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the first two mitochondrial genomes from taeniopterygidae (insecta: plecoptera): structural features and phylogenetic implications.the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of taeniopteryx ugola and doddsia occidentalis (plecoptera: taeniopterygidae) were firstly sequenced from the family taeniopterygidae. the 15,353-bp long mitogenome of t. ugola and the 16,020-bp long mitogenome of d. occidentalis each contained 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (pcgs), 22 transfer rna genes (trnas), two ribosomal rna genes (rrnas) and a control region (cr). the mitochondrial gene arrangement of the two taeniopterygids and ...201729292150
landscape and evolution of tissue-specific alternative polyadenylation across drosophila species.drosophila melanogaster has one of best-described transcriptomes of any multicellular organism. nevertheless, the paucity of 3'-sequencing data in this species precludes comprehensive assessment of alternative polyadenylation (apa), which is subject to broad tissue-specific control.201729191225
the role of species-specific sensory cues in male responses to mating rivals in drosophila melanogaster fruitflies.complex sets of cues can be important in recognizing and responding to conspecific mating competitors and avoiding potentially costly heterospecific competitive interactions. within drosophila melanogaster, males can detect sensory inputs from conspecifics to assess the level of competition. they respond to rivals by significantly extending mating duration and gain significant fitness benefits from doing so. here, we tested the idea that the multiple sensory cues used by d. melanogaster males to ...201729187965
fine scale mapping of genomic introgressions within the drosophila yakuba clade.the process of speciation involves populations diverging over time until they are genetically and reproductively isolated. hybridization between nascent species was long thought to directly oppose speciation. however, the amount of interspecific genetic exchange (introgression) mediated by hybridization remains largely unknown, although recent progress in genome sequencing has made measuring introgression more tractable. a natural place to look for individuals with admixed ancestry (indicative o ...201728873409
comparative mitogenomic analysis of aposthonia borneensis and aposthonia japonica (embioptera: oligotomidae) reveals divergent evolution of webspinners.in this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome, mtdna) of aposthonia borneensis and compare it with another sequenced webspinner, aposthonia japonica. the a. borneensis mitogenome is smaller than a. japonica, but the size of each gene and the a + t content of protein-coding genes (pcgs) are almost identical in the two mitogenomes. among the pcgs, atp6 shows the highest evolutionary rate and cox1 the lowest. the mtdna map in a. borneensis is similar to drosophila yakuba, b ...201728811619
tandem duplications lead to novel expression patterns through exon shuffling in drosophila yakuba.one common hypothesis to explain the impacts of tandem duplications is that whole gene duplications commonly produce additive changes in gene expression due to copy number changes. here, we use genome wide rna-seq data from a population sample of drosophila yakuba to test this 'gene dosage' hypothesis. we observe little evidence of expression changes in response to whole transcript duplication capturing 5' and 3' utrs. among whole gene duplications, we observe evidence that dosage sharing across ...201728531189
wolbachia in the drosophila yakuba complex: pervasive frequency variation and weak cytoplasmic incompatibility, but no apparent effect on reproductive isolation.three hybridizing species-the clade [(drosophila yakuba, d. santomea), d. teissieri]-comprise the yakuba complex in the d. melanogaster subgroup. their ranges overlap on bioko and são tomé, islands off west africa. all three species are infected with wolbachia-maternally inherited, endosymbiotic bacteria, best known for manipulating host reproduction to favor infected females. previous analyses reported no cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) in these species. however, we discovered that wolbachia f ...201727821433
drosophila yakuba mayottensis, a new model for the study of incipient ecological speciation.a full understanding of how ecological factors drive the fixation of genetic changes during speciation is obscured by the lack of appropriate models with clear natural history and powerful genetic toolkits. in a recent study, we described an early stage of ecological speciation in a population of the generalist species drosophila yakuba (melanogaster subgroup) on the island of mayotte (indian ocean). on this island, flies are strongly associated with the toxic fruits of noni (morinda citrifolia) ...201727560369
correlated evolution of male and female reproductive traits drive a cascading effect of reinforcement in drosophila yakuba.selection against maladaptive hybridization can drive the evolution of reproductive isolation in a process called reinforcement. while the importance of reinforcement in evolution has been historically debated, many examples now exist. despite these examples, we typically lack a detailed understanding of the mechanisms limiting the spread of reinforced phenotypes throughout a species' range. here we address this issue in the fruit fly drosophila yakuba, a species that hybridizes with its sister ...201627440664
recurrent specialization on a toxic fruit in an island drosophila population.recurrent specialization on similar host plants offers a unique opportunity to unravel the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms underlying dietary shifts. recent studies have focused on ecological races belonging to the same species, but it is hard in many cases to untangle the role of adaptive introgression versus distinct mutations in facilitating recurrent evolution. we discovered on the island of mayotte a population of the generalist fly drosophila yakuba that is strictly associated with non ...201627044093
hydrocarbon patterns and mating behaviour in populations of drosophila yakuba.drosophila yakuba is widespread in africa. here we compare the cuticular hydrocarbon (chc) profiles and mating behavior of mainland (kounden, cameroon) and island (mayotte, sao-tome, bioko) populations. the strains each had different chc profiles: bioko and kounden were the most similar, while mayotte and sao-tome contained significant amounts of 7-heptacosene. the chc profile of the sao-tome population differed the most, with half the 7-tricosene of the other populations and more 7-heptacosene ...201526516919
a major locus controls a genital shape difference involved in reproductive isolation between drosophila yakuba and drosophila santomea.rapid evolution of genitalia shape, a widespread phenomenon in animals with internal fertilization, offers the opportunity to dissect the genetic architecture of morphological evolution linked to sexual selection and speciation. most quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping studies of genitalia divergence have focused on drosophila melanogaster and its three most closely related species, d. simulans, d. mauritiana, and d. sechellia, and have suggested that the genetic basis of genitalia evolution i ...201526511499
complete mitochondrial genome of drabescoides nuchalis (hemiptera: cicadellidae).the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of drabescoides nuchalis (hemiptera: cicadellidae) was sequenced. it is 15 309 bp in length with 75.62% (a + t) content and comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rnas, two ribosomal rna genes, and a non-coding region (genbank accession no. kr349344). gene order is identical to that of the inferred ancestral insect genome. all pcgs start with an atn codon and terminate with taa except nd4, which has an incomplete stop codon (t). the anticodo ...201626436567
krüppel expression levels are maintained through compensatory evolution of shadow enhancers.many developmental genes are controlled by shadow enhancers—pairs of enhancers that drive overlapping expression patterns. we hypothesized that compensatory evolution can maintain the total expression of a gene, while individual shadow enhancers diverge between species. to test this hypothesis, we analyzed expression driven by orthologous pairs of shadow enhancers from drosophila melanogaster, drosophila yakuba, and drosophila pseudoobscura that control expression of krüppel, a transcription fac ...201526344774
selections that isolate recombinant mitochondrial genomes in animals.homologous recombination is widespread and catalyzes evolution. nonetheless, its existence in animal mitochondrial dna is questioned. we designed selections for recombination between co-resident mitochondrial genomes in various heteroplasmic drosophila lines. in four experimental settings, recombinant genomes became the sole or dominant genome in the progeny. thus, selection uncovers occurrence of homologous recombination in drosophila mtdna and documents its functional benefit. double-strand br ...201526237110
tandem duplications and the limits of natural selection in drosophila yakuba and drosophila simulans.tandem duplications are an essential source of genetic novelty, and their variation in natural populations is expected to influence adaptive walks. here, we describe evolutionary impacts of recently-derived, segregating tandem duplications in drosophila yakuba and drosophila simulans. we observe an excess of duplicated genes involved in defense against pathogens, insecticide resistance, chorion development, cuticular peptides, and lipases or endopeptidases associated with the accessory glands ac ...201526176952
gene flow between drosophila yakuba and drosophila santomea in subunit v of cytochrome c oxidase: a potential case of cytonuclear cointrogression.introgression is the effective exchange of genetic information between species through natural hybridization. previous genetic analyses of the drosophila yakuba-d. santomea hybrid zone showed that the mitochondrial genome of d. yakuba had introgressed into d. santomea and completely replaced its native form. since mitochondrial proteins work intimately with nuclear-encoded proteins in the oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) pathway, we hypothesized that some nuclear genes in oxphos cointrogressed ...201526155926
parallel faster-x evolution of gene expression and protein sequences in drosophila: beyond differences in expression properties and protein interactions.population genetics models predict that the x (or z) chromosome will evolve at faster rates than the autosomes in xy (or zw) systems. studies of molecular evolution using large datasets in multiple species have provided evidence supporting this faster-x effect in protein-coding sequences and, more recently, in transcriptomes. however, x-linked and autosomal genes differ significantly in important properties besides hemizygosity in males, including gene expression levels, tissue specificity in ge ...201525789611
the complete mitochondrial genomes of three bristletails (insecta: archaeognatha): the paraphyly of machilidae and insights into archaeognathan phylogeny.the order archaeognatha was an ancient group of hexapoda and was considered as the most primitive of living insects. two extant families (meinertellidae and machilidae) consisted of approximately 500 species. this study determined 3 complete mitochondrial genomes and 2 nearly complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the bristletail. the size of the 5 mitochondrial genome sequences of bristletail were relatively modest, containing 13 protein-coding genes (pcgs), 2 ribosomal rna (rrna) genes, 22 ...201525635855
noisy neighbors can hamper the evolution of reproductive isolation by reinforcing selection.reinforcement is the process by which selection against hybridization leads to an increase in reproductive isolation. the influence of reinforcing selection can be detected when sympatric individuals (those from areas of secondary contact) show a higher degree of prezygotic isolation than allopatric individuals (those from areas outside each other's range). in areas of secondary contact with drosophila santomea, drosophila yakuba females show reinforcement of gametic isolation but not behavioral ...201525616143
the evolution of reproductive isolation in the drosophila yakuba complex of species.in the drosophila melanogaster subgroup, the yakuba species complex, d. yakuba, d. santomea and d. teissieri have identical mitochondrial genomes in spite of nuclear differentiation. the first two species can be readily hybridized in the laboratory and produce fertile females and sterile males. they also form hybrids in natural conditions. nonetheless, the third species, d. teissieri, was thought to be unable to produce hybrids with either d. yakuba or d. santomea. this in turn posed the conundr ...201525611516
the complete mitochondrial genome of dixella sp. (diptera: nematocera, dixidae).in the present paper, the first complete mitochondrial genome of the family dixidae is reported. the complete mitochondrial genome of dixella sp. is a circular molecule of 15,574 bp in length, containing all 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes (pcgs), 22 transfer rna genes (trnas), 2 ribosomal rna genes (srrna and lrrna), and a long control region. its gene arrangement is conserved with the ancestral gene order of drosophila yakuba, which is considered to exhibit the ground pattern of hex ...201625187169
the magnitude of behavioral isolation is affected by characteristics of the mating community.gene exchange between species occurs in areas of secondary contact, where two species have the opportunity to hybridize. if heterospecific males are more common than conspecific males, females will experience more encounters with males of other species. these encounters might increase the likelihood of heterospecific matings, and lead to the production of hybrid progeny. i studied the mating behavior of two pairs of sibling species endemic to africa: drosophila yakuba/drosophila santomea and dro ...201425165530
a novel dataset for identifying sex-biased genes in drosophila.phenotypic differences between males and females of sexually dimorphic species are caused in large part by differences in gene expression between the sexes, most of which occurs in the gonads. to accurately identify genes differentially expressed between males and females in drosophila, we sequenced the testis and ovary transcriptomes of d. yakuba, d. pseudoobscura, and d. ananassae and used them to identify sex-biased genes in the latter two species. we highlight the increased sensitivity and i ...201425031657
complete mitochondrial genome of empoasca vitis (hemiptera: cicadellidae).the complete mitochondrial genome of empoasca vitis was sequenced. the length of the mitogenome is 15,154 bp with 78.35% at content (genbank accession no. kj815009). the genome encode 37 typical mitochondrial genes including 22 transfer rna genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes and an a+t-rich region. the gene arrangement is similar to that of drosophila yakuba, the presumed ancestral insect mitochondrial gene arrangement. except for cox2 using gtg as start codon, other protein-c ...201624963771
quantitative genome-wide enhancer activity maps for five drosophila species show functional enhancer conservation and turnover during cis-regulatory evolution.phenotypic differences between closely related species are thought to arise primarily from changes in gene expression due to mutations in cis-regulatory sequences (enhancers). however, it has remained unclear how frequently mutations alter enhancer activity or create functional enhancers de novo. here we use starr-seq, a recently developed quantitative enhancer assay, to determine genome-wide enhancer activity profiles for five drosophila species in the constant trans-regulatory environment of d ...201424908250
landscape of standing variation for tandem duplications in drosophila yakuba and drosophila simulans.we have used whole genome paired-end illumina sequence data to identify tandem duplications in 20 isofemale lines of drosophila yakuba and 20 isofemale lines of d. simulans and performed genome wide validation with pacbio long molecule sequencing. we identify 1,415 tandem duplications that are segregating in d. yakuba as well as 975 duplications in d. simulans, indicating greater variation in d. yakuba. additionally, we observe high rates of secondary deletions at duplicated sites, with 8% of du ...201424710518
sequential adaptive introgression of the mitochondrial genome in drosophila yakuba and drosophila santomea.interspecific hybridization provides the unique opportunity for species to tap into genetic variation present in a closely related species and potentially take advantage of beneficial alleles. it has become increasingly clear that when hybridization occurs, mitochondrial dna (mtdna) often crosses species boundaries, raising the possibility that it could serve as a recurrent target of natural selection and source of species' adaptations. here we report the sequences of 46 complete mitochondrial g ...201424460929
comparative gene expression analysis of dtg, a novel target gene of dpp signaling pathway in the early drosophila melanogaster embryo.in the early drosophila melanogaster embryo, dpp, a secreted molecule that belongs to the tgf-β superfamily of growth factors, activates a set of downstream genes to subdivide the dorsal region into amnioserosa and dorsal epidermis. here, we examined the expression pattern and transcriptional regulation of dtg, a new target gene of dpp signaling pathway that is required for proper amnioserosa differentiation. we showed that the expression of dtg was controlled by dpp and characterized a 524-bp e ...201424321690
aggregation pheromone ofdrosophila mauritiana, drosophila yakuba, anddrosophila rajasekari.(z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (z11-18∶ac) was identified as the aggregation pheromone ofdrosophila mauritiana, d. yakuba, andd. rajasekari. the amount of pheromone in the ejaculatory bulb of male flies increased with age, reaching plateau levels of ca. 240, 800, and 1100 ng/fly ford. mauritiana, d. yakuba, andd. rajasekari, respectively. thirty to 50% of the pheromone in the ejaculatory bulb was transferred to the female during mating, with the majority transferred to the female's reproductive trac ...198924272009
assessing constraints on the path of regulatory sequence evolution.structural and functional constraints are known to play a major role in restricting the path of evolution of protein activities. however, constraints acting on evolving transcriptional regulatory sequences, e.g. enhancers, are largely unknown. recently, we elucidated how a novel expression pattern of the neprilysin-1 (nep1) gene in the optic lobe of drosophila santomea evolved via co-option of existing enhancer activities. drosophila santomea, which has diverged from drosophila yakuba by approxi ...201324218638
the role of founder effects on the evolution of reproductive isolation.several theories argue that large changes in allele frequencies through genetic drift after a small founding population becomes allopatrically isolated can lead to significant changes in reproductive isolation and thus trigger the origin of new species. for this reason, founder speciation has been proposed as a potent force in the generation of new species. nonetheless, the relative importance of such 'founder effects' remains largely untested. in this report, i used experimental evolution to cr ...201324118666
the influence of abdominal pigmentation on desiccation and ultraviolet resistance in two species of drosophila.drosophila yakuba and d. santomea are sister species that differ in their levels of abdominal pigmentation; d. yakuba shows heavily pigmented posterior abdominal segments in both sexes, whereas d. santomea lacks dark pigment anywhere on its body. using naturally collected lines, we demonstrate the existence of altitudinal variation in abdominal pigmentation in d. yakuba but not in d. santomea. we use the variation in pigmentation within d. yakuba and two body-color mutants in d. yakuba to elucid ...201323888866
complete mitochondrial genome of neochauliodes bowringi (maclachlan) (megaloptera: corydalidae).we describe and analyze the complete mitochondrial genome of neochauliodes bowringi (maclachlan) (megaloptera: corydalidae). the length of the genome is 16,064 bp (genbank accession no. jq351950), the longest mitochondrial genome in the order megaloptera already got, which includes 22 transfer rna genes, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal rnas and an a + t-rich region. the gene arrangement is similar to that of drosophila yakuba, the presumed ancestral insect mitochondrial gene arrangement. ...201523859054
the complete mitochondrial genome of the chinese peacock, papilio bianor (insecta: lepidoptera: papilionidae).the sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the chinese peacock papilio bianor has been completed. it is 15,332 bp with an a + t content of 80.6% and contains the typical complement of 13 protein-coding genes (pcgs), 22 transfer rna (trna), and 2 ribosomal rna (rrna) genes. comparison of this sequence with the sequences of the other completely sequenced insect mitogenomes showed that the gene order and orientation are basically identical to that of drosophila yakuba with the excepti ...201323442187
comparative motif discovery combined with comparative transcriptomics yields accurate targetome and enhancer predictions.the identification of transcription factor binding sites, enhancers, and transcriptional target genes often relies on the integration of gene expression profiling and computational cis-regulatory sequence analysis. methods for the prediction of cis-regulatory elements can take advantage of comparative genomics to increase signal-to-noise levels. however, gene expression data are usually derived from only one species. here we investigate tissue-specific cross-species gene expression profiling by ...201323070853
evidence for complex selection on four-fold degenerate sites in drosophila melanogaster.we considered genome-wide four-fold degenerate sites from an african drosophila melanogaster population and compared them to short introns. to include divergence and to polarize the data, we used its close relatives drosophila simulans, drosophila sechellia, drosophila erecta and drosophila yakuba as outgroups. in d. melanogaster, the gc content at four-fold degenerate sites is higher than in short introns; compared to its relatives, more at than gc is fixed. the former has been explained by cod ...201223020078
evolution of multiple additive loci caused divergence between drosophila yakuba and d. santomea in wing rowing during male courtship.in drosophila, male flies perform innate, stereotyped courtship behavior. this innate behavior evolves rapidly between fly species, and is likely to have contributed to reproductive isolation and species divergence. we currently understand little about the neurobiological and genetic mechanisms that contributed to the evolution of courtship behavior. here we describe a novel behavioral difference between the two closely related species d. yakuba and d. santomea: the frequency of wing rowing duri ...201222952802
the rapid evolution of x-linked male-biased gene expression and the large-x effect in drosophila yakuba, d. santomea, and their hybrids.the x chromosome has a large effect on hybrid dysfunction, particularly on hybrid male sterility. although the evidence for this so-called large-x effect is clear, its molecular causes are not yet fully understood. one possibility is that, under certain conditions, evolution proceeds faster in x-linked than in autosomal loci (i.e., faster-x effect) due to both natural selection and their hemizygosity in males, an effect that is expected to be greatest in genes with male-biased expression. here, ...201222844069
phylogeny, integration and expression of sigma virus-like genes in drosophila.the recent and surprising discovery of widespread nirvs (non-retroviral integrated rna viruses) has highlighted the importance of genomic interactions between non-retroviral rna viruses and their eukaryotic hosts. among the viruses with integrated representatives are the rhabdoviruses, a family of negative sense single-stranded rna viruses. we identify sigma virus-like nirvs of drosophila spp. that represent unique cases where nirvs are closely related to exogenous rna viruses in a model host or ...201222750113
the complete mitochondrial genome of the flesh fly, sarcophaga impatiens walker (diptera: sarcophagidae).approximately 2500 fly species comprise the sarcophagidae family worldwide. the complete mitochondrial genome of the carrion-breeding, forensically important sarcophaga impatiens walker (diptera: sarcophagidae) from australia was sequenced. the 15,169 bp circular genome contains the 37 genes found in a typical metazoan genome: 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes and 22 transfer rna genes. it also contains one non-coding a þ t-rich region. the arrangement of the genes was the same as t ...201222292894
the complete mitochondrial genome of the gall-forming fly, fergusonina taylori nelson and yeates (diptera: fergusoninidae).the monogeneric family fergusoninidae consists of gall-forming flies that, together with fergusobia (tylenchida: neotylenchidae) nematodes, form the only known mutualistic association between insects and nematodes. in this study, the entire 16,000 bp mitochondrial genome of fergusonina taylori nelson and yeates was sequenced. the circular genome contains one encoding region including 27 genes and one non-coding a+t-rich region. the arrangement of the protein-coding, ribosomal rna (rrna) and tran ...201122165837
genome dedoubling by dcj and reversal.segmental duplications in genomes have been studied for many years. recently, several studies have highlighted a biological phenomenon called breakpoint-duplication that apparently associates a significant proportion of segmental duplications in mammals, and the drosophila species group, to breakpoints in rearrangement events.201122152053
a conserved developmental patterning network produces quantitatively different output in multiple species of drosophila.differences in the level, timing, or location of gene expression can contribute to alternative phenotypes at the molecular and organismal level. understanding the origins of expression differences is complicated by the fact that organismal morphology and gene regulatory networks could potentially vary even between closely related species. to assess the scope of such changes, we used high-resolution imaging methods to measure mrna expression in blastoderm embryos of drosophila yakuba and drosophi ...201122046143
a comparison of frost expression among species and life stages of drosophila.frost (fst) is a gene associated with cold exposure in drosophila melanogaster. we used real-time pcr to assess whether cold exposure induces expression of fst in 10 different life stages of d. melanogaster, and adults of seven other drosophila species. we exposed groups of individuals to 0 °c (2 h), followed by 1 h recovery (22 °c). frost was significantly upregulated in response to cold in eggs, third instar larvae, and 2- and 5-day-old male and female adults in d. melanogaster. life stages in ...201221955087
a young drosophila duplicate gene plays essential roles in spermatogenesis by regulating several y-linked male fertility genes.gene duplication is supposed to be the major source for genetic innovations. however, how a new duplicate gene acquires functions by integrating into a pathway and results in adaptively important phenotypes has remained largely unknown. here, we investigated the biological roles and the underlying molecular mechanism of the young kep1 gene family in the drosophila melanogaster species subgroup to understand the origin and evolution of new genes with new functions. sequence and expression analysi ...201021203494
comparative analysis of transposable elements in the melanogaster subgroup sequenced genomes.transposable elements (tes) are indwelling components of genomes, and their dynamics have been a driving force in genome evolution. although we now have more information concerning their amounts and characteristics in various organisms, we still have little data from overall comparisons of their sequences in very closely-related species. while the drosophila melanogaster genome has been extensively studied, we have only limited knowledge regarding the precise te sequences in the genomes of the r ...201121156200
slip-sliding away: serial changes and homoplasy in repeat number in the drosophila yakuba homolog of human cancer susceptibility gene brca2.several recent studies have examined the function and evolution of a drosophila homolog to the human breast cancer susceptibility gene brca2, named dmbrca2. we previously identified what appeared to be a recent expansion in the rad51-binding brc-repeat array in the ancestor of drosophila yakuba. in this study, we examine patterns of variation and evolution of the dmbrca2 brc-repeat array within d. yakuba and its close relatives. we develop a model of how unequal crossing over may have produced t ...201020543987
the complete mitochondrial genome of the leafminer liriomyza trifolii (diptera: agromyzidae).liriomyza trifolii (diptera: agromyzidae) is one of the most economically significant pests in the world. in this paper we present sequence data for the complete mitochondrial genome of l. trifolii. the circular genome is 16,141 bp long and contains one encoding region including 37 genes and one non-coding a+t-rich region. gene numbers and organization is similar to that of the typical insect mitochondrial genomes except that two additional trna genes are found in the a+t-rich region (trna(thr) ...201120376704
binding site turnover produces pervasive quantitative changes in transcription factor binding between closely related drosophila species.changes in gene expression play an important role in evolution, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory evolution are poorly understood. here we compare genome-wide binding of the six transcription factors that initiate segmentation along the anterior-posterior axis in embryos of two closely related species: drosophila melanogaster and drosophila yakuba. where we observe binding by a factor in one species, we almost always observe binding by that factor to the orthologous sequence in ...201020351773
reinforcement of gametic isolation in drosophila.reinforcement, a process by which natural selection increases reproductive isolation between populations, has been suggested to be an important force in the formation of new species. however, all existing cases of reinforcement involve an increase in mate discrimination between species. here, i report the first case of reinforcement of postmating prezygotic isolation (i.e., barriers that act after mating but before fertilization) in animals. on the slopes of the african island of são tomé, droso ...201020351771
complete mitochondrial genome of the small brown planthopper, laodelphax striatellus (delphacidae: hemiptera), with a novel gene order.we determined the first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence from a representative of the insect family delphacidae, laodelphax striatellus. the 16,513 bp long l. striatellus mitogenome encodes 13 putative proteins, two ribosomal rnas, and 22 transfer rnas, and contains a putative control region (or a+t-rich region). the nucleotide composition is biased toward adenine and thymine (77.2% a+t), and the amino acid composition is affected to a similar degree by the at mutational bias. ...200919968473
strong evidence for lineage and sequence specificity of substitution rates and patterns in drosophila.rates of single nucleotide substitution in drosophila are highly variable within the genome, and several examples illustrate that evolutionary rates differ among drosophila species as well. here, we use a maximum likelihood method to quantify lineage-specific substitutional patterns and apply this method to 4-fold degenerate synonymous sites and introns from more than 8,000 genes aligned in the drosophila melanogaster group. we find that within species, different classes of sequence evolve at di ...200919351792
the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of geisha distinctissima (hemiptera: flatidae) and comparison with other hemipteran insects.the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of geisha distinctissima (hemiptera: flatidae) has been determined in this study. the genome is a circular molecule of 15,971 bp with a total a+t content of 75.1%. the gene content, order, and structure are consistent with the drosophila yakuba genome structure and the hypothesized ancestral arthropod genome arrangement. all 13 protein-coding genes are observed to have a putative, inframe atr methionine or att isoleucine c ...200919280059
a serpin from the parasitoid wasp leptopilina boulardi targets the drosophila phenoloxidase cascade.the insect phenoloxidase (po) cascade is known to be tightly regulated by serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors of the serpin family. as a key component of the insect immune system, it is also suspected to be inhibited by several endoparasitoid wasps, insects that develop inside other arthropods as hosts. however, the underlying mechanisms of this inhibition are largely undescribed. here, we report the characterization of a gene encoding a serpin, lbspny, highly expressed in the venom ...200919109990
the right period for a siesta.drosophila melanogaster has a broad geographic range. daily activity in this species exhibits seasonality such that midday rest expands on long warm days, possibly to avoid desiccation. comparative analyses show that temperature-dependent control of this behavior is partly linked to patterns of per mrna splicing that are absent in drosophila yakuba, a related species native to warmer climates with little seasonal change.200819109901
comparative and phylogenomic studies on the mitochondrial genomes of pentatomomorpha (insecta: hemiptera: heteroptera).nucleotide sequences and the gene arrangements of mitochondrial genomes are effective tools for resolving phylogenetic problems. hemipteroid insects are known to possess highly reorganized mitochondrial genomes, but in the suborder heteroptera (insecta: hemiptera), there was only one complete mitochondrial genome sequenced without gene rearrangement and the phylogeny of infraorder pentatomomorpha in heteroptera was still uncertain.200819091056
a multispecies approach for comparing sequence evolution of x-linked and autosomal sites in drosophila.population genetics models show that, under certain conditions, the x chromosome is expected to be under more efficient selection than the autosomes. this could lead to 'faster-x evolution', if a large proportion of mutations are fixed by positive selection, as suggested by recent studies in drosophila. we used a multispecies approach to test this: muller's element d, an autosomal arm, is fused to the ancestral x chromosome in drosophila pseudoobscura and its sister species, drosophila affinis. ...200819061532
recurrent positive selection of the drosophila hybrid incompatibility gene hmr.lethality in hybrids between drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species drosophila simulans is caused in part by the interaction of the genes hybrid male rescue (hmr) and lethal hybrid rescue (lhr). hmr and lhr have diverged under positive selection in the hybridizing species. here we test whether positive selection of hmr is confined only to d. melanogaster and d. simulans. we find that hmr has continued to diverge under recurrent positive selection between the sibling species d. simulans ...200818755760
the complete mitogenome of the chinese bush cricket, gampsocleis gratiosa (orthoptera: tettigonioidea).the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of gampsocleis gratiosa was determined. the 15,929 bp in the size of g. gratiosa mitogenome contains a typical gene content, base composition, and codon usage found in metazoan. all 13 protein coding genes (pcgs) of the g. gratiosa mitogenome start with a typical atn codon. the usual termination codons (taa and tag) were found from 10 pcgs. however, the atp6, nad4, and nad5 had incomplete termination codon (t). the anticodons of all trnas are identi ...200818571122
on the origin of new genes in drosophila.several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the origination of new genes. despite extensive case studies, the general principles governing this fundamental process are still unclear at the whole-genome level. here, we unveil genome-wide patterns for the mutational mechanisms leading to new genes and their subsequent lineage-specific evolution at different time nodes in the drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. we find that (1) tandem gene duplication has generated approximately 80% ...200818550802
molecular characterization and phylogenesis of steganinae (diptera, drosophilidae) inferred by the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1.the subfamily steganinae (diptera, drosophilidae) includes flies which display zoophilic feeding behaviour in the larval and/or adult stages, some of which act as vectors of spirurida eyeworms, which infect both carnivores and humans. to date, the taxonomy and phylogeny of the subfamily steganinae has been studied only superficially and many aspects of their systematics remain unresolved. thus, the present study aimed to provide a molecular dataset to facilitate the identification and phylogenet ...200818380652
the evolution of gene regulation underlies a morphological difference between two drosophila sister species.understanding the mechanisms underlying the morphological divergence of species is one of the central goals of evolutionary biology. here, we analyze the genetic and molecular bases of the divergence of body pigmentation patterns between drosophila yakuba and its sister species drosophila santomea. we found that loss of pigmentation in d. santomea involved the selective loss of expression of the tan and yellow pigmentation genes. we demonstrate that tan gene expression was eliminated through the ...200818329365
an intron loss of dfak gene in species of the drosophila melanogaster subgroup and phylogenetic analysis.drosophila focal adhesion kinase (dfak) gene is a single-copy nuclear gene. previous study revealed that drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans had lost an intron precisely within the tyrosine kinase (tyk) domain of this gene. however, this did not happen in several other drosophila species, including drosophila elegans, drosophila ficusphila, drosophila biarmipes, drosophila jambulina, drosophila prostipennis, drosophila takahashii, and drosophila pseudoobscura. in the current study, h ...200918310070
variation of success of leptopilina boulardi in drosophila yakuba: the mechanisms explored.despite an increasing knowledge of insect immune defences and virulence strategies used by parasitoids to escape them, the mechanisms underlying variation of success between parasitoid strains are still poorly understood. we have investigated this point using two lines of the parasitoid wasp leptopilina boulardi that differ in virulence towards drosophila yakuba. by injecting oil drops in d. yakuba larvae parasitized by virulent is(y) females and then dissecting the larvae at different times fol ...200818061668
patterns of mutation and selection at synonymous sites in drosophila.that natural selection affects molecular evolution at synonymous sites in protein-coding sequences is well established and is thought to predominantly reflect selection for translational efficiency/accuracy mediated through codon bias. however, a recently developed maximum likelihood framework, when applied to 18 coding sequences in 3 species of drosophila, confirmed an earlier report that the notch gene in drosophila melanogaster was evolving under selection in favor of those codons defined as ...200718000010
adaptive protein evolution of x-linked and autosomal genes in drosophila: implications for faster-x hypotheses.patterns of sex chromosome and autosome evolution can be used to elucidate the underlying genetic basis of adaptative change. evolutionary theory predicts that x-linked genes will adapt more rapidly than autosomes if adaptation is limited by the availability of beneficial mutations and if such mutations are recessive. in drosophila, rates of molecular divergence between species appear to be equivalent between autosomes and the x chromosome. however, molecular divergence contrasts are difficult t ...200717884828
the drosulfakinin 0 (dsk 0) peptide encoded in the conserved dsk gene affects adult drosophila melanogaster crop contractions.we report that the drosulfakinin 0 (dsk 0; nqktmsfnh2) structure and genomic organization are conserved. the dsk 0 c-terminus, sfnh2, is widely distributed in the animal kingdom suggesting it defines a novel peptide family. we also report the first description of dsk 0 activity. dsk 0, i (dsk i, fddyghmrfnh2), and ii (dsk ii, ggddqfddyghmrfnh2) are encoded in sulfakinin (dsk). drosophila erecta, drosophila sechellia, drosophila simulans, and drosophila yakuba shared 62.5-87.5% identity to drosop ...200717632121
evidence for de novo evolution of testis-expressed genes in the drosophila yakuba/drosophila erecta clade.the mutational origin and subsequent evolution of de novo genes, which are hypothesized to be genes of recent origin that are not obviously related to ancestral coding sequence, are poorly understood. however, accumulating evidence suggests that such genes may often function in male reproduction. here we use testis-derived expressed sequence tags (ests) from drosophila yakuba to identify genes that have likely arisen either in d. yakuba or in the d. yakuba/d. erecta ancestor. we found several su ...200717435230
comparative genomic analysis of allatostatin-encoding (ast) genes in drosophila species and prediction of regulatory elements by phylogenetic footprinting.the role of the yxfgla family of allatostatin (ast) peptides in dipterans is not well-established. the recent completion of sequencing of genomes for multiple drosophila species provides an opportunity to study the evolutionary variation of the allatostatins and to examine regulatory elements that control gene expression. we performed comparative analyses of ast genes from seven drosophila species (drosophila melanogaster, drosophila simulans, drosophila ananassae, drosophila yakuba, drosophila ...200717175069
phylogenetic incongruence in the drosophila melanogaster species group.drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives are used extensively in comparative biology. despite the importance of phylogenetic information for such studies, relationships between some melanogaster species group members are unclear due to conflicting phylogenetic signals at different loci. in this study, we use twelve nuclear loci (eleven coding and one non-coding) to assess the degree of phylogenetic incongruence in this model system. we focus on two nodes: (1) the node joining the drosophi ...200717071113
maximum likelihood estimation of ancestral codon usage bias parameters in drosophila.we present a likelihood method for estimating codon usage bias parameters along the lineages of a phylogeny. the method is an extension of the classical codon-based models used for estimating dn/ds ratios along the lineages of a phylogeny. however, we add one extra parameter for each lineage: the selection coefficient for optimal codon usage (s), allowing joint maximum likelihood estimation of s and the dn/ds ratio. we apply the method to previously published data from drosophila melanogaster, d ...200717041152
genetic interactions between the parasitoid wasp leptopilina boulardi and its drosophila hosts.coevolutionary arms races between hosts and parasites would not occur without genetic variation for traits involved in the outcome of parasitism. genetic variations in resistance and virulence have only rarely been described in pairwise host-parasitoid interactions and have never been analysed in multi-species interactions, in contrast to well-characterized plant-pathogen interactions. this paper reports genetic variation in resistance of drosophila yakuba to the parasitoid wasp leptopilina boul ...200717035953
intron length evolution in drosophila.i present data on the evolution of intron lengths among 3 closely related drosophila species, d. melanogaster, drosophila simulans, and drosophila yakuba. using d. yakuba as an outgroup, i mapped insertion and deletion mutations in 148 introns (spanning approximately 30 kb) to the d. melanogaster and d. simulans lineages. intron length evolution in the 2 sister species has been different: in d. melanogaster, x-linked introns have increased slightly in size, whereas autosomal ones have decreased ...200616923822
fast protein evolution and germ line expression of a drosophila parental gene and its young retroposed paralog.this is the first detailed study of the evolution, phylogenetic distribution, and transcription of one young retroposed gene, cg13732, and its parental gene cg15645, whose functions are unknown. cg13732 is a recognizable retroposed copy of cg15645 retaining the signals of this process. we name the parental gene cervantes and the retrogene quijote. to determine when this duplication occurred and the phylogenetic distribution of quijote, we employed polymerase chain reaction, southern blotting, an ...200616916943
extensive introgression of mitochondrial dna relative to nuclear genes in the drosophila yakuba species group.studies of gene flow between recently diverged species can illuminate the role of natural selection in the formation of new species. drosophila santomea and d. yakuba are recently diverged, partially reproductively isolated species that continue to hybridize in the wild, and appear to be reproductively isolated from the more distantly related species d. teissieri. we examine patterns of nucleotide polymorphism and divergence in these three species at multiple x-linked, y-linked, and mitochondria ...200616610321
strong regional heterogeneity in base composition evolution on the drosophila x chromosome.fluctuations in base composition appear to be prevalent in drosophila and mammal genome evolution, but their timescale, genomic breadth, and causes remain obscure. here, we study base composition evolution within the x chromosomes of drosophila melanogaster and five of its close relatives. substitutions were inferred on six extant and two ancestral lineages for 14 near-telomeric and 9 nontelomeric genes. gc content evolution is highly variable both within the genome and within the phylogenetic t ...200616547109
an anomalous hybrid zone in drosophila.despite the genetic tractability of many of drosophila species, the genus has few examples of the "classic" type of hybrid zone, in which the ranges of two species overlap with a gradual transition from one species to another through an area where hybrids are produced. here we describe a classic hybrid zone in drosophila that involves two sister species, drosophila yakuba and d. santomea, on the island of são tomé. our transect of this zone has yielded several surprising and anomalous findings. ...200516526507
x chromosomes and autosomes evolve at similar rates in drosophila: no evidence for faster-x protein evolution.recent data from drosophila suggest that a substantial fraction of amino acid substitutions observed between species are beneficial. if these beneficial mutations are on average partially recessive, then the rate of protein evolution is predicted to be faster for x-linked genes compared to autosomal genes (the "faster-x" hypothesis). we test this prediction by comparing rates of protein substitutions between orthologous genes, taking advantage of variations in chromosome fusions within the genus ...200616520459
genomewide comparative analysis of the highly abundant transposable element dine-1 suggests a recent transpositional burst in drosophila yakuba.dine-1 (drosophila interspersed element) is the most abundant repetitive sequence in the drosophila genome derived from transposable elements. it comprises >1% of the drosophila melanogaster genome (dmg) and is believed to be a relic from an ancient transpositional burst that occurred approximately 5-10 mya. we performed a genomewide comparison of the abundance, sequence variation, and chromosomal distribution of dine-1 in d. melanogaster and d. yakuba. unlike the highly diverged copies in the d ...200616387876
recently evolved genes identified from drosophila yakuba and d. erecta accessory gland expressed sequence tags.the fraction of the genome associated with male reproduction in drosophila may be unusually dynamic. for example, male reproduction-related genes show higher-than-average rates of protein divergence and gene expression evolution compared to most drosophila genes. drosophila male reproduction may also be enriched for novel genetic functions. our earlier work, based on accessory gland protein genes (acp's) in d. simulans and d. melanogaster, suggested that the melanogaster subgroup acp's may be lo ...200616361246
sexual isolation and cuticular hydrocarbon differences between drosophila santomea and drosophila yakuba.drosophila santomea and drosophila yakuba are two sister species inhabiting saõ tomé island. previous studies showed that both species display strong reproductive isolation, although they can produce a few viable hybrids. our study tried to understand the mechanism of this ethological isolation between two allopatric strains. a strong sexual isolation was confirmed, with a marked asymmetry. comparisons of latency times to either courtship or copulation suggest that males do not discriminate fema ...200516132336
rapid evolution of genomic acp complement in the melanogaster subgroup of drosophila.unusual properties of molecular evolution in reproduction-related drosophila genes, including atypically rapid rates of protein evolution, support the idea that natural selection plays an important role in divergence of reproductive function in drosophila. we used subtractive hybridization to investigate another potential side of evolution of the male reproductive transcriptome. we carried out a screen for genes with much greater transcript abundance in drosophila simulans reproductive tracts th ...200515987879
quantitative trait loci affecting the difference in pigmentation between drosophila yakuba and d. santomea.using quantitative trait locus (qtl) mapping, we studied the genetic basis of the difference in pigmentation between two sister species of drosophila: drosophila yakuba, which, like other members of the d. melanogaster subgroup, shows heavy black pigmentation on the abdomen of males and females, and d. santomea, an endemic to the african island of são tomé, which has virtually no pigmentation. here we mapped four qtl with large effects on this interspecific difference in pigmentation: two on the ...200515972457
multilocus analysis of introgression between two sympatric sister species of drosophila: drosophila yakuba and d. santomea.drosophila yakuba is widely distributed in sub-saharan africa, while d. santomea is endemic to the volcanic island of são tomé in the atlantic ocean, 280 km west of gabon. on são tomé, d. yakuba is found mainly in open lowland forests, and d. santomea is restricted to the wet misty forests at higher elevations. at intermediate elevations, the species form a hybrid zone where hybrids occur at a frequency of approximately 1%. to determine the extent of gene flow between these species we studied po ...200515965264
a cellular drosophila melanogaster protein with similarity to baculovirus f envelope fusion proteins.baculovirus f (fusion) proteins are found in the envelopes of budded virions. recently a drosophila melanogaster gene (cg4715) that encodes a protein with sequence similarity to baculovirus f proteins was discovered. to examine similarities and differences with baculovirus f proteins, we cloned the d. melanogaster cellular f (dm-cf) protein gene and analyzed dm-cf expression and localization. the predicted dm-cf protein sequence lacks a furin cleavage site, and transiently expressed dm-cf showed ...200515956544
the complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of the oriental mole cricket, gryllotalpa orientalis (orthoptera: gryllotalpidae).the complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the oriental mole cricket, gryllotalpa orientalis (orthoptera: gryllotalpidae), were determined. the 15,521-bp-long g. orientalis mitogenome contains typical gene complement, base composition, and codon usage found in metazoan mitogenomes. the g. orientalis mitogenome contains the third lowest a+t content (70.5%) among the complete insects mt genome sequences. the initiation codon for the g. orientalis coi gene appears ...200515950403
insect mitochondrial genomics: the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the meadow spittlebug philaenus spumarius (hemiptera: auchenorrhyncha: cercopoidae).we present the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the meadow spittlebug philaenus spumarius (auchenorrhyncha: cercopoidae). this contribution represents the second mitochondrial genome from the hemiptera and the second of the three hemipteran suborders sampled. the genome is a circular molecule of 16 324 bp with a total a+t content of 77.0% and 76.7% for coding regions only. the gene content, order, and structure are consistent with the drosophila yakuba genome structure (clary and wolste ...200515729396
sequence turnover and tandem repeats in cis-regulatory modules in drosophila.the path by which regulatory sequence can change, yet preserve function, is an important open question for both evolution and bioinformatics. the recent sequencing of two additional species of drosophila plus the wealth of data on gene regulation in the fruit fly provides new means for addressing this question. for regulatory sequences, indels account for more base pairs (bp) of change than substitutions (between drosophila melanogaster and drosophila yakuba), though they are fewer in number. us ...200515659554
natural wolbachia infections in the drosophila yakuba species complex do not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility but fully rescue the wri modification.in this study, we report data about the presence of wolbachia in drosophila yakuba, d. teissieri, and d. santomea. wolbachia strains were characterized using their wsp gene sequence and cytoplasmic incompatibility assays. all three species were found infected with wolbachia bacteria closely related to the wau strain, found so far in d. simulans natural populations, and were unable to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility. we injected wri, a ci-inducing strain naturally infecting d. simulans, into t ...200415238531
conspecific sperm precedence in sister species of drosophila with overlapping ranges.barriers to gene flow that act after mating but before fertilization are often overlooked in studies of reproductive isolation. where species are sympatric, such "cryptic" isolating barriers may be important in maintaining species as distinct entities. drosophila yakuba and its sister species d. santomea have overlapping ranges on the island of são tomé, off the coast of west africa. previous studies have shown that the two species are strongly sexually isolated. however, the degree of sexual is ...200415154554
what maintains noncytoplasmic incompatibility inducing wolbachia in their hosts: a case study from a natural drosophila yakuba population.cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) allows wolbachia to invade hosts populations by specifically inducing sterility in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. in some species, non-ci inducing wolbachia, that are thought to derive from ci-inducing ancestors, are common. in theory, the maintenance of such infections is not possible unless the bacterium is perfectly transmitted to offspring--and/or provides a fitness benefit to infected females. the present study aims to test this view ...200415009266
an evolutionary analysis of orphan genes in drosophila.orphan genes are protein-coding regions that have no recognizable homolog in distantly related species. a substantial fraction of coding regions in any genome sequenced consists of orphan genes, but the evolutionary and functional significance of orphan genes is not understood. we present a reanalysis of the drosophila melanogaster proteome that shows that there are still between 26% and 29% of all proteins without a significant match with noninsect sequences, and that these orphans are underrep ...200314525923
complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the swimming crab, portunus trituberculatus (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura).we determined the complete mitochondrial dna sequence for a swimming crab portunus trituberculatus (miers, 1876) (crustacea: decapoda: brachyura). the entire genome was amplified using a long pcr technique, and the products were subsequently used as templates for direct sequencing using a primer walking strategy. the genome (16,026 bp) contained the same 37 genes (two rrnas, 22 trnas, and 13 proteins) plus the putative control region as found in other arthropods. the gene order of p. tritubercul ...200312853147
sexual isolation between two sibling species with overlapping ranges: drosophila santomea and drosophila yakuba.drosophila yakuba is widespread in africa, whereas d. santomea, its newly discovered sister species, is endemic to the volcanic island of são tomé in the gulf of guinea. drosophila santomea probably formed after colonization of the island by a d. yakuba-like ancestor. the species presently have overlapping ranges on the mountain pico do são tomé, with some hybridization occurring in this region. sexual isolation between the species is uniformly high regardless of the source of the populations, a ...200212583583
microevolutionary divergence pattern of the segmentation gene hunchback in drosophila.to study the microevolutionary processes shaping the evolution of the segmentation gene hunchback (hb) from drosophila melanogaster, we cloned and sequenced the gene from 12 isofemale lines representing wild-type populations of d. melanogaster, as well as from the closely related species drosophila sechellia, drosophila orena, and drosophila yakuba. we find a relatively low degree of sequence variation in d. melanogaster (theta = 0.0017), which is, however, consistent with its chromosomal locati ...199812572604
evolution of gene expression in the drosophila melanogaster subgroup.little is known about broad patterns of variation and evolution of gene expression during any developmental process. here we investigate variation in genome-wide gene expression among drosophila simulans, drosophila yakuba and four strains of drosophila melanogaster during a major developmental transition--the start of metamorphosis. differences in gene activity between these lineages follow a phylogenetic pattern, and 27% of all of the genes in these genomes differ in their developmental gene e ...200312548287
genetics of a difference in pigmentation between drosophila yakuba and drosophila santomea.drosophila yakuba is a species widespread in africa, whereas d. santomea, its newly discovered sister species, is endemic to the volcanic island of são tomé in the gulf of guinea. drosophila santomea probably formed after colonization of the island by its common ancestor with d. yakuba. the two species differ strikingly in pigmentation: d. santomea, unlike the other eight species in the d. melanogaster subgroup, almost completely lacks dark abdominal pigmentation. d. yakuba shows the sexually di ...200212487356
sequence and organization of the mitochondrial genome of the chagas disease vector, triatoma dimidiata.the 17 019 bp mitochondrial genome of triatoma dimidiata is composed of thirteen protein coding sequences, twenty-two trnas, small and large ribosomal units, and a control region. the gene order and orientation are identical to that of drosophila yakuba. the nucleotide composition is biased toward adenine and thymine (69.5% a + t). the 2.1 kb putative control region, known as the a + t rich region in most insects, has an a + t bias of 66%, but contains a 400 bp sequence that is 77.5% a + t and t ...200111437912
one-step pcr amplification of complete arthropod mitochondrial genomes.a new pcr primer set which enables one-step amplification of complete arthropod mitochondrial genomes was designed from two conserved 16s rdna regions for the long pcr technique. for this purpose, partial 16s rdnas amplified with universal primers 16sa and 16sb were newly sequenced from six representative arthropods: armadillidium vulgare and macrobrachium nipponense (crustacea), anopheles sinensis (insecta), lithobius forficatus and megaphyllum sp. (myriapoda), and limulus polyphemus (chelicera ...200111399145
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