Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| human leptospirosis in seychelles: a prospective study confirms the heavy burden of the disease but suggests that rats are not the main reservoir. | leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis caused by pathogenic leptospira for which rats are considered as the main reservoir. disease incidence is higher in tropical countries, especially in insular ecosystems. our objectives were to determine the current burden of leptospirosis in seychelles, a country ranking first worldwide according to historical data, to establish epidemiological links between animal reservoirs and human disease, and to identify drivers of transmission. | 2017 | 28846678 |
| pre-treatment with lactobacillus plantarum prevents severe pathogenesis in mice infected with leptospira interrogans and may be associated with recruitment of myeloid cells. | recent estimates on global morbidity and mortality caused by leptospirosis point to one million cases and almost 60,000 deaths a year worldwide, especially in resource poor countries. we analyzed how a commensal probiotic immunomodulator, lactobacillus plantarum, affects leptospira interrogans pathogenesis in a murine model of sub-lethal leptospirosis. we found that repeated oral pre-treatment of mice with live l. plantarum restored body weight to normal levels in mice infected with l. interroga ... | 2017 | 28841659 |
| male-specific pulmonary hemorrhage and cytokine gene expression in golden hamster in early-phase leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis infection. | leptospirosis causes severe clinical signs more frequently in men than in women, but the mechanism underlying the gender differences in leptospirosis remains unclear. in this study, petechial hemorrhage was observed in male but not in female hamster lung tissues infected with leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis at 120 h pi, demonstrating that male hamsters were more susceptible to the development of a severe disease upon leptospira infection. no leptospiral dna was detected in the lung tis ... | 2017 | 28811249 |
| doxycycline attenuates leptospira-induced il-1β by suppressing nlrp3 inflammasome priming. | doxycycline (dox), a semisynthetic antibiotic, has been reported to exert multiple immunomodulatory effects. treatment with dox has a satisfactory curative effect against leptospirosis. in addition to its antibacterial action, we supposed that dox also modulated immune response in controlling leptospira infection. using j774a.1 mouse macrophages, the effects of dox on protein and mrna levels of il-1β and tnf-α were investigated after infection with live or sonicated leptospira interrogans serova ... | 2017 | 28791016 |
| structural and mutational analyses of the leptospira interrogans virulence-related heme oxygenase provide insights into its catalytic mechanism. | heme oxygenase from leptospira interrogans is an important virulence factor. during catalysis, redox equivalents are provided to this enzyme by the plastidic-type ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase also found in l. interrogans. this process may have evolved to aid this bacterial pathogen to obtain heme-iron from their host and enable successful colonization. herein we report the crystal structure of the heme oxygenase-heme complex at 1.73 å resolution. the structure reveals several distinctive features ... | 2017 | 28771589 |
| leptospira interrogans causes quantitative and morphological disturbances in adherens junctions and other biological groups of proteins in human endothelial cells. | pathogenic leptospira transmits from animals to humans, causing the zoonotic life-threatening infection called leptospirosis. this infection is reported worldwide with higher risk in tropical regions. symptoms of leptospirosis range from mild illness to severe illness such as liver damage, kidney failure, respiratory distress, meningitis, and fatal hemorrhagic disease. invasive species of leptospira rapidly disseminate to multiple tissues where this bacterium damages host endothelial cells, incr ... | 2017 | 28750011 |
| immunoprotective properties of recombinant liga and ligb in a hamster model of acute leptospirosis. | leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis and is considered a major public health problem worldwide. currently, there is no widely available vaccine against leptospirosis for use in humans. a purified, recombinant subunit vaccine that includes the last six immunoglobulin-like (ig-like) domains of the leptospiral protein liga (liga7'-13) protects against lethal infection but not renal colonization after challenge by leptospira interrogans. in this study, we examined whether the addition of th ... | 2017 | 28704385 |
| data on leptospira interrogans sv pomona infection in meat workers in new zealand. | the data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "comparison between generalized linear modelling and additive bayesian network; identification of factors associated with the incidence of antibodies against leptospira interrogans sv pomona in meat workers in new zealand" (pittavino et al., 2017) [5]. a prospective cohort study was conducted in four sheep slaughtering abattoirs in new zealand (nz) (dreyfus et al., 2015) [1]. sera were collected twice a year from 384 ... | 2017 | 28702495 |
| mononuclear-macrophages but not neutrophils act as major infiltrating anti-leptospiral phagocytes during leptospirosis. | to identify the major infiltrating phagocytes during leptospirosis and examine the killing mechanism used by the host to eliminate leptospira interrogans. | 2017 | 28700741 |
| characterization of the molecular chaperone clpb from the pathogenic spirochaete leptospira interrogans. | leptospira interrogans is a spirochaete responsible for leptospirosis in mammals. the molecular mechanisms of the leptospira virulence remain mostly unknown. recently, it has been demonstrated that an aaa+ chaperone clpb (a member of the hsp100 family) from l. interrogans (clpbli) is not only essential for survival of leptospira under the thermal and oxidative stresses, but also during infection of a host. the aim of this study was to provide further insight into the role of clpb in the pathogen ... | 2017 | 28700685 |
| a survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by house mouse and black rat populations in yucatan, mexico. | the house mouse (mus musculus) and the black rat (rattus rattus) are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens, several of which cause neglected tropical diseases (ntds). studies of the prevalence of these ntd-causing zoonotic pathogens, in house mice and black rats from tropical residential areas are scarce. three hundred and two house mice and 161 black rats were trapped in 2013 from two urban neighbourhoods and a rural village in yucatan, mexico, and subsequently tested for trypanosoma cruzi, hy ... | 2017 | 28689507 |
| epidemiology behavior of leptospirosis in ciénaga de oro, córdoba (colombia). | the purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiology of leptospirosis in rural areas of ciénaga de oro, córdoba, colombia, a convenience sampling was carried out on 13 farms. the sample size was 325 reproductive age cows, 11 canine samples, and 20 humans. the samples were subjected to mat analysis with 11 serogroups of leptospira interrogans sensu lato. once the mat results were received, urine samples were collected from 78 cows, along with 39 water samples, for bacteriological cultures ... | 2017 | 28660382 |
| serial changes in complete blood counts in patients with leptospirosis: our experience. | leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by leptospira interrogans. it is endemic in many parts of the world. the symptoms vary between milder forms to severe type with organ dysfunction. the disease presents with diagnostic challenge as it clinically mimics acute febrile illness due to other causes. | 2017 | 28658767 |
| leptospira diversity in animals and humans in tahiti, french polynesia. | leptospirosis is a highly endemic bacterial zoonosis in french polynesia (fp). nevertheless, data on the epidemiology of leptospirosis in fp are scarce. we conducted molecular studies on leptospira isolated from humans and the potential main animal reservoirs in order to identify the most likely sources for human infection. | 2017 | 28658269 |
| anti-erythrocyte igg in hamsters with acute experimental infection by leptospira interrogans serovar canicola. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of erythrocyte and platelet, as immunological markers, as well as evaluate the involvement of these factors in hemolytic and hemorrhagic reactions in hamsters experimentally infected by leptospira interrogans serovar canicola. our experimental design was composed by two randomized groups: infected group (ig) (n = 12) and control group (cg) (n = 6). ninety-six hours after the inoculation, the presence of immunoglobulins (igg and igm) and compleme ... | 2017 | 28648625 |
| serology and protein electrophoresis for evidence of exposure to 12 mink pathogens in free-ranging american mink (neovison vison) in argentina. | basic pathologic characteristics for farmed minks were previously reported worldwide. however, its status in the wild has not been studied in detail. | 2017 | 28635524 |
| survey for selected pathogens in wild pigs (sus scrofa) from guam, marianna islands, usa. | pigs (sus scrofa) were introduced to guam in the 1600's and are now present in high densities throughout the island. wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. the close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent oppo ... | 2017 | 28622856 |
| development of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of canine leptospirosis. | this study was taken up to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-elisa) for screening antibodies against leptospira spp. in canines. | 2017 | 28620258 |
| molecular typing of leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo isolates from leptospirosis outbreaks in brazilian livestock. | leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus leptospira spp. this zoonotic disease is distributed globally and affects domestic animals, including cattle. leptospira interrogans serogroup sejroe serovar hardjo and leptospira borgpetersenii serogroup sejroe serovar hardjo remain important species associated with this reproductive disease in livestock production. previous studies on brazilian livestock have reported that l. interrogans serovar hardjo is the most prevalent leptosp ... | 2017 | 28619055 |
| structural and enzymatic characterization of a camp-dependent diguanylate cyclase from pathogenic leptospira species. | leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni is a human pathogen that causes leptospirosis, a worldwide zoonosis. the l. interrogans genome codes for a wide array of potential diguanylate cyclase (dgc) enzymes with characteristic ggdef domains capable of synthesizing the cyclic dinucleotide c-di-gmp, known to regulate transitions between different cellular behavioral states in bacteria. among such enzymes, lic13137 (lcd1), which has an n-terminal cgmp-specific phosphodiesterases, adenylyl cyclases ... | 2017 | 28601495 |
| multifunctional and redundant roles of leptospira interrogans proteins in bacterial-adhesion and fibrin clotting inhibition. | pathogenic leptopira is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic infection in the world. the disease represents a major public health problem, especially in tropical countries. the present work focused on two hypothetical proteins of unknown function, encoded by the genes lic13059 and lic10879, and predicted to be surface-exposed proteins. the genes were cloned and the proteins expressed using e. coli as a host system. we report that the recombinant proteins interacte ... | 2017 | 28600123 |
| the role of reactive oxygen intermediates in the intracellular fate of leptospira interrogans in the macrophages of different hosts. | pathogenic species of leptospira cause leptospirosis, a global zoonotic disease. our previous work showed that leptospires survive and replicate in human macrophages but are killed in murine macrophages. however, the mechanism responsible for the different intracellular fates of leptospires within the macrophages of different hosts remains unclear. | 2017 | 28575082 |
| a new model of self-resolving leptospirosis in mice infected with a strain of leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis harboring lps signaling only through tlr4. | leptospirosis is an emerging worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic leptospira spp. our understanding of leptospirosis pathogenesis and host immune response remains limited, while mechanistic studies are hindered by a lack of proper animal models and immunological reagents. here we established a murine model of acute and self-resolving leptospirosis by infecting 10-week-old c57bl/6 mice with leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis strain 56606v, with characteristic manifestations including ja ... | 2017 | 28536433 |
| evidence of infection with leptospira interrogans and spotted fever group rickettsiae among rodents in an urban area of osaka city, japan. | we examined 33 rodents captured in an urban area of osaka city, japan for igg antibodies against seoul virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, hepatitis e virus, leptospira interrogans, yersinia pestis, spotted fever, typhus and scrub typhus group rickettsiae. we found that 3 (9.1%) and 1 (3.0%) of the 33 rodents had antibodies against l. interrogans and spotted fever group rickettsiae, respectively. dnas of leptospires were detected from 2 of the 3 seropositive rodents, but dn ... | 2017 | 28529271 |
| pressor support during a jarisch herxheimer reaction after initiation of treatment for weil's disease. | we present a case of weil's disease complicated by a jarisch-herxheimer reaction (jhr) after initiation of antibiotics while in the emergency department requiring invasive monitoring and vasopressor support. the case is followed by a brief review of the jhr which is rarely observed with treatment of leptospirosis. a healthy 28-year-old female who recently returned from the caribbean presented to the emergency department with flu-like symptoms. the patient appeared jaundiced with conjunctival suf ... | 2017 | 28527874 |
| high-resolution melting curve analysis of the 16s ribosomal gene to detect and identify pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira species in colombian isolates. | abstractit is important to identify the circulating leptospira agent to enhance the performance of serodiagnostic tests by incorporating specific antigens of native species, develop vaccines that take into account the species/serovars circulating in different regions, and optimize prevention and control strategies. the objectives of this study were to develop a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-high-resolution melting (hrm) assay for differentiating between species of the genus leptospira and to v ... | 2017 | 28500802 |
| discovery of novel leptospirosis vaccine candidates using reverse and structural vaccinology. | leptospira spp. are diderm (two membranes) bacteria that infect mammals causing leptospirosis, a public health problem with global implications. thousands of people die every year due to leptospirosis, especially in developing countries with tropical climates. prophylaxis is difficult due to multiple factors, including the large number of asymptomatic hosts that transmit the bacteria, poor sanitation, increasing numbers of slum dwellers, and the lack of an effective vaccine. several leptospiral ... | 2017 | 28496441 |
| lethal pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome due to leptospira infection transmitted by pet rat. | human infection with leptospira interrogans can be life-threatening. multiple organ involvement frequently presents with liver and kidney failure, less commonly including severe hemolysis and pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome. here, we present a fulminant case of leptospirosis presenting with hemolysis and pulmonary hemorrhage. a formerly healthy 34 year old patient presented to a rural hospital with dyspnea and hemoptysis after a week of influenza-like symptoms. initial assessment revealed severe s ... | 2017 | 28491815 |
| comparison between generalized linear modelling and additive bayesian network; identification of factors associated with the incidence of antibodies against leptospira interrogans sv pomona in meat workers in new zealand. | additive bayesian network (abn) is a graphical model which extends generalized linear modelling (glm) to multiple dependent variables. the present study compares results from glm with those from abn analysis used to identify factors associated with leptospira interrogans sv pomona (pomona) infection by exploring the advantages and disadvantages of these two methodologies, to corroborate inferences informing health and safety measures at abattoirs in new zealand (nz). | 2017 | 28487178 |
| leptospira species in feral cats and black rats from western australia and christmas island. | leptospirosis is a neglected, re-emerging bacterial disease with both zoonotic and conservation implications. rats and livestock are considered the usual sources of human infection, but all mammalian species are capable of carrying leptospira spp. and transmitting pathogenic leptospires in their urine, and uncertainty remains about the ecology and transmission dynamics of leptospira in different regions. in light of a recent case of human leptospirosis on tropical christmas island, this study ai ... | 2017 | 28437186 |
| disease surveillance of california ground squirrels ( spermophilus beecheyi ) in a drive-through zoo in oregon, usa. | rodents and other small wild mammals are often considered to be pests and vectors for disease in zoos that house small populations of valuable threatened and endangered animals. in 2005, three nonhuman primates at a drive-through zoo in oregon, us, acquired tularemia from an unknown source. due to an abundance of california ground squirrels ( spermophilus beecheyi ) on zoo grounds, we instituted serosurveillance of this species from july through september 2008 to determine the prevalence of anti ... | 2017 | 28418764 |
| erratum to: a novel octavalent combined erysipelas, parvo and leptospira vaccine provides (cross) protection against infection following challenge of pigs with 9 different leptospira interrogans serovars. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1186/s40813-015-0011-0.]. | 2015 | 28409569 |
| a novel octavalent combined erysipelas, parvo and leptospira vaccine provides (cross) protection against infection following challenge of pigs with 9 different leptospira interrogans serovars. | in the present study the efficacy and cross protection of a novel ready-to-use combination vaccine, porcilis® ery + parvo + lepto, against swine leptospirosis, was investigated. the octavalent vaccine contains inactivated antigens of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, parvovirus and 6 leptospira interrogans sensu lato strains of serogroups canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, australis (bratislava), pomona and tarassovi. in this study ninety pigs were vaccinated twice with porcilis® ery + pa ... | 2015 | 28405422 |
| comparison of leptospira interrogans and leptospira biflexa genomes: analysis of potential leptospiral-host interactions. | leptospirosis, a potentially life-threatening disease, remains the most widespread zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of leptospira. the pathogenic spirochaete, leptospira interrogans, is characterized by its ability to permeate human host tissues rapidly and colonize multiple organs in the host. in spite of the efforts taken to comprehend the pathophysiology of the pathogen and the heterogeneity posed by l. interrogans, the current knowledge on the mechanism of pathogenesis is modest. in an ... | 2017 | 28294222 |
| crystallization of fcpa from leptospira, a novel flagellar protein that is essential for pathogenesis. | the protein fcpa is a unique component of the flagellar filament of spirochete bacteria belonging to the genus leptospira. although it plays an essential role in translational motility and pathogenicity, no structures of fcpa homologues are currently available in the pdb. its three-dimensional structure will unveil the novel motility mechanisms that render pathogenic leptospira particularly efficient at invading and disseminating within their hosts, causing leptospirosis in humans and animals. f ... | 2017 | 28291747 |
| animal models of leptospirosis: of mice and hamsters. | pathogenic leptospira sp. are spirochetal bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, an emerging worldwide zoonosis. these spirochetes are very successful pathogens that infect a wide range of hosts such as fish, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and mammals. transmission occurs when chronically infected animals excrete live bacteria in their urine, contaminating the environment. leptospira sp. enter their hosts through damaged skin and mucosa. chronically infected rats and mice are asymptomatic and are ... | 2017 | 28270811 |
| [epidemiological investigation of two leptospirosis death cases in guizhou province]. | objective: to conduct an epidemiological investigation of two leptospirosis death cases reported in guizhou province in 2014. methods: the information of the patients were investigated and analyzed. the serological detection, samples of the two patients was detected using elisa and microscopic agglutination test (mat). leptospira carrier status of murine host animal in the living environment of the two patients was investigated in october and november of 2014. leptospires in the kidney were cult ... | 2017 | 28260339 |
| adipose tissue is the first colonization site of leptospira interrogans in subcutaneously infected hamsters. | leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world, and its most severe form in humans, "weil's disease," may lead to jaundice, hemorrhage, renal failure, pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome, and sometimes,fatal multiple organ failure. although the mechanisms underlying jaundice in leptospirosis have been gradually unraveled, the pathophysiology and distribution of leptospires during the early stage of infection are not well understood. therefore, we investigated the hamster leptospiros ... | 2017 | 28245231 |
| seeking the environmental source of leptospirosis reveals durable bacterial viability in river soils. | leptospirosis is an important re-emerging infectious disease that affects humans worldwide. infection occurs from indirect environment-mediated exposure to pathogenic leptospires through contaminated watered environments. the ability of pathogenic leptospires to persist in the aqueous environment is a key factor in transmission to new hosts. hence, an effort was made to detect pathogenic leptospires in complex environmental samples, to genotype positive samples and to assess leptospiral viabilit ... | 2017 | 28241042 |
| il-10 deficient mice express ifn-γ mrna and clear leptospira interrogans from their kidneys more rapidly than normal c57bl/6 mice. | leptospira interrogans (l. interrogans), the causative agent of leptospirosis, is a widespread zoonotic spirochete that lives a dual lifestyle. l. interrogans infects mice, rats, and wildlife in a persistent and asymptomatic fashion, while also causing productive and acute infections in other mammals such as humans and hamsters. infections in humans can be fatal, accompanied by a cytokine storm and shock-like symptoms. production of il-10 has been noted in both rodent and human infections which ... | 2017 | 28237664 |
| leptospira interrogans serogroup pomona infections in the uk: is there a real threat for farm animals? | current typing of leptospira strains requires a combination of both serological and molecular methods. study of the epidemiology of strains within the pomona serogroup has proved problematic due to the limitations of serological typing methods. this is particularly true of the two main complexes within this group, namely the pomona, monjakov, kennewicki cluster in leptospira interrogans species and the mozdok, tsaratsovo, kunming, altodouro cluster in leptospira kirschneri strains from the south ... | 2017 | 28213528 |
| inhibitory effects of emodin, thymol, and astragalin on leptospira interrogans-induced inflammatory response in the uterine and endometrium epithelial cells of mice. | leptospirosis is a systemic infection that causes, among others, acute kidney injury, acute liver disease, muscle pain, vasculitis, bleeding disorders, and reproductive loss. in an effort to reduce uterine inflammatory responses induced by leptospira, we evaluated the anti-inflammation effects of emodin, thymol, and astragalin in a mouse model. our results showed that treatment with emodin, thymol, and astragalin alleviated uterine inflammation induced by leptospira infection via suppression of ... | 2017 | 28210912 |
| detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: leptospira interrogans in california sea lions. | identifying mechanisms driving pathogen persistence is a vital component of wildlife disease ecology and control. asymptomatic, chronically infected individuals are an oft-cited potential reservoir of infection, but demonstrations of the importance of chronic shedding to pathogen persistence at the population-level remain scarce. studying chronic shedding using commonly collected disease data is hampered by numerous challenges, including short-term surveillance that focuses on single epidemics a ... | 2017 | 28207932 |
| characterization of two new putative adhesins of leptospira interrogans. | we here report the characterization of two novel proteins encoded by the genes lic11122 and lic12287, identified in the genome sequences of leptospira interrogans, annotated, respectively, as a putative sigma factor and a hypothetical protein. the cdss lic11122 and lic12287 have signal peptide spii and spi and are predicted to be located mainly at the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria. the genes were cloned and the proteins expressed using escherichia coli. proteinase k digestion showed that ... | 2017 | 28198346 |
| immune response and protective profile elicited by a multi-epitope chimeric protein derived from leptospira interrogans. | pathogenic leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, a widely disseminated disease of human and veterinary concern. the development of vaccines that elicit cross-protective immunity through multiple leptospiral serovars has long been pursued. the aim of this study was to develop a novel chimeric multi-epitope fusion antigen, containing sequences of previously studied outer membrane proteins (omps) of leptospira. | 2017 | 28161462 |
| genome-wide transcriptional start site mapping and srna identification in the pathogen leptospira interrogans. | leptospira are emerging zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animals to humans typically through contaminated environmental sources of water and soil. regulatory pathways of pathogenic leptospira spp. underlying the adaptive response to different hosts and environmental conditions remains elusive. in this study, we provide the first global transcriptional start site (tss) map of a leptospira species. rna was obtained from the pathogen leptospira interrogans grown at 30°c (optimal in vitro tempera ... | 2017 | 28154810 |
| distinct antibody responses of patients with mild and severe leptospirosis determined by whole proteome microarray analysis. | leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease worldwide. humans usually present a mild non-specific febrile illness, but a proportion of them develop more severe outcomes, such as multi-organ failure, lung hemorrhage and death. such complications are thought to depend on several factors, including the host immunity. protective immunity is associated with humoral immune response, but little is known about the immune response mounted during naturally-acquired leptospira infection. | 2017 | 28141801 |
| jarisch-herxheimer reaction among patients with leptospirosis: incidence and risk factors. | a jarisch-herxheimer reaction (jhr) may be precipitated after initiation of chemotherapy in spirochetal diseases, including leptospirosis. however, a clear idea of the importance of jhr in this disease is lacking. the incidence of and risk factors for jhr were investigated retrospectively among 262 patients with confirmed leptospirosis who received amoxicillin treatment in new caledonia and futuna. the overall rate of jhr was 21% (12% in new caledonia and 44% in futuna). two risk factors were in ... | 2017 | 28115662 |
| eyedrop inoculation causes sublethal leptospirosis in mice. | leptospirosis is potentially a fatal zoonosis acquired by contact of skin and mucosal surfaces with soil and water contaminated with infected urine. we analyzed the outcome of infection of c3h/hej mice with leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni using an enzootic mode of transmission, the conjunctival route. infection led to weight loss and l. interrogans dissemination from blood to urine, and spirochetes were detected in blood and urine simultaneously. the infectious dose that led to consis ... | 2017 | 28115508 |
| complement evasion by pathogenic leptospira. | leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by spirochetes from the genus leptospira. pathogenic microorganisms, notably those which reach the blood circulation such as leptospira, have evolved multiple strategies to escape the host complement system, which is important for innate and acquired immunity. leptospira avoid complement-mediated killing through: (i) recruitment of host complement regulators; (ii) acquisition of host proteases that cleave complement proteins on the bacterial ... | 2016 | 28066433 |
| efficacy of the rabbit polyclonal anti-leptospira antibody against homotype or heterotype leptospira infection in hamster. | leptospirosis, caused by leptospira, is one of the most important of neglected emerging zoonotic diseases that has important impacts on public health worldwide. polyclonal antibody (pcab) therapy is a potential method to process a series of pathogens for which there are limited determination of treatment, such as leptospirosis. first, we evaluated the efficacy of pcab, derived from the sera of rabbits inoculated with leptospira, against homotype (leptospira interrogans serovar lai) or heterotype ... | 2016 | 28027297 |
| leptospira surface adhesin (lsa21) induces toll like receptor 2 and 4 mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages. | leptospirosis is zoonotic and emerging infectious disease of global importance. little is understood about leptospira pathogenesis and host immune response. in the present work we have investigated how leptospira modulates the host innate immune response mediated by toll-like receptors (tlrs) via surface exposed proteins. we screened leptospira outer membrane/surface proteins for their ability to activate/inhibit tlr2/4 signaling in hek293 cell lines. of these the 21 kda leptospira surface adhes ... | 2016 | 27996041 |
| characterization of two new putative adhesins of leptospira interrogans. | we here report the characterization of two novel proteins encoded by the genes lic11122 and lic12287, identified in the genome sequences of leptospira interrogans, annotated, respectively, as a putative sigma factor and hypothetical. . the coding sequences (cdss) lic11122 and lic12287 have signal peptide spii and spi and are predicted to be located mainly at the cytoplasm membrane of the bacteria. the genes were cloned and the proteins expressed using escherichia coli. proteinase k digestion sho ... | 2016 | 27983472 |
| conservation of coevolving protein interfaces bridges prokaryote-eukaryote homologies in the twilight zone. | protein-protein interactions are fundamental for the proper functioning of the cell. as a result, protein interaction surfaces are subject to strong evolutionary constraints. recent developments have shown that residue coevolution provides accurate predictions of heterodimeric protein interfaces from sequence information. so far these approaches have been limited to the analysis of families of prokaryotic complexes for which large multiple sequence alignments of homologous sequences can be compi ... | 2016 | 27965389 |
| cerebellar ataxia due to leptospirosis- a case report. | leptospirosis involves nervous system in around 10-15% of the cases, the commonest presentation being aseptic meningitis. most of the clinical features of neuroleptospirosis are due to capillary endothelial damage and vasculitis. ataxia is an extremely uncommon manifestation of leptospirosis occuring in <5% of cases. | 2016 | 27955629 |
| emerging infectious disease implications of invasive mammalian species: the greater white-toothed shrew (crocidura russula) is associated with a novel serovar of pathogenic leptospira in ireland. | the greater white-toothed shrew (crocidura russula) is an invasive mammalian species that was first recorded in ireland in 2007. it currently occupies an area of approximately 7,600 km2 on the island. c. russula is normally distributed in northern africa and western europe, and was previously absent from the british isles. whilst invasive species can have dramatic and rapid impacts on faunal and floral communities, they may also be carriers of pathogens facilitating disease transmission in poten ... | 2016 | 27935961 |
| assessing the impact of tailored biosecurity advice on farmer behaviour and pathogen presence in beef herds in england and wales. | the term 'biosecurity' encompasses many measures farmers can take to reduce the risk of pathogen incursion or spread. as the best strategy will vary between settings, veterinarians play an important role in assessing risk and providing advice, but effectiveness requires farmer acceptance and implementation. the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of specifically-tailored biosecurity advice packages in reducing endemic pathogen presence on uk beef suckler farms. one hundred and sixt ... | 2016 | 27931934 |
| transcriptional profiling of type ii toxin-antitoxin genes of helicobacter pylori under different environmental conditions: identification of hp0967-hp0968 system. | helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human gastric mucosa and is responsible for causing peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. the expression of virulence factors allows the persistence of h. pylori in the stomach, which results in a chronic, sometimes uncontrolled inflammatory response. type ii toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems have emerged as important virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria. three type ii ta systems have previously been identified in the genome ... | 2016 | 27920769 |
| low-dose norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin therapy worsen leptospirosis in hamster. | antibiotics play an important role in the treatment of leptospirosis. many antibiotics at appropriate concentrations improved the survival rate and alleviated tissue injury, while, when dosing strategies fall below subtherapeutic levels, worse therapeutic effects are seen. in the present study, we investigated the efficacy of low-dose norfloxacin (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) and ciprofloxacin (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg) against leptospirosis in a hamster model using leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrh ... | 2017 | 27894961 |
| the ebpa-rpon regulatory pathway of the pathogen leptospira interrogans is essential for survival in the environment. | leptospira interrogans is the agent of leptospirosis, a reemerging zoonotic disease. it is transmitted to humans through environmental surface waters contaminated by the urine of mammals chronically infected by pathogenic strains able to survive in water for long periods. little is known about the regulatory pathways underlying environmental sensing and host adaptation of l. interrogans during its enzootic cycle. this study identifies the ebpa-rpon regulatory pathway in l. interrogans in this pa ... | 2017 | 27864172 |
| comparative genomic analysis of the flagellin glycosylation island of the gram-positive thermophile geobacillus. | protein glycosylation involves the post-translational attachment of sugar chains to target proteins and has been observed in all three domains of life. post-translational glycosylation of flagellin, the main structural protein of the flagellum, is a common characteristic among many gram-negative bacteria and archaea. several distinct functions have been ascribed to flagellin glycosylation, including stabilisation and maintenance of the flagellar filament, motility, surface recognition, adhesion, ... | 2016 | 27842516 |
| evaluation of the illumigene malaria lamp: a robust molecular diagnostic tool for malaria parasites. | isothermal nucleic acid amplification assays such as the loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), are well suited for field use as they do not require thermal cyclers to amplify the dna. to further facilitate the use of lamp assays in remote settings, simpler sample preparation methods and lyophilized reagents are required. the performance of a commercial malaria lamp assay (illumigene malaria lamp) was evaluated using two sample preparation workflows (simple filtration prep (sfp)) and gra ... | 2016 | 27827432 |
| high-throughput parallel sequencing to measure fitness of leptospira interrogans transposon insertion mutants during acute infection. | pathogenic species of leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. the understanding of the virulence mechanisms of leptospira spp is still at an early stage due to the limited number of genetic tools available for this microorganism. the development of random transposon mutagenesis in pathogenic strains a decade ago has contributed to the identification of several virulence factors. in this study, we used the transposon ... | 2016 | 27824878 |
| metapalette: a k-mer painting approach for metagenomic taxonomic profiling and quantification of novel strain variation. | metagenomic profiling is challenging in part because of the highly uneven sampling of the tree of life by genome sequencing projects and the limitations imposed by performing phylogenetic inference at fixed taxonomic ranks. we present the algorithm metapalette, which uses long k-mer sizes (k = 30, 50) to fit a k-mer "palette" of a given sample to the k-mer palette of reference organisms. by modeling the k-mer palettes of unknown organisms, the method also gives an indication of the presence, abu ... | 2016 | 27822531 |
| multifunctional and redundant roles of borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins in tissue adhesion, colonization, and complement evasion. | borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of lyme disease in the u.s., with at least 25,000 cases reported to the cdc each year. b. burgdorferi is thought to enter and exit the bloodstream to achieve rapid dissemination to distal tissue sites during infection. travel through the bloodstream requires evasion of immune surveillance and pathogen clearance in the host, a process at which b. burgdorferi is adept. b. burgdorferi encodes greater than 19 adhesive outer surface proteins many of which h ... | 2016 | 27818662 |
| cathelicidin insufficiency in patients with fatal leptospirosis. | leptospirosis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, the role of the host immune response in disease progression and high case fatality (>10-50%) is poorly understood. we conducted a multi-parameter investigation of patients with acute leptospirosis to identify mechanisms associated with case fatality. whole blood transcriptional profiling of 16 hospitalized brazilian patients with acute leptospirosis (13 survivors, 3 deceased) revealed fatal cases had lower expression of ... | 2016 | 27812211 |
| evidence for wild crocodiles as a risk for human leptospirosis, mexico. | sentinel species such as crocodilians are used to monitor the health of ecosystems. however, few studies have documented the presence of zoonotic diseases in wild populations of these reptiles. herein we analyzed 48 serum samples from crocodylus acutus (n = 34) and c. moreletii (n = 14) from different sites in the state of quintana roo (mexico) to detect antibodies to leptospira interrogans by means of a microscopic agglutination test (mat). crocodylus acutus and c. moreletii tested positive to ... | 2017 | 27807634 |
| first observation of leptospira interrogans in the lungs of rattus norvegicus. | we report the first two cases of pulmonary presence of leptospires in apparently healthy rats captured in a city park in lyon (france). only renal carriage of leptospira has been described in the literature. blood serology was performed in parallel with molecular and histological analyses of the kidney and lung samples. we isolated leptospires from the kidneys of two out of three seropositive wild rats. these results were confirmed by specific detection of pathogenic leptospira by real-time pcr. ... | 2016 | 27800495 |
| motility and ultrastructure of spirochaeta thermophila. | we analyze here for the first time the swimming behavior of a thermophilic, strictly anaerobic spirochete, namely spirochaeta thermophila using high temperature light microscopy. our data show that s. thermophila very rapidly can change its morphology during swimming, resulting in cells appearing nearly linear, in cells possessing three different spiral forms, and in cells being linear at one end and spiral at the other end. in addition cells can rapidly bend by up to 180°, with their ends comin ... | 2016 | 27790206 |
| coxiella detection in ticks from wildlife and livestock in malaysia. | recent studies have shown that ticks harbor coxiella-like bacteria, which are potentially tick-specific endosymbionts. we recently described the detection of coxiella-like bacteria and possibly coxiella burnetii in ticks found from rural areas in malaysia. in the present study, we collected ticks, including haemaphysalis bispinosa, haemaphysalis hystricis, dermacentor compactus, dermacentor steini, and amblyomma sp. from wildlife and domesticated goats from four different locations in malaysia. ... | 2016 | 27763821 |
| immune response in hamsters immunised with a recombinant fragment of liga from leptospira interrogans, associated with carrier molecules. | immunisation with the c-terminal region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like a protein (ligani) has shown promising results against leptospirosis. we evaluated the humoral immune response and protection induced by ligani associated with carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes (cooh-mwcnts), cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg odns), or alhydrogel. animals immunised with cpg odns were unable to develop a humoral immune response, whereas immunisation with ligani and cooh-mwcnts produced a high level of ig ... | 2016 | 27759768 |
| a 23-year-old man with leptospirosis and acute abdominal pain. | leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by the spirochete leptospira interrogans. most cases of leptospirosis are mild to moderate, and self-limited. the course of disease, however, may be complicated by multiorgan dysfunction such as in weil's disease. we present a case of weil's disease with pancreatitis in a young caucasian man residing in hawai'i. although leptospirosis is common in hawai'i, few patients present with pancreatitis. this report of leptospirosis-induced pancreatitis should help rais ... | 2016 | 27738562 |
| chimeric epitope vaccine against leptospira interrogans infection and induced specific immunity in guinea pigs. | leptospirosis is an important reemerging zoonosis, with more than half a million cases reported annually, and is caused by pathogenic leptospira species. development of a universal vaccine is one of the major strategic goals to overcome the disease burden of leptospirosis. in this study, a chimeric multi-epitope protein-based vaccine was designed and tested for its potency to induce a specific immune response and provide protection against l. interrogans infection. | 2016 | 27737644 |
| stored canine whole blood units: what is the real risk of bacterial contamination? | bacterial contamination of whole blood (wb) units can result in transfusion-transmitted infection, but the extent of the risk has not been established and may be underestimated in veterinary medicine. | 2016 | 27734567 |
| the membrane protein lasm promotes the culturability of legionella pneumophila in water. | the water-borne pathogen legionella pneumophila (lp) strongly expresses the lpg1659 gene in water. this gene encodes a hypothetical protein predicted to be a membrane protein using in silico analysis. while no conserved domains were identified in lpg1659, similar proteins are found in many legionella species and other aquatic bacteria. rt-qpcr showed that lpg1659 is positively regulated by the alternative sigma factor rpos, which is essential for lp to survive in water. these observations sugges ... | 2016 | 27734007 |
| evidence of leptospirosis in the kidneys and serum of feral swine (sus scrofa) in the united states. | leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in humans worldwide. in the united states, widespread detection of antibodies to leptospirosis have been identified in feral swine (sus scrofa) with the highest detection of serovars, bratislava, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona. over the past few years, feral swine populations have expanded their geographical range and distribution in the united states with reports in at least 39 of 50 states. since feral swine serve as reservoirs for serovars that c ... | 2017 | 27697080 |
| hedgehogs and mustelid species: major carriers of pathogenic leptospira, a survey in 28 animal species in france (20122015). | human leptospirosis is a zoonotic and potentially fatal disease that has increasingly been reported in both developing and developed countries, including france. however, our understanding of the basic aspects of the epidemiology of this disease, including the source of leptospira serogroup australis infections in humans and domestic animals, remains incomplete. we investigated the genetic diversity of leptospira in 28 species of wildlife other than rats using variable number tandem repeat (vntr ... | 2016 | 27680672 |
| phage display as a promising approach for vaccine development. | bacteriophages are specific antagonists to bacterial hosts. these viral entities have attracted growing interest as optimal vaccine delivery vehicles. phages are well-matched for vaccine design due to being highly stable under harsh environmental conditions, simple and inexpensive large scale production, and potent adjuvant capacities. phage vaccines have efficient immunostimulatory effects and present a high safety profile because these viruses have made a constant relationship with the mammali ... | 2016 | 27680328 |
| the inhibition and resistance mechanisms of actinonin, isolated from marine streptomyces sp. nhf165, against vibrio anguillarum. | vibrio sp. is the most serious pathogen in marine aquaculture, and the development of anti-vibrio agents is urgently needed. however, it is extreme lack of high-throughput screening (hts) model for searching anti-vibrio compounds. here, we established a protein-based hts screening model to identify agents targeting peptide deformylase (pdf) of vibrio anguillarum. to find potential anti-vibrio compounds, crude extracts derived from marine actinomycetes were applied for screening with this model. ... | 2016 | 27679625 |
| spirochaete flagella hook proteins self-catalyse a lysinoalanine covalent crosslink for motility. | spirochaetes are bacteria responsible for several serious diseases, including lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), syphilis (treponema pallidum) and leptospirosis (leptospira interrogans), and contribute to periodontal diseases (treponema denticola)(1). these spirochaetes employ an unusual form of flagella-based motility necessary for pathogenicity; indeed, spirochaete flagella (periplasmic flagella) reside and rotate within the periplasmic space(2-11). the universal joint or hook that links the ... | 2016 | 27670115 |
| functional metagenomics of spacecraft assembly cleanrooms: presence of virulence factors associated with human pathogens. | strict planetary protection practices are implemented during spacecraft assembly to prevent inadvertent transfer of earth microorganisms to other planetary bodies. therefore, spacecraft are assembled in cleanrooms, which undergo strict cleaning and decontamination procedures to reduce total microbial bioburden. we wanted to evaluate if these practices selectively favor survival and growth of hardy microorganisms, such as pathogens. three geographically distinct cleanrooms were sampled during the ... | 2016 | 27667984 |
| preliminary evaluation of a dual antigen elisa to distinguish vaccinated from leptospira infected horses. | immunogenic proteins of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki (lk) including sph1, liga, hsp15 and lipl45 (qlp42) are up-regulated in infected horses but are undetectable or expressed in trace amounts on cultured organisms. in contrast, lipl32 is abundant on cultured lk and elicits infection antibody responses. the aim of this study was to develop an elisa based on lipl32 or lk sonicate and host-induced proteins to differentiate vaccine from infection serum antibody. igg specific ... | 2016 | 27650465 |
| screening of genes involved in interactions with intestinal epithelial cells in cronobacter sakazakii. | cronobacter sakazakii possesses a significant ability to adhere to and invade epithelial cells in its host. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. in the current study, the adhesive and invasive capabilities of 56 c. sakazakii strains against human epithelial cells were evaluated, and one of them was selected for construction of a mutant library using the tn5 transposon. in a systematic analysis of the adhesive and invasive capabilities of 1084 mutants, ... | 2016 | 27637944 |
| inhibitory effect of bmap-28 on leptospiral lipopolysaccharide-induced tlr2-dependent immune response in bovine cells. | bovine leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease, leading to serious economic losses in animal production and causing potential hazards to human health. leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (l-lps) plays an important role in leptospirosis pathogenicity. | 2016 | 27635213 |
| the search for herbal antibiotics: an in-silico investigation of antibacterial phytochemicals. | recently, the emergence and spread of pathogenic bacterial resistance to many antibiotics (multidrug-resistant strains) have been increasing throughout the world. this phenomenon is of great concern and there is a need to find alternative chemotherapeutic agents to combat these antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. higher plants may serve as a resource for new antimicrobials to replace or augment current therapeutic options. in this work, we have carried out a molecular docking study of a total o ... | 2016 | 27626453 |
| high leptospira diversity in animals and humans complicates the search for common reservoirs of human disease in rural ecuador. | leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease responsible for high morbidity around the world, especially in tropical and low income countries. rats are thought to be the main vector of human leptospirosis in urban settings. however, differences between urban and low-income rural communities provide additional insights into the epidemiology of the disease. | 2016 | 27622673 |
| toll-like receptor 2 agonist pam3csk4 alleviates the pathology of leptospirosis in hamster. | leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic spirochetes, is a zoonotic disease of global importance. the detailed pathogenesis of leptospirosis is still unclear, which limits the ideal treatment of leptospirosis. in this study, we analyzed the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and tlr4 in target organs of both resistant mice and susceptible hamsters after leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis infection. tlr2 but not tlr4 transcripts in mouse organs contrasted with delayed induction and overe ... | 2016 | 27620721 |
| draft genome sequence of leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae strain lepimr 22 isolated from a rodent in johor, malaysia. | leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae was recently identified as one of the persistent leptospira serovars in malaysia. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the l. interrogans serovar bataviae strain lepimr 22 isolated from kidney of a rodent in johor, malaysia. | 2016 | 27609924 |
| complicated weil disease. | 2016 | 27606150 | |
| depletion of shine-dalgarno sequences within bacterial coding regions is expression dependent. | efficient and accurate protein synthesis is crucial for organismal survival in competitive environments. translation efficiency-the number of proteins translated from a single mrna in a given time period-is the combined result of differential translation initiation, elongation, and termination rates. previous research identified the shine-dalgarno (sd) sequence as a modulator of translation initiation in bacterial genes, while codon usage biases are frequently implicated as a primary determinant ... | 2016 | 27605518 |
| vapcs of mycobacterium tuberculosis cleave rnas essential for translation. | the major human pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis can survive in the host organism for decades without causing symptoms. a large cohort of toxin-antitoxin (ta) modules contribute to this persistence. of these, 48 ta modules belong to the vapbc (virulence associated protein) gene family. vapc toxins are pin domain endonucleases that, in enterobacteria, inhibit translation by site-specific cleavage of initiator trna. in contrast, vapc20 of m. tuberculosis inhibits translation by site-specific cl ... | 2016 | 27599842 |
| how rheumatoid arthritis can result from provocation of the immune system by microorganisms and viruses. | the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (ra), similar to development of a majority of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, is largely due to an inappropriate or inadequate immune response to environmental challenges. among these challenges, infectious agents are the undisputed leaders. since the 1870s, an impressive list of microorganisms suspected of provoking ra has formed, and the list is still growing. although a definite causative link between a specific infectious agent and the disease ... | 2016 | 27582741 |
| comparative genomic analysis of brazilian leptospira kirschneri serogroup pomona serovar mozdok. | leptospira kirschneri is one of the pathogenic species of the leptospira genus. human and animal infection from l. kirschneri gained further attention over the last few decades. here we present the isolation and characterisation of brazilian l. kirschneri serogroup pomona serovar mozdok strain m36/05 and the comparative genomic analysis with brazilian human strain 61h. the m36/05 strain caused pulmonary hemorrhagic lesions in the hamster model, showing high virulence. the studied genomes present ... | 2016 | 27581124 |
| identification of tenrec ecaudatus, a wild mammal introduced to mayotte island, as a reservoir of the newly identified human pathogenic leptospira mayottensis. | leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis of major concern on tropical islands. human populations on western indian ocean islands are strongly affected by the disease although each archipelago shows contrasting epidemiology. for instance, mayotte, part of the comoros archipelago, differs from the other neighbouring islands by a high diversity of leptospira species infecting humans that includes leptospira mayottensis, a species thought to be unique to this island. using bacterial culture, molecular ... | 2016 | 27574792 |
| [a case of leptospirosis in which the causative pathogen was detected using cerebrospinal fluid pcr eight days after onset]. | we report a patient with leptospirosis caused by infection with leptospira interrogans serovar rachmati. a 30-year-old japanese man took part in a survival camp on iriomote island, okinawa, from july 9 to july 15, 2014. during the camp, he swam in the river and kayaked. he developed a high fever and fatigue 7 days after completing his trip and was admitted to our hospital on july 22. on admission, he complained of a posterior cervical pain and a loss of appetite. laboratory findings revealed gra ... | 2016 | 27529969 |
| case report: weil's disease with multiple organ failure in a child living in dengue endemic area. | there were few reports in the literature of weil's disease with multiple organ failures, especially in children living in dengue endemic areas. | 2016 | 27528203 |
| leptospira seroprevalence and risk factors in health centre patients in hoima district, western uganda. | the burden of human leptospirosis in uganda is unknown. we estimated the seroprevalence of leptospira antibodies, probable acute/recent leptospirosis, and risk factors for seropositivity in humans in rural western uganda. | 2016 | 27487398 |
| hemodiafiltration decreases serum levels of inflammatory mediators in severe leptospirosis: a prospective study. | leptospirosis is a health problem worldwide. its most severe form is a classic model of sepsis, provoking acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and acute kidney injury (aki), with associated mortality that remains unacceptably high. we previously demonstrated that early initiation of sustained low-efficiency dialysis (sled) followed by daily sled significantly decreases mortality. however, the mode of clearance can also affect dialysis patient outcomes. therefore, the objective of this stud ... | 2016 | 27487001 |
| interaction of bovine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells and leptospira species; innate responses in the natural bovine reservoir host. | cattle are the reservoir hosts of leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo, and can also be reservoir hosts of other leptospira species such as l. kirschneri, and leptospira interrogans. as a reservoir host, cattle shed leptospira, infecting other animals, including humans. previous studies with human and murine neutrophils have shown activation of neutrophil extracellular trap or net formation, and upregulation of inflammatory mediators by neutrophils in the presence of leptospira. humans, comp ... | 2016 | 27486445 |
| leptospira interrogans in rodents from cape verde. | leptospirosis is an important worldwide zoonotic disease that can infect both animals and humans. in most cases, leptospirosis is a nonspecific self-limiting illness, but some patients can develop a severe form with a high mortality. this study was carried out in santiago island, cape verde, in 2012-2013. a total of 62 wild rodents (rattus rattus and mus domesticus) were analyzed. the lipl32 gene, present only in pathogenic leptospira spp., was amplified by pcr, and 16 samples were positive (25. ... | 2016 | 27482622 |