Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| [five cases of detected fecal clostridium difficile toxin during elemental diet]. | 1999 | 10434560 | |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea. it can be serious. | 1999 | 10424198 | |
| [acute infectious diarrheal disease in romania: 1993-1998]. | the decrease of morbidity-mortality caused by gastroenteritis is in relation to the factors largely responsible for the fall in infant mortality and mortality from communicable diseases in developing countries. nevertheless, diarrhea is still a considerable public health problem in these countries, especially among children under 5 years old. 98% of all deaths in children younger than 15 years are in the developing world. five of the ten leading killers are communicable, perinatal, and nutrition ... | 1998 | 10422319 |
| the actin-based motility of intracellular listeria monocytogenes is not controlled by small gtp-binding proteins of the rho- and ras-subfamilies. | in this study, we analyzed whether the actin-based motility of intracellular listeria monocytogenes is controlled by the small gtp-binding proteins of the rho- and ras-subfamilies. these signalling proteins are key regulatory elements in the control of actin dynamics and their activity is essential for the maintenance of most cellular microfilament structures. we used the clostridium difficile toxins tcdb-10463 and tcdb-1470 to specifically inactivate these gtp-binding proteins. treatment of euk ... | 1999 | 10418138 |
| [susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole using the e-test: effect of the culture medium]. | the treatment of intestinal clostridium difficile infections rests on administration of either a glycopeptide or metronidazole. given the current shifts in resistance patterns of anaerobes to antimicrobials, a study of the susceptibility of c. difficile to metronidazole was timely. the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the culture medium on the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of metronidazole as determined using the e-test. thirty-one strains were grown on three dif ... | 1999 | 10418031 |
| ["second look" at cytotoxin b of clostridium difficile in the course of diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy]. | clostridium difficile is a sporulated obligate anaerobe responsible for most cases of antibiotic-associated colitis, for 15 to 25% of cases of antibiotic-related diarrhea, and for a substantial proportion of nosocomial infections. the most important laboratory test for the diagnosis of c. difficile infection is examination of the stool for c. difficile toxins a and/or b. detection of cytotoxin b using the direct cytotoxicity assay (d-ca) is the gold standard test. whether routine isolation of th ... | 1999 | 10418011 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after short term vaginal administration of clindamycin. | a 32-yr-old woman developed frequent watery diarrhea with occult blood after 3 days treatment with clindamycin vaginal cream. clostridium difficile toxin was demonstrated in stool samples and was considered the cause of an antibiotic-associated diarrhea. no other antibiotic was used at least 3 months before the start of diarrhea. to our knowledge, antibiotic-associated diarrhea after vaginal application has previously been reported only once. | 1999 | 10406271 |
| n-acetylcysteine protects epithelial cells against the oxidative imbalance due to clostridium difficile toxins. | toxins a and b from the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile are the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembraneous colitis. at the subcellular level, they inhibit the rho family gtpases, thus causing alterations of the actin cytoskeleton. the cytoskeletal integrity is also controlled by the redox state of cells. therefore, we have evaluated whether an oxidative imbalance could be involved in the toxin-induced cytopathic effects. our results indicate that both toxins induce ... | 1999 | 10403388 |
| enterotoxin a of clostridium difficile and alpha-gal epitopes. | 1999 | 10391997 | |
| development of a new pcr-ribotyping method for clostridium difficile based on ribosomal rna gene sequencing. | pcr-ribotying, a typing method based on polymorphism in the 16s-23s intergenic spacer region, has been recently used to investigate outbreaks due to clostridium difficile. however, this method generates bands of high and close molecular masses which are difficult to separate on agarose gel electrophoresis. to improve reading of banding patterns of pcr-ribotyping applied to c. difficile, a partial sequencing of the rrna genes (16s and 23s) and intergenic spacer region has been performed, then a n ... | 1999 | 10386377 |
| deletions in the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strains. | the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene from toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (toxin a-, toxin b+) strains of clostridium difficile which were isolated in geographically separated facilities in japan and indonesia were determined. all six strains tested had identical repeating sequences with two deletions (1548 and 273 nucleotides in size) in the toxin a gene. a pcr method was designed to detect the deletions and the deletions were confirmed in all 50 toxin a-, toxin b+ strains examined by ... | 1999 | 10386368 |
| [detection of clostridium difficile toxin a from stool specimens by an enzyme immunoassay kit]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is prerequisite for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. however, in japan only one toxin detection kit is commercially available, which requires computerized vidas fluorescence reader. in this study we evaluated immunocard toxin a, which is an enzyme immunoassay with a format of individual cassette and needs no special equipment to perform, by comparing with the vidas cda kit. of 61 stool specimens 12 were positive and 39 were negative by b ... | 1999 | 10386027 |
| nucleotide and peptide sequences of the open reading frame encoding a truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the open reading frame encoding a putative truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile in strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, was sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the coding region contains 2097 base pairs and has a gc content of 26.4%. the deduced polypeptide is 50 kda and is generally hydrophilic. although strain ccug 20309 of c. difficile was reported not to produce toxin a, it is enterotoxic, an inherent property of toxin a in pathogenic st ... | 1999 | 10376209 |
| incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile infection following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. | a retrospective evaluation of 200 consecutive recipients of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (pbsct) was conducted to ascertain the incidence and outcome of infection with clostridium difficile. the diagnosis was confirmed in 14 patients with diarrhea (15 episodes) at a median of 33 days after stem cell infusion. five patients were neutropenic at the time of diagnosis. every individual had adverse known risk factors such as recent or current use of antibiotic, corticosteroid ... | 1999 | 10373070 |
| clinical characteristics and antibiotic utilization in surgical patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) remains a significant problem in surgical patients. to address this, we prospectively studied all episodes of treated cdad in surgical inpatients at the university of virginia hospital from december 1996 through march 1998. cdad accounted for 3.2 per cent (32) of 1000 total infections. compared with a randomly selected control group with other nosocomial infections, patients with cdad had a longer period from the time of admission to diagnosis of ... | 1999 | 10366203 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea. | 1999 | 10360986 | |
| possible role of cross-transmission between neonates and mothers with recurrent clostridium difficile infections. | 1999 | 10358237 | |
| the accordion sign at ct: a nonspecific finding in patients with colonic edema. | to determine whether the "accordion sign" is a specific computed tomographic (ct) sign of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10352600 |
| factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to clostridium difficile. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is responsible for a spectrum of disease severity ranging from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis. this study attempts to determine the proportion of patients in each category of severity and evaluate the risk factors for a more prolonged and complicated course. | 1999 | 10350405 |
| clostridium difficile in leicester hospital. | 1999 | 10344091 | |
| an outbreak of toxin a negative, toxin b positive clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a canadian tertiary-care hospital. | 1999 | 10344088 | |
| characterization of surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | surface layers (s-layers) are regularly ordered protein subunits found as the outermost cell envelope component of many bacteria. most s-layers are composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species with a molecular weight varying between 40 and 200 kda. clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) and pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) in humans. detection of the s-layer in some c. difficile strains, and preliminary characterization of two glycoproteins, ... | 1999 | 10343411 |
| susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and etest. | a prospective study on the susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin using the etest and disk diffusion test was performed over a 6-month period. one hundred strains were tested; one strain was highly resistant to metronidazole (mic = 64 micrograms/ml). the zone size of inhibition by the disk diffusion test correlated with the mic as determined by the etest (regression coefficient = -0.043 for metronidazole and -0.044 for vancomycin, p < 0.001 for both antibiotics). ... | 1999 | 10342100 |
| teneurin-1, a vertebrate homologue of the drosophila pair-rule gene ten-m, is a neuronal protein with a novel type of heparin-binding domain. | the drosophila gene ten-m is the first pair-rule gene not encoding a transcription factor, but an extracellular protein. we have characterized a highly conserved chicken homologue that we call teneurin-1. the c-terminal part harbors 26 repetitive sequence motifs termed yd-repeats. the yd-repeats are most similar to the core of the rhs elements of escherichia coli. related repeats in toxin a of clostridium difficile are known to bind specific carbohydrates. we show that recombinantly expressed pr ... | 1999 | 10341219 |
| detection and transcription of toxin dna in a nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. | genomic dna from three clostridium difficile strains was analyzed by pcr for dna sequences encoding toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). toxigenic control strain vpi 10463 possessed tcda, tcdb, and an open reading frame (tcde) between these two genes, whereas nontoxigenic control strain 85 lacked each of these genetic determinants. however, strain m90, also a nontoxigenic strain, was found to possess tcda, tcdb, and tcde. normally the presence of toxin genes is associated with toxigenicity. analys ... | 1999 | 10341072 |
| in vitro activity of ly 333328 against anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. | ly 333328 is a new semisynthetic glycopeptide with reported activity against aerobic gram-positive cocci such as enterococci, pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci. the present investigation was undertaken to determine the in vitro activity of ly 333328 against 178 gram-positive anaerobic bacteria recently isolated from human infections. the activity was compared with that of vancomycin, teicoplanin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. peptostreptococci (48 strains): ly 333 ... | 1999 | 10326737 |
| the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | this study was initiated to evaluate the role of c. difficile in diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics, to determine which antibiotics are most often responsible, to characterize the response to several different treatment regimens, and to define the relapse rate as seen in a large teaching hospital in turkey. | 1999 | 10228818 |
| immunogenicity of a salmonella typhimurium aroa arod vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the c-terminal repeat domain of clostridium difficile toxin a harbors toxin-neutralizing epitopes and is considered to be a candidate component of a vaccine against c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). fourteen of the 38 c-terminal toxin a repeats (14cdta) were cloned into ptech-1 in frame with the immunogenic fragment c of tetanus toxin (tetc) to generate plasmid p56tetc. expression of the tetc-14cdta fusion protein was driven from the anaerobically inducible nirb promoter within attenuated ... | 1999 | 10225867 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone. | the in vitro and in vivo activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, were evaluated in comparison with those of some fluoroquinolones, including a newly developed one, trovafloxacin. t-3811, a free base of t-3811me, showed a wide range of antimicrobial spectra, including activities against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in particular, t-3811 exhibited potent activity against various gram-positive cocci, with mics at which 90% of the isolates ... | 1999 | 10223917 |
| accuracy of fecal lactoferrin and other stool tests for diagnosis of invasive diarrhea at a colombian pediatric hospital. | estimate under "real life" conditions the operating characteristics of several stool tests for determining whether a diarrheal episode is invasive-inflammatory. | 1999 | 10223687 |
| estimated incidence of clostridium difficile infection. | 1999 | 10221890 | |
| trends in infection morbidity in a pediatric oncology ward, 1986-1995. | we retrospectively studied the type, severity, frequency, and outcome of febrile infectious complications in 217 cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy (603 episodes) over a 10-year period in a single pediatric institution. | 1999 | 10219334 |
| laboratory diagnosis of toxigenic clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction: presence of toxin genes and their stable expression in toxigenic isolates from japanese individuals. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection is finally accomplished by the isolation of toxigenic c. difficile. however, only a small number of japanese clinical laboratories are able to reach a definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection, probably because simple reliable assays for toxins in the isolates are not available. in this study, we examined the compatibility of a polymerase chain reactio ... | 1999 | 10204609 |
| clostridium difficile: an update on its epidemiology and role in hospital outbreaks in england and wales. | data from the surveillance system of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and from laboratory reports collated by the communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) and requests for outbreak investigation by the phls anaerobe reference unit were used to evaluate the current epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in england and wales. between january 1992 and december 1996, cdsc received 10,220 laboratory reports of c difficile isolation from patient's faeces and 26,873 of ... | 1999 | 10204123 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10201505 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | at our hospital, the number of cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea increased from 29 in 1993 to 210 in 1995. the case notes of 110 patients with c difficile-associated diarrhoea during the first 6 months of 1995 were analysed retrospectively. the majority of the patients (106) had received antibiotics before the onset of diarrhoea; 46 had received three or more different antibiotics and 28 had received metronidazole. in 19 patients, the first stool sample after the onset of diarr ... | 1998 | 10197216 |
| a novel cytotoxin from clostridium difficile serogroup f is a functional hybrid between two other large clostridial cytotoxins. | the large clostridial cytotoxins (lcts) constitute a group of high molecular weight clostridial cytotoxins that inactivate cellular small gtp-binding proteins. we demonstrate that a novel lct (tcdb-1470) from clostridium difficile strain 1470 is a functional hybrid between "reference" tcdb-10463 and clostridium sordellii tcsl-1522. it bound to the same specific receptor as tcdb-10463 but glucosylated the same gtp-binding proteins as tcsl-1522. all three toxins had equal enzymatic potencies but w ... | 1999 | 10196187 |
| decrease in expenditures and selected nosocomial infections following implementation of an antimicrobial-prescribing improvement program. | to evaluate changes in antimicrobial use and expenditures and the rates of selected nosocomial infections due to resistant organisms associated with implementation of an antimicrobial-prescribing improvement program. | 1997 | 10176026 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. a costly problem. | 1996 | 10160466 | |
| how to identify the cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea are due to clostridium difficile or are of enigmatic etiology. the antibiotics most often implicated are clindamycin, ampicillin or amoxicillin, and the cephalosporins. clinical signs of antibiotic-associated diarrhea may be limited to watery stools; however, evidence of colitis (fever, cramps, leukocytosis, fecal leukocytes) suggests c. difficile infection. the tissue culture assay for c. difficile toxin remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but t ... | 1994 | 10150699 |
| evaluation of a commercial latex agglutination assay for screening for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | to determine if the clostridium difficile latex agglutination assay is an effective screening procedure for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 1994 | 10150387 |
| a rapid test for c. difficile. | 1993 | 10148873 | |
| a rapid eia test for clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1991 | 10148228 | |
| improved linen handling cuts risks, ups efficiency. | 1994 | 10131501 | |
| managing hospital infections. | major infections in hospitals may cause, or contribute to, patient deaths and, at best, disrupt hospital routines. elaine leaver describes the management response to a major infection in the hospital environment. | 1992 | 10121488 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in acute and long-term care facilities. | this report presents an overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, complications, and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in acute and long-term care facilities. more studies are needed to understand the epidemiology of this disease in long-term care facilities, to identify the risk factors for its recurrence, and to evaluate new treatment modalities. | 1998 | 10099071 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: causes and cures. | clostridium difficile is the most common nosocomial pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract and has increased in frequency over time. typical symptoms of c. difficile infection include diarrhea, which is usually nonbloody, or colitis associated with severe abdominal pain, fever and/or gross or occult blood in the stools. pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), the severest form of this disease, occurs as a result of a severe inflammatory response to the c. difficile toxins. this review focuses on pmc, as ... | 1999 | 10095149 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis (clostridium difficile infection)]. | 1999 | 10088328 | |
| minimizing the threat of c. difficile. | 1999 | 10085882 | |
| antibiotic administration in patients undergoing common surgical procedures in a community teaching hospital: the chaos continues. | the influence of recently published guidelines by the surgical infection society (sis) on current surgical practice are not well documented. the appropriateness of antibiotic administration in a cohort of surgical patients undergoing elective and emergency surgery in a department of surgery in an urban, community-based, private, 560-bed teaching hospital was retrospectively reviewed. the following were the criteria defining administration as appropriate as modified from sis guidelines: prophylac ... | 1999 | 10085388 |
| the role of local actin instability in axon formation. | the role of localized instability of the actin network in specifying axonal fate was examined with the use of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. during normal neuronal development, actin dynamics and instability polarized to a single growth cone before axon formation. consistently, global application of actin-depolymerizing drugs and of the rho-signaling inactivator toxin b to nonpolarized cells produced neurons with multiple axons. moreover, disruption of the actin network in one individual gr ... | 1999 | 10082468 |
| how intestinal bacteria cause disease. | an improved understanding of how intestinal bacteria cause disease has become increasingly important because of the emergence of new enteric pathogens, increasing threats of drug resistance, and a growing awareness of their importance in malnutrition and diarrhea. reviewed here are the varied ways that intestinal bacteria cause disease, which provide fundamental lessons about microbial pathogenesis as well as cell signaling. following colonization, enteric pathogens may adhere to or invade the e ... | 1999 | 10081504 |
| neurotensin is a proinflammatory neuropeptide in colonic inflammation. | the neuropeptide neurotensin mediates several intestinal functions, including chloride secretion, motility, and cellular growth. however, whether this peptide participates in intestinal inflammation is not known. toxin a, an enterotoxin from clostridium difficile, mediates pseudomembranous colitis in humans. in animal models, toxin a causes an acute inflammatory response characterized by activation of sensory neurons and intestinal nerves and immune cells of the lamina propria. here we show that ... | 1999 | 10079105 |
| [choice of antibiotics in diarrhea due to clostridium difficile]. | 1999 | 10074847 | |
| monocytic cell necrosis is mediated by potassium depletion and caspase-like proteases. | apoptosis is a physiological cell death that culminates in mitochondrial permeability transition and the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. necrosis, in contrast, is a pathological cell death characterized by swelling of the cytoplasm and mitochondria and rapid plasma membrane disruption. necrotic cell death has long been opposed to apoptosis, but it now appears that both pathways involve mitochondrial permeability transition, raising the question of what mediates necrotic c ... | 1999 | 10070000 |
| clostridium difficile and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea--importance of c. difficile for the nephrologist. | 1999 | 10069176 | |
| toxins from anaerobic bacteria: specificity and molecular mechanisms of action. | major advances have been made in the past five years in the identification of cellular targets of toxins produced by anaerobic bacteria. these targets include the vesicular membrane docking and fusion apparatus, the actin cytoskeleton, the signal transduction machinery and the cell membrane. the recent discovery that large clostridial toxins (clostridium difficile a and b toxins, c. sordellii lethal and hemorrhagic toxins, and alpha c. novyi toxin) are monoglucosyltransferases, together with the ... | 1998 | 10066460 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile toxin in kidney transplant recipients. | 1998 | 10066067 | |
| rapid detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile from stool samples by a nested pcr of toxin b gene. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the aetiologic agent of most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the present standard method for c. difficile diagnosis is a cytotoxicity assay, performed on human fibroblast cultures. it is time consuming and requires special facilities. a nested-pcr assay detecting toxin b gene within a few hours was designed. one hundred and two stool samples were collected during four months. all samples were processed for toxin b-pcr, cul ... | 1999 | 10063477 |
| evaluation of microbicidal activity of a new disinfectant: sterilox 2500 against clostridium difficile spores, helicobacter pylori, vancomycin resistant enterococcus species, candida albicans and several mycobacterium species. | the microbicidal activity of a new disinfectant sterilox, a super-oxidized water, containing a mixture of oxidizing substances, was tested against clostridium difficile spores, helicobacter pylori, vancomycin resistant enterococcus species, candida albicans and several mycobacterium species using membrane filters. all tests were performed in duplicate with and without added horse serum at 1% and 5% v/v. distilled water, 0.35% peracetic acid (nu-cidex) and 2% glutaraldehyde were included as contr ... | 1999 | 10063471 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. implications for midwifery practice. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), a gastrointestinal infection with a wide range of manifestations whose primary symptom is diarrhea, occurs when antibiotic medications, or rarely other drugs or conditions, disrupt the normal colonic microflora, making it susceptible to the growth of toxigenic c difficile. it is a significant nosocomial infection and an increased incidence has been noted in recent years. although infrequently seen in midwifery practices, it does occur and may incr ... | 1999 | 10063221 |
| the in-vitro activity of hmr 3647, a new ketolide antimicrobial agent. | the in-vitro activity of hmr 3647, a novel ketolide, was investigated in comparison with those of erythromycin a, roxithromycin, clarithromycin (14-membered ring macrolides), amoxycillin-clavulanate and ciprofloxacin against 719 recent clinical gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic isolates and type cultures. hmr 3647 generally demonstrated greater activity than the other compounds with mic90s of < or =0.5 mg/l, except for staphylococcus epidermidis (mic90 > 128 mg/l), haemophilus influenza ... | 1998 | 10052892 |
| antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for pseudomembranous colitis and many cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. because of potential relapse of disease with current antimicrobial therapy protocols, there is a need for additional and/or alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of disease caused by c. difficile. we have synthesized a systematic series of 14 structurally simple bismuth compounds and assessed their biological activities against c. difficile ... | 1999 | 10049270 |
| recognizing and managing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea poses a significant physical risk and cost to the recovery of hospitalized older adults. c. difficile is responsible for 75% or more of the diarrhea-associated enteric infections acquired during a hospital stay (gerding, johnson, peterson, mulligan, & silva, 1995). c. difficile is easily spread by direct or indirect contact, therefore placing other patients at great risk for contamination by this organism. nursing plays a significant role in early identi ... | 1998 | 10036439 |
| human diseases caused by exotoxins produced by anaerobes and their rapid detection. | major human diseases caused by exotoxins produced by anaerobes include botulisms, tetanus, foodborne illness caused by enterotoxin-producing clostridium perfringens, and diarrhea/colitis caused by toxigenic clostridium difficile. recently, enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis (etbf) has been recognized, that may be related to childhood diarrheal disease. detection test of botulinal neurotoxin is hardly performed at clinical laboratories since the most reliable means of detection and identificati ... | 1998 | 10036379 |
| participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in rats. | reactive oxygen metabolites (roms) contribute to the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation. our aim was to ascertain the involvement of roms in experimental ileitis in rats produced by toxin a of clostridium difficile. intraluminal toxin a caused a significant increase in hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide production by ileal microsomes starting 1 h following toxin exposure and peaking at 2-3 h, and this was inhibited by pretreatment with dmso, a rom scavenger, or superoxide dismutase ( ... | 1999 | 9950823 |
| a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of oral trovafloxacin on bowel microflora in healthy male volunteers. | treatment with oral antibiotic drugs generally influences normal fecal flora. these changes can be both beneficial (eg, elimination of aerobic, gram-negative bacilli) and detrimental (eg, the appearance of resistant pathogenic micro-organisms). trovafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone with in vitro activity against anaerobes, and gram-negative, gram-positive, and atypical pathogens, is a potentially beneficial antimicrobial for bowel sterilization. this double-blind trial investigated the effect of ... | 1998 | 9935254 |
| atypical presentation of clostridium difficile colitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. | objective: this report describes the unusual presentation of clostridium difficile colitis in five patients with cystic fibrosis and the role of ct in first suggesting the correct diagnosis in this group of patients. because of the absence of watery diarrhea and the presence of abdominal bloating and decreased stooling, cystic fibrosis patients with c. difficile colitis will be treated for stool impaction, meconium ileus equivalent, or distal intestinal obstruction syndrome. ct of the abdomen, p ... | 1999 | 9930816 |
| [resistance of respiratory and enteral bacteria to antibiotics]. | 1998 | 9927887 | |
| [clostridium difficile as an inducer of inflammatory diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile has been pointed out as an important agent of diarrheal diseases associated with antibiotic use. however, due to its complexity, the physiopathology of these diseases is only partially elucidated, although a series of scientific works has demonstrated the importance of toxins a and b in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diarrhea induced by this microorganism. the inflammatory mechanisms involved in the biological activities of these toxins are complex. there are some stu ... | 1999 | 9927825 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. | to describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, patient impact, and treatment strategies for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 1999 | 9927265 |
| differing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea between an oncology ward and a general medicine ward. | 1999 | 9927258 | |
| association of clostridium difficile with enterocolitis and lactose intolerance in a foal. | diagnoses of clostridium difficile enterocolitis and lactose intolerance were made in a neonatal foal with persistent diarrhea. it was determined that the foal had lactose intolerance on the basis of the results of a lactose tolerance test, and a diagnosis of c difficile enterocolitis was subsequently made. the foal responded to oral administration of metronidazole and lactase. lactose intolerance is a secondary problem most commonly associated with rotavirus infection, but it can be caused by a ... | 1999 | 9926015 |
| clostridium difficile: a survey of fecal carriage in cats in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. | fecal samples collected from 245 cats over a 6-month period were analyzed for the presence of clostridium difficile. after culture on selective media, isolates were identified by a latex agglutination test, and the presence of toxin a and toxin b gene sequences was determined by polymerase chain reaction. clostridium difficile was isolated from 23 (9.4%) of the cats, and 34.8% of that group were colonized with toxigenic strains. all of the cats colonized with toxigenic c. difficile had > or = 1 ... | 1999 | 9925212 |
| multicentre evaluation of a commercial test for the rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-mediated antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | an immunoassay for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in stool samples (clearview c. diff a; unipath, uk) was evaluated against the cell cytotoxicity assay using 407 stool samples from patients suspected to have, or considered at risk of, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. of the samples tested, 98 were positive and 280 were negative by both tests (sensitivity 83.1%, specificity 96.9%). following resolution of the 29 discrepant results, the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassa ... | 1998 | 9923521 |
| reactive oligoarthritis in a patient with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. review of the literature. | a 57-year-old man developed oligoarthritis of the right sacroiliac joint, knee and elbow in the wake of clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. he was hla b27-positive and had a history of reiter's syndrome. his joint manifestations resolved after a course of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy and injection of the right knee with triamcinolone acetonide. clostridium difficile should be recognized as a rare cause of reactive arthritis. | 1998 | 9923050 |
| comparative anti-anaerobic activity of men 10700, a penem antibiotic. | the in vitro activity of men 10700, a new penem, has been compared with that of metronidazole, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, co-amoxiclav, imipenem and three third generation cephalosporins against 120 strains of anaerobes. the organisms tested comprised clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis and speciated members of the genera fusobacterium, veillonella and peptostreptococcus. men 10700 showed activity similar to that of imipenem, and was more potent than metronidazo ... | 1998 | 9916909 |
| serum antitoxin antibodies mediate systemic and mucosal protection from clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. | clostridium difficile is the bacterial pathogen identified as the cause of pseudomembranous colitis and is principally responsible for nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. the pathologic findings associated with this infection are believed to be caused by two large (approximately 300-kda) exotoxins, toxins a and b. because of the mucosal nature of this infection, vaccination strategies aimed at providing prophylactic or therapeutic immune protection have included immunization b ... | 1999 | 9916055 |
| bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains c difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. | bovine immunoglobulin concentrate (bic)-clostridium difficile is prepared from the colostrum of cows immunised against c difficile toxins and contains high concentrations of neutralising igg antitoxin. | 1999 | 9895380 |
| pcr targeted to the 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer region of clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different pcr ribotypes. | a reference library of types of clostridium difficile has been constructed by pcr ribotyping isolates (n = 2,030) from environmental (n = 89), hospital (n = 1,386), community practitioner (n = 395), veterinary (n = 27), and reference (n = 133) sources. the library consists of 116 distinct types identified on the basis of differences in profiles generated with pcr primers designed to amplify the 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer region. isolates from 55% of infections in hospitals in the united ... | 1999 | 9889244 |
| nosocomial infections in hand surgery. | the active and experienced hand surgeon should have enough knowledge to recognize both common and uncommon hand infections. control of hospital-acquired infections, including surgical site infections, requires a knowledge of potential personal risk factors and ongoing surveillance systems to aid in prevention and early detection. current national trends may soon require that surgical-site infections be diagnosed by specific criteria that will allow comparisons of data from various locations. alt ... | 1998 | 9884892 |
| inhibition of small g proteins by clostridium sordellii lethal toxin activates cdc2 and map kinase in xenopus oocytes. | the lethal toxin (lt) from clostridium sordellii is a glucosyltransferase that modifies and inhibits small g proteins of the ras family, ras and rap, as well as rac proteins. lt induces cdc2 kinase activation and germinal vesicle breakdown (gvbd) when microinjected into full-grown xenopus oocytes. toxin b from clostridium difficile, that glucosylates and inactivates rac proteins, does not induce cdc2 activation, indicating that proteins of the ras family, ras and/or rap, negatively regulate cdc2 ... | 1998 | 9882492 |
| effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill patients. antibiotic prophylaxis can lead to contamination with clostridium difficile. | 1998 | 9882129 | |
| silver sulfadiazine induced clostridium difficile toxic megacolon in a burn patient: case report. | a 53 yr old diabetic male presented with a 34% total body surface area (tbsa) deep partial- and full-thickness burns. on post burn days 4 and 9, all of his burns were excised and grafted. although he had only been treated with topical antibiotics, he developed clostridium difficile colitis after his second surgery that progressed to toxic megacolon and perforation. the incidence and treatment of toxic megacolon secondary to c. difficile is reviewed. early diagnosis and treatment with colonoscopi ... | 1998 | 9882070 |
| prospective study of the risk of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in elderly patients following treatment with cefotaxime or piperacillin-tazobactam. | rates of clostridium difficile diarrhoea have recently been rising, with the elderly being at highest risk. | 1998 | 9882029 |
| pcr-ribotyping and pyrolysis mass spectrometry fingerprinting of environmental and hospital isolates of clostridium difficile. | the relationships between environmental isolates of clostridium difficile were examined by two typing methods, pcr ribotyping and pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pyms). the 184 isolates were divided into 23 different pcr ribotypes, 13 of which were producers of toxins a and b; the remaining 10 types did not produce either toxin a or b. pyms analysis resolved 31 groups with 60 (32.5%) isolates in one group (group 9). in both methods most of the isolates showed similar clustering. pcr ribotypes of th ... | 1998 | 9879953 |
| clostridial pathogenicity in experimental necrotising enterocolitis in gnotobiotic quails and protective role of bifidobacteria. | the pathogenesis of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis (nec) remains unclear. gnotobiotic quails fed a lactose diet have been used to investigate the role of clostridial strains originating from faecal specimens of neonates through the intestinal lesions, the changes in microflora balance and the production of bacterial metabolites, i.e., short-chain fatty acids and hydrogen. bifidobacteria are thought to exert various beneficial effects on host health, including interaction with the colonic mic ... | 1998 | 9879939 |
| monocyte adherence induced by lipopolysaccharide involves cd14, lfa-1, and cytohesin-1. regulation by rho and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. | mechanisms regulating lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced adherence to intercellular adhesion molecule (icam)-1 were examined using thp-1 cells transfected with cd14-cdna (thp-1wt). thp-1wt adherence to icam-1 was lps dose-related, time-dependent, and inhibited by antibodies to either cd14 or leukocyte function associated antigen (lfa)-1, but was independent of any change in the number of surface expressed lfa-1 molecules. a potential role for phosphatidylinositol (pi) 3-kinase (pi 3-kinase) in lps ... | 1999 | 9873050 |
| regulation of phospholipase d activity in synaptosomes permeabilized with staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. | in order to investigate the regulation of presynaptic phospholipase d (pld) activity by calcium and g proteins, we established a permeabilization procedure for rat cortical synaptosomes using staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin (30-100 microg/ml). in permeabilized synaptosomes, pld activity was significantly stimulated when the concentration of free calcium was increased from 0.1 microm to 1 microm. this activation was inhibited in the presence of kn-62 (1 microm), an inhibitor of calcium/calmodul ... | 1998 | 9872388 |
| community-acquired pneumonia. | 1998 | 9872273 | |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea after use of tacrolimus following renal transplantation. | 1998 | 9868682 | |
| acquisition of clostridium difficile and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding. | clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea, but its role in diarrhea associated with tube feeding has not been rigorously investigated. | 1998 | 9867755 |
| increasing hospitalization and death possibly due to clostridium difficile diarrheal disease. | this study calculated yearly estimated national hospital discharge (1985 to 1994) and age-adjusted death rates (1980 to 1992) due to bacterial, viral, protozoal, and ill-defined enteric pathogens. infant and young child hospitalization (but not death) rates in each category increased more than 50% during 1990 to 1994. age-adjusted death and hospitalization rates due to enteric bacterial infections and hospitalizations due to enteric viral infections have increased since 1988. the increases in ho ... | 1998 | 9866738 |
| [molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of clostridium difficile]. | 1998 | 9865068 | |
| saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in human colonic mucosa. | saccharomyces boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast used in the treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. we have reported that s. boulardii inhibits c. difficile toxin a enteritis in rats by releasing a 54-kda protease which digests the toxin a molecule and its brush border membrane (bbm) receptor (i. castagliuolo, j. t. lamont, s. t. nikulasson, and c. pothoulakis, infect. immun. 64:5225-5232, 1996). the aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of s. boulardii protease in ... | 1999 | 9864230 |
| [detection of toxin producing strains of clostridium difficile using rapid diagnostic methods]. | feces of 53 patients from different hospital wards suffering from long term post-antibiotic therapy diarrhea were tested. for direct detection of c. difficile toxin a, in samples tcd (becton-dickinson), and c. difficile toxin a test (oxoid) tests were used. toxin a was detected in 16 samples (29.6% tested). c. difficile strains were isolated from 40% of the fecal samples. toxin a was detected in 25 clostridium difficile strains with commercial tests and toxin b was detected using mccoy cell line ... | 1998 | 9857614 |
| guidelines for optimal surveillance of clostridium difficile infection in hospitals. | the availability of surveillance data on c. difficile infection in hospitals in england and wales is being jeopardised by the trend not to culture the organism for diagnostic purposes. nhs trust laboratories that no longer have the ability to isolate c. difficile cannot investigate putative outbreaks or monitor antimicrobial susceptibilities. these laboratories may now need to rely on their local public health laboratory for such investigations. recent recommendations from the department of heal ... | 1998 | 9854878 |
| clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for rhodococcus equi pneumonia. | in sweden, mares sometimes develop acute, often fatal, colitis when their foals are treated orally with erythromycin and rifampicin for rhodococcus (r.) equi infection. clostridium (c.) difficile, or its cytotoxin, was demonstrated in faecal samples from 5 of 11 (45%) mares with diarrhoea. by contrast c. difficile was not found in the faecal flora of 12 healthy mares with foals treated for r. equi infection or in 56 healthy mares with healthy untreated foals. no other enteric pathogen was isolat ... | 1998 | 9844966 |
| bacterial translocation, intestinal microflora and morphological changes of intestinal mucosa in experimental models of clostridium difficile infection. | bacteraemia and subsequent sepsis is one possible complication of clostridium difficile infection. the aim of this study was to examine a correlation between bacterial translocation with morphological changes of intestinal mucosa and shifts of intestinal microflora in experimental models of c. difficile infection. a mouse model was used to study post-antibiotic shifts and mild c. difficile infection, and hamsters were used to study fatal enterocolitis. the influence of pro- and pre-biotics (lact ... | 1998 | 9839563 |
| dioctahedral smectite neutralization activity of clostridium difficile and bacteroides fragilis toxins in vitro. | the neutralization activity of dioctahedral smectite for ten toxigenic clostridium difficile and eight enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis strains was studied using mccoy and ht 29/c1 cell lines, respectively. minimalization of the cytopathic effect of c. difficile toxin b on mccoy cell lines by dioctahedral smectite dissolved in pbs was observed. after incubation with dioctahedral smectite the toxic effects of b. fragilis enterotoxins on ht/29c1 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell line) were elim ... | 1998 | 9839376 |