Publications

new virulence-activated and virulence-repressed genes identified by systematic gene inactivation and generation of transcriptional fusions in bordetella pertussis.	an in silico scan of the partially completed genome sequence of bordetella pertussis and analyses of transcriptional fusions generated with a new integrational vector were used to identify new potential virulence genes. the genes encoding a putative siderophore receptor, adhesins, and an autotransporter protein appeared to be regulated in a manner similar to bordetella virulence genes by the global virulence regulator bvgas. in contrast, the gene encoding a putative intimin-like protein appeared ...	2000	11004193
evidence of a role for lytb in the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	it is proposed that the lytb gene encodes an enzyme of the deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate (doxp) pathway that catalyzes a step at or subsequent to the point at which the pathway branches to form isopentenyl diphosphate (ipp) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (dmapp). a mutant of the cyanobacterium synechocystis strain pcc 6803 with an insertion in the promoter region of lytb grew slowly and produced greenish-yellow, easily bleached colonies. insertions in the coding region of lytb were lethal. supplement ...	2000	11004185
haemophilus influenzae infection and guillain-barré syndrome.	it has been reported recently that haemophilus influenzae can elicit an axonal form of guillain-barré syndrome. to investigate the incidence and features of h. influenzae-related guillain-barré syndrome, anti-h. influenzae antibody titres were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in 46 consecutive japanese patients with guillain-barré syndrome, 49 normal controls, 24 patients with multiple sclerosis and 27 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als). whole bacteria of non- ...	2000	11004133
[a case report of bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis with positive anti gq 1 b, gt 1 a, gm 1 ganglioside antibodies].	patient was an 18-year-old female student. after she had symptoms of common cold for 3 days, she developed somnolence, diplopia, dysarthria, urinary disturbance and ataxia. on admission neurological examination revealed coma with mydriasis, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis and weakness of the upper limbs. light reflex, corneal reflex and oculocephalic test were all negative. deep tendon reflexes were brisk and extensor toe signs were positive bilaterally. she did not have nuchal rigidity. laboratory test ...	2000	11002482
[peracute mortality in common cranes (grus grus)].	out of a nonbreeding group of cranes, 10 birds died peracutely at the end of april 1998. the pathological investigation showed changes in the intestine, liver and kidneys caused probably by an intoxication; but corresponding analyses did not result in a specified poison. the proof of e. coli, cl. perfringens and campylobacter jejuni is to be interpreted as a subordinate result. 7 of 8 cranes had a low to high infestation with endoparasites (porrocaeum spp., eimeria pusilla, echinostoma spp.). 5 ...	2000	10994255
sequence polymorphism, predicted secondary structures, and surface-exposed conformational epitopes of campylobacter major outer membrane protein.	the major outer membrane protein (momp), a putative porin and a multifunction surface protein of campylobacter jejuni, may play an important role in the adaptation of the organism to various host environments. to begin to dissect the biological functions and antigenic features of this protein, the gene (designated cmp) encoding momp was identified and characterized from 22 strains of c. jejuni and one strain of c. coli. it was shown that the single-copy cmp locus encoded a protein with character ...	2000	10992471
campylobacter fetus sap inversion occurs in the absence of reca function.	phase variation of campylobacter fetus surface layer proteins (slps) occurs by inversion of a 6.2-kb dna segment containing the unique sap promoter, permitting expression of a single slp-encoding gene. previous work has shown that the c. fetus sap inversion system is reca dependent. when we challenged a pregnant ewe with a reca mutant of wild-type c. fetus (strain 97-211) that expressed the 97-kda slp, 15 of the 16 ovine-passaged isolates expressed the 97-kda protein. however, one strain (97-209 ...	2000	10992468
characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance among veterinary isolates of avian escherichia coli.	fluoroquinolone-resistant avian escherichia coli isolates from northern georgia were investigated for gyra and parc mutations. all isolates contained a mutation in gyra replacing ser83 with leu; seven isolates also contained mutations replacing asp87 with either gly or tyr. random amplified polymorphic dna analysis revealed that quinolone-resistant e. coli isolates were genetically diverse.	2000	10991884
evaluation of nitrofurantoin combination therapy of metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant helicobacter pylori infections in mice.	the main objectives of this study were to determine whether the nitroreductase enzyme encoded by the rdxa gene of helicobacter pylori was responsible for reductive activation of nitrofurantoin and whether a triple-therapy regimen with nitrofurantoin was able to eradicate metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant h. pylori infections from mice. the susceptibilities to nitrofurantoin of parent and isogenic rdxa mutant strains (three pairs), as well as a series of matched metronidazole-sensitive and - ...	2000	10991835
unusual t cell receptor phenotype v gene usage of gamma delta t cells in a line derived from the peripheral nerve of a patient with guillain-barré syndrome.	guillain-barré syndrome is considered to be an immune mediated disorder but the relative role of t cells and antibodies in its pathogenesis is unclear. as gut infection with campylobacter jejuni is the most common antecedent infection it is possible that gut derived t lymphocytes might play a part in the development of the syndrome. the t cell receptor phenotype (tcr) of a nerve gamma delta t cell line obtained from a sural nerve biopsy taken from a patient with a demyelinating form of gbs was d ...	2000	10990516
an integron cassette carrying dfr1 with 90-bp repeat sequences located on the chromosome of trimethoprim-resistant isolates of campylobacter jejuni.	the frequent occurrence of high-level trimethoprim resistance in clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni was shown to be related to the acquisition of foreign resistance genes (dfrl or dfr9 or both) coding for resistant variants of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, the target of trimethoprim. the dfr1 gene detected on the chromosome of 40 different clinical strains of c. jejuni was studied further regarding structure and genetic organization. most of the dfr1 genes were found as integron cas ...	2000	10990262
binding of ferric enterobactin by the escherichia coli periplasmic protein fepb.	the periplasmic protein fepb of escherichia coli is a component of the ferric enterobactin transport system. we overexpressed and purified the binding protein 23-fold from periplasmic extracts by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatographic methods, with a yield of 20%, to a final specific activity of 15,500 pmol of ferric enterobactin bound/mg. periplasmic fluid from cells overexpressing the binding protein adsorbed catecholate ferric siderophores with high affinity: in a gel filtration c ...	2000	10986237
characteristics of the aerobic respiratory chains of the microaerophiles campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori.	the respiratory chain enzymes of microaerophilic bacteria should play a major role in their adaptation to growth at low oxygen tensions. the genes encoding the putative nadh:quinone reductases (ndh-1), the ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductases (bc1 complex) and the terminal oxidases of the microaerophiles campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori were analysed to identify structural elements that may be required for their unique energy metabolism. the gene clusters encoding ndh-1 in both c. ...	2000	10985736
efficient isolation of campylobacteria from stools.		2000	10979752
automated 5' nuclease pcr assay for identification of salmonella enterica.	a simple and ready-to-go test based on a 5' nuclease (taqman) pcr technique was developed for identification of presumptive salmonella enterica isolates. the results were compared with those of conventional methods. the taqman assay was evaluated for its ability to accurately detect 210 s. enterica isolates, including 100 problematic "rough" isolates. an internal positive control was designed to use the same salmonella primers for amplification of a spiked nonrelevant template (116 bp) in the sa ...	2000	10970396
comparative fingerprinting analysis of campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains by amplified-fragment length polymorphism genotyping.	amplified-fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis with the endonucleases bglii and mfei was used to genotype 91 campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains from outbreaks and sporadic cases. aflp-generated fragments were labeled with fluorescent dye and separated by capillary electrophoresis. the software packages genescan and gelcompar ii were used to calculate aflp pattern similarities and to investigate phylogenetic relationships among the genotyped strains. the aflp method was compared w ...	2000	10970387
phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the flagellin gene (flic) among clostridium difficile isolates from different serogroups.	phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the flagellin gene (flic) of clostridium difficile was studied in 47 isolates from various origins belonging to the serogroups a, b, c, d, f, g, h, i, k, x, and s3. electron microscopy revealed 17 nonflagellated strains and 30 flagellated strains. pcr and reverse transcription-pcr demonstrated that the flagellin gene was present in all strains and that the flic gene was expressed in both flagellated and nonflagellated strains. southern blotting showed the pr ...	2000	10970353
outbreak of campylobacter infection in a subartic community.	a presumably waterborne outbreak of campylobacter jejuni/coli infection in a subarctic community is described. drinking water supplied to residents was delivered unchlorinated during a 4-week period. no campylobacter sp. was recovered from the water supply. three hundred thirty individuals (15% of the 2,200 exposed) became ill. diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and joint pain occurred in 81%, 30%, 29%, 43% and 21%, respectively. nine percent reported swelling of joints, and two cases of r ...	2000	10968326
quantitative immunocapture pcr assay for detection of campylobacter jejuni in foods.	the rapid detection of food-borne bacterial pathogens as part of a quality control program is necessary for the maintenance of a safe food supply. in this report, we present our findings for an immunocapture pcr method for the detection of campylobacter jejuni in foods. the method permits direct detection of the pathogen without an enrichment step and can be performed in approximately 8 h. assay results are quantitative, and one cell in a milliliter sample can be detected. application of the met ...	2000	10966437
application of the 5'-nuclease pcr assay in evaluation and development of methods for quantitative detection of campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni is recognized as a leading human food-borne pathogen. traditional diagnostic testing for c. jejuni is not reliable due to special growth requirements and the possibility that this bacterium can enter a viable but nonculturable state. nucleic acid-based tests have emerged as a useful alternative to traditional enrichment testing. in this article, we present a 5'-nuclease pcr assay for quantitative detection of c. jejuni and describe its evaluation. a probe including positions ...	2000	10966425
amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from chickens and from patients with gastroenteritis or guillain-barré or miller fisher syndrome.	the high-resolution genotyping method of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis was used to study the genetic relationships between campylobacter jejuni strains infecting chickens (n = 54) and those causing gastroenteritis in humans (n = 53). in addition, c. jejuni strains associated with the development of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) (n = 14) and miller fisher syndrome (mfs) (n = 4), two related acute paralytic syndromes in human, were included. strains were isolated between 1 ...	2000	10966409
contribution of dps to acid stress tolerance and oxidative stress tolerance in escherichia coli o157:h7.	an escherichia coli o157:h7 dps::npti mutant (frik 47991) was generated, and its survival was compared to that of the parent in hcl (synthetic gastric fluid, ph 1.8) and hydrogen peroxide (15 mm) challenges. the survival of the mutant in log phase (5-h culture) was significantly impaired (4-log(10)-cfu/ml reduction) compared to that of the parent strain (ca. 1.0-log(10)-cfu/ml reduction) after a standard 3-h acid challenge. early-stationary-phase cells (12-h culture) of the mutant decreased by c ...	2000	10966408
development of a fluorogenic 5' nuclease pcr assay for detection of the ail gene of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica.	in this report we describe the development and evaluation of a fluorogenic pcr assay for the detection of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica. the assay targets the chromosomally encoded attachment and invasion gene, ail. three primer-probe sets (tm1, tm2, and tm3) amplifying different, yet overlapping, regions of ail were examined for their specificity and sensitivity. all three primer-probe sets were able to detect between 0.25 and 0.5 pg of purified y. enterocolitica dna. tm1 identified all 26 ...	2000	10966386
classification of antibiotic resistance patterns of indicator bacteria by discriminant analysis: use in predicting the source of fecal contamination in subtropical waters.	the antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal coliforms isolated from domestic wastewater and animal feces were determined using a battery of antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin) at four concentrations each. the sources of animal feces included wild birds, cattle, chickens, dogs, pigs, and raccoons. antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci and fecal colifor ...	2000	10966379
sequential inactivation of rdxa (hp0954) and frxa (hp0642) nitroreductase genes causes moderate and high-level metronidazole resistance in helicobacter pylori.	helicobacter pylori is a human-pathogenic bacterial species that is subdivided geographically, with different genotypes predominating in different parts of the world. here we test and extend an earlier conclusion that metronidazole (mtz) resistance is due to mutation in rdxa (hp0954), which encodes a nitroreductase that converts mtz from prodrug to bactericidal agent. we found that (i) rdxa genes pcr amplified from 50 representative mtz(r) strains from previously unstudied populations in asia, s ...	2000	10960091
anti-ganglioside antibody and neuropathy: review of our research.	some patients developed guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) after the administration of bovine gangliosides. patients with gbs subsequent to campylobacter jejuni enteritis frequently have igg antibody to gm1 ganglioside. fisher's syndrome (fs), a variant of gbs, is associated with igg antibody to gq1b ganglioside. we showed the existence of molecular mimicry between gm1 and lipopolysaccharide (lps) of c. jejuni isolated from a gbs patient, and that between gq1b and c. jejuni lpss from fs patients. sev ...	1998	10959233
detection and investigation of campylobacter jejuni by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.	a molecular typing approach for campylobacter jejuni with restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the flagellin gene flaa in c. jejuni, was generated and studied. using polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-rflp with the restriction endonuclease mbo i, it was demonstrated that c. jejuni could be divided into four types. genotypic analysis of c. jejuni by pcr-rflp is a valuable technique for epidemiological typing.	2000	10955830
re-annotating the mycoplasma pneumoniae genome sequence: adding value, function and reading frames.	four years after the original sequence submission, we have re-annotated the genome of mycoplasma pneumoniae to incorporate novel data. the total number of orfss has been increased from 677 to 688 (10 new proteins were predicted in intergenic regions, two further were newly identified by mass spectrometry and one protein orf was dismissed) and the number of rnas from 39 to 42 genes. for 19 of the now 35 trnas and for six other functional rnas the exact genome positions were re-annotated and two n ...	2000	10954595
functional analysis of putative restriction-modification system genes in the helicobacter pylori j99 genome.	helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium, which colonizes the gastric mucosa of humans and is implicated in a wide range of gastroduodenal diseases. the genomic sequences of two h.pylori strains, 26695 and j99, have been published recently. about two dozen potential restriction-modification (r-m) systems have been annotated in both genomes, which is far above the average number of r-m systems in other sequenced genomes. here we describe a functional analysis of the 16 putative type ii r- ...	2000	10954588
efflux-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones in gram-negative bacteria.		2000	10952561
is campylobacter lipopolysaccharide bearing a gd3 epitope essential for the pathogenesis of guillain-barré syndrome?	the hypothesis has been proposed that the gd3 ganglioside-like lipopolysaccharide (lps) is essential for and functions in the development of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and miller fisher syndrome (mfs) subsequent to campylobacter jejuni enteritis. our study showed that patients with gbs or mfs who had previously suffered diarrhea had anti-gd3 antibodies less often than those who had not had diarrhea. sera from patients who showed gbs or mfs with the serologic evidence of prior c. jejuni infect ...	2000	10949532
random transposon mutagenesis of campylobacter jejuni.	genetic studies of campylobacter jejuni have been limited due to the lack of a transposon mutagenesis method. here, we describe a novel technique for random transposon mutagenesis using a mariner-based transposon into c. jejuni strain 480. insertions were random, as demonstrated by southern blot analysis and insertional junction sequencing. we have demonstrated, for the first time, random in vivo transposon mutagenesis of c. jejuni.	2000	10948182
neisseria gonorrhoeae elicits membrane ruffling and cytoskeletal rearrangements upon infection of primary human endocervical and ectocervical cells.	neisseria gonorrhoeae is a strict human pathogen that is, primarily, transmitted by close sexual contact with an infected individual. gonococcal infection of the male urogenital tract has been well studied in experimental human models and in urethral cell culture systems. recent studies, using tissue culture cell systems, have suggested a role for the cervical epithelium in gonococcal infection of females; however, the nature of gonococcal infection of the normal uterine cervix remains controver ...	2000	10948165
chronic helicobacter pylori infection induces an apoptosis-resistant phenotype associated with decreased expression of p27(kip1).	helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of gastric cancer. in short-term coculture with ags gastric cells, h. pylori inhibits cell cycle progression and induces dose-dependent apoptosis. based on the concept that an imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis may contribute to the emergence of gastric cancer, we chronically exposed ags cells to h. pylori as a model of chronic exposure in humans. the ags derivatives selected by this process were stably resistant not onl ...	2000	10948161
expression of the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) operon in actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: evidence that the cdtb protein is responsible for g2 arrest of the cell cycle in human t cells.	we have previously shown that actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans produces an immunosuppressive factor that is encoded by the cdtb gene, which is homologous to a family of cytolethal distending toxins (cdt) expressed by several gram-negative bacteria. in this study, we report that the cdt locus in a. actinomycetemcomitans is composed of five open reading frames, designated orf1, orf2, cdta, cdtb, and cdtc. the deduced amino acid sequences of the five open reading frames are highly conserved amo ...	2000	10946289
rapid detection of salmonella typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water using an immunoelectrochemical method.	an immunoelectrochemical method coupled with immunomagnetic separation was developed for rapid detection of salmonella typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water. samples of chicken carcass wash water were inoculated with salmonella typhimurium at different cell numbers. possible nonspecified inhibitors in the wash water were minimized by filtration and centrifugation. an approximately 9.4% loss of salmonella cells was found after filtration (p < 0.01). the samples were mixed with anti-salmonella ...	2000	10945578
ostrich diseases.	scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely absent in most cases. salmonella typhimurium is common in multispecies collections and causes mortality in chicks younger than three months on commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks older than six months, or slaughter birds of twelve to fourteen months in southern africa. campylobacter jejuni and chlamydia psittaci are occ ...	2000	10935285
campylobacter infection of commercial poultry.	campylobacter jejuni, a widespread food-borne pathogen is responsible for enteritis in the populations of both industrialised and developing nations and is acquired by consumption of contaminated water, milk and food products. contaminated poultry meat is regarded as an important source of campylobacteriosis, with both commercial broiler and turkey growing flocks infected at two to three weeks of age by direct and indirect horizontal exposure. non-chlorinated water is regarded as a vehicle of in ...	2000	10935269
activity of antibiotics used in human medicine for campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and their environment in lancashire, uk.	a retrospective study of 96 campylobacter jejuni isolated from farm animals and the environment showed that most were less susceptible than the nctc type strain to nalidixic acid (mics 4-32 mg/l), ciprofloxacin (mics 1-2 mg/l) and erythromycin (mics 16-64 mg/l), but had similar susceptibility to tetracycline (mics 4-8 mg/l) and kanamycin (mics 4-8 mg/l). none had the high mics of ciprofloxacin (>32 mg/l) or erythromycin (1024 mg/l) typically associated with clinical resistance in this species. s ...	2000	10933658
phase variation of a beta-1,3 galactosyltransferase involved in generation of the ganglioside gm1-like lipo-oligosaccharide of campylobacter jejuni.	ganglioside mimicry by campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharide (los) is thought to be a critical factor in the triggering of the guillain-barré and miller-fisher syndrome neuropathies after c. jejuni infection. the combination of a completed genome sequence and a ganglioside gm1-like los structure makes c. jejuni nctc 11168 a useful model strain for the identification and characterization of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of ganglioside-mimicking los. genome analysis identified a putat ...	2000	10931344
high rates of phase variation in campylobacter jejuni?		2000	10931299
rapid detection of campylobacter jejuni in stool specimens by an enzyme immunoassay and surveillance for campylobacter upsaliensis in the greater salt lake city area.	the alexon-trend, inc. (ramsey, minn.), prospect campylobacter microplate assay was compared with culture on a campy-cva plate (remel, lenexa, kans.) and blood-free campylobacter agar with cefoperazone (20 microg/ml), amphotericin b (10 microg/ml), and teicoplanin (4 microg/ml) (cat medium; oxoid limited, hampshire, england) with 631 patient stool samples. the cat medium was used to isolate campylobacter upsaliensis. the enzyme immunoassay (eia) had a sensitivity and a specificity of 89 and 99%, ...	2000	10921981
characterization of bartonella clarridgeiae flagellin (flaa) and detection of antiflagellin antibodies in patients with lymphadenopathy.	cat scratch disease (csd) is a frequent clinical outcome of bartonella henselae infection in humans. recently, two case reports indicated bartonella clarridgeiae as an additional causative agent of csd. both pathogens have been isolated from domestic cats, which are considered to be their natural reservoir. b. clarridgeiae and b. henselae can be distinguished phenotypically by the presence or absence of flagella, respectively. separation of the protein content of purified flagella of b. clarridg ...	2000	10921956
infectious diseases of gastrointestinal tract in adolescents.	this article reviews the following gastrointestinal infections: esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis including duodenal ulcers, and enteritis (gastroenteritis). the epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, morbidity/mortality, and prevention are discussed in relation to the most important pathogens. the symptoms and pathogenesis of esophagitis caused by candida albicans and herpes simplex are contrasted with the symptoms of esophagitis caused by helicobacter ...	2000	10916124
a variation of the amplified-fragment length polymorphism (aflp) technique using three restriction endonucleases, and assessment of the enzyme combination bglii-mfei for aflp analysis of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates.	we have performed amplified-fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting on a collection of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strains with a restriction endonuclease combination (bglii and mfei) that has previously been used successfully for typing campylobacter jejuni isolates with high resolution. additionally, a variation of the aflp assay in which two rare cutting restriction enzymes (xbai and bsrgi) in combination with the frequent cutter (hinp1i) was examined. t ...	2000	10913860
the iron-responsive regulator fur of campylobacter jejuni is expressed from two separate promoters.	a lacz-based reporter gene system was used to identify the promoter of the campylobacter jejuni iron-responsive gene regulator fur. in other gram-negative bacteria, the fur promoter is usually located directly upstream of the fur gene and is often autoregulated in response to iron. in this study we demonstrate that expression of the c. jejuni fur gene is controlled from two promoters located in front of the first and second open reading frames upstream of fur. neither of these promoters was iron ...	2000	10913692
mutational analysis of the tra locus of the broad-host-range streptomyces plasmid pij101.	the tra gene of streptomyces lividans plasmid pij101 encodes a 621-amino-acid protein that can mediate both plasmid transfer and the interbacterial transfer of chromosomal genes (i.e., chromosome-mobilizing ability [cma]) during mating. here we report the results of in-frame insertional mutagenesis studies aimed at defining regions of tra required for these functions. while hexameric linker insertions throughout the tra gene affected plasmid and chromosomal gene transfer, insertions in a 200-ami ...	2000	10913083
the serotype of type ia and iii group b streptococci is determined by the polymerase gene within the polycistronic capsule operon.	streptococcus agalactiae is a primary cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. essential to the virulence of this pathogen is the production of a type-specific capsular polysaccharide (cps) that enables the bacteria to evade host immune defenses. the identification, cloning, sequencing, and functional characterization of seven genes involved in type iii capsule production have been previously reported. here, we describe the cloning and sequencing of nine additional adjacent genes, cps(iii)fghi ...	2000	10913080
[cu,zn]-superoxide dismutase mutants of the swine pathogen actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are unattenuated in infections of the natural host.	actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, contains a periplasmic cu- and zn-cofactored superoxide dismutase ([cu,zn]-sod, or sodc) which has the potential, realized in other pathogens, to promote bacterial survival during infection by dismutating host-defense-derived superoxide. here we describe the construction of a site-specific, [cu,zn]-sod-deficient a. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 mutant and show that although the mutant is highly sensitive to the microb ...	2000	10899887
failure to detect muramic acid in normal rat tissues but detection in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with pneumococcal meningitis.	muramic acid serves as a marker for the presence of bacterial cell wall debris in mammalian tissues. there have been a number of controversial and sometimes conflicting results on assessing the levels of muramic acid in health and disease. the present report is the first to use the state-of-the art technique, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to identify and quantify the levels of muramic acid in tissues. muramic acid was not found in normal rat brain or spleen. however, when tissues ...	2000	10899874
role of phosphoglucomutase of bordetella bronchiseptica in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and virulence.	the phosphoglucomutase (pgm)-encoding gene of bordetella bronchiseptica is required for lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthesis. an insertion mutant of the wild-type b. bronchiseptica strain bb7865 which disrupted lps biosynthesis was created and characterized (bb7865pgm). genetic analysis of the mutated gene showed it shares high identity with pgm genes of various bacterial species and forms part of an operon which also encompasses the gene encoding phosphoglucose isomerase. functional assays for ...	2000	10899872
switching of flagellar motility in helicobacter pylori by reversible length variation of a short homopolymeric sequence repeat in flip, a gene encoding a basal body protein.	the genome of helicobacter pylori contains numerous simple nucleotide repeats that have been proposed to have regulatory functions and to compensate for the conspicuous dearth of master regulatory pathways in this highly host-adapted bacterium. h. pylori strain 26695, whose genomic sequence was determined by the institute for genomic research (tigr), contains a repeat of nine cytidines in the flip flagellar basal body gene that splits the open reading frame in two parts. in this work, we demonst ...	2000	10899861
cloning and dna sequence analysis of an immunogenic glucose-galactose mglb lipoprotein homologue from brachyspira pilosicoli, the agent of colonic spirochetosis.	colonic spirochetosis (cs) is a newly emerging infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the pathogenic spirochete brachyspira (formerly serpulina) pilosicoli. the purpose of this study was to characterize an antigen that was recognized by antibodies present in sera of challenge-exposed pigs. the gene encoding the antigen was identified by screening a plasmid library of human b. pilosicoli strain sp16 (atcc 49776) genomic dna with hyperimmune and convalescent swine sera. the predicted a ...	2000	10899855
safety and immunogenicity of two different lots of the oral, killed enterotoxigenic escherichia coli-cholera toxin b subunit vaccine in israeli young adults.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is one of the leading causes of diarrhea among israeli soldiers serving in field units. two double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized trials were performed among 155 healthy volunteers to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of different lots of the oral, killed etec vaccine consisting of two doses of whole cells plus recombinantly produced cholera toxin b subunit (rctb). the two doses of vaccine lot e005 and the first dose of vaccine lot e003 were wel ...	2000	10899847
involvement of a plasmid in virulence of campylobacter jejuni 81-176.	campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 contains two, previously undescribed plasmids, each of which is approximately 35 kb in size. although one of the plasmids, termed ptet, carries a teto gene, conjugative transfer of tetracycline resistance to another strain of c. jejuni could not be demonstrated. partial sequence analysis of the second plasmid, pvir, revealed the presence of four open reading frames which encode proteins with significant sequence similarity to helicobacter pylori proteins, inclu ...	2000	10899834
helicobacter pylori urease suppresses bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite via carbon dioxide production.	helicobacter pylori can produce a persistent infection in the human stomach, where chronic and active inflammation, including the infiltration of phagocytes such as neutrophils and monocytes, is induced. h. pylori may have a defense system against the antimicrobial actions of phagocytes. we studied the defense mechanism of h. pylori against host-derived peroxynitrite (onoo(-)), a bactericidal metabolite of nitric oxide, focusing on the role of h. pylori urease, which produces co(2) and nh(3) fro ...	2000	10899833
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction validation of 25 "orphan" genes from escherichia coli k-12 mg1655.	despite the accumulation of sequence information sampling from a broad spectrum of phyla, newly sequenced genomes continue to reveal a high proportion (50%-30%) of "uncharacterized" genes, including a significant number of strictly "orphan" genes, i.e., putative open reading frames (orfs) without any resemblance to previously determined protein-coding sequences. most genes found in databases have only been predicted by computer methods and have never been experimentally validated. although theor ...	2000	10899145
the controlled chaos of shifty pathogens.	bacterial pathogens use novel mechanisms to vary their surface structures. three new genome sequences provide a perspective on these mechanisms in borrelia burgdorferi, neisseria meningitidis, and campylobacter jejuni, which cause lyme disease, meningitis and gastroenteritis, respectively.	2000	10898967
in vitro activity and fecal concentration of rifaximin after oral administration.	rifaximin showed moderately high mics (the mic at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited = 50 microg/ml) for 145 bacterial enteropathogens from patients with traveler's diarrhea acquired in mexico during the summers of 1997 and 1998. rifaximin concentrations in stool the day after oral administration (800 mg daily for 3 days) were high (average, 7,961 microg/g), proving the value of the drug.	2000	10898704
impact of antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy from 1972 to 1998.		2000	10898668
transcriptional analysis of major heat shock genes of helicobacter pylori.	the transcriptional organization and heat inducibility of the major heat shock genes hrca, dnak, dnaj, groel, and htpg were analyzed on the transcriptional level in helicobacter pylori strain 69a. the strongly heat-induced dnak operon was found to be tricistronic, consisting of the genes hrca, grpe, and dnak. the dnaj gene specified one monocistronic mrna which was also heat inducible. the genes groes and groel were transcribed as one strongly heat-inducible bicistronic mrna which exhibited exac ...	2000	10894735
efficacy and potential clinical applications of pentaglobin, an igm-enriched immunoglobulin concentrate suitable for intravenous infusion.	characterisation of the antibodies against important human pathogens in two immunoglobulin preparations: intraglobin f and igm-enriched pentaglobin.	1999	10890227
enolase from trypanosoma brucei, from the amitochondriate protist mastigamoeba balamuthi, and from the chloroplast and cytosol of euglena gracilis: pieces in the evolutionary puzzle of the eukaryotic glycolytic pathway.	genomic or cdna clones for the glycolytic enzyme enolase were isolated from the amitochondriate pelobiont mastigamoeba balamuthi, from the kinetoplastid trypanosoma brucei, and from the euglenid euglena gracilis. clones for the cytosolic enzyme were found in all three organisms, whereas euglena was found to also express mrna for a second isoenzyme that possesses a putative n-terminal plastid-targeting peptide and is probably targeted to the chloroplast. database searching revealed that arabidops ...	2000	10889212
kombucha fermentation and its antimicrobial activity.	kombucha was prepared in a tea broth (0.5% w/v) supplemented with sucrose (10% w/v) by using a commercially available starter culture. the ph decreased steadily from 5 to 2.5 during the fermentation while the weight of the "tea fungus" and the od of the tea broth increased through 4 days of the fermentation and remained fairly constant thereafter. the counts of acetic acid-producing bacteria and yeasts in the broth increased up to 4 days of fermentation and decreased afterward. the antimicrobial ...	2000	10888589
development of a direct viable count procedure for the investigation of vbnc state in listeria monocytogenes.	a viable but non-culturable (vbnc) bacterial state was originally detected in studies in environmental microbiology. in particular, this state has been demonstrated for a number of human pathogens (escherichia coli, salmonella enteritidis, vibrio cholerae, legionella pneumophila and campylobacter jejuni). the presence of vbnc cells poses a major public health problem since they cannot be detected by traditional culturing methods and the cells remain potentially pathogenic under favourable condit ...	2000	10886620
efficacy of flagellin gene typing for epidemiological studies of campylobacter jejuni in poultry estimated by comparison with macrorestriction profiling.	thirty isolates of campylobacter jejuni isolated from 29 different danish broiler flocks were chosen for the evaluation of pcr-fla typing as a genotyping tool. except for two isolates that originated from the same broiler flock, the isolates were clearly distinguishable on basis of their macrorestriction profiles using the restriction endonucleases smai and kpni. pcr-fla typing of the 30 isolates yielded 16 distinct genotypes, whereas one isolate was untypeable by this method. the dominant pcr-f ...	2000	10886607
antibody to heat shock protein can be used for early serological monitoring of helicobacter pylori eradication treatment.	infection with helicobacter pylori induces humoral immune responses against various antigens of the bacterium. heat shock proteins (hsps) are immunodominant antigens in various diseases including h. pylori infection. in the present study, we measured the anti-hsp antibody titers in 42 patients with h. pylori-infected peptic ulcers during a bacterial eradication study. the patients were treated with a proton pump inhibitor and antimicrobial agents to eradicate the organism. their sera were obtain ...	2000	10882654
slaughter pigs are commonly infected by closely related but distinct gastric ulcerative lesion-inducing gastrospirilla.	an association between (unculturable) gastrospirillum-like organisms (glo) and ulcerative lesions in the pars oesophagea in stomachs of swine has been claimed. in dogs glo detected by microscopy may represent several helicobacter species or subspecies. therefore we investigated which helicobacter spp. are present in stomachs of swine and their possible association with ulcerative lesions of the pars oesophagea. the presence of helicobacter spp. in the antrum and pars oesophagea in 122 stomachs o ...	2000	10878060
virulent rough filaments of listeria monocytogenes from clinical and food samples secreting wild-type levels of cell-free p60 protein.	atypical rough cell filaments of listeria monocytogenes (designated fr variants), isolated from clinical and food samples, form long filaments up to 96 microm in length and demonstrated wild-type levels of adherence, invasion, and cytotoxicity to human epithelial hep-2, caco-2, and hela cells. unlike previously described avirulent rough mutants of l. monocytogenes that secrete diminished levels of the major extracellular protein p60 and that form long chains that consist of multiple cells of sim ...	2000	10878057
helicobacter canadensis sp. nov. isolated from humans with diarrhea as an example of an emerging pathogen.	we recently analyzed 11 helicobacter isolates cultured from diarrhea patients in canada. these isolates had been characterized biochemically by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp; alui, hhai) analysis and by fatty-acid analysis as helicobacter pullorum. however, four of the isolates differed biochemically from h. pullorum by their inability to hydrolyze indoxyl acetate and their resistance to nalidixic acid. using complete 16s rrna analysis, we determined that these four strains clus ...	2000	10878041
recombinant chimeric borrelia proteins for diagnosis of lyme disease.	current serologic lyme disease tests use whole borrelia cells as the source of antigen. these assays are difficult to standardize and to optimize for sensitivity and specificity. to help solve these problems, we constructed a library of recombinant chimeric proteins composed of portions of key antigens of borrelia burgdorferi. these proteins were then used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. we compared our assay with the most sensitive of three whole-cell borrelia assays. we found ...	2000	10878038
roles of fe superoxide dismutase and catalase in resistance of campylobacter coli to freeze-thaw stress.	we demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a role in freeze-thaw-induced killing of campylobacter coli following analysis of mutants deficient in key antioxidant functions. superoxide anions, but not h(2)o(2), were formed during the freeze-thaw process. however, a failure to detoxify superoxide anions may lead to spontaneous disproportionation of the radicals to h(2)o(2).	2000	10877815
the global intrinsic curvature of archaeal and eubacterial genomes is mostly contained in their dinucleotide composition and is probably not an adaptation.	until now, the genomic dna of all eubacteria analyzed has been hyper-curved, its global intrinsic curvature being higher than that of a random sequence. in contrast, that rule failed for archaea or eukaryotes, which could be either hypo- or hyper-curved. the existence of the rule suggested that, at least for eubacteria, global intrinsic curvature is adaptive. however, the present results from analyzing 21 eubacterial and six archaeal genomes argue against adaptation. first, there are two eubacte ...	2000	10871377
comh, a novel gene essential for natural transformation of helicobacter pylori.	helicobacter pylori is naturally competent for transformation, but the dna uptake system of this bacterium is only partially characterized, and nothing is known about the regulation of competence in h. pylori. to identify other components involved in transformation or competence regulation in this species, we screened a mutant library for competence-deficient mutants. this resulted in the identification of a novel, helicobacter-specific competence gene (comh) whose function is essential for tran ...	2000	10869072
bioserogroups of campylobacter species isolated from sheep in kaduna state, nigeria.	sheep campylobacter isolates from kaduna state were characterized into their species and bioserogrouped. a total of 1100 samples were collected from kaduna abattoir and national animal production research institute (napri), shika. the samples were from 250 gallbladder, 250 intestinal contents, 100 fetal stomach contents all from kaduna abattoir while 250 rectal swabs and 250 vaginal swabs were from the napri small ruminant programme. of a total of 1100 samples, 39 (3.54%) yielded campylobacter o ...	2000	10867319
heat-labile serotyping of two campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from patients with guillain-barré syndrome and belonging to serotype o19 (penner)		2000	10866545
bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children from northern jordan.	to determine the etiology of acute diarrhea in jordanian children under 5 years of age, we examined stool samples from 265 children admitted to the pediatric ward at princess rahma hospital for children, irbid, jordan, for parasites, rotavirus and enteric bacteria. using both traditional and molecular diagnostic techniques, we detected enteropathogens in 66.4% of patients with diarrhea. a single enteric pathogen was detected in 50.9% of the children, and multiple pathogens were detected in 15.5% ...	2000	10865179
adherence of isogenic flagellum-negative mutants of helicobacter pylori and helicobacter mustelae to human and ferret gastric epithelial cells.	isogenic flagellum-negative mutants of helicobacter pylori and helicobacter mustelae were screened for their ability to adhere to primary human and ferret gastric epithelial cells, respectively. we also evaluated the adherence of an h. pylori strain with a mutation in the flba gene, a homologue of the flbf/lcrd family of genes known to be involved in the regulation of h. pylori flagellar biosynthesis. h. pylori and h. mustelae mutants deficient in production of flaa or flab and mutants deficient ...	2000	10858255
comparative genomics of helicobacter pylori: analysis of the outer membrane protein families.	the two complete genomic sequences of helicobacter pylori j99 and 26695 were used to compare the paralogous families (related genes within one genome, likely to have related function) of genes predicted to encode outer membrane proteins which were present in each strain. we identified five paralogous gene families ranging in size from 3 to 33 members; two of these families contained members specific for either h. pylori j99 or h. pylori 26695. most orthologous protein pairs (equivalent genes bet ...	2000	10858232
correlations between antibody immune responses at different mucosal effector sites are controlled by antigen type and dosage.	monitoring specific secretory immunoglobulin a (iga) responses in the intestines after mucosal immunization or infection is impeded by the fact that sampling of small intestinal secretions requires invasive methods not feasible for routine diagnostics. since iga plasma cells generated after intragastric immunization are known to populate remote mucosal sites as well, secretory iga responses at other mucosal surfaces may correlate to those in the intestines and could serve as proxy measures for i ...	2000	10858191
coxiella burnetii exhibits morphological change and delays phagolysosomal fusion after internalization by j774a.1 cells.	coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium proliferating within the harsh environment of the phagolysosome. mechanisms controlling trafficking to, and survival of pathogens within, the phagolysosome are unknown. two distinct morphological variants have been implicated as playing a role in c. burnetii survival. the dormant small-cell variant (scv) is resistant to extracellular stresses and the more metabolically active large-cell variant (lcv) is s ...	2000	10858189
functional analysis of genes in the rfb locus of leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a key antigen in immunity to leptospirosis. its biosynthesis requires enzymes for the biosynthesis and polymerization of nucleotide sugars and the transport through and attachment to the bacterial membrane. the genes encoding these functions are commonly clustered into loci; for leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis, this locus, named rfb, spans 36.7 kb and contains 31 open reading frames, of which 28 have been assigned putative functions on the ...	2000	10858186
[acquired demyelinating neuropathies].	the acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies with either acute or chronic clinical presentation are considered autoimmune disorders. the guillain-barré syndrome is viewed as an acutely reactive and self-limited autoimmune disease, triggered by preceding bacterial or viral infections. there is a particularly strong association with the gastroenteric pathogen, campylobacter jejuni, and with cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus. it is likely that immune response directed towards the infecting orga ...	2000	10853551
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium peptidase b is a leucyl aminopeptidase with specificity for acidic amino acids.	peptidase b (pepb) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of three broad-specificity aminopeptidases found in this organism. we have sequenced the pepb gene and found that it encodes a 427-amino-acid (46.36-kda) protein, which can be unambiguously assigned to the leucyl aminopeptidase (lap) structural family. pepb has been overexpressed and purified. the active enzyme shows many similarities to other members of the lap family: it is a heat-stable (70 degrees c; 20 min) hexameric ( app ...	2000	10852868
point mutations in a peptidoglycan biosynthesis gene cause competence induction in haemophilus influenzae.	we have identified three new haemophilus influenzae mutations causing cells to exhibit extreme hypercompetence at all stages of growth. the mutations are in mure, which encodes the meso-diaminopimelate-adding enzyme of peptidoglycan synthesis. all are point mutations causing nonconservative amino acid substitutions, two at a poorly conserved residue (g(435)-->r and g(435)-->w) and the third at a highly conserved leucine (l(361)-->s). the mutant strains have very similar phenotypes and do not exh ...	2000	10852860
risk factors in causing outbreaks of food-borne illness originating in schoollunch facilities in japan.	we reviewed records of all outbreaks of food-borne illnesses due to schoollunch in japan from 1987 through 1996 to determine the risk factors causing these outbreaks. major hazards in 269 outbreaks were salmonella spp., campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. foods including uncooked or partially cooked items, salad or egg products presented a high risk in 62 outbreaks with confirmed food sources. contaminated food items were involved in 29 incidents (46.8%); storage of ...	2000	10852411
fur positive regulation of iron superoxide dismutase in escherichia coli: functional analysis of the sodb promoter.	in escherichia coli, the expression of sodb, which encodes iron superoxide dismutase, has been suggested to be activated by fur, the iron-responsive global regulator initially characterized as a transcriptional repressor. we investigated sodb regulation by functional analysis of the sodb promoter using sodb-lac fusions with various truncated and mutated promoters. several cis- and trans-acting elements involved in sodb regulation have been identified. the beta-galactosidase activity of sodb-lacz ...	2000	10850997
role of the dpr product in oxygen tolerance in streptococcus mutans.	we have previously identified and characterized the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase of streptococcus mutans, which consists of two components, nox-1 and ahpc. deletion of both nox-1 and ahpc had no effect on the sensitivity of s. mutans to cumene hydroperoxide or h(2)o(2), implying that the existence of another antioxidant system(s) independent of the nox-1-ahpc system compensates for the deficiency. here, a new antioxidant gene (dpr for dps-like peroxide resistance gene) was isolated from the s. ...	2000	10850989
florid computed tomographic appearance of acute campylobacter enterocolitis.	a 28-year-old male presented with severe abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea. computed tomographic scan showed marked swelling of the distal ileum and entire colorectum. the patient recovered and campylobacter jejuni was subsequently grown from his faeces.	2000	10849986
bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis subsequent to campylobacter jejuni enteritis.		2000	10836867
a novel two-over-two alpha-helical sandwich fold is characteristic of the truncated hemoglobin family.	small hemoproteins displaying amino acid sequences 20-40 residues shorter than (non-)vertebrate hemoglobins (hbs) have recently been identified in several pathogenic and non-pathogenic unicellular organisms, and named 'truncated hemoglobins' (trhbs). they have been proposed to be involved not only in oxygen transport but also in other biological functions, such as protection against reactive nitrogen species, photosynthesis or to act as terminal oxidases. crystal structures of trhbs from the cil ...	2000	10835341
molecular characterization of campylobacter jejuni from patients with guillain-barré and miller fisher syndromes.	campylobacter jejuni has been identified as the predominant cause of antecedent infection in guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) and miller fisher syndrome (mfs). the risk of developing gbs or mfs may be higher after infection with specific c. jejuni types. to investigate the putative clonality, 18 gbs- or mfs-related c. jejuni strains from the netherlands and belgium and 17 control strains were analyzed by serotyping (penner and lior), restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of pcr products ...	2000	10834992
role of vaca and caga in helicobacter pylori inhibition of mucin synthesis in gastric mucous cells.	the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of helicobacter pylori on the function of gastric mucous cells. h. pylori (10(4) to 10(7) cfu/well) was incubated with the mucin-producing gastric cell line hm02 for 12 and 24 h. mucin synthesis and secretion were determined by the incorporation of d-n-[acetyl-(14)c]glucosamine into intracellular and released high-molecular-weight glycoproteins. caga-positive, cytotoxin-producing and non-cytotoxin-producing h. pylori strains impaired the incorp ...	2000	10834979
rpob gene analysis as a novel strategy for identification of spirochetes from the genera borrelia, treponema, and leptospira.	spirochetes are emerging pathogens for which culture and identification are partly unresolved. in fact, 16s rrna-based sequencing is by far the most widely used pcr methodology that is able to detect such uncultivable pathogens. however, this assay actually has some limitations linked to potential problems of contamination, which hampers diagnosis. to circumvent this, we have devised a simple pcr strategy involving targeting of the gene encoding the rna polymerase beta subunit (rpob), a highly c ...	2000	10834976
macrorestriction fingerprinting of "streptococcus milleri" group bacteria by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.	although isolates of the "streptococcus milleri" group (smg) of bacteria are regarded as members of the commensal microflora of the body, they are frequently encountered in purulent infections from a range of body sites. the genetic diversity of 91 epidemiologically unrelated smg isolates (including 37 commensal strains and 49 disease-associated strains) was analyzed by macrorestriction fingerprinting (mf). the genomes were digested with smai and apai independently, and fragments were resolved b ...	2000	10834967
isolation and characterization of strains cvo and fwko b, two novel nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria isolated from oil field brine.	bacterial strains cvo and fwko b were isolated from produced brine at the coleville oil field in saskatchewan, canada. both strains are obligate chemolithotrophs, with hydrogen, formate, and sulfide serving as the only known energy sources for fwko b, whereas sulfide and elemental sulfur are the only known electron donors for cvo. neither strain uses thiosulfate as an energy source. both strains are microaerophiles (1% o(2)). in addition, cvo grows by denitrification of nitrate or nitrite wherea ...	2000	10831429
cloning and characterization of the mammalian brain-specific, mg2+-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase.	the enzymatic breakdown of sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinases is considered the major source of the second messenger ceramide. studies on the contribution of the various described acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases to the signaling pool of ceramide have been hampered by the lack of molecular data on the neutral sphingomyelinases (nsmases). we recently identified a mammalian nsmase, an integral membrane protein with remote similarity to bacterial sphingomyelinases. however, its ubiquitous expre ...	2000	10823942
campylobacter jejuni-induced severe colitis--a rare cause of toxic megacolon.	the development of toxic megacolon as a sequel of infectious colitis is rare. we have observed the very rare case of a campylobacter jejuni-induced toxic megacolon. a 28-year-old man was admitted with severe enterocolitis and appearance of blood in stools. he had been treated with loperamide without success. two days after admission stool cultures revealed campylobacter jejuni and then an oral antibiotic therapy was started. on the fifth day clinical performance deteriorated again with developme ...	2000	10820863
direct urease test on bactec blood cultures: early presumptive diagnosis of brucellosis in an area of endemicity.		2000	10819622
innate immune responses in children and adults with shigellosis.	an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators of the innate immune system was analyzed in stool, urine, and rectal mucosa samples from adults and children with shigellosis to better understand their role in recovery from and in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. increased concentrations of lactoferrin (lf), myeloperoxidase (mpo), prostaglandin e(2), and leukotriene b(4) (ltb(4)) in stool during acute shigellosis in both children and adults indicated that activated cells of the innate defe ...	2000	10816520