Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. | probiotics are living microorganisms that can affect the host in a beneficial manner. prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria already established in the colon. efficacy of probiotic compounds has been shown in a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. lactobacillus gg alone, or the combination of bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus, is effective in the treatment of clostridium difficile, as well as in preventi ... | 2001 | 11773948 |
| molecular fingerprinting of clostridium difficile isolates: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis versus amplified fragment length polymorphism. | two molecular fingerprinting techniques, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), were used to investigate the epidemiological relatedness among clostridium difficile isolates from suspected outbreaks in three general hospitals. analysis by pfge yielded inconclusive data as a result of extensive dna degradation. although this degradation could be prevented to a certain extent by the inclusion of thiourea in the electrophoresis buffer, the weak dn ... | 2002 | 11773100 |
| adp-ribosylating binary toxin genes of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the cdt genes that encode a binary adp-ribosylating toxin in clostridium difficile were first characterized from a toxigenic c. difficile strain cd196 in 1997. we report here c. difficile strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, also carry a complete set of cdta and cdtb genes. these genes were sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the 2 orfs and the intergenic sequences of these 2 strains have a homology of 99.6%. interestingly, 9 extra bases were found wit ... | 2001 | 11761709 |
| pcr ribotyping of clinically important clostridium difficile strains from hungary. | isolates of clostridium difficile from different hospital wards at the university hospital of szeged in hungary were typed by pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions (pcr ribotyping). a total of 15 different ribotypes was detected among the 65 isolates tested. the predominant type, pcr ribotype 087, accounted for 39% of all isolates, in contrast with an international typing study where ribotype 001 was the most common. two non-toxigenic c. difficile strains were found to exhibit the ... | 2001 | 11761193 |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea: a pilot study. | this study was a pilot investigation of risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea and in particular the differential influence of antimicrobial agents. the study was a retrospective case-control design conducted at freeman hospital, newcastle upon tyne. cases were inpatients with stool positive c. difficile toxin diarrhoea and two controls were drawn for each case matched for age (+/- 5 years) and type of admission (emergency or elective). using conditi ... | 2001 | 11760491 |
| [antagonistic activity of lactobacillus bacteria strains against anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens (helicobacter pylori, campylobacter coli, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile)]. | antagonistic activity of lactobacillus strains has been known for some time. this property is connected with production of many active substances by lactobacilli e.g., organic acids and bacteriocin-like substances which interfere with other indigenous microorganisms inhabiting the same ecological niche, including also anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens. growing interest of clinical medicine in finding new approaches to treatment and prevention of common inflammatory infections of the dig ... | 2001 | 11757422 |
| impact of quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp59500) on the faecal microflora in healthy volunteers. | the effect of 5 days' administration of quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp59500) on the faecal microflora was evaluated in healthy volunteers. twenty healthy volunteers received 7.5 mg/kg of quinupristin/dalfopristin infused over 1 h twice daily for 5 days and four received a matched placebo. faecal samples were collected before, during and after treatment (days -1/-2, 6, 8, 14/15, 35 +/- 2, 60 +/- 4, 90 +/- 4). in the treated volunteers, anaerobes, including sporulating and gram-negative bacteria, d ... | 2002 | 11751777 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa as a potential cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | although pseudomonas aeruginosa is not generally considered as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, several cases of diarrhea caused by p. aeruginosa have been reported. we experienced seven cases of nosocomial diarrhea presumably caused by p. aeruginosa, which was the predominant organism isolated from stool cultures. clostridium difficile toxin was also positive in one patient. no other potential or recognized enteropathogens were identified from stools. all patients had underlying disea ... | 2001 | 11748355 |
| phospholipase d stimulation is required for sphingosine-1-phosphate activation of actin stress fibre assembly in human airway epithelial cells. | in human airway epithelial cells, sphingosine-1-phosphate (spp) and lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) stimulated the production of phosphatidic acid (pa), which was inhibited by the primary alcohol butan-1-ol, but not by the inactive butan-2-ol, clearly indicating phospholipase d (pld) involvement. both spp and lpa stimulated actin stress fibre formation, which was also butan-2-ol-insensitive and inhibited by butan-1-ol. spp-induced pld activation and cytoskeletal remodelling were insensitive to brefe ... | 2002 | 11747992 |
| intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon: report of a case. | clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a common affliction of postoperative patients. risk factors include antibiotic therapy, recent surgery, and hospitalization (1,2,3). we present a case of pmc in a diverted colon and its treatment using vancomycin enemas. | 2001 | 11742178 |
| electroporation of dna sequences from the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic clostridium difficile into a non-toxigenic strain. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhoea. the genes tcda and tcdb, which encode for the toxin a and b proteins, are part of the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic c. difficile. genetic and virulence studies at the molecular level in c. difficile have been hindered by the lack of techniques for dna manipulation in this species. we describe the electroporation of dna fra ... | 2001 | 11735302 |
| quinolone use as a risk factor for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to determine modifiable risk factors for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2001 | 11732787 |
| protein kinase c signaling regulates zo-1 translocation and increased paracellular flux of t84 colonocytes exposed to clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a increases paracellular permeability in colonic epithelial t84 cells by mechanisms involving rhoa glucosylation and actin depolymerization. however, we previously observed that toxin a-mediated decline in transepithelial electrical resistance preceded changes in cell morphology and tight junction ultrastructure (hecht, g., pothoulakis, c., lamont, j. t., and madara, j. l. (1988) j. clin. invest. 82, 1516-1524). recent studies also showed that c. difficile toxins indu ... | 2002 | 11729192 |
| the role of clostridium difficile in childhood nosocomial diarrhea. | the role of clostridium difficile was investigated in 100 children with nosocomial diarrhea. an etiologic agent was identified in 69 cases, 8 of whom had dual infection. c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was defined in 16 children (16%). the mean age of the patients with cdad was 5.4 y (range 2 months to 13 y) and the male:female ratio was 1.2. all cases with cdad were on antibiotic therapy. cdad occurred more frequently in the cases given combined antibiotic treatment than in those given ... | 2001 | 11728036 |
| prospective evaluation of environmental contamination by clostridium difficile in isolation side rooms. | we determined prospectively the frequency, persistence and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile environmental contamination after detergent-based cleaning in side rooms used to isolate patients with c. difficile diarrhoea. approximately one-quarter of all environmental sites in side rooms sampled over four-week periods were contaminated with c. difficile. the overall side room prevalence of environmental c. difficile declined from 35% initially, to 24% in week 2, 18% in week 3, and 16 ... | 2001 | 11716638 |
| similar frequency of detection of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxins in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2001 | 11714055 | |
| analysis of expression of groel (hsp60) of clostridium difficile in response to stress. | our laboratory has previously shown that adherence of clostridium difficile to tissue culture cells is augmented by various stresses and that groel, a heat shock protein, serves an adhesive function in this bacterium. in this communication, rt-pcr, sds-page and immunoblotting were used to study the stress response in c. difficile following heat, acid or osmotic shock, iron deprivation or presence of a subinhibitory concentration of ampicillin in the culture medium. all these stresses increased t ... | 2001 | 11710845 |
| role of flic and flid flagellar proteins of clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization. | in vitro and in vivo adhesive properties of flagella and recombinant flagellin flic and flagellar cap flid proteins of clostridium difficile were analyzed. flic, flid, and crude flagella adhered in vitro to axenic mouse cecal mucus. radiolabeled cultured cells bound to a high degree to flid and weakly to flagella deposited on a membrane. the tissue association in the mouse cecum of a nonflagellated strain was 10-fold lower than that of a flagellated strain belonging to the same serogroup, confir ... | 2001 | 11705981 |
| rho inhibits camp-induced translocation of aquaporin-2 into the apical membrane of renal cells. | first published august 8, 2001; 10.1152/ajprenal.00091.2001.-we have recently demonstrated that actin depolymerization is a prerequisite for camp-dependent translocation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (aqp2) into the apical membrane in aqp2-transfected renal cd8 cells (29). the rho family of small gtpases, including cdc42, rac, and rho, regulates the actin cytoskeleton. in aqp2-transfected cd8 cells, inhibition of rho gtpases with clostridium difficile toxin b or with c. limosum c3 fusion toxi ... | 2001 | 11704560 |
| factors associated with nosocomial diarrhea and clostridium difficile-associated disease on the adult wards of an urban tertiary care hospital. | a prospective survey of the adult inpatient population of an urban tertiary care hospital was conducted to determine factors associated with the development of nosocomial diarrhea and the acquisition of clostridium difficile-associated disease. during the 3-month survey, 98 patients with nosocomial diarrhea were enrolled, and 38 controls were recruited. the controls were patients without diarrhea lying in beds adjacent to the affected patients. factors significantly associated with nosocomial di ... | 2000 | 11699546 |
| enhancement of survival by lpa via erk1/erk2 and pi 3-kinase/akt pathways in a murine hepatocyte cell line. | first published september 5, 2001; 10.1152/ajpcell.00077.2001.-protective mechanisms for lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) against cell death caused by clostridium difficile toxin, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) plus d-galactosamine, were investigated in a murine hepatocyte cell line aml12 expressing edg2 lpa receptor. in these models of hepatocellular injury, lpa prevented hepatocyte damage, suppressed apoptosis, and enhanced cell survival in a dose-dependent fashion. the protective effec ... | 2001 | 11698260 |
| pathogenesis of infectious diarrhea. | a brief overview of some of the main features involved in normal physiological bi-directional absorption and secretion of fluid in the gut is given, including the nature and cellular location of key enzymes, ion pumps, symports, antiports and diffusion channels; the microanatomy of intestinal villous vasculature and the dynamics of villus blood flow, which together generate hypertonic zones in villus tip regions; and the production, differentiation, escalator movement (from crypt to villus tip) ... | 2001 | 11694903 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile colitis: an update. | c. difficile colitis ranges from mild diarrhea to life-threatening "toxic" illness with fever, severe diarrhea, and abdominal pain. a colitis, frequently with a pseudomembrone, is the characteristic finding on sigmoidoscopy and is caused by one of more toxins elaborated by the organism clostridium difficile. the clinical syndrome is not specific and can be mimicked by other colonic infections, inflammatory bowel disease, radiation colitis, or ischemic colitis. the diagnosis should be suspected i ... | 2001 | 11692783 |
| limitations of presently available glycopeptides in the treatment of gram-positive infection. | the glycopeptide antibacterial drugs vancomycin and teicoplanin are widely used in hospitals for therapy of severe or multiresistant gram-positive infections, notably staphylococcal, enterococcal and rarely pneumococcal. vancomycin has also been used in the management of clostridium difficile enteropathy. the incidence and potential for resistance differ between agents. the in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical use of glycopeptide, as well as epidemiology of glycopeptide resistance ar ... | 2001 | 11688535 |
| human infections caused by glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus spp: are they a zoonosis? | following the detection of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (gre) in 1986 and their subsequent global dissemination during the 1990s, many studies have attempted to identify the reservoirs and lines of resistance transmission as a basis for intervention. the eradication of reservoirs and the prevention of gre spread is of major importance for two reasons: (i) the emergence of high-level glycopeptide resistance in invasive enterococcal clinical isolates that are already multiresistant, has left ... | 2001 | 11688531 |
| [recurrent fatal pseudomembranous colitis]. | clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis may trace a fulminent course and require surgery. | 2001 | 11688204 |
| nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to a clindamycin-resistant enterotoxin a-negative strain. | a clindamycin-resistant toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strain caused an outbreak among 24 hospitalized patients at the department of surgery, the intensive care unit, and the department of internal medicine of an 800-bed academic hospital. nineteen patients had undergone a surgical intervention and all 24 patients received at least one dose of antibiotics prior to the development of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. twenty-seven episodes of clostridium diffici ... | 2001 | 11681431 |
| bacterial protein toxins inhibiting low-molecular-mass gtp-binding proteins. | the rho gtpases, which belong to the ras superfamily of low-molecular-mass gtp-binding proteins, are the preferred intracellular targets of bacterial protein toxins. the rho gtpases rhoa/b/c, rac1/2 and cdc42 are the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. clostridium difficile toxins a and b, the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, are intracellularly acting cytotoxins which mono-glucosylate the rho gtpases. clostridium botulinum c3 toxin, which is not r ... | 2001 | 11680784 |
| [what is your diagnosis? pseudomembranous colitis]. | 2001 | 11680119 | |
| what is an appropriate control group to identify risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea? | 2001 | 11679574 | |
| reduced susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole. | 2001 | 11679570 | |
| pancreatic hyperamylasemia during acute gastroenteritis: incidence and clinical relevance. | many case reports of acute pancreatitis have been reported but, up to now, pancreatic abnormalities during acute gastroenteritis have not been studied prospectively. | 2001 | 11667952 |
| insulin stimulates actin comet tails on intracellular glut4-containing compartments in differentiated 3t3l1 adipocytes. | incubation of isolated glut4-containing vesicles with xenopus oocyte extracts resulted in a guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (gtp gamma s) and sodium orthovanadate stimulation of actin comet tails. the in vitro actin-based glut4 vesicle motility was inhibited by both latrunculin b and a dominant-interfering n-wasp mutant, n-wasp/delta vca. preparations of gently sheared (broken) 3t3l1 adipocytes also displayed gtp gamma s and sodium orthovanadate stimulation of actin comet tails on glut4 in ... | 2001 | 11606595 |
| clinical quiz. an ileocolonic intussusception associated with c. difficile infection. | 2001 | 11601434 | |
| [clostridium difficile reactive arthritis]. | 2001 | 11598549 | |
| decompressive colonoscopy with intracolonic vancomycin administration for the treatment of severe pseudomembranous colitis. | we explored the potential of early decompressive colonoscopy with intracolonic vancomycin administration as an adjunctive therapy for severe pseudomembranous clostridium difficile colitis with ileus and toxic megacolon. | 2001 | 11591962 |
| modulation of cox-2 expression by statins in human aortic smooth muscle cells. involvement of geranylgeranylated proteins. | cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 and cox-1 play an important role in prostacyclin production in vessels and participate in maintaining vascular homeostasis. statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (hmg coa) reductase, which is crucial in cholesterol biosynthesis. recently, cholesterol-independent effects of statins have been described. in this study, we evaluated the effect of two inhibitors of hmg coa reductase, mevastatin and lovastatin, on the production of prostacyclin and the ... | 2001 | 11591701 |
| iron-sulfur flavoprotein (isf) from methanosarcina thermophila is the prototype of a widely distributed family. | a total of 35 homologs of the iron-sulfur flavoprotein (isf) from methanosarcina thermophila were identified in databases. all three domains were represented, and multiple homologs were present in several species. an unusually compact cysteine motif ligating the 4fe-4s cluster in isf is conserved in all of the homologs except two, in which either an aspartate or a histidine has replaced the second cysteine in the motif. a phylogenetic analysis of isf homologs identified four subgroups, two of wh ... | 2001 | 11591665 |
| extra-intestinal infections caused by clostridium difficile. | the objective of this paper was to investigate the incidence of extra-intestinal infections caused by clostridium difficile. during a 10-year period, the microbiology laboratory of our institution isolated 2034 isolates of c. difficile. of the 2034 isolates, 21 (1.08%) were obtained from extra-intestinal sources. this represents an incidence of extra-intestinal isolation of four cases per 100 000 admissions. we were able to review the records of 17 patients for our study. the isolates in 12 pati ... | 2001 | 11591212 |
| clinical microbiological case: a heart transplant recipient with diarrhea and abdominal pain. recurring c. difficile infection. | 2001 | 11591211 | |
| clostridium difficile cytotoxin b in adults with diarrhea: a comparison of patients treated or not treated with antibiotics prior to infection. | to study the detection rate of clostridium difficile cytotoxin b in stool specimens from adults with diarrhea as related to previous antimicrobial treatment. | 2001 | 11591210 |
| clonal dissemination of a toxin-a-negative/toxin-b-positive clostridium difficile strain from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in poland. | to determine the incidence of toxin-a-negative/toxin-b-positive clostridium difficile strains and their genetic relatedness in the feces of patients suffering from antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) in polish hospitals. | 2001 | 11591209 |
| characteristics of clostridium difficile strains isolated from asymptomatic individuals and from diarrheal patients. | to characterise genotypes of clostridium difficile strains isolated from asymptomatic individuals and patients with diarrhea. | 2001 | 11591208 |
| mathematical modeling of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. however, the number of cases in an outbreak is usually relatively small. this precludes many traditional statistical methods of modeling epidemics. stochastic models are designed to deal with small numbers and are promising methods of understanding c. difficile epidemiology. this is illustrated by a reversible jump markov chain monte carlo model based on the herd immunity hypothesis of c. difficile outbreaks ... | 2001 | 11591207 |
| typing of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is primarily recognised as a nosocomially acquired pathogen manifesting in gastrointestinal disease subsequent to the patient receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. infection can be sporadic, but outbreaks commonly occur within a ward or hospital as a result of cross-infection. since the 1980s, the epidemiology of c. difficile disease has been studied by the application of many different typing or fingerprinting methods; these, and the lessons learned, are reviewed herein. | 2001 | 11591206 |
| the pathogenicity of clostridium difficile. | it is now well established that the major virulence factors of c. difficile are the two toxins a and b. however, the organism possesses an array of other putative virulence factors that may be important for localisation within the colon, and in evasion of the immune system. it has been observed that certain types of c. difficile are more commonly found causing disease than others, and this seems to be independent of toxin production. is this simply a reflection of their abundance in the hospital ... | 2001 | 11591205 |
| how to detect clostridium difficile variant strains in a routine laboratory. | toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strains (a-/b+) are the best studied examples of clostridium difficile variant strains. in addition, there are some other groups of variant c. difficile strains that produce both toxins (a+/b+) or are non-cytotoxic (a-/b-) but differ from the reference strain vpi 10463 in their toxin genes. here we describe two simple methods (amplification of the tcda gene and amplification of the binary toxin gene cdta) which can be used in rapid screening for variant c. diff ... | 2001 | 11591204 |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is based on culture and toxin detection in fecal specimens. culture is performed on a commercially available selective media. c. difficile colony morphology is typical when viewed under a dissecting microscope. definitive identification is best obtained by gas liquid chromatography. culture is very sensitive but, when used alone without toxin testing, it leads to low specificity and misdiagnosis of cdad when high rates o ... | 2001 | 11591203 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated infections. | clostridium difficile is responsible for 15-25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and for virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). this anaerobic bacterium has been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults and can be responsible for large outbreaks. nosocomial c. difficile infection results in an increased length of stay in hospital ranging from 8 to 21 days. risk factors for c. difficile-associated diarrhea in ... | 2001 | 11591202 |
| the role of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and a common complaint in clinical practice. routine empirical use of antibiotics for infectious diarrhea should be avoided because of the self-limited nature of most cases, the cost of antibiotics, and the potential to worsen the already significant problem of antibiotic resistance of enteric pathogens. for patients with severe invasive or prolonged diarrhea or who are at high risk of complications, such as the elderly, diabe ... | 2001 | 11586559 |
| clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. the incidence of infection with this organism is increasing in hospitals worldwide, consequent to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. pathogenic strains of c. difficile produce two protein exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, that cause colonic mucosal injury and inflammation. many patients who are colonized are asymptomatic, and recent evidence indicates that diarrhea and colitis occur in those indivi ... | 2001 | 11586556 |
| the problem with cephalosporins. | the cephalosporin antibiotics have become a major part of the antibiotic formulary for hospitals in affluent countries. they are prescribed for a wide variety of infections every day. their undoubted popularity relies upon lesser allergenic and toxicity risks as well as a broad spectrum of activity. it is the latter feature, however, that encourages the selection of microorganisms that are resistant to these agents. there are long-term implications for the treatment and control of this heterogen ... | 2001 | 11581224 |
| necrotizing fasciitis: a case of clostridial myonecrosis. | 2001 | 11579903 | |
| radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for early invasive cancer of the cervix - 14-year experience. | during a 14-year period, 397 radical hysterectomies and pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed for early invasive carcinoma of the cervix. twenty-one patients were in stage ia2 with lymphatic/vascular channel permeation (5.2%), 340 in stage ib (85.6%) and 34 in early stage 2a disease (8.5%). eighteen patients (4.5%) were pregnant. adenocarcinoma comprised 26.9% of cases. the mean operative time was 4.14 h; the intraoperative blood loss was less than 1.51 in 77.3% patients. there was no operativ ... | 1993 | 11578351 |
| pseudomembranous colitis without diarrhea presenting clinically as acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction. | pseudomembranous colitis usually presents with diarrhea in a clinical setting of recent antibiotic use. it is uncommon to see it as a cause of obstipation and colonic pseudo-obstruction. we report an unusual case of an elderly woman with hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus, who was admitted with fever, abdominal pain, and distension without diarrhea. she presented with decreased stool frequency and obst ... | 2001 | 11578068 |
| genomic analysis of the erythromycin resistance element tn5398 from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes a range of chronic intestinal diseases, usually as a result of antimicrobial therapy. macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls) resistance in c. difficile is encoded by the erm b resistance determinant, which is thought to be located on a conjugative transposon, tn5398. the 9630 bp tn5398 element has been cloned and completely sequenced and its insertion site determined. analysis of the resultant data reveals that tn5398 is not a class ... | 2001 | 11577151 |
| evidence for antibiotic induced clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is a well documented cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients, but may account for only approximately 20% of all cases. this leader reviews the current knowledge and understanding of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis of non-food borne clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. although enterotoxigenic c perfringens has been implicated in some c difficile negative cases of antibiotic associated diarrhoea, c perfringens enterotoxin detection metho ... | 2001 | 11577119 |
| summaries for patients. fatal inflammatory condition in a patient with a variant bacterial strain. | 2001 | 11575281 | |
| colonic disorders in adult cystic fibrosis. | by 1996, the median survival of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) in north america had increased to 31 years. with the markedly improved life expectancy, many cf patients are now adults. there is an associated increased risk of certain colonic disorders, and the emergence of other previously unrecognized disorders, in adult cf patients. the distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (dios), which is more common in older patients, is a frequent cause of abdominal pain. intussusception may complicate ... | 2001 | 11573101 |
| [diarrhea due to a toxin of clostridium difficile in hemato-oncological patients]. | 2001 | 11572182 | |
| [diarrhea by clostridium difficile]. | 2001 | 11571128 | |
| failure of single-toxin assays to detect clostridium difficile infection in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. | the aims of this retrospective study were 1) to determine the ability of single-toxin assays for clostridium difficile to detect infection among pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and 2) to determine the toxin assays routinely used by pediatric tertiary care hospitals in the united states. | 2001 | 11569696 |
| clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy. | clostridium difficile infection is usually associated with antibiotic therapy and is almost always limited to the colonic mucosa. small bowel enteritis is rare: only 9 cases have been previously cited in the literature. this report describes a case of c. difficile small bowel enteritis that occurred in a patient after total colectomy and reviews the 9 previously reported cases of c. difficile enteritis. | 2001 | 11565085 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile by e test. | the in vitro inhibitory activity of 11 antimicrobials against 44 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile was investigated. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined using e test. metronidazole (mic90 0.38 microg/ml), teicoplanin (mic90 0.75 microg/ml) and vancomycin (mic90 1.0 microg/ml) were very active against the isolates examined, whereas, resistance to imipenem, cefoxitin, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin was found in most of the tested strains. we concluded that teicoplanin ... | 1999 | 11561576 |
| fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin a immunoassay. | many clinical laboratories use toxin a immunoassays to test for clostridium difficile. | 2001 | 11560456 |
| lack of effect of lactobacillus gg on antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | to assess the efficacy of lactobacillus gg in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) in adults and, secondarily, to assess the effect of coadministered lactobacillus gg on the number of tests performed to determine the cause of diarrhea. | 2001 | 11560298 |
| characterization of the enzymatic component of the adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdta from clostridium difficile. | certain strains of clostridium difficile produce the adp-ribosyltransferase cdt, which is a binary actin adp-ribosylating toxin. the toxin consists of the binding component cdtb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component cdta. here we studied the enzyme component (cdta) of the toxin using the binding component of clostridium perfringens iota toxin (ib), which is interchangeable with cdtb as a transport component. ib was used because cdtb was not expressed as a ... | 2001 | 11553537 |
| influence of anti-helicobacter triple-therapy with metronidazole, omeprazole and clarithromycin on intestinal microflora. | proton pump inhibitor-based therapy including two antibiotics is the treatment of choice for helicobacter pylori infection. oral antibiotic treatment can lead to intestinal overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. | 2001 | 11552917 |
| a comparison of side effects of levofloxacin to other agents concerning the ecological and microbiological effects on normal human flora. | the safety of levofloxacin was compared to that of non-fluoroquinolone alternatives used for respiratory tract infections. results from five randomised controlled trials revealed that the incidence of any adverse events possibly associated with levofloxacin ranged from 5.8% to 22.7%, whereas that of comparators (ceftriaxone, cefuroxime axetil, clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) ranged from 8.5% to 39.3%. the rate of adverse drug reactions (adrs) was lower for levofloxacin in all tri ... | 2001 | 11549785 |
| variation in the surface layer proteins of clostridium difficile. | surface layers (s-layers) form regular crystalline structures on the outermost surface of many bacteria. clostridium difficile possesses such an s-layer consisting of two protein subunits. treatment of whole cells of c. difficile with 5 m guanidine hydrochloride revealed two major proteins of different molecular masses characteristic of the s-layer on sds-page. in this study 25 isolates were investigated. a high degree of variability in the molecular mass of the two s-layer proteins was evident. ... | 2001 | 11549420 |
| insulin-stimulated glut4 translocation in adipocytes is dependent upon cortical actin remodeling. | rhodamine-labeled phalloidin staining of morphologically differentiated 3t3l1 adipocytes demonstrated that f-actin predominantly exists juxtaposed to and lining the inner face of the plasma membrane (cortical actin) with a smaller amount of stress fiber and/or ruffling actin confined to the cell bottom in contact with the substratum. the extent of cortical actin disruption with various doses of either latrunculin b or clostridium difficile toxin b (a rho family small gtp-binding protein toxin) d ... | 2001 | 11546823 |
| intravenous metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | severe clostridium difficile colitis may produce abdominal distention and ileus, precluding oral antibiotic therapy. stimulated by several case reports in which intravenous metronidazole was used, we reviewed our experience. | 2001 | 11535859 |
| life-threatening clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea induced by paclitaxel-carboplatin combination chemotherapy. | 2001 | 11531624 | |
| the accordion sign at ct: report of a case of crohn's disease with diffuse colonic involvement. | the accordion sign is a finding that could be seen on ct scans of the abdomen in patients who have received oral contrast material. initially, it was described as a sign specific of clostridium difficile colitis, but it is also reported to represent a sign of diffuse colonic edema of several other etiologies. we report a case of a patient with crohn's pancolitis whose abdominal ct scan presented the accordion sign throughout the entire large bowel together with signs of crohn's disease of the sm ... | 2001 | 11519553 |
| expression of connective tissue growth factor in human renal fibroblasts: regulatory roles of rhoa and camp. | the induction of connective tissue growth factor (ctgf) was investigated in a human renal fibroblast cell line that exhibited many characteristics of primary human renal fibroblasts. induction of ctgf mrna was observed after treatment of the cells with transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) or, even more prominently, lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). lpa induced a rapid transient increase in ctgf mrna expression, with maximal levels being observed after 1 to 2 h. this increase was accompanied by ... | 2001 | 11518778 |
| persistent epithelial dysfunction and bacterial translocation after resolution of intestinal inflammation. | epithelial secretion may play an important role in reducing bacterial colonization and translocation in intestine. if so, secretory dysfunction could result in increased susceptibility to infection and inflammation. we investigated whether long-term colonic secretory dysfunction occurs after a bout of colitis and if this is accompanied by an increase in bacterial colonization and translocation. rats were studied 6 wk after induction of colitis with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid when inflammation ... | 2001 | 11518675 |
| establishment of specific pathogen-free (spf) rat colonies using gnotobiotic techniques. | gnotobiotic wistar rats were produced using gnotobiotic techniques, which were established in the production of a spf mouse colony, in order to establish a barrier-sustained colony. one strain of escherichia coli, 28 strains of bacteriodaceae (b-strains), three strains of lactobacillus (l-strains) and a chloroform-treated fecal suspension (chf, clostridium mixture) were prepared from conventional wistar rats as the microflora source. two groups of limited-flora rats, e. coli plus b-strains and e ... | 2001 | 11515091 |
| the capsaicin vr1 receptor mediates substance p release in toxin a-induced enteritis in rats. | the mechanism by which clostridium difficile toxin a causes substance p (sp) release and subsequent inflammation in the rat ileum is unknown. pretreatment with the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (vr1) antagonist, capsazepine, before toxin a administration significantly inhibited toxin a-induced sp release and intestinal inflammation. intraluminal administration of the vr1 agonist capsaicin caused intestinal inflammation similar to the effects of toxin a. pretreatment with capsazepine before capsai ... | 2001 | 11514026 |
| fatal chemotherapy associated clostridium difficile infection--a case report. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea or pseudomembranous colitis occasionally occurs without prior antibiotic usage. while the association of chemotherapy and clostridium difficile infection has previously been well recorded, the true incidence is unknown. we report a case of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea after chemotherapy for lung cancer. the fatal outcome in this case and the increasing use of chemotherapy in this country highlights the need to have a high index of suspicio ... | 2001 | 11513059 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with neutropenia. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. the importance of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has been poorly investigated in patients with neutropenia who have hematologic malignancies. a retrospective chart review of all patients treated in the leukemia ward of a university medical center during 1991-2000 determined that 875 courses of myelosuppressive chemotherapy were administered. cdad occurred in 7.0% of all cycles. in 8.2% of the patients, ... | 2001 | 11512083 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile diarrhea: in search of a more efficient clinical focus]. | the clinical parameters for the suspicion of clostridium difficile infections, namely the use of antimicrobials and diarrhea, have a low predictive value for the diagnosis. | 2001 | 11510201 |
| an essential role for rac/cdc42 gtpases in cerebellar granule neuron survival. | rho family gtpases are critical molecular switches that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and cell function. in the current study, we investigated the involvement of rho gtpases in regulating neuronal survival using primary cerebellar granule neurons. clostridium difficile toxin b, a specific inhibitor of rho, rac, and cdc42, induced apoptosis of granule neurons characterized by c-jun phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, and nuclear condensation. serum and depolarization-dependent survival signa ... | 2001 | 11509562 |
| fatal clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel after complex colorectal surgery. | 2001 | 11504300 | |
| isolation of clostridium innocuum from cases of recurrent diarrhea in patients with prior clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | clostridium innocuum isolates resistant to vancomycin (mic values of 16-24 microg/ml) were isolated from three patients with recurrent clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea (cdad). we discuss the clinical significance and problems associated with the identification and differentiation of these two clostridial species, which may result in misdiagnosis of patients. | 2001 | 11502376 |
| [clostridium difficile diarrhea: frequency of detection in a medical center in buenos aires, argentina]. | clostridium difficile has been recognized as the most important enteric pathogen of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea (cdad) in adults from industrialized countries. the importance of c. difficile as a cause of diarrhea in ambulatory patients appears underestimated or under-recognized. since the 1980's, outbreaks of cdad have been increasingly reported, but there are few data available in argentina. we developed a retrospective study to provide some information about cdad in our country. ... | 2001 | 11494752 |
| colonisation and transmission of clostridium difficile in healthy individuals examined by pcr ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | healthy adults who had not been exposed to antimicrobial agents for the preceding 4 weeks were examined for intestinal carriage of clostridium difficile. the 1234 individuals examined were composed of seven groups: three classes of university students, hospital workers at two hospitals, employees of a company and self-defence force personnel at a local station. overall, 94 (7.6%) individuals were positive for c. difficile by faecal culture but carriage rates among the study groups ranged from 4. ... | 2001 | 11478676 |
| the uptake and degradation of matrix-bound lipoproteins by macrophages require an intact actin cytoskeleton, rho family gtpases, and myosin atpase activity. | a key cellular event in atherogenesis is the interaction of macrophages with lipoproteins in the subendothelium. in vivo, these lipoproteins are bound to matrix and often aggregated, yet most cell-culture experiments explore these events using soluble monomeric lipoproteins. we hypothesized that the internalization and degradation of matrix-retained and aggregated low density lipoprotein (ldl) by macrophages may involve the actin-myosin cytoskeleton in a manner that distinguishes this process fr ... | 2001 | 11477084 |
| role of inducible cyclooxygenase and prostaglandins in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced secretion and inflammation in an animal model. | cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 expression and inhibition were investigated in a rabbit ileal loop model of clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea. intestinal tissue stimulated with c. difficile toxin a showed up-regulation of cox-2 expression in lamina propria macrophages and elevated prostaglandin levels. toxin a-stimulated loops exhibited severe inflammation and increased secretory volume. celecoxib, a specific cox-2 inhibitor, significantly reduced toxin a-induced prostaglandin production. furthe ... | 2001 | 11474431 |
| evaluation of methods for detection of toxins in specimens of feces submitted for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is the principal pathogen associated with hospital-acquired acute diarrheal disease. we have evaluated the performances of six approaches for diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). consecutive stool specimens (n = 200) from 133 patients were examined by cytotoxin assay, by culture of c. difficile on cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar, and by toxin detection using four rapid immunoassay systems (oxoid toxin a test, immunocard toxin a test, techlab tox a/b ii ... | 2001 | 11474001 |
| optimum use of the microbiology laboratory in testing for stool pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (amst). | 2001 | 11471325 | |
| a prospective study of the roles of clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea. | faecal samples from adult horses and from foals with diarrhoea or with normal faeces were evaluated for the presence of clostridium difficile, c. difficile toxins, c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and c. perfringens spore counts. clostridium difficile was isolated from 7/55 horses (12.7%) and 11/31 foals (35.5%) with colitis, but from 1/255 normal adults (0.4%) and 0/47 normal foals (p<0.001). clostridium difficile toxins a and/or b were detected in 12/55 diarrhoeic adults (21.8%) and 5/30 diarr ... | 2001 | 11469775 |
| patients' dying wishes. | 2001 | 11469248 | |
| culturing of stool samples from hospital inpatients. | 2001 | 11469243 | |
| culturing of stool samples from hospital inpatients. | 2001 | 11469241 | |
| ischemic colitis associated with paclitaxel. | systemic chemotherapy can be complicated by colonic toxicity, which usually determines the onset of pseudomembranous colitis and, rarely, of ischemic colitis in patients with cancer. this report describes the case of a 49-year-old woman with liver metastases from a neuroendocrine tumor of unknown origin who developed mild ischemic colitis after chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. the patient developed symptoms of gastrointestinal toxicity with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, which ... | 2001 | 11468447 |
| molecular epidemiology of endemic clostridium difficile infection. | this is the first study to provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular epidemiology of endemic clostridium difficile and particularly that associated with a recently recognized epidemic strain. we dna fingerprinted all c. difficile isolates from the stools of patients with symptomatic antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and from repeated samples of the inanimate ward environment on two elderly medicine hospital wards over a 22-month period. notably, c. difficile was not recoverable from eithe ... | 2001 | 11467790 |
| the roles of clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens in diarrhea in dogs. | in this prospective study, feces of dogs with diarrhea were compared with feces of normal dogs for the presence of clostridium difficile, c difficile toxins a and b, c perfringens, and c perfingens enterotoxin (cpe). c difficile toxins a, b, or both were present in feces of 18 of 87 (21%) dogs with diarrhea and 4 of 55 (7%) normal dogs (p = 0.03), whereas cpe was present in the feces of 24 of 87 (28%) dogs with diarrhea and 3 of 55 (5%) normal dogs (p = 0.01). c difficile was isolated from 2 of ... | 2001 | 11467596 |
| regulation by rho family gtpases of il-1 receptor induced signaling: c3-like chimeric toxin and clostridium difficile toxin b inhibit signaling pathways involved in il-2 gene expression. | in this study the participation of rho family gtpases in the regulation of il-1-activated protein kinase cascades controlling il-2 synthesis was investigated in murine el-4 thymoma cells. the recombinant c3-like chimeric toxin, which consists of the c3 toxin of clostridium limosum and the n-terminal part of clostridium botulinum c2 toxin (c2in-c3) interacting with the c2ii binding subunit to facilitate uptake into cells, and selectively inactivates rho a by adp-ribosylation, prevented il-1-stimu ... | 2001 | 11465119 |
| serum antibody responses to clostridium difficile toxin a: predictive and protective? | 2001 | 11454789 | |
| the effect of tumour necrosis factor (tnf) inhibitors in clostridium difficile toxin-induced paw oedema and neutrophil migration. | clostridium difficile produces a potent enterotoxin and a cytotoxin, toxin a and toxin b, respectively. these toxins are associated with pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. in the present study, we investigated the oedematogenic activity of both toxins, characterizing the time-course and dose-response of this pro-inflammatory event. we also explored the effects of two inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor (tnf) production, thalidomide and pentoxifylline, in neutrophil re ... | 2001 | 11453371 |