Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| is the stella™ 5l system an effective cold sterilization technique for needle-based confocal miniprobes? | needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (ncle) under endoscopic ultrasound guidance is a newly developed imaging technique for pancreatic lesions and lymph nodes, enabling a subcellular level of resolution. the confocal miniprobe is an invasive instrument designed to be reused up to 10 times. therefore, a method that ensures the complete elimination of microbial contaminants on the device is necessary. we studied the bactericidal efficacy of the stella™ system, which purports to achieve this ... | 2017 | 28621298 |
| squamocin, an annonaceous acetogenin, enhances naphthalene degradation mediated by bacillus atrophaeus cn4. | squamocin belongs to a group of compounds called annonaceous acetogenins. they are secondary products of annonaceae metabolism and can be isolated from annona cherimolia seeds. this paper deals with the stimulation of biofilm formation of bacillus atrophaeus cn4 by employing low squamocin concentrations to increase naphthalene degradation. bacillus atrophaeus cn4, isolated from contaminated soil, has the ability to degrade naphthalene as the only source of carbon and energy. in the absence of ad ... | 2017 | 28554707 |
| effect of bacteria type and sucrose concentration on levan yield and its molecular weight. | levan has been traditionally produced from microorganism. however, there is a continuous effort in looking for new strains that improve levan production yield and uses alternative sugar sources for growth. despite having a wide range of data about levan yield, there are not papers which allow controlling molecular weight, and that plays an essential role for further applications. | 2017 | 28535808 |
| comparative analysis of the sensitivity of metagenomic sequencing and pcr to detect a biowarfare simulant (bacillus atrophaeus) in soil samples. | to evaluate the sensitivity of high-throughput dna sequencing for monitoring biowarfare agents in the environment, we analysed soil samples inoculated with different amounts of bacillus atrophaeus, a surrogate organism for bacillus anthracis. the soil samples considered were a poorly carbonated soil of the silty sand class, and a highly carbonated soil of the silt class. control soil samples and soil samples inoculated with 10, 103, or 105 cfu were processed for dna extraction. about 1% of the d ... | 2017 | 28472119 |
| heterologous expression of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from bacillus atrophaeus gs-16 and its application in the synthesis of γ-d-glutamyl-l-tryptophan, a known immunomodulatory peptide. | gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from a mesophilic bacterium bacillus atrophaeus gs-16 (baggt) was expressed heterologously in e. coli using pet-51b vector. maximum production of baggt was obtained at 16°c after 16h of iptg induction and the protein, in its native conformation, was active as a heterooctamer which was composed of four heterodimeric units combined together. one heterodimeric unit constituted two subunits with molecular masses of 45kda and 21kda, respectively. the recombinant enzyme w ... | 2017 | 28193333 |
| highly sensitive sequence specific qpcr detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens. | nucleic acid amplification tests for mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) detection from sputum are highly sensitive and specific with smear microscopy positive specimens, but their sensitivity with smear-negative/culture-positive specimens is much lower; therefore, these tests cannot rule out a tuberculosis diagnosis. co-extraction of pcr inhibitors may be a cause of decreased test sensitivity. here the design and early validation of a mtb screening assay with sample preparation and qpcr methods de ... | 2016 | 27865380 |
| effect of static magnetic field on endospore germination. | this work investigated the effect of static magnetic field (smf) on bacillus atrophaeus endospore germination. germination was triggered by l-alanine in 1.3-t smf and characterized by ion release, ca(2+) -dipicolinic acid release, and water influx. these events were monitored by electrical conductivity, tb-dpa fluorescence, and optical density, respectively. culturability of endospore germinated in smf exposure was evaluated by cfu enumeration. results indicated that 1.3-t smf failed to signific ... | 2017 | 27862061 |
| evaluating composite sampling methods of bacillus spores at low concentrations. | restoring all facility operations after the 2001 amerithrax attacks took years to complete, highlighting the need to reduce remediation time. some of the most time intensive tasks were environmental sampling and sample analyses. composite sampling allows disparate samples to be combined, with only a single analysis needed, making it a promising method to reduce response times. we developed a statistical experimental design to test three different composite sampling methods: 1) single medium sing ... | 2016 | 27736999 |
| production of lipopeptide biosurfactants by bacillus atrophaeus 5-2a and their potential use in microbial enhanced oil recovery. | lipopeptides are known as promising microbial surfactants and have been successfully used in enhancing oil recovery in extreme environmental conditions. a biosurfactant-producing strain, bacillus atrophaeus 5-2a, was recently isolated from an oil-contaminated soil in the ansai oilfield, northwest china. in this study, we evaluated the crude oil removal efficiency of lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by b. atrophaeus 5-2a and their feasibility for use in microbial enhanced oil recovery. | 2016 | 27716284 |
| overproduction and characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase in bacillus subtilis using an assay based on ascorbate consumption. | lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (lpmos) are copper ion-containing enzymes that degrade crystalline polysaccharides, such as cellulose or chitin, through an oxidative mechanism. to the best of our knowledge, there are no assay methods for the direct characterization of lpmos that degrade substrates without coupled enzymes. as such, in this study, a coupled enzyme-free assay method for lpmos was developed, which is based on measuring the consumption of ascorbic acid used as an external electro ... | 2016 | 27702475 |
| screening of novel bacteria for the 2,3-butanediol production. | biotechnologically produced 2,3-butanediol (2,3-bdo) is a potential starting material for industrial bulk chemicals such as butadiene or methyl ethyl ketone which are currently produced from fossil feedstocks. so far, the highest 2,3-bdo concentrations have been obtained with risk group 2 microorganisms. in this study, three risk group 1 microorganisms are presented that are so far unknown for an efficient production of 2,3-bdo. the strains bacillus atrophaeus nrs-213, bacillus mojavensis b-1469 ... | 2017 | 27687995 |
| aerosol and surface deposition characteristics of two surrogates for bacillus anthracis spores. | spores of an acrystalliferous derivative of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, termed btcry-, are morphologically, aerodynamically, and structurally indistinguishable from bacillus anthracis spores. btcry- spores were dispersed in a large, open-ended barn together with spores of bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii, a historically used surrogate for bacillus anthracis spore suspensions (2 × 10(12) cfu each of b. atrophaeus subsp. globigii and btcry-) were aerosolized in each of five spray ev ... | 2016 | 27613681 |
| a simple decontamination approach using hydrogen peroxide vapour for bacillus anthracis spore inactivation. | to evaluate the use of relatively low levels of hydrogen peroxide vapour (hpv) for the inactivation of bacillus anthracis spores within an indoor environment. | 2016 | 27569380 |
| the ability of electrochemical oxidation with a bdd anode to inactivate gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in low conductivity sulfate medium. | the disinfection of 100 ml of synthetic water containing 7 mm na2so4 with 10(6) cfu ml(-1) of either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria has been studied by electrochemical oxidation. the electrolytic cell was a stirred tank reactor equipped with a boron-doped diamond (bdd) anode and a stainless steel cathode and the trials were performed at acidic and neutral ph, at 33.3 ma cm(-2) and 25 °c. reactive oxygen species, pre-eminently hydroxyl radicals, were efficiently produced in both media fr ... | 2016 | 27567151 |
| a pilot study on using chlorine dioxide gas for disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes. | this pilot study of employing chlorine dioxide (cd) gas to disinfect gastrointestinal endoscopes was conducted to meet the expectations of many endoscopy units in china for a high-efficiency and low-cost disinfectant. | 2016 | 27381729 |
| evaluation of standardized sample collection, packaging, and decontamination procedures to assess cross-contamination potential during bacillus anthracis incident response operations. | sample collection procedures and primary receptacle (sample container and bag) decontamination methods should prevent contaminant transfer between contaminated and non-contaminated surfaces and areas during bio-incident operations. cross-contamination of personnel, equipment, or sample containers may result in the exfiltration of biological agent from the exclusion (hot) zone and have unintended negative consequences on response resources, activities and outcomes. the current study was designed ... | 2016 | 27362274 |
| is there an infection risk when playing drums contaminated with bacillus anthracis? | this study aims to investigate the aerosol release of a bacillus anthracis spore surrogate from two different types of drums while playing, by; (i) quantifying the number of spores aerosolized during playing; (ii) investigating spore recovery from drums over long time periods, and (iii) measuring differences between (i) and (ii) for two different drums types. | 2016 | 27348508 |
| surfactin variants mediate species-specific biofilm formation and root colonization in bacillus. | cyclic lipopeptides (clp) and especially surfactins produced by bacillus spp. trigger biofilm formation and root colonization and are crucial for biocontrol activity and systemic resistance in plants. bacillus atrophaeus 176s isolated from the moss tortella tortuosa produces the clp fengycins, iturins and surfactins, possesses antifungal activities and can protect tomato, lettuce and sugar beet against rhizoctonia solani infection. in b. atrophaeus we identified for the first time the variant su ... | 2016 | 27306252 |
| isolation and characterization of α-endosulfan degrading bacteria from the microflora of cockroaches. | extensive applications of organochlorine pesticides like endosulfan have led to the contamination of soil and environments. five different bacteria were isolated from cockroaches living in pesticide contaminated environments. according to morphological, physiological, biochemical properties, and total cellular fatty acid profile by fatty acid methyl esters (fames), the isolates were identified as pseudomonas aeruginosa g1, stenotrophomonas maltophilia g2, bacillus atrophaeus g3, citrobacter amol ... | 2016 | 27281995 |
| gene expression regulation in the plant growth promoting bacillus atrophaeus ucmb-5137 stimulated by maize root exudates. | despite successful use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) in agriculture, little is known about specific mechanisms of gene regulation facilitating the effective communication between bacteria and plants during plant colonization. active pgpr strain bacillus atrophaeus ucmb-5137 was studied in this research. rna sequencing profiles were generated in experiments where root exudate stimulations were used to mimic interactions between bacteria and plants. it was found that the gene regu ... | 2016 | 27259668 |
| diversity, distribution, and antagonistic activities of rhizobacteria of panax notoginseng. | rhizobacteria play an important role in plant defense and could be promising sources of biocontrol agents. this study aimed to screen antagonistic bacteria and develop a biocontrol system for root rot complex of panax notoginseng. | 2015 | 27158229 |
| multigeneration cross-contamination of mail with bacillus anthracis spores. | the release of biological agents, including those which could be used in biowarfare or bioterrorism in large urban areas, has been a concern for governments for nearly three decades. previous incidents from sverdlosk and the postal anthrax attack of 2001 have raised questions on the mechanism of spread of bacillus anthracis spores as an aerosol or contaminant. prior studies have demonstrated that bacillus atrophaeus is easily transferred through simulated mail handing, but no reports have demons ... | 2016 | 27123934 |
| ecotoxicological potential of antibiotic pollution-industrial wastewater: bioavailability, biomarkers, and occurrence in mytilus galloprovincialis. | environmental pollution by pharmaceutical residues has become a major problem in many countries worldwide. however, little is known about the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in water sources in tunisia. residues in the natural environment have been of increasing concern due to their impact on bacteria resistance development and toxicity to natural communities and ultimately to public health. in this work, we collected the wastewater sample from a pharmaceutical industry, which specializes in t ... | 2016 | 27109112 |
| a study of the properties of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigant. | chlorine dioxide (clo2) is a strong oxidant that possesses an antimicrobial activity. we demonstrated here that clo2 gas is easily generated by mixing 3.35% sodium chlorite solution (purogene) and 85% phosphoric acid at a 10:1 volume ratio without using an expensive machine. in a test room (87 m(3)), experiments were carried out using various amounts of sodium chlorite solution (0.25 ml/m(3) to 20.0 ml/m(3)). the gas concentration increased in a sodium chlorite volume-dependent manner and reache ... | 2016 | 27041456 |
| false-negative rate, limit of detection and recovery efficiency performance of a validated macrofoam-swab sampling method for low surface concentrations of bacillus anthracis sterne and bacillus atrophaeus spores. | we sought to evaluate the effects of bacillus species, low surface concentrations, and surface material on recovery efficiency (re), false-negative rate (fnr) and limit of detection for recovering bacillus spores using a validated macrofoam-swab sampling procedure. | 2016 | 26972788 |
| determining the effects of high intensity ultrasound on the reduction of microbes in milk and orange juice using response surface methodology. | this study investigated the effects of high intensity ultrasound (temperature, amplitude, and time) on the inactivation of indigenous bacteria in pasteurized milk, bacillus atrophaeus spores inoculated into sterile milk, and saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculated into sterile orange juice using response surface methodology. the variables investigated were sonication temperature (range from 0 to 84°c), amplitude (range from 0 to 216 μm), and time (range from 0.17 to 5 min) on the response, log micro ... | 2015 | 26904659 |
| comparison of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and low-pressure mercury-arc lamps for disinfection of water. | ultraviolet (uv) light-emitting diodes (leds) emitting at 260 nm were evaluated to determine the inactivation kinetics of bacteria, viruses, and spores compared to low-pressure (lp) uv irradiation. test microbes were escherichia coli b, a non-enveloped virus (ms-2), and a bacterial spore (bacillus atrophaeus). for lp uv, 4-log10 reduction doses were: e. coli b, 6.5 mj/cm(2); ms-2, 59.3 mj/cm(2); and b. atrophaeus, 30.0 mj/cm(2). for uv leds, the 4-log10 reduction doses were e. coli b, 6.2 mj/cm( ... | 2016 | 26888599 |
| action of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on heterotypic biofilm: candida albicans and bacillus atrophaeus. | the increase in survival and resistance of microorganisms organized in biofilms demonstrates the need for new studies to develop therapies able to break this barrier, such as photodynamic therapy, which is characterized as an alternative, effective, and non-invasive treatment. the objective was to evaluate in vitro the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on heterotypic biofilms of candida albicans and bacillus atrophaeus using rose bengal (12.5 μm) and light-emitting diode (led) (532 nm ... | 2016 | 26861975 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracted samples from iris germinica. | antibacterial and antifungal activities of different solvents extracted samples of iris germinica were carried out through disc diffusion assay. for this purpose five different solvent extracts were prepared with two concentrations (1 and 2 mg disc(-1)) and their antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion assay against eight pathogenic bacteria viz. staphylococcus aureus, b. subtilis, bacillus atrophaeus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, erwinia carotovara, klebsiella pneumo ... | 2016 | 26826828 |
| application of atp-based bioluminescence for bioaerosol quantification: effect of sampling method. | an adenosine triphosphate (atp)-based bioluminescence has potential to offer a quick and affordable method for quantifying bioaerosol samples. here we report on our investigation into how different bioaerosol aerosolization parameters and sampling methods affect bioluminescence output per bacterium, and implications of that effect for bioaerosol research. bacillus atrophaeus and pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria were aerosolized by using a collison nebulizer (bgi inc., waltham, ma) with a glass o ... | 2015 | 26806982 |
| ability of cleaning-disinfecting wipes to remove bacteria from medical device surfaces. | nosocomial infections are a serious problem in health care facilities. bacteria can be transferred from patient to patient via contaminated reusable medical devices and equipment. | 2015 | 26654235 |
| effect of sonic stimulation on bacillus endospore germination. | this study investigates the effect of sonic stimulation on bacillus endospore germination. germinating endospores in a microtiter plate were exposed to audible sound wave generated by an array of piezoelectric transducers. in situ germination kinetics was measured by terbium-dipicolinate fluorescence assay, optical density measurement and phase contrast microscopy. fluorescence results revealed that sonic stimulation (5 khz at 90 db) promoted the germination speed by 43.7% ± 11.3% and final germ ... | 2016 | 26607285 |
| analysis of waste management issues arising from a field study evaluating decontamination of a biological agent from a building. | the bio-response operational testing and evaluation (bote) project was a cross-government effort designed to operationally test and evaluate a response to a biological incident (release of bacillus anthracis [ba] spores, the causative agent for anthrax) from initial public health and law enforcement response through environmental remediation. the bote project was designed to address site remediation after the release of a ba simulant, bacillus atrophaeus spp. globigii (bg), within a facility, dr ... | 2016 | 26479121 |
| fighting ebola with novel spore decontamination technologies for the military. | recently, global public health organizations such as doctors without borders (msf), the world health organization (who), public health canada, national institutes of health (nih), and the u.s. government developed and deployed field decontamination kits (fdks), a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of west africa (medical waste materials are pla ... | 2015 | 26322021 |
| use of enterococcus faecalis and bacillus atrophaeus as surrogates to establish and maintain laboratory proficiency for concentration of water samples using ultrafiltration. | the u.s. environmental protection agency's (epa) water laboratory alliance (wla) currently uses ultrafiltration (uf) for concentration of biosafety level 3 (bsl-3) agents from large volumes (up to 100-l) of drinking water prior to analysis. most uf procedures require comprehensive training and practice to achieve and maintain proficiency. as a result, there was a critical need to develop quality control (qc) criteria. because select agents are difficult to work with and pose a significant safety ... | 2015 | 26306940 |
| antagonistic activities of bacillus spp. strains isolated from tidal flat sediment towards anthracnose pathogens colletotrichum acutatum and c. gloeosporioides in south korea. | anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by colletotrichum species that is detrimental to numerous plant species. anthracnose control with fungicides has both human health and environmental safety implications. despite increasing public concerns, fungicide use will continue in the absence of viable alternatives. there have been relatively less efforts to search antagonistic bacteria from mudflats harboring microbial diversity. a total of 420 bacterial strains were isolated from mudflats near the w ... | 2015 | 26060435 |
| draft genome sequence of the biowarfare simulant bacillus atrophaeus strain 930029. | we report here the draft genome sequence of bacillus atrophaeus strain 930029. strain 930029 shows evidence of drift, based on a comparison to the corresponding source strain publicly available today. | 2015 | 26044416 |
| reaerosolization of spores from flooring surfaces to assess the risk of dissemination and transmission of infections. | the aim of this study was to quantify reaerosolization of microorganisms caused by walking on contaminated flooring to assess the risk to individuals accessing areas contaminated with pathogenic organisms, for example, spores of bacillus anthracis. industrial carpet and polyvinyl chloride (pvc) floor coverings were contaminated with aerosolized spores of bacillus atrophaeus by using an artist airbrush to produce deposition of ∼10(3) to 10(4) cfu · cm(-2). microbiological air samplers were used t ... | 2015 | 25979883 |
| a structure activity-relationship study of the bacterial signal molecule hhq reveals swarming motility inhibition in bacillus atrophaeus. | the sharp rise in antimicrobial resistance has been matched by a decline in the identification and clinical introduction of new classes of drugs to target microbial infections. thus new approaches are being sought to counter the pending threat of a post-antibiotic era. in that context, the use of non-growth limiting small molecules, that target virulence behaviour in pathogens, has emerged as a solution with real clinical potential. we have previously shown that two signal molecules (hhq and pqs ... | 2015 | 25880413 |
| assessing the sporicidal activity of oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes and their role as bacillus germinants. | a wide range of oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes has been shown to exhibit good biocidal activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. while cell death may occur in the dark, these biocidal compounds are far more effective in the light as a result of their ability to sensitize the production of cell-damaging reactive oxygen species. in these studies, the interactions of a specific cationic oligo-p-phenylene ethynylene with spore-forming bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus anthracis s ... | 2015 | 25822668 |
| design and application of a novel high-throughput screening technique for 1-deoxynojirimycin. | high-throughput screening techniques for small molecules can find intensive applications in the studies of biosynthesis of these molecules. a sensitive, rapid and cost-effective technique that allows high-throughput screening of endogenous production of the natural iminosugar 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-dnj), an α-glucosidase inhibitor relevant to the pharmaceutical industry, was developed in this study, based on the inhibitory effects of 1-dnj on the activity of the β-glycosidase lacs from sulfolobus ... | 2015 | 25708517 |
| bacillus spp. from rainforest soil promote plant growth under limited nitrogen conditions. | the aim of this study was to evaluate effects of pgpr (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) isolated from rainforest soil on different plants under limited nitrogen conditions. | 2015 | 25494882 |
| isolation, partial purification and characterization of an antimicrobial compound, produced by bacillus atrophaeus. | antibiotics are usually assumed as secondary metabolites produced during the idiophase of microbial growth, which can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. nowadays, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in resistant microorganisms. therefore, screening researches on products with antimicrobial activities are necessary. | 2014 | 25485057 |
| inactivation of chemical and heat-resistant spores of bacillus and geobacillus by nitrogen cold atmospheric plasma evokes distinct changes in morphology and integrity of spores. | bacterial spores are resistant to severe conditions and form a challenge to eradicate from food or food packaging material. cold atmospheric plasma (cap) treatment is receiving more attention as potential sterilization method at relatively mild conditions but the exact mechanism of inactivation is still not fully understood. in this study, the biocidal effect by nitrogen cap was determined for chemical (hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide), physical (uv) and heat-resistant spores. the three diffe ... | 2015 | 25481059 |
| fast and effective inactivation of bacillus atrophaeus endospores using light-activated derivatives of vitamin b2. | highly resistant endospores may cause severe problems in medicine as well as in the food and packaging industries. we found that bacterial endospores can be inactivated quickly with reactive oxygen species (ros) that were generated by a new generation of flavin photosensitizers. flavins like the natural compound vitamin b2 are already known to produce ros but they show a poor antimicrobial photodynamic killing efficacy due to the lack of positive charges. therefore we synthesized new flavin phot ... | 2015 | 25423452 |
| from cellular lysis to microarray detection, an integrated thermoplastic elastomer (tpe) point of care lab on a disc. | we present an all-thermoplastic integrated sample-to-answer centrifugal microfluidic lab-on-disc system (lod) for nucleic acid analysis. the proposed cd system and engineered platform were employed for analysis of bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii spores. the complete assay comprised cellular lysis, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification, amplicon digestion, and microarray hybridization on a plastic support. the fluidic robustness and operating efficiency of the assay were ensured throu ... | 2015 | 25385141 |
| investigation of the detection ability of an intrinsic fluorescence-based bioaerosol detection system for heat-stressed bacteria. | a number of rapid microbiological methods capable of aerosol-based microbial detection are quickly emerging for use in the pharmaceutical and food markets. a subset of these technologies utilizes intrinsic microbial fluorescence as the basis for bioaerosol detection. this fundamental method of detection is relatively new to the pharmaceutical and food industries, which rely on traditional culture-based methods implemented decades ago to gain an understanding of their manufacturing environments. ... | 2016 | 25336419 |
| influence of high voltage atmospheric cold plasma process parameters and role of relative humidity on inactivation of bacillus atrophaeus spores inside a sealed package. | non-thermal plasma has received much attention for elimination of microbial contamination from a range of surfaces. | 2014 | 25308932 |
| efficacy of sporicidal wipes for inactivation of a bacillus anthracis surrogate. | to evaluate five commercially available sporicidal wipes and two disinfecting wipes for their ability to inactivate bacillus atrophaeus spores deposited onto various material surfaces. | 2014 | 25220421 |
| normalization of test and evaluation of biothreat detection systems: overcoming microbial air content fluctuations by using a standardized reagent bacterial mixture. | test and evaluation of engineered biothreat agent detection systems ("biodetectors") are a challenging task for government agencies and industries involved in biosecurity and biodefense programs. in addition to user friendly features, biodetectors need to perform both highly sensitive and specific detection, and must not produce excessive false alerts. in fact, the atmosphere displays a number of variables such as airborne bacterial content that can interfere with the detection process, thus imp ... | 2014 | 25038460 |
| bacillus atrophaeus: main characteristics and biotechnological applications - a review. | the genus bacillus includes a great diversity of industrially important strains, including bacillus atrophaeus (formerly bacillus subtilis var. niger). this spore-forming bacterium has been established as industrial bacteria in the production of biological indicators for sterilization, in studies of biodefense and astrobiology methods as well as disinfection agents, in treatment evaluation and as potential adjuvants or vehicles for vaccines, among other applications. this review covers an overvi ... | 2015 | 24963702 |
| life cycle and spore resistance of spore-forming bacillus atrophaeus. | bacillus endospores have a wide variety of important medical and industrial applications. this is an overview of the fundamental aspects of the life cycle, spore structure and factors that influence the spore resistance of spore-forming bacillus. bacillus atrophaeus was used as reference microorganism for this review because their spores are widely used to study spore resistance and morphology. understanding the mechanisms involved in the cell cycle and spore survival is important for developing ... | 2014 | 24880805 |
| factors affecting uv/h2o2 inactivation of bacillus atrophaeus spores in drinking water. | this study aims at estimating the performance of the bacillus atrophaeus spores inactivation by the uv treatment with addition of h2o2. the effect of factors affecting the inactivation was investigated, including initial h2o2 dose, uv irradiance, initial cell density, initial solution ph and various inorganic anions. under the experimental conditions, the b. atrophaeus spores inactivation followed both the modified hom model and the chick's model. the results revealed that the h2o2 played dual r ... | 2014 | 24792469 |
| evaluation of steam penetration and sterilization of natural latex wraps. | to evaluate the efficacy of steam and ethylene oxide (eto) sterilization of vetrap™ bandages. | 2014 | 24617928 |
| rapid and efficient filtration-based procedure for separation and safe analysis of cbrn mixed samples. | separating cbrn mixed samples that contain both chemical and biological warfare agents (cb mixed sample) in liquid and solid matrices remains a very challenging issue. parameters were set up to assess the performance of a simple filtration-based method first optimized on separate c- and b-agents, and then assessed on a model of cb mixed sample. in this model, ms2 bacteriophage, autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis baculovirus (acnpv), bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus subtilis spores were ... | 2014 | 24505375 |
| peracetic acid: a practical agent for sterilizing heat-labile polymeric tissue-engineering scaffolds. | advanced biomaterials and sophisticated processing technologies aim at fabricating tissue-engineering scaffolds that can predictably interact within a biological environment at the cellular level. sterilization of such scaffolds is at the core of patient safety and is an important regulatory issue that needs to be addressed before clinical translation. in addition, it is crucial that meticulously engineered micro- and nano- structures are preserved after sterilization. conventional sterilization ... | 2014 | 24341350 |
| evaluation of sampling methods for bacillus spore-contaminated hvac filters. | the objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. electrostatic and mechanical hvac filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of ... | 2014 | 24184312 |
| release of free dna by membrane-impaired bacterial aerosols due to aerosolization and air sampling. | we report here that stress experienced by bacteria due to aerosolization and air sampling can result in severe membrane impairment, leading to the release of dna as free molecules. escherichia coli and bacillus atrophaeus bacteria were aerosolized and then either collected directly into liquid or collected using other collection media and then transferred into liquid. the amount of dna released was quantified as the cell membrane damage index (id), i.e., the number of 16s rrna gene copies in the ... | 2013 | 24096426 |
| evaluation of the sterilization efficacy of domestic electric drills used in orthopaedic surgeries. | it is estimated that electric drills (ed) have been used in orthopaedic surgeries for bone drilling for more than 50 years in brazilian hospitals. it is an electric, thermosensitive equipment, not indicated for surgical use, which has not been previously evaluated regarding the sterilization efficacy, being suspect of infection risk. this study evaluated the efficacy of sterilization by ethylene oxide (eto) of new drills that were intentionally contaminated with bacillus atrophaeus spores. an ex ... | 2009 | 24031397 |
| lipopeptides, a novel protein, and volatile compounds contribute to the antifungal activity of the biocontrol agent bacillus atrophaeus cab-1. | bacillus atrophaeus cab-1 displays a high inhibitory activity against various fungal pathogens and suppresses cucumber powdery mildew and tomato gray mold. we extracted and identified lipopeptides and secreted proteins and volatile compounds produced by strain cab-1 to investigate the mechanisms involved in its biocontrol performance. in vitro assays indicated all three types of products contributed to the antagonistic activity against the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea. each of these componen ... | 2013 | 24013222 |
| decontamination of a hospital room using gaseous chlorine dioxide: bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, and yersinia pestis. | this study assessed the efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivation of bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, and yersinia pestis in a hospital patient care suite. spore and vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis sterne 34f2, spores of bacillus atrophaeus atcc 9372 and vegetative cells of both francisella tularensis atcc 6223 and yersinia pestis a1122 were exposed to gaseous chlorine dioxide in a patient care suite. organism inactivation was then assessed by log reduction in viabl ... | 2013 | 23971883 |
| microbiological evaluation of ultrasonic nebulization for disinfecting dental impressions. | disinfecting dental impressions is necessary to decrease the risk of cross-contamination in dental offices. ultrasonic nebulization has been mentioned as a microbicidal technique that can be used to disinfect contaminated dental impressions. this study compared the microbicidal effect of 2% glutaraldehyde and 0.2% peracetic acid for the disinfection of dental impressions made with vinyl polysiloxane, using 2 disinfection methods: immersion and ultrasonic nebulization. bactericial efficacy was ex ... | 2013 | 23823336 |
| draft genome sequence of bacillus atrophaeus ucmb-5137, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. | bacillus atrophaeus ucmb-5137 shows an extraordinary activity in root colonization and plant and crop protection. its draft genome sequence comprises 21 contigs of 4.11 mb, harboring 4,167 coding sequences (cds). the genome carries several genes encoding antimicrobial lipopeptides and polyketides. multiple horizontally acquired genes of possible importance for plant colonization were also found. | 2013 | 23788535 |
| evaluation of ambulance decontamination using gaseous chlorine dioxide. | we evaluated gaseous chlorine dioxide (clo2) decontamination of an ambulance using a variety of bacterial biological agents. | 2013 | 23734992 |
| the role of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase in bacillamide c biosynthesis by bacillus atrophaeus c89. | for biosynthesis of bacillamide c by bacillus atrophaeus c89 associated with south china sea sponge dysidea avara, it is hypothesized that decarboxylation from l-tryptophan to tryptamine could be performed before amidation by the downstream aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (aadc) to the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps) gene cluster for biosynthesizing bacillamide c. the structural analysis of decarboxylases' known substrates in kegg database and alignment analysis of amino acid sequen ... | 2013 | 23628927 |
| uncertainty analysis of the recovery of hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for multiple microbe classes from water: a bayesian approach. | in this study, we introduce a bayesian approach to address uncertainty of microbial recoveries from hollow-fiber ultrafilters (hfuf) and to determine any sources of uncertainty. microbial recoveries were measured under twenty conditions, including two types of water, two types of ultrafilters, and five types of microorganisms. the probability distributions of the recoveries were approximated using bayesian statistics with markov chain monte carlo sampling after integrating the likelihood functio ... | 2013 | 23524155 |
| evaluation of surface sampling for bacillus spores using commercially available cleaning robots. | five commercially available domestic cleaning robots were evaluated on their effectiveness for sampling aerosol-deposited bacillus atrophaeus spores on different indoor material surfaces. the five robots tested include three vacuum types (r1, r2, and r3), one wet wipe (r4), and one wet vacuum (r5). tests were conducted on two different surface types (carpet and laminate) with 10(6) colony forming units of b. atrophaeus spores deposited per coupon (35.5 cm × 35.5 cm). spores were deposited on the ... | 2013 | 23431954 |
| dynamic staining of bacillus endospores with thioflavin t. | rapid detection and identification of endospores presents a range of complex challenges. dynamic staining approach, developed in our lab, utilizes the time-course fluorescence enhancement of an amyloid-staining dye, thioflavin t (tht), after mixing with intact endospores. we examined the kinetics of staining bacillus atrophaeus and bacillus thuringiensis endospores, and the rates of staining were different for the two bacilli when intact endospores were treated with tht. this finding demonstrate ... | 2012 | 23365938 |
| isolation and characterization of lignin-degrading bacteria from rainforest soils. | the deconstruction of lignin to enhance the release of fermentable sugars from plant cell walls presents a challenge for biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass. the discovery of novel lignin-degrading enzymes from bacteria could provide advantages over fungal enzymes in terms of their production and relative ease of protein engineering. in this study, 140 bacterial strains isolated from soils of a biodiversity-rich rainforest in peru were screened based on their oxidative activity on a ... | 2013 | 23297115 |
| antioxidant activity via dpph, gram-positive and gram-negative antimicrobial potential in edible mushrooms. | edible mushrooms (ems) are nutritionally rich source of proteins and essential amino acids. in the present study, the antioxidant activity via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) and antimicrobial potential in ems (pleurotus ostreatus, morchella esculenta, p. ostreatus (black), p. ostreatus (yellow) and pleurotus sajor-caju) were investigated. the dpph radical scavenging activity revealed that the significantly higher activity (66.47%) was observed in morchella esculenta at a maximum concentrat ... | 2014 | 23095488 |
| effect of the bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii spo0f h101r mutation on strain fitness. | sporulation is a critical developmental process in bacillus spp. that, once initiated, removes the possibility of further growth until germination. therefore, the threshold conditions triggering sporulation are likely to be subject to evolutionary constraint. our previous studies revealed two spontaneous hypersporulating mutants of bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii, both containing point mutations in the spo0f gene. one of these strains (detrick-2; contains the spo0f101 allele with a c:t [his1 ... | 2012 | 23042165 |
| microbiological effectiveness of mineral pot filters in cambodia. | mineral pot filters (mpfs) are household water treatment (hwt) devices that are manufactured and distributed by the private sector, with millions of users in southeast asia. their effectiveness in reducing waterborne microbes has not been previously investigated. we purchased three types of mpfs available on the cambodian market for systematic evaluation of bacteria, virus, and protozoan surrogate microbial reduction in laboratory challenge experiments following who recommended performance testi ... | 2012 | 23030639 |
| antimicrobial effects of ozonated water on the sanitization of dental instruments contaminated with e. coli, s. aureus, c. albicans, or the spores of b. atrophaeus. | ozone has been used as an alternative method for the decontamination of water, food, equipment and instruments. the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ozonated water on the sanitization of dental instruments that were contaminated by escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans and the spores of bacillus atrophaeus. | 2012 | 23021648 |
| comparative analysis of classical and molecular microbiology methods for the detection of escherichia coli and enterococcus spp. in well water. | the microbiological quality of 165 1 litre well water samples collected in the québec city region was assessed by culture-based methods (mfc agar, chromocult coliform agar, colilert(®), mi agar, chromocult enterococci, enterolert™, and mei agar) and by a molecular microbiology strategy, dubbed crename-rtpcr, developed for the detection of escherichia coli, enterococcus spp., enterococcus faecalis/faecium, and bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii. in these drinking water samples, approved culture- ... | 2012 | 23014932 |
| blue light (470 nm) effectively inhibits bacterial and fungal growth. | blue light (470 nm) led antimicrobial properties were studied alone against bacteria and with or without the food grade photosensitizer, erythrosine (ery) against filamentous fungi. leuconostoc mesenteroides (lm), bacillus atrophaeus (ba) or pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) aliquots were exposed on nutrient agar plates to array 1 (ar1, 0·2 mw cm(-2)) or array 2 (ar2, 80 mw cm(-2)), which emitted impure or pure blue light (0-300 j cm(-2)), respectively. inoculated control (room light only) plates were ... | 2012 | 23009190 |
| genetic barcodes for improved environmental tracking of an anthrax simulant. | the development of realistic risk models that predict the dissemination, dispersion and persistence of potential biothreat agents have utilized nonpathogenic surrogate organisms such as bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii or commercial products such as bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. comparison of results from outdoor tests under different conditions requires the use of genetically identical strains; however, the requirement for isogenic strains limits the ability to compare other desira ... | 2012 | 23001658 |
| glycerol-based sterilization bioindicator system from bacillus atrophaeus: development, performance evaluation, and cost analysis. | the development of new value-added applications for glycerol is of worldwide interest because of the environmental and economic problems that may be caused by an excess of glycerol generated from biodiesel production. a novel use of glycerol as a major substrate for production of a low-cost sterilization biological indicator system (bis; spores on a carrier plus a recovery medium) was investigated. a sequential experimental design strategy was applied for product development and optimization. th ... | 2013 | 22911095 |
| draft genome sequence of the sponge-associated strain bacillus atrophaeus c89, a potential producer of marine drugs. | bacillus atrophaeus c89, isolated from the marine sponge dysidea avara, is a potential producer of bioactive compounds, such as neobacillamide a and bacillamide c. here, we present a 4.2-mb assembly of its genome. the nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) make it possible to produce the bioactive compounds. | 2012 | 22843588 |
| passive detection of biological aerosols in the atmosphere with a fourier transform instrument (ftir)--the results of the measurements in the laboratory and in the field. | fourier transform infrared radiation (ftir) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful methods for the detection of gaseous constituents, aerosols, and dust in planetary atmospheres. infrared spectroscopy plays an important role in searching for biomarkers, organics and biological substances in the universe. the possibility of detection and identifications with ftir spectrometer of bio-aerosol spores (bacillus atrophaeus var. globigii=bg) in the atmosphere is discussed in this paper. we describe t ... | 2012 | 22707349 |
| inactivation of aerosolized bacillus atrophaeus (bg) endospores and ms2 viruses by combustion of reactive materials. | accidental release of biological agents from a bioweapon facility may contaminate large areas, possibly causing disastrous environmental consequences. to address this issue, novel halogen-containing reactive materials are being designed with the added capability to inactivate viable airborne microorganisms. this study determined the efficiency of combustion products of such materials to inactivate aerosolized bacteria and viruses. spores of bacillus atrophaeus and ms2 viruses dispersed in dry ai ... | 2012 | 22662743 |
| cold atmospheric air plasma sterilization against spores and other microorganisms of clinical interest. | physical cold atmospheric surface microdischarge (smd) plasma operating in ambient air has promising properties for the sterilization of sensitive medical devices where conventional methods are not applicable. furthermore, smd plasma could revolutionize the field of disinfection at health care facilities. the antimicrobial effects on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria of clinical relevance, as well as the fungus candida albicans, were tested. thirty seconds of plasma treatment led to a 4 t ... | 2012 | 22582068 |
| relations between phenotypic changes of spores and biofilm production by bacillus atrophaeus atcc 9372 growing in solid-state fermentation. | bacillus spp. spores are usually obtained from strains cultivated in artificial media. however, in natural habitats, spores are predominantly formed from bacteria present in highly surface-associated communities of cells. solid-state fermentation (ssf) is the culture method that best mimetizes the natural environment of many microorganisms that grow attached to the surface of solid particles. this study aims to confirm that sporulation through ssf of bacillus atrophaeus occurs by biofilm formati ... | 2012 | 22526268 |
| low-temperature decontamination with hydrogen peroxide or chlorine dioxide for space applications. | the currently used microbial decontamination method for spacecraft and components uses dry-heat microbial reduction at temperatures of >110°c for extended periods to prevent the contamination of extraplanetary destinations. this process is effective and reproducible, but it is also long and costly and precludes the use of heat-labile materials. the need for an alternative to dry-heat microbial reduction has been identified by space agencies. investigations assessing the biological efficacy of tw ... | 2012 | 22492450 |
| bacillus atrophaeus inactivated spores as a potential adjuvant for veterinary rabies vaccine. | rabies is a viral encephalitis, nearly always fatal, but preventable through vaccines. rabid animal bite is the prime transmission act, while veterinary vaccination is one of the best strategies for rabies general prevention. aluminum compounds and saponin are the commercial adjuvants used for this vaccine nowadays. nevertheless, aluminum compounds can provoke undesired side effects and saponin has a narrow activity range without toxicity. b. atrophaeus inactivated spores (bais), with or without ... | 2012 | 22449426 |
| thermal inactivation of bacillus anthracis surrogate spores in a bench-scale enclosed landfill gas flare. | a bench-scale landfill flare system was designed and built to test the potential for landfilled biological spores that migrate from the waste into the landfill gas to pass through the flare and exit into the environment as viable. the residence times and temperatures of the flare were characterized and compared to full-scale systems. geobacillus stearothermophilus and bacillus atrophaeus, nonpathogenic spores that may serve as surrogates for bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, w ... | 2012 | 22442931 |
| rapid identification of bio-molecules applied for detection of biosecurity agents using rolling circle amplification. | detection and identification of pathogens in environmental samples for biosecurity applications are challenging due to the strict requirements on specificity, sensitivity and time. we have developed a concept for quick, specific and sensitive pathogen identification in environmental samples. target identification is realized by padlock- and proximity probing, and reacted probes are amplified by rca (rolling-circle amplification). the individual rca products are labeled by fluorescence and enumer ... | 2012 | 22383994 |
| fast and effective: intense pulse light photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. | the goal of this study was to investigate the photodynamic toxicity of tmpyp (5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-porphyrin tetra p-toluenesulfonate) in combination with short pulses (ms) of an intense pulse light source within 10 s against bacillus atrophaeus, staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus and escherichia coli, major pathogens in food industry and in health care, respectively. bacteria were incubated with a photoactive dye (tmpyp) that is subsequently irrad ... | 2012 | 22354734 |
| laboratory evaluation of large-scale decontamination approaches. | to evaluate the effectiveness of two spray-based decontamination methods for surface contamination reduction and to determine the potential for contamination spread by these methods. | 2012 | 22332972 |
| a model of the transmission of micro-organisms in a public setting and its correlation to pathogen infection risks. | gastro-intestinal infections are widespread in the community and have considerable economic consequences. in this study, we followed chains of infection from a public toilet scenario, looking at infection risks by correlating the transmission of bacteria, fungi and viruses to our current knowledge of infectious doses. | 2012 | 22229855 |
| testing of viscous anti-hiv microbicides using lactobacillus. | the development of topical microbicides for intravaginal use to prevent hiv infection requires that the drugs and formulated products be nontoxic to the endogenous vaginal lactobacillus. in 30min exposure tests we found dapivirine, tenofovir and uc781 (reverse transcriptase inhibitor anti-hiv drugs) as pure drugs or formulated as film or gel products were not deleterious to lactobacillus species; however, psc-rantes (a synthetic ccr5 antagonist) killed 2 strains of lactobacillus jensenii. to dem ... | 2011 | 22226641 |
| rapid sample preparation method of bacillus spores in powdery and environmental matrices based on filtration separation. | suspicious powders and other samples need to be analyzed frequently for biothreat agents by authorities to assess environmental safety. numerous nucleic acid detection technologies have been developed to detect and identify biowarfare agents in a timely fashion. extracting microbial nucleic acids from a wide variety of powdery and environmental samples to obtain a quality level adequate for these technologies still remains a technical challenge. we aimed to develop a rapid and versatile method t ... | 2011 | 22210204 |
| Performance of conventional and antimicrobial-treated filtering facepiece respirators challenged with biological aerosols. | This study evaluated the filtration performance of four commercially available models of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) against both biological and inert aerosols at a flow rate of 85 L/min. Conventional N95 and P100 FFRs and two antimicrobial (AM)-treated FFRs (an N95 and a P95, both with iodine-based AM treatments) were tested for both physical penetration (PEN(P)) and viable penetration (PEN(V)) with three different ... | 2012 | 22206440 |
| influence of the surface temperature of packaging specimens on the inactivation of bacillus spores by means of gaseous h(2) o(2). | aims: to determine the influence of condensation as a function of the surface temperature of aseptic packaging, on the inactivation of bacillus spores [bacillus subtilis (dsm 347), b. subtilis sa22, bacillus atrophaeus] having different surface properties by means of vaporized h(2) o(2) . methods and results: the packaging specimens inoculated with bacillus spores were tempered and subsequently exposed to h(2) o(2) -vapour. during the exposure, surface temperature curves were measured and the ... | 2011 | 22188339 |
| false-negative rate and recovery efficiency performance of a validated sponge wipe sampling method. | recovery of spores from environmental surfaces varies due to sampling and analysis methods, spore size and characteristics, surface materials, and environmental conditions. tests were performed to evaluate a new, validated sponge wipe method using bacillus atrophaeus spores. testing evaluated the effects of spore concentration and surface material on recovery efficiency (re), false-negative rate (fnr), limit of detection (lod), and their uncertainties. ceramic tile and stainless steel had the hi ... | 2011 | 22138998 |
| Photochemical Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. | Adaptability to a broad range of environments together with relatively high resistance to antibiotics and to disinfectants makes Pseudomonas aeruginosa a concern in hospitals and in public health. We investigated whether UVA-mediated photochemical inactivation of P. aeruginosa could be accomplished with high efficiency while at the same time preserving the sensitivity of subsequent diagnostic tests. We characterized dose responses and bactericidal kinetic rates of 5-iodonaphthyl 1-azide (INA) an ... | 2011 | 22053910 |
| Optical microchip array biosensor for multiplexed detection of bio-hazardous agents. | An optical waveguide array biosensor suitable for rapid detection of multiple bio-hazardous agents is presented. SpectroSens™ optical microchip sensors contain multiple spatially-separated waveguide channels with integral high-precision Bragg gratings sensitive to changes in refractive-index; selective surface-functionalisation of discrete sensing channels with different antibodies as bio-recognition elements enables selective multi-analyte biological detection. Interactions between target antig ... | 2011 | 21944924 |
| Microbial inactivation for safe and rapid diagnostics of infectious samples. | The high risk associated with biological threat agents dictates that any suspicious sample be handled under strict surety and safety controls and processed under high-level containment in specialized laboratories. This study attempted to find a rapid, reliable, and simple method for the complete inactivation of a wide range of pathogens, including spores, vegetative bacteria, and viruses, while preserving microbial nucleic acid fragments suitable for PCRs and proteinaceous epitopes for detection ... | 2011 | 21856830 |
| comparison of eight methods for the extraction of bacillus atrophaeus spore dna from eleven common interferents and a common swab. | eight dna extraction products or methods (applied biosystems prepfiler forensic dna extraction kit; bio-rad instagene only, bio-rad instagene & spin column purification; epicentre masterpure dna & rna kit; fujifilm quickgene mini80; idaho technologies 1-2-3 q-flow kit; mobio ultraclean microbial dna isolation kit; sigma extract-n-amp plant and seed kit) were adapted to facilitate extraction of dna under bsl3 containment conditions. dna was extracted from 12 common interferents or sample types, s ... | 2011 | 21818364 |
| disinfection methods for spores of bacillus atrophaeus, b. anthracis, clostridium tetani, c. botulinum and c. difficile. | to evaluate disinfection methods for environments contaminated with bioterrorism-associated microorganism (bacillus anthracis), we performed the following experiments. first, the sporicidal effects of sodium hypochlorite on spores of five bacterial species were evaluated. bacillus atrophaeus was the most resistant to hypochlorite, followed in order by b. anthracis, clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani, and clostridium difficile. subsequently, using b. atrophaeus spores that were the most ... | 2011 | 21804226 |
| development of a low-cost sterilization biological indicator using bacillus atrophaeus by solid-state fermentation. | the production of biological indicators involving bacterial sporulation and multi-step downstream processes has been described. the goal of the present work was to use fermented material as the final product in a biological indicator, thereby reducing processing steps and costs. the performance of three different inexpensive supports (vermiculite, sand, and sugarcane bagasse) was assessed by determining bacillus atrophaeus sporulation during solid-state fermentation and by assessing the direct u ... | 2011 | 21785930 |