically devastating to the population of sub-saharan africa. parasites of the genus trypanosoma, infect both humans, causing african sleeping sickness, and livestock, causing nagana. the development of effective treatment strategies has suffered from the severe side effects of approved drugs, resistance and major difficulties in delivering drugs. antimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous components of immune defense and are being rigorously ...201121517904
a general model for mortality in adult tsetse (glossina spp.).tsetse exhibit a u-shaped age-mortality curve, with high losses after eclosion and a well-marked ageing process, which is particularly dramatic in males. a three-parameter (k(1) -k(3) ) model for age-dependent adult instantaneous mortality rates was constructed using mark-recapture data for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). mortality changed linearly with k(1) over all ages; k(2) affected only losses in roughly the first week of adult life, and k(3) con ...201121414021
bacterial diversity associated with populations of glossina spp. from cameroon and distribution within the campo sleeping sickness focus.tsetse flies were sampled in three villages of the campo sleeping sickness focus in south cameroon. the aim of this study was to investigate the flies' gut bacterial composition using culture-dependent techniques. out of the 32 flies analyzed (27 glossina palpalis palpalis, two glossina pallicera, one glossina nigrofusca, and two glossina caliginea), 17 were shown to be inhabited by diverse bacteria belonging to the proteobacteria, the firmicutes, or the bacteroidetes phyla. phylogenetic analysi ...201121387098
tracking the feeding patterns of tsetse flies (glossina genus) by analysis of bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochromes genes.tsetse flies are notoriously difficult to observe in nature, particularly when populations densities are low. it is therefore difficult to observe them on their hosts in nature; hence their vertebrate species can very often only be determined indirectly by analysis of their gut contents. this knowledge is a critical component of the information on which control tactics can be developed. the objective of this study was to determine the sources of tsetse bloodmeals, hence investigate their feeding ...201121386971
trypanosoma brucei s.l.: microsatellite markers revealed high level of multiple genotypes in the mid-guts of wild tsetse flies of the fontem sleeping sickness focus of cameroon.to identify trypanosoma brucei genotypes which are potentially transmitted in a sleeping sickness focus, microsatellite markers were used to characterize t. brucei found in the mid-guts of wild tsetse flies of the fontem sleeping sickness focus in cameroon. for this study, two entomological surveys were performed during which 2685 tsetse flies were collected and 1596 (59.2%) were dissected. microscopic examination revealed 1.19% (19/1596) mid-gut infections with trypanosomes; the pcr method iden ...201121376044
the trypanosoma brucei zinc finger protein zc3h18 is involved in differentiation.in mammalian cells, the degradation of mrnas that have au-rich elements in their 3'-untranslated regions is accelerated by the binding of proteins that contain two ccch-zinc-finger-domains. three ccch zinc-finger proteins, tbzfp1, tbzfp2, and tbzfp3, have been shown to have roles in trypanosome differentiation. we here studied another protein, zc3h18, which has two ccch zinc finger domains. the zc3h18 gene is not essential in bloodstream forms, but in an in vitro model of differentiation, deplet ...201121354218
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