Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| comparative in vitro activity of ph-027 versus linezolid and other anti-anaerobic antimicrobials against clinical isolates of clostridium difficile and other anaerobic bacteria. | ph-027 is a new 5-triazole oxazolidinone synthesized in our laboratories, which shows strong activity against gram-positive aerobic bacteria including clinical isolates. the objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of this compound in comparison with linezolid and other antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes. the in vitro activity of ph-027 in comparison with those of linezolid and other antimicrobial agents was evaluated against 201 clinical isolat ... | 2003 | 12797385 |
| evaluation of repetitive element sequence-based pcr as a molecular typing method for clostridium difficile. | repetitive element sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) is a typing method that enables the generation of dna fingerprinting that discriminates bacterial strains. in this study, we evaluated the applicability of rep-pcr in typing clostridium difficile clinical isolates. the results obtained by rep-pcr were compared with those obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and pcr ribotyping. a high correspondence between pattern differentiations produced by rep-pcr and pfge was observed, whereas pc ... | 2003 | 12791864 |
| hypotonicity induces membrane protrusions and actin remodeling via activation of small gtpases rac and cdc42 in rat-1 fibroblasts. | an important consequence of cell swelling is the reorganization of the f-actin cytoskeleton in different cell types. we demonstrate in this study by means of rhodamine-phalloidin labeling and fluorescence microscopy that a drastic reorganization of f-actin occurs in swollen rat-1 fibroblasts: stress fibers disappear and f-actin patches are formed in peripheral extensions at the cell border. moreover, we demonstrate that activation of both rac and cdc42, members of the family of small rho gtpases ... | 2003 | 12788692 |
| neonatal piglet losses associated with escherichia coli and clostridium difficile infection in a slovakian outdoor production unit. | 2003 | 12788023 | |
| arthritis associated with enteric infection. | reactive arthritis is classically seen following infection with enteric pathogens such as yersinia, salmonella, campylobacter and shigella. inflammatory arthritis has also been described following other enteric infection with organisms such as clostridium difficile, brucella and giardia. furthermore, arthritis is seen in whipple's disease, caused by the actinomycete tropheryma whippelii. this chapter reviews the current understanding of these conditions (with the exception of brucella, which is ... | 2003 | 12787523 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. treatment and prevention of recurrence]. | 2003 | 12784510 | |
| fluoroquinolone use and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | we performed a case-control study to evaluate the association between antibiotic use and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), matching for admission unit and time at risk for cdad. a multivariable regression model showed that treatment with fluoroquinolones (odds ratio 12.7; 95% confidence interval 2.6 to 61.6) was the strongest risk factor for cdad. | 2003 | 12781017 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. | the authors report the case of a 46-year-old woman who presented with vomiting and profuse bloody diarrhea. laboratory studies were significant for a hematocrit of 27% and lactate dehydrogenase of 5,394 u/l (5,394 u/l). her renal function deteriorated rapidly with a peak creatinine of 12.4 mg/dl (1,096.4 micromol/l), and platelet count dropped simultaneously to a nadir of 123,000/microl (123 x 10(9)/l]. schistocytes were observed in peripheral blood smear. stool was positive for clostridium diff ... | 2003 | 12778432 |
| clostridium difficile colitis following an open fracture: complications occur, even with straightforward trauma and straightforward decisions. | 2003 | 12776090 | |
| effects of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime upon clostridium difficile proliferation and toxin production in a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut. | clostridium difficile is recognized as an important nosocomial pathogen. c. difficile infection (cdi) is thought to arise as a result of depletion of the normal gut flora by antimicrobial agents. cefotaxime (ctx) is well-known for its propensity to cause cdi, but the reasons behind its particular predisposition to the disease remain unclear. previous investigations have so far relied upon the hamster model of cdi or human volunteers. we have used a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut t ... | 2003 | 12775682 |
| current indications for blow-hole colostomy:ileostomy procedure. a single center experience. | because of improved medical care and surgical techniques blow-hole colostomy with loop ileostomy is now rarely performed to reduce operative risks in patients with toxic megacolon related to inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). we reviewed patient charts to identify continuing indications for this procedure. | 2003 | 12774252 |
| pseudomembranous and neutropenic enterocolitis in pediatric oncology patients. | neutropenic enterocolitis in oncological patients represents a wide spectrum of clinicopathological pictures each with its own entity. early diagnosis of enterocolitis can lead to improved supportive care and therefore better outcome. we present two cases--patient a, a child with pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile, and patient b, a child with neutropenic enterocolitis, where no organism was found. by allowing an insight into the pathology, immunology and culture results, we ... | 2003 | 12768402 |
| evidence to support the existence of subgroups within the uk epidemic clostridium difficile strain (pcr ribotype 1). | we used three different dna fingerprinting techniques and clindamycin susceptibility testing to confirm that clostridium difficile pcr ribotype i isolates can be divided into two subclones. this observation may permit a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of c. difficile infection. | 2003 | 12767851 |
| cdc42 and rhoa are differentially regulated during arachidonate-mediated hela cell adhesion. | cell adhesion to extracellular matrix requires stimulation of an eicosanoid signaling pathway through the metabolism of arachidonate by 5-lipoxygenase to leukotrienes and cyclooxygenase-1/2 to prostaglandins, as well as activation of the small gtpase signaling pathway involving cdc42 and rho. these signaling pathways direct remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during the adhesion process, specifically the polymerization of actin during cell spreading and the bundling of actin filaments when cell ... | 2003 | 12767056 |
| gastrointestinal disorders and the critically ill. clostridium difficile infection and pseudomembranous colitis. | clostridium difficile causes a spectrum of diseases ranging from diarrhoea to pseudomembranous colitis, primarily in the hospitalized elderly, although community-acquired infection is probably under-documented. host factors are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of disease expression. exposure to antibiotics, particularly those adversely affecting anaerobic gut flora, appears to create a niche which is exploited by c. difficile. several retrospective and intervention studies have i ... | 2003 | 12763508 |
| mutational analysis of the enzymatic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b reveals novel inhibitors of the wild-type toxin. | toxin b (tcdb), a major clostridium difficile virulence factor, glucosylates and inactivates the small gtp-binding proteins rho, rac, and cdc42. in the present study we provide evidence that enzymatically inactive fragments of the tcdb enzymatic domain are effective intracellular inhibitors of native tcdb. site-directed and deletion mutants of the tcdb enzymatic region (residues 1 to 556), lacking receptor binding and cell entry domains, were analyzed for attenuation of glucosyltransferase and g ... | 2003 | 12761111 |
| recurrent colitis with different causes. | 2003 | 12752856 | |
| antibiotics and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review. | a systematic review of studies that investigated the association of antibiotics with hospital-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) was undertaken to summarize the strength of the evidence for this relationship. the results from the studies identified were considered after critically reviewing the design and conduct of each study. although the majority of studies found an association with various antibiotics, antibiotic classes or components of antibiotic administration, mos ... | 2003 | 12746372 |
| human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells are potent producers of il-6. | interleukin-6 (il-6), a pluripotent cytokine, has traditionally been considered the product of proinflammatory cells. however, many other cell types have been shown to produce il-6. since intestinal inflammation is commonly associated with a vigorous systemic inflammatory response, we hypothesized that intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells might contribute to that response by producing il-6. we therefore studied the capacity of differentiated human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle ... | 2003 | 12745542 |
| hepatitis associated with clostridium difficile in an ostrich chick. | a live 19-day-old male ostrich chick was euthanized and necropsied. it was one of 12 chicks in a group in which 8 had died with history of anorexia, diarrhoea and weight loss. the birds had been treated with amikacin, piperacillin and enrofloxacin. necropsy of the ostrich revealed dehydration, mild ascites and serous atrophy of fat around the heart. the liver had numerous yellow tan foci on the capsular surface as well as on the cut surface. caecal contents were watery. microscopic examination o ... | 2003 | 12745381 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of canine clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens isolates to commonly utilized antimicrobial drugs. | clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli that are common causes of enteritis and enterotoxemias in both domestic animals and humans. both organisms have been associated with acute and chronic large and small bowel diarrhea, and acute hemorrhagic diarrheal syndrome in the dog. the objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of canine c. difficile and c. perfringens isolates in an effort to optimize antimicrobia ... | 2003 | 12742714 |
| clostridium difficile colitis causing toxic megacolon, severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. | 2003 | 12734650 | |
| occupational exposure to cephalosporins leading to clostridium difficile infection. | 2003 | 12733860 | |
| surveillance of nosocomial infections in adult recipients of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation. | to identify overall and site-specific rates of nosocomial infections (nis) during the neutropenic, as compared to the non-neutropenic stage of treatment in adult recipients of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplantation (bmt) and peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation (pbsct), a prospective, 54-month study was started at the haematological stem cell transplantation unit of the university hospital of freiburg, germany. ni types were identified using modified cdc definitions. a total ... | 2003 | 12732887 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea outbreak due to clostridium difficile in a vascular surgery department]. | clostridium difficile is considered the most common cause of nosocomial-acquired diarrhea. in spain this condition is rarely reported. | 2003 | 12732113 |
| enteric flora and lymphocyte-derived cytokines determine expression of heat shock proteins in mouse colonic epithelial cells. | inducible heat shock proteins (hsps), particularly hsp25 and hsp72, are expressed by surface colonocytes and may have a role in protecting intestinal epithelial cells against injury. this study is aimed at determining if enteric bacteria and/or immune signals regulate their physiologic expression. | 2003 | 12730879 |
| safety and tolerability of linezolid. | clinical trials have shown that linezolid (600 mg twice daily in adults) is safe and generally well tolerated for up to 28 days. drug-related adverse events, which are typically mild to moderate in intensity and of limited duration, include diarrhoea, nausea and headache in adults, and diarrhoea, loose stools and vomiting in children. clostridium difficile-related complications with linezolid are uncommon. linezolid is a weak, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor: foods containing high concent ... | 2003 | 12730142 |
| colonization and infection with multiple nosocomial pathogens among patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | to test the hypothesis that patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) have a higher frequency of colonization or infection with other nosocomial pathogens than do patients who are not colonized with vre. | 2003 | 12725351 |
| [pseudo-membranous colitis]. | 2003 | 12722265 | |
| acute gastroenteritis in children : what role for antibacterials? | the aim of this article is to define the currently accepted role of antibacterials in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. most cases of acute gastroenteritis in children are viral, self-limited, and need only supportive treatment. appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy, with close attention to nutrition, remain central to therapy.antibacterial therapy serves as an adjunct, to shorten the clinical course, eradicate causative organisms, reduce transmission, and prevent invasive ... | 2003 | 12716215 |
| a 5-year study of the bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhoea on the island of crete, greece, and their resistance to antibiotics. | during a 5-year period (1995-1999) a total of 7090 stool samples obtained from patients with acute diarrhoea, mostly community-acquired, were examined for bacterial pathogens, in the greek island of crete. one or more enteric pathogens were isolated from 987 patients (14%). salmonella enterica were the most commonly isolated bacteria (6%), followed by campylobacter spp. (4.2%), and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) (1.8%). yersinia enterocolitica (0.6%), shigella spp. (0.3%), and aeromona ... | 2003 | 12705628 |
| igg antibodies against microorganisms and atopic disease in danish adults: the copenhagen allergy study. | seropositivity to food-borne and orofecal microorganisms (hepatitis a virus, helicobacter pylori, and toxoplasma gondii ), which are considered to be markers of poor hygiene, has been reported to be associated with a lower prevalence of atopy. in contrast, colonization of the gut with clostridium difficile, a potential intestinal bacterial pathogen, in early childhood may be associated with a higher prevalence of atopy. | 2003 | 12704368 |
| coordinate regulation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion of epithelial cells by the arp2/3 complex and rho gtpases. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can infect epithelial cells via the basolateral surface after breaching the intestinal epithelium, yet little is known about this process. here, we show that actin polymerization driven by the arp2/3 complex is critical to both basolateral and apical bacterial invasion of polarized mdck cells. while there is also a dependence upon toxin b-sensitive rho gtpases, none of the four gtpases known to be activated by s. enterica serovar typhimurium sope are indiv ... | 2003 | 12704163 |
| efficient sporulation in clostridium difficile requires disruption of the sigmak gene. | a 14.6 kb prophage-like insertion, termed skincd, was found to interrupt the sigk gene, which encodes an rna polymerase sigma factor essential for sporulation, in six strains of clostridium difficile. until now, bacillus subtilis was the only spore-former shown to carry such an insertion, and the presence of the insertion is not required for efficient sporulation in this organism. the b. subtilis and c. difficile skin elements proved to be divergent in sequence, inserted at different sites withi ... | 2003 | 12694623 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2003 | 12687790 | |
| clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the most commonly identified infective cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. broad spectrum antibiotics, are most frequently incriminated, although short (<3 day) antibiotic courses cause fewer episodes. gold standard cell-culture based cytotoxin assays have been compared to rapid immunoassays, which are less effective, especially since toxin a negative, toxin b positive strains have been shown to be truly virulent. details of colonization and adherence mechanisms ha ... | 2002 | 12686885 |
| genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in diarrheic and healthy dogs. | 2003 | 12683608 | |
| international typing study of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile variants. | clinically important strains of clostridium difficile that do not produce toxin a but produce toxin b and are cytotoxic (a(-)/b(+)) have been reported from multiple countries. in order to compare the relatedness of these strains, we typed 23 a(-)/b(+) c. difficile isolates from the united kingdom (6 isolates), belgium (11 isolates), and the united states (6 isolates) by three well-described typing methods. restriction endonuclease analysis (rea), pcr ribotyping, and serogrouping differentiated 1 ... | 2003 | 12682143 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea: 28 cases (1993-1997). | to determine molecular characteristics of clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea and identify clinical abnormalities in affected foals. | 2002 | 12680451 |
| cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis following combination therapy with doxorubicin and docetaxel. | we report a case of cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) following combination therapy with docetaxel and doxorubicin. this clinical syndrome has not been previously reported with this combination. in particular, this is the first report of non-clostridium difficile-associated pmc with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. docetaxel is principally metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome p450 mixed-function oxidases, in particular by the isoform cyp3a. this patient was on long-term eryth ... | 2003 | 12679738 |
| nondigestible oligosaccharides enhance bacterial colonization resistance against clostridium difficile in vitro. | clostridium difficile is the principal etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis and is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. a limited degree of success in controlling c. difficile infection has been achieved by using probiotics; however, prebiotics can also be used to change bacterial community structure and metabolism in the large gut, although the effects of these carbohydrates on suppression of clostridial pathogens have not been well characterized. the aims of this ... | 2003 | 12676665 |
| the effect of an enhanced infection-control policy on the incidence of clostridium difficile infection and methicillin-resistant staphyloccocus aureus colonization in acute elderly medical patients. | clostridium difficile (cd) infection and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) colonization are increasingly common in elderly patients, are associated with cephalosporin or prolonged aminopenicillin courses and can be transmitted by direct contact. management is by side-room isolation. ward closure may be required to control outbreaks. | 1998 | 12675094 |
| sudden increase of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections in a korean tertiary care hospital: possible consequences of increased use of oral vancomycin. | a sudden increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) infections was noted in 1998 in a tertiary care hospital in korea. all of the vre isolated in 1998 in the hospital were vana type and most were multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium. the increase in vre was probably due to the increased use of oral vancomycin to treat clostridium difficile infections and clonal as well as horizontal spread. more restricted oral vancomycin use and stricter infection control measures are required to ac ... | 2003 | 12673410 |
| identification and screening for antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus species isolated from healthy infant faeces. | the antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile of 109 lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from 32 healthy korean infants was measured. the ability to show similar activity against escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus was also looked for. twelve of the 109 lab showed activity against c. difficile and 19 strains were active against e. coli o157:h7, but none against s. aureus. four strains had antimicrobial activity against both c. difficile and e. coli o157:h7. of the 12 st ... | 2003 | 12672580 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile in the community. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea and the causative agent of antibiotic-associated colitis. the involvement of c. difficile infection in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in the community is poorly documented. | 2003 | 12656693 |
| expression of clostridium difficile toxins a and b and their sigma factor tcdd is controlled by temperature. | growth temperature was found to control the expression of toxins a and b in clostridium difficile vpi 10463, with a maximum at 37 degrees c and low levels at 22 and 42 degrees c in both peptone yeast (py) and defined media. the up-regulation of toxin a and b mrna and protein levels upon temperature upshift from 22 to 37 degrees c followed the same kinetics, showing that temperature control occurred at the level of transcription. experiments with clostridium perfringens using gusa as a reporter g ... | 2003 | 12654792 |
| corticosteroid treatment of severe, non-responsive clostridium difficile induced colitis. | clostridium difficile can cause inflammatory diarrhoea and colitis by disrupting normal colonic flora. corticosteroids are effective against diarrhoea associated with inflammatory bowel disease, but their effectiveness in treating inflammatory diarrhoea of c difficile has not been reported. in this preliminary report, we describe the use of corticosteroids in a child with severe c difficile diarrhoea and colitis refractory to standard treatments. | 2003 | 12651766 |
| [cultivation of fungi from fecal specimens in cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad)]. | the aim of performed examinations was to isolate, identify and determine a drug susceptibility of fungi cultured from faecal specimens submitted for detection of clostridium difficile in cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). one hundred samples of diarrhoeic faeces were examined using routine bacteriological methods (isolation and identification of c. difficile), serological test (detection of c. difficile toxins a/b) and mycological methods (isolation, identification and drug suscepti ... | 2002 | 12650060 |
| bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis. | bacterial diarrhea can be classified into two clinical entities, noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea syndromes. the latter type of diarrhea is characterized by bloody and puruloid mucus stool, and is often accompanied by fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. pathogenic bacteria causing the inflammatory diarrhea syndrome include salmonella, vibrio, shigella, enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, campylobacter, yersinia, chlamydia, and clostridium difficile. t ... | 2003 | 12640523 |
| camp-induced aqp2 translocation is associated with rhoa inhibition through rhoa phosphorylation and interaction with rhogdi. | we have recently demonstrated that inhibition of rho gtpase with clostridium difficile toxin b, or with clostridium botulinum c3 toxin, causes actin depolymerization and translocation of aquaporin 2 (aqp2) in renal cd8 cells in the absence of hormonal stimulation. here we demonstrate that rho inhibition is part of the signal transduction cascade activated by vasopressin leading to aqp2 insertion into the apical membrane. quantitation of active rhoa (gtp-bound) by selective pull down experiments ... | 2003 | 12640036 |
| moxifloxacin-induced clostridium difficile diarrhea. | 2003 | 12639182 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin b, an inhibitor of the small gtpases rho, rac and cdc42, influences spiral ganglion neurite outgrowth. | neurotrophins and extracellular matrix (ecm) molecules are involved in neurite guidance during the development of spiral ganglion (sg) neurons. several intracellular signaling molecules can be activated by ecms and neurotrophins via their cognate receptors. in other systems these include the rho small gtpases, which influence reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton that is required for axon growth. the aim of this study was to determine whether neurotrophin-3 (nt-3)-mediated sg neurite outgrowt ... | 2003 | 12625568 |
| new types of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strains among clostridium difficile isolates from asia. | a total of 56 c. difficile strains were selected from 310 isolates obtained from different hospitals in japan and korea and from healthy infants from indonesia. strains that had been previously typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and pcr ribotyping, were characterized by toxinotyping and binary toxin gene detection. when toxinotyped, 35 strains were determined to be toxinotype 0, whereas 21 strains showed variations in toxin genes and could be grouped into 11 variant toxinotypes. six of th ... | 2003 | 12624039 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea in an adult oncology unit: risk factors and microbiological characteristics. | we describe the risk factors and microbiological findings of an outbreak of clostridium difficile (cd)-related diarrhoea in the medical oncology department of the curie institute. screening for cd in stools was performed on 59 patients with diarrhoea and 146 patients without diarrhoea. toxin secretion, serotyping (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay) and genotyping (ap-polymerase chain reaction) were performed on 39 cd strains from 32 patients. the risk factors for toxigenic cd-positive diarrhoea ... | 2003 | 12623319 |
| metabotropic glutamate receptors activate phospholipase d in astrocytes through a protein kinase c-dependent and rho-independent pathway. | metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are g protein-coupled receptors that mediate phospholipase d (pld) activation in brain, but the mechanism underlying this response remains unclear. here we used primary cultures of astrocytes as a cell model to explore the mechanism that links mglurs to pld. glutamate activated both phospholipase c (plc) and pld with equal potency and this effect was mimicked by l-cysteinesulfinic acid, a putative neurotransmitter previously shown to activate mglurs coup ... | 2003 | 12623215 |
| changes in sensitivity patterns to selected antibiotics in clostridium difficile in geriatric in-patients over an 18-month period. | clostridium difficile-associated disease continues to be a major problem in hospitals and long-term care facilities throughout the developed world. administration of certain antibiotics such as amoxycillin, oral cephalosporins and clindamycin is associated with the greatest risk of developing c. difficile disease. the two antibiotics used for treatment of c. difficile disease are vancomycin and metronidazole, to which there is currently very little resistance. randomly selected isolates (186) fr ... | 2003 | 12621092 |
| in vitro activity of linezolid against clostridium difficile. | 2003 | 12615885 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory infection being treated with levofloxacin compared with beta-lactam-based therapy. | the aim of the study was to compare the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) following treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in hospitalized patients with levofloxacin or a beta-lactam-based therapy. nine hundred and thirty-eight patients were included in the prospective open-labelled "randomized" trial. this included 490 patients treated with levofloxacin and 448 patients treated with beta-lactams such as cefuroxime or amoxicillin. th ... | 2003 | 12615873 |
| prevalence and association of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls(b)) resistance with resistance to moxifloxacin in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile remains the leading cause of nosocomially acquired diarrhoea. c. difficile usually exhibits resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics, whereas susceptibility to other drugs may vary. this study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of c. difficile to different antibiotics over a period of time and characterizes molecular mechanisms for resistance. one hundred and seventy-three toxigenic and 19 non-toxigenic c. difficile strains, recovered from patients in two unive ... | 2003 | 12615860 |
| pitavastatin-induced thrombomodulin expression by endothelial cells acts via inhibition of small g proteins of the rho family. | 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors (statins) can function to protect the vasculature in a manner that is independent of their lipid-lowering activity. the main feature of the antithrombotic properties of endothelial cells is an increase in the expression of thrombomodulin (tm) without induction of tissue factor (tf) expression. we investigated the effect of statins on the expression of tm and tf by endothelial cells. | 2003 | 12615662 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile in stool using the vidasr c. difficile toxin a ii assay. | a rapid laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is important in patient management and in the administration of appropriate therapeutic modalities. the vidas(r) c. difficile toxin a ii (cda 2) assay (biomerieux, inc., hazelwood, mo) was compared with the cell culture cytotoxicity assay (cca) for the rapid detection of c. difficile in stool from patients in whom c. difficile infection was suspected. thirty-eight consecutively collected cca-positive stool specimens ... | 2003 | 12614982 |
| leptin mediates clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in mice. | leptin regulates energy homeostasis and participates in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. although hyperleptinemia is described in experimental colitis, its role in the pathophysiology of enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea and inflammation remains unclear. we examined the role of leptin in the inflammatory diarrhea induced by toxin a from clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-related colitis. | 2003 | 12612907 |
| colonic pseudo-obstruction: the dilated colon in the icu. | acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is a syndrome of massive dilation of the colon without mechanical obstruction that develops in hospitalized patients with serious underlying medical and surgical conditions. increasing age, cecal diameter, delay in decompression, and status of the bowel significantly influence mortality, which is approximately 40% when ischemia or perforation is present. evaluation of the markedly distended colon in the intensive care unit setting involves excluding mechanical ob ... | 2003 | 12610851 |
| ccr7 ligands induce rapid endocytosis in mature dendritic cells with concomitant up-regulation of cdc42 and rac activities. | although chemokines are well known to function in chemotaxis, additional roles for these molecules in the immune system are not well understood. dendritic cells (dcs) developmentally regulate the expression of chemokine receptors to facilitate their migration from the peripheral tissues to regional lymph nodes. expressions of ccr1 and ccr5 on immature dcs are down-regulated on maturation, whereas ccr7 is selectively expressed on mature dcs. in the present study, we examined the effects of ccl19 ... | 2003 | 12609829 |
| effects of large clostridial cytotoxins on activation of rbl 2h3-hm1 mast cells indicate common and different roles of rac in fcepsilonri and m1-receptor signaling. | using rho gtpases-inhibiting clostridial cytotoxins, we showed recently in rbl cells that the gtpase rac is involved in fcepsilonri (high-affinity receptor for ige) signaling and receptor-mediated calcium mobilization, including influx via calcium release-activated calcium channels. here, we studied the role of rho gtpases in muscarinic m1 receptor signaling in rbl 2h3-hm1 cells. clostridium difficile toxin b, which inactivates rho, rac, and cdc42, and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, which i ... | 2003 | 12604702 |
| gastrointestinal complications in the neutropenic patient: characterization and differentiation with abdominal ct. | to characterize the computed tomographic (ct) findings of gastrointestinal complications in neutropenic patients and to identify ct features that can help differentiate these complications. | 2003 | 12601214 |
| clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin g antibody response to toxin a. | there is a strong association between serum antibody responses to toxin a and protection against clostridium difficile diarrhea. a parenteral c. difficile toxoid vaccine induced very-high-level responses to anti-toxin a immunoglobulin g (igg) in the sera of healthy volunteers. after vaccination, the concentrations of anti-toxin a igg in the sera of all 30 recipients exceeded the concentrations that were associated with protection in previous clinical studies. furthermore, the median concentratio ... | 2003 | 12595488 |
| differential actions of par2 and par1 in stimulating human endothelial cell exocytosis and permeability: the role of rho-gtpases. | endothelial cell proteinase activated receptors (pars) belong to a family of heterotrimeric g protein-coupled receptors that are implicated in leukocyte accumulation and potentiation of reperfusion injury. we characterized the effect and the signal transduction pathways recruited after stimulation of endothelial par2. we used von willebrand factor (vwf) release and monolayer permeability to peroxidase to report weibel-palade body (wpb) exocytosis and pore formation, respectively. human umbilical ... | 2003 | 12595338 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis have emerged as major complications associated with use of systemic antimicrobials. in this study, the medical records for 18 subjects who received donor stool by nasogastric tube for recurrent c. difficile infection during a 9-year period at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. during the period between the initial diagnosis of c. difficile colitis and the stool treatments, the 18 subjects received a total of 64 courses of ant ... | 2003 | 12594638 |
| divergence of mechanisms regulating respiratory burst in blood and sputum eosinophils and neutrophils from atopic subjects. | eosinophil respiratory burst is an important event in asthma and related inflammatory disorders. however, little is known concerning activation of the respiratory burst nadph oxidase in human eosinophils. conversely, neutrophils are known to assemble nadph oxidase in intracellular and plasma membranes. we hypothesized that eosinophils and neutrophils translocate nadph oxidase to distinct intracellular locations, consistent with their respective functions in o(2)(-)-mediated cytotoxicity. pma-ind ... | 2003 | 12594296 |
| faecal lactoferrin assay as an adjunct to clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | inflammation is the hallmark of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea and lactoferrin is produced by inflammatory cells. the aim of this study was to find out whether faecal lactoferrin latex agglutination (flla) assay done simultaneously with clostridium difficile toxin (cdt) assay would help in the diagnosis of c. difficile infection in paediatric patients. one hundred and fifty faecal samples were obtained from paediatric group of patients. both flla and cdt assays were done in conjuncti ... | 2002 | 12593568 |
| [role of clostridium difficile infection in the relapse of ulcerative colitis]. | a case of nosocomial diarrhea by clostridium difficile in an older woman with an old history of increasing stool frequency, is reported. colonoscopy and biopsy was performed due to an incomplete response to vancomicyn, and the diagnosis of underlying ulcerative colitis was made. the incidence of clostridium difficile infection associated with the relapse of ulcerative colitis is nearly 10%. in patients with ulcerative colitis, macroscopic pseudomembranes and the usual predisposing factors for cl ... | 2002 | 12593034 |
| effectiveness and appropriateness of empiric metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | although clostridium difficile is the most common infectious etiology of nosocomial diarrhea, noninfectious causes are far more common. empiric initiation of therapy for all patients is of unknown value. the aim of this study was to determine benefits of empiric metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2003 | 12591054 |
| association of clostridium difficile infection with collagenous colitis. | 2003 | 12590248 | |
| limited value of routine microbiological diagnostics in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. | current guidelines recommend microbiological diagnostic procedures as a part of the management of patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (cap), but the value of such efforts has been questioned. patients hospitalized for cap were studied retrospectively, focusing on the use of aetiological diagnostic methods and their clinical impact. adult patients, without known human immunodeficiency virus infection, admitted to hospital for cap during 12 months, were evaluated with regard to ... | 2002 | 12587618 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with inflammatory pseudotumor in a liver transplant recipient. | the aim of this report is to describe a rare complication of clostridium difficile (cd) disease, the occurrence of an inflammatory pseudotumor that caused intestinal obstruction in a liver transplant recipient. a 9-month-old girl underwent liver transplantation for biliary atresia. she was given tacrolimus as primary immunosuppressive therapy. three months after liver transplantation, she presented with febrile protracted bloody diarrhea and failure to thrive. a diagnosis of post-transplant lymp ... | 2003 | 12581333 |
| clostridium difficile infection--an unusual cause of refractory pouchitis: report of a case. | ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the surgical procedure of choice for selected patients with severe ulcerative colitis. pouchitis is a common complication of this procedure, with most cases responding to treatment with metronidazole, possibly with the addition of 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs and steroids. can frequently colonize the colon after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, giving rise to diarrhea or colitis. the aim of this report was to describe the first case of -associated diarrhe ... | 2003 | 12576902 |
| [hospital hygiene is important]. | 2003 | 12574887 | |
| [antibiotic induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis]. | the spore-forming anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. oral and parenteral administration of antibiotics can cause ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora. suppression of the normal microflora may lead to reduced colonization resistance with subsequent overgrowth by pre-existing, naturally resistant microorganisms, such as c. difficile. c. difficile infection shows a range of clinical presentations between an asymptomatic carrier stat ... | 2003 | 12574886 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile in feces by real-time pcr. | clostridium difficile is the major causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis. the pathogenicity of c. difficile is closely related to the production of toxins a and b. toxigenic c. difficile detection by a tissue culture cytotoxin assay is often considered the "gold standard." however, this assay is time consuming, as it implies an incubation period of at least 24 h. we have developed a rapid real-time fluorescence-based multiplex pcr ass ... | 2003 | 12574274 |
| six rapid tests for direct detection of clostridium difficile and its toxins in fecal samples compared with the fibroblast cytotoxicity assay. | clostridium difficile is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial gastrointestinal disease. risk factors include prior antibiotic therapy, bowel surgery, and the immunocompromised state. direct fecal analysis for c. difficile toxin b by tissue culture cytotoxin b assay (cba), while only 60 to 85% sensitive overall, is a common laboratory method. we have used 1,003 consecutive, nonduplicate fecal samples to compare six commercially available immunoassays (ia) for c. difficile detection with ... | 2003 | 12574264 |
| clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. | 2003 | 12574241 | |
| the clostridial mobilisable transposons. | mobilisable transposons are transposable genetic elements that also encode mobilisation functions but are not in themselves conjugative. they rely on coresident conjugative elements to facilitate their transfer to recipient cells. clostridial mobilisable transposons include tn4451 and tn4452 from clostridium perfringens, and tn4453a and tn4453b from clostridium difficile, all of which are closely related, and tn5398 from c. difficile. the tn4451 group of elements encodes resistance to chloramphe ... | 2002 | 12568329 |
| clostridium difficile colitis after forced anal-receptive intercourse. | colitis caused by clostridium difficile toxin has been reported in homosexual men. we report a case of c. difficile colitis that occurred in an immunocompetent heterosexual man after forced anal-receptive intercourse. | 2003 | 12567322 |
| resonance assignment and topology of a clostridial repetitive oligopeptide (crop) region of toxin a from clostridium difficile. | 2003 | 12567004 | |
| the effects of storage conditions on viability of clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores and toxin activity in human faeces. | clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial pathogen and as such diagnostic and research methods may necessitate storage of faecal specimens for long periods, followed by subsequent re-examination. this study investigated the effects of storage conditions upon the viability of this organism and its toxin. | 2003 | 12560391 |
| development potential of rifalazil. | rifalazil represents a new generation of ansamycins that contain a unique four-ring structure. originally rifalazil was developed as a therapeutic agent to replace rifampin as part of a multiple drug regimen in the treatment of tuberculosis. as a result of its superior antimicrobial activity and high intracellular levels, rifalazil has potential to treat indications caused by the intracellular pathogen, chlamydia trachomatis, which causes non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, often leading t ... | 2003 | 12556219 |
| clostridium difficile infection and concurrent vancomycin-resistant enterococcus stool colonization in a health care worker: case report and review of the literature. | clostridium difficile diarrhea was noted in a previously healthy health care worker from the study institution after receiving oral clindamycin therapy; the worker also had vancomycin-resistant enterococcus stool colonization. health care workers should be aware that antibiotic therapy may place them at increased risk for colonization and infection with nosocomial pathogens such as clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | 2003 | 12548259 |
| epidemiology and outcome of clostridium difficile infection and diarrhea in hiv infected inpatients. | clostridium difficile causes diarrhea in hiv infected patients but reports of prevalence, risk factors, and outcome vary. we studied the impact of c. difficile in 161 hiv infected inpatients admitted to cook county hospital. patients with c. difficile had more hospital admissions in the previous 6 months (p =.04), spent more days in the hospital in the previous 3 months (p =.02), more often had previously received h2 blockers or treatment for pneumocystis carinii (p <.05), and had a more frequen ... | 2002 | 12543536 |
| clostridium difficile infections in animals with special reference to the horse. a review. | in human medicine, clostridium (c.) difficile is since many years a well-known cause of nosocomial diarrhea induced by antibiotic treatment. in horses, c. difficile was recently suggested as a possible enteric pathogen. the bacterium is associated with acute colitis in mature horses following treatment with antibiotics. c. difficile, and/or its cytotoxin, is also associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are being treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for rhodococcus equi pneumo ... | 2002 | 12540137 |
| endocannabinoids induce ileitis in rats via the capsaicin receptor (vr1). | intraluminal administration of the endocannabinoids n-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-ag) causes inflammation similar to that caused by clostridium difficile toxin a in the rat ileum. the effects of anandamide and 2-ag were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with the specific capsaicin receptor (vanilloid receptor subtype 1; vr1) antagonist capsazepine. pretreatment with the cb1 and cb2 cannabinoid receptor antagonists n-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-( ... | 2003 | 12538826 |
| [clostridium difficile small intestinal involvement occurring after total colectomy]. | 2002 | 12534128 | |
| clinical usefulness of components of the triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins a and b, and cytotoxin b tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | we studied 557 nonduplicate fresh stool specimens from adult patients clinically suspected of having clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. all samples were tested in parallel with an in-house cytotoxin b tissue culture assay (cta), the c difficile tox a/b ii test (ta/b; techlab, blacksburg, va), and the triage micro c difficile panel (biosite diagnostics, san diego, ca). the triage device detects toxin a (ta) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) simultaneously. of the specimens, 350 were negat ... | 2003 | 12520696 |
| in vitro anti-anaerobic activity of the cephalosporin derivative rwj 54428, compared to seven other compounds. | agar dilution mic was used to test the activity of rwj 54428, a new cephalosporin derivative, compared to imipenem, meropenem, ceftriaxone, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin and metronidazole against 363 anaerobes isolated from clinical specimens. rwj 54428 had low mics against most beta-lactamase-negative gram-negative rods, and all gram-positive strains except clostridium difficile. imipenem and meropenem had the lowest mics (mic50s of 0.125 mg/l and mic90s of 1.0 mg/l). piper ... | 2002 | 12519357 |
| clostridium difficile brain empyema after prolonged intestinal carriage. | clostridium difficile, the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is occasionally isolated from extraintestinal sites and is usually found as part of a polymicrobial flora. we report a case of brain empyema that occurred after the recurrent intestinal carriage of a nontoxigenic strain of c. difficile. brain abscess cultures contained both toxigenic and nontoxigenic isolates. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that nontoxigenic isolates from the intestine and from the brain wer ... | 2003 | 12517909 |
| how strictly should a patient with c. difficile be isolated? | 2002 | 12512485 | |
| the complete receptor-binding domain of clostridium difficile toxin a is required for endocytosis. | clostridium difficile toxin a, the chief pathogenicity factor of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, is an intracellular acting cytotoxin that reaches its targets, the rho gtpases, after receptor-mediated endocytosis. the c-terminal part, constructed of repetitive peptide elements, is thought to bind to a lot of carbohydrate containing receptor molecules to induce clustering and endocytosis. to study which part of the receptor-binding domain is in charge of addressing toxin a int ... | 2003 | 12507507 |
| in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, quinupristin- dalfopristin, linezolid, and five other antimicrobials against 307 gram-positive anaerobic and 31 corynebacterium clinical isolates. | the activities of daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide, and eight other agents were determined against 338 strains of gram-positive anaerobic bacteria and corynebacteria by the nccls reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella agar for the anaerobes and mueller-hinton agar for the corynebacteria. the daptomycin mics determined on ca(2+)-supplemented (50 mg/liter) brucella agar plates were one- to fourfold lower than those determined in unsupplemented media. daptomycin was highly active ... | 2003 | 12499210 |
| gut changes attributed to ageing: effects on intestinal microflora. | there is increased evidence of several impaired gastrointestinal functions with ageing. in the elderly, however, most gastrointestinal functions remain relatively intact because of the large reserve capacity of the intestine and the great secretion capacity of the pancreas. this review will focus on changes in gut microflora observed in the elderly and on the potential benefit of probiotics in this population. | 2003 | 12496680 |
| r-ras glucosylation and transient rhoa activation determine the cytopathic effect produced by toxin b variants from toxin a-negative strains of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile induces antibiotic-associated diarrhea through the production of toxin a and toxin b; the former toxin has been assumed to be responsible for the symptoms of the disease. several toxin a-negative strains from c. difficile have recently been isolated from clinical cases and have been reported to produce toxin b variants eliciting an atypical cytopathic effect. ultrastructural analysis indicated these toxins induce a rounding cytopathic effect and filopodia-like structures. t ... | 2003 | 12496290 |