Publications

chlamydophila pneumoniae.	chlamydophila pneumoniae is estimated to cause about 10% of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) cases and 5% of bronchitis cases, although most patients with c pneumoniae infection are asymptomatic, and the course of respiratory illness is relatively mild. the incubation period of c pneumoniae infection is around 21 days, and such symptoms as cough and malaise show a gradual onset, yet may persist for several weeks or months despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. diagnosis by nasopharyngeal spec ...	2010	20171546
macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of asthma. an update.	it seems clear that certain macrolide antibiotics exert anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects beyond their purely antibacterial action, as has been demonstrated in a number of bronchial inflammatory disorders such as diffuse panbronchiolitis. randomised, controlled clinical trials involving larger patient samples are needed to confirm whether these actions are of clinical relevance in application to asthma. on the other hand, the macrolide antibiotics have a long half-life, with a prol ...	2010	20171003
elevated serum immunoglobulin g titers against chlamydia pneumoniae in primary open-angle glaucoma patients without systemic disease.	to determine if chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (poag).	2010	20164795
immunological fingerprinting method for differentiation of serum samples in research-oriented biobanks.	an immunoenzymatic serum fingerprinting method was developed to establish a serum sample fingerprint based on igg titers obtained with three different antigens. three widely expressed antigens were selected for their capacity to induce long-lasting humoral immune responses. this fingerprinting method may be used to differentiate between two serum samples and to determine whether they come from the same primary blood specimen. the method showed a specificity of 99.5%. this method is suitable as a ...	2010	20164255
is chlamydia pneumoniae the causative agent of microscopic polyangiitis?		2010	20164047
combination antibiotics as a treatment for chronic chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial.	chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydophila (chlamydia) pneumoniae are known triggers of reactive arthritis (rea) and exist in a persistent metabolically active infection state in the synovium, suggesting that they may be susceptible to antimicrobial agents. the goal of this study was to investigate whether a 6-month course of combination antibiotics is an effective treatment for patients with chronic chlamydia-induced rea.	2010	20155838
essential role of mitochondrial antiviral signaling, ifn regulatory factor (irf)3, and irf7 in chlamydophila pneumoniae-mediated ifn-beta response and control of bacterial replication in human endothelial cells.	chlamydophila pneumoniae infection of the vascular wall as well as activation of the transcription factor ifn regulatory factor (irf)3 have been linked to development of chronic vascular lesions and atherosclerosis. the innate immune system detects invading pathogens by use of pattern recognition receptors, some of which are able to stimulate irf3/7 activation and subsequent type i ifn production (e. g., ifn-beta). in this study, we show that infection of human endothelial cells with c. pneumoni ...	2010	20154210
in vitro antibacterial activity of phx-3 against helicobacter pylori.	phx-3, one of the phenoxazine derivatives, is reported to have inhibitory effect on mycobacterium species and chlamydia pneumoniae but not escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes. the bactericidal activities of phx-3 against helicobacter pylori strains have not been assessed. then, we measured minimum inhibitory concentration of phx-3 for helicobacter strains and assessed the morphological and biochemical effects of phx-3 on ...	2010	20118538
interactions between flagellar and type iii secretion proteins in chlamydia pneumoniae.	flagellar secretion systems are utilized by a wide variety of bacteria to construct the flagellum, a conserved apparatus that allows for migration towards non-hostile, nutrient rich environments. chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate, intracellular pathogen whose genome contains at least three orthologs of flagellar proteins, namely flii, flha and flif, but the role of these proteins remains unknown.	2010	20096108
invariant nkt cells preferentially modulate the function of cd8 alpha+ dendritic cell subset in inducing type 1 immunity against infection.	although studies suggest that nkt cell (nkt) activation modulates the function of dendritic cells (dcs) in inducing t cell responses, it is unknown whether this modulating effect is biased to a dc subset. we previously reported that nkt activation could modulate dc function in inducing protective t cell immunity to chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterial infection. in this study, we investigated the effect of nkt activation on dc subsets, using multiple approaches, including gene knocko ...	2010	20089704
[effector proteins of clamidia].	the review summarizes the recent published data on molecular mechanisms of chlamidiae - host cell interaction, first of all on chlamydial effector proteins. such proteins as well as iii transport system proteins that transfer many effector proteins into host cytoplasm are attractive targets for drug therapy of chlamydial infections. the majority of the data concerns two species, chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydophila pneumoniae. c. trachomatis protein tarp, which is presynthesized in elementary ...	2009	20088373
serodiagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae infection using three inclusion membrane proteins.	the chlamydia pneumoniae genome-encoded open reading frames cpn0146, cpn0147, and cpn0308 were expressed as recombinant proteins for detecting c. pneumoniae-specific antibodies in samples from three groups of individuals including 183 with c. pneumoniae-associated respiratory infection (group i), 60 healthy blood donors (group ii), and 32 with no known respiratory infection (group iii). the recombinant cpn0146 was recognized by 71 (38.8% positive recognition rate), 15 (25%) and 1 (3.1%), cpn0147 ...	2010	20087957
prevalence of chlamydophila pneumoniae is higher in aorta and coronary artery than in carotid artery of coronary artery disease patients.	coronary artery disease (cad) is a public health problem accounting for an estimated one-third of deaths overall. a potential link between infectious agents and atherosclerosis has been suggested. data obtained from several seroepidemiological studies have suggested that infection with chlamydophila pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus-1 can initiate or maintain the atherosclerotic process. however, there is no single study in which multiple infectious agents ...	2009	20078556
association of chlamydophila pneumoniae dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and iga antibody with atherosclerotic diseases.	an association has been demonstrated between chlamydophila pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) infection and atherosclerosis, but data on the relationship between c. pneumoniae dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and antibodies to this organism are lacking. we investigated the c. pneumoniae dna in pbmc by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and c. pneumoniae igg and iga antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of 168 patients with atherosclerotic diseases and 27 controls (healthy control ...	2009	20077843
infectious burden and carotid plaque thickness: the northern manhattan study.	the overall burden of prior infections may contribute to atherosclerosis and stroke risk. we hypothesized that serological evidence of common infections would be associated with carotid plaque thickness in a multiethnic cohort.	2010	20075350
development of a novel dna microarray to detect bacterial pathogens in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd).	a novel microarray was constructed with dna pcr product probes targeting species specific functional genes of nine clinically significant respiratory pathogens, including the gram-positive organisms (streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes), the gram-negative organisms (chlamydia pneumoniae, coxiella burnetii haemophilus spp., legionella pneumophila, moraxella catarrhalis, and pseudomonas aeruginosa), as well as the atypical bacterium, mycoplasma pneumoniae. in a "proof-of-concept" eval ...	2010	20074591
mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar infections in u.s. marine corps recruits.	paired sera from 208 healthy marine corps recruits undergoing 11 weeks of basic training in san diego during 1989 were studied by complement fixation and microimmunofluorescence techniques for antibody to mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar infections. upon entering training, 52.7% and 64.4% of the recruits had evidence of prior infection with m. pneumoniae and c. pneumoniae, respectively. at the end of training, 5.9% of recruits had evidence of new infections with m. pneu ...	1994	20058422
chlamydia pneumoniae-specific intrathecal oligoclonal antibody response is predominantly detected in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients with progressive forms.	the purpose of this study was to verify the actual involvement of chlamydia pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis (ms) by the evaluation of its specific intrathecal humoral immune response in ms. we measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum levels of anti-c. pneumoniae immunoglobulin g (igg) in 27 relapsing-remitting (rr), 9 secondary progressive (sp), and 5 primary progressive (pp) ms patients, grouped according to clinical and magnetic reson ...	2009	20053141
quantification of chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human macrophages and hl cells: comparison of real-time pcr, immunofluorescence and elisa methods.	chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular gram-negative bacterium, which replicates only in eukaryotic cells. quantification of c. pneumoniae in cell culture is needed when studying e.g. the effect of drugs or host cell factors on infectivity and replication. conventionally, this has been performed by immunofluorescence staining and microscopic counting of chlamydial inclusions. however, this method is usable only if the cell numbers do not fluctuate in cell culture vials and the inclusions are u ...	2010	20041870
comprehensive in silico prediction and analysis of chlamydial outer membrane proteins reflects evolution and life style of the chlamydiae.	chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria comprising some of the most important bacterial pathogens of animals and humans. although chlamydial outer membrane proteins play a key role for attachment to and entry into host cells, only few have been described so far. we developed a comprehensive, multiphasic in silico approach, including the calculation of clusters of orthologues, to predict outer membrane proteins using conservative criteria. we tested this approach using escherichia coli (po ...	2009	20040079
in vitro activity of cem-101, a new fluoroketolide antibiotic, against chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia (chlamydophila) pneumoniae.	the in vitro activities of cem-101, telithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and doxycycline against 10 isolates each of chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia (chlamydophila) pneumoniae were tested. the mic at which 90% of the isolates of both c. trachomatis and c. pneumoniae were inhibited and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates were killed by cem-101 were 0.25 microg/ml (ranges, 0.125 to 0.5 microg/ml for c. trachomatis and 0.25 to 1.0 microg/ml for c. pneumon ...	2010	20038627
production and purification of low calcium response protein h of chlamydophila pneumoniae.	chlamydophila pneumoniae possesses a type iii secretion system (ttss), which allows the bacteria to secrete effector molecules into the inclusion membrane and into the cytosol of the host cell. low calcium response protein h (lcrh), as a part of the ttss, is a chaperone protein expressed from the middle to late stages of the chlamydial developmental cycle. gene of lcrh (cpn0811) in a 6his-tagged form was cloned from c. pneumoniae cwl029, expressed and purified from escherichia coli using the his ...	2009	20038490
[relationship between primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and eye infection].	to study the role of pathogenic microorganisms commonly associated with chronic eye disease, including chlamydia psittaci, chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 and type 2, and adenovirus type 8 and type 19, in the development of primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) lymphoma in chinese patients.	2009	20021960
community-acquired pneumonia in children.	community acquired pneumonia (cap) is common in childhood. viruses account for most cases of cap during the first two years of life. after this period, bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae become more frequent. cap symptoms are nonspecific in younger infants, but cough and tachypnea are usually present in older children. chest x-ray is useful for confirming the diagnosis. most children can be managed empirically with oral antibiotics as outpat ...	2003	20019854
chlamydophila pneumoniae infection leads to smooth muscle cell proliferation and thickening in the coronary artery without contributions from a host immune response.	chlamydophila pneumonia (c. pneumonia) infection has been associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. it remains unclear, however, whether c. pneumoniae in the absence of an immune response can alone initiate atherogenic events within a complex vessel environment. left anterior descending coronary arteries isolated from porcine hearts were dissected and placed in culture medium for 72 hours before infection with c. pneumoniae. c. pneumoniae replicated within the arterial wall for the dur ...	2010	20019196
chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with elevated body mass index in young men.	chlamydia pneumoniae infection is said to be associated with obesity. we studied the association between c. pneumoniae infection and inflammation and increased bmi in 891 finnish military recruits. igg seropositivity in arrival and departure serum samples during 6-12 months of military service was considered as persistence of antibodies and a possible indication of chronic infection. persistently high c-reactive protein (crp) level (elevated on arrival and departure) (or 2.2, 95% ci 1.3-3.9), an ...	2010	20018131
the association between chlamydia pneumoniae and metabolic syndrome in taiwanese adults.	both chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) seropositivity and metabolic syndrome (mes) have been identified as risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (cvd), but the association between cp seropositivity and mes has not been extensively studied.	2009	20016424
the metabolic syndrome: underdiagnosed and undertreated.		2009	20016419
etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods.	the microbial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is still not well characterized. during the past few years, polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based methods have been developed for many pathogens causing respiratory tract infections. the aim of this study was to determine the etiology of cap among adults-especially the occurrence of mixed infections among patients with cap-by implementing a new diagnostic pcr platform combined with conventional methods.	2010	20014950
[chlamydial infection in asthma. macrolide treatment].	atypical microorganism infections, including chlamydophila pneumoniae, play an important role in asthma course. a significant influence of chlamydial infection on severity of asthma exacerbations and increase in chronic asthma symptoms has been shown. the group of medication with high antibacterial activity against atypical microorganisms are macrolides, which also have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. macrolide treatment in patients with asthma can be connected with additional th ...	2009	20013705
do infections trigger juvenile idiopathic arthritis?	juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia) is a disease that was prominent with increased inflammation response in immune system, appeared mostly with peripheral arthritis and endogenous and exogenous antigens play a role in the pathogenesis of disease. two major reasons were thinking to be considerably important. first of them is immunological predisposition and the second one is environmental factors. infections are considered to be the most important between environmental factors but also stress and ...	2011	20012631
exploring the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular disease: a narrative review.	an overwhelming number of studies have suggested that chlamydia pneumoniae infections play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. several, but not all, seroepidemiological studies have shown that c. pneumoniae antibodies may be related to the development of atherosclerotic disease. additionally, c. pneumoniae seems to be present in atherosclerotic but not in healthy vascular tissue. experimental studies have suggested a number of molecular mechanisms by which vascular c. pneumoniae infect ...	2009	20011710
the inflammatory aspects of chlamydia pneumoniae-induced brain infection.	the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as alzheimer's disease, is increasingly being recognized. although amyloid-beta is considered to be one of the main initiators of these inflammatory processes, some reports suggest that brain infections may also contribute or even initiate the neuroinflammation. one of the best studied pathogens that might be involved in this phenomenon is the herpes simplex virus, but more recently the obligate intracellular ...	2009	20011709
a comparative study of rna and dna as internal gene expression controls early in the developmental cycle of chlamydia pneumoniae.	many microbial pathogens invade and proliferate within host cells and the molecular mechanism underlying this behavior is currently being revealed for several bacterial species. testing clinically relevant antibacterial compounds and elucidating their effects on gene expression requires adequate controls, especially when studying genetically intractable organisms such as chlamydia spp., for which various gene fusions cannot be constructed. until now, relative mrna levels in chlamydia have been m ...	2010	20002746
[effect of infectious factors on the activation of proinflammatory cytokines in chronic heart failure].	the results of recent studies favor the immunological theory of the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (chf). in this connection, of particular interest is a search for possible causes of cytokine hyperactivation in patients with chf of ischemic etiology, one of which may be viral infection. the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of herpesvirus simplex (hvs), cytomegalovirus (cmv), chlamydia pneumoniae on the activation of cytokines in patients with chf of ischemic etiology. ninety p ...	2009	20000113
low mannose-binding lectin levels and mbl2 gene polymorphisms associate with chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies.	mannose-binding lectin (mbl) has been shown to inhibit infection of host cells by chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro. we studied if mbl levels and mbl2 polymorphisms associate with the presence of c. pneumoniae antibodies in vivo.	2011	19969625
chlamydia pneumoniae adversely modulates vascular cell properties by direct interaction with signalling cascades.	due to its dependence on intracellular development chlamydia pneumoniae has developed numerous strategies to create an adequate environment within its host cells ensuring both chlamydial reproduction and target cell survival. the bacterium that has been related to atherogenesis due to its presence in vascular tissue is able to enter a persistent state of chronic infection in the vasculature that escapes antibiotic targeting. ingestion of the bacterium results in severe modifications and reprogra ...	2009	19967136
novel chlamydia pneumoniae vaccine candidates confirmed by th1-enhanced genetic immunization.	identification of highly immunogenic antigens is critical for the construction of an efficacious subunit vaccine against chlamydia pneumoniae infections. a previous project used a genome-wide screen to identify 12 protective c. pneumoniae candidate genes in an a/j mouse lung disease model (li et al. [14]). due to insufficient induction of th1 immunity, these genes elicited only modest protection. here, we used the escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as a th1-enhancing genetic adjuvant, and ...	2010	19961962
seroprevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in stroke in young.	younger patients, aged below 45 years, usually lack the conventional risk factors of stroke whereas infections, especially in developing countries, may play a role. there have been many reports in the last decade about the association of chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) and atherosclerosis involving cerebral vessels.	2009	19960750
role of infection in the pathogenesis of alzheimer's disease: implications for treatment.	while our understanding of the neuropathology of alzheimer's disease continues to grow, its pathogenesis remains a subject of intense debate. genetic mutations contribute to a minority of early-onset autosomal dominant cases, but most cases are of either late-onset familial or sporadic form. cns infections, most notably herpes simplex virus type 1, chlamydophila pneumoniae and several types of spirochetes, have been previously suggested as possible aetiological agents in the development of spora ...	2009	19958038
c. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in mimicking mycoplasma pneumoniae meningoencephalitis complicated by asthma.	chlamydophila (chlamydia) pneumoniae is a common, non-zoonotic cause of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in ambulatory young adults. c. pneumoniae clinically presents as a mycoplasma-like illness frequently accompanied by laryngitis. c. pneumoniae cap may also cause nursing home outbreaks in the elderly. similar to mycoplasma pneumoniae in immunocompetent hosts, c. pneumoniae cap usually manifests as a mild/moderately severe cap. in contrast with legionnaire's disease, central nervous system i ...	2009	19944878
evaluation of the combination of the nuclisens easymag and the easyq applications for the detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae in respiratory tract specimens.	mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae are respiratory tract pathogens frequently involved in community-acquired pneumonia, but are fastidious microorganisms. their direct detection mainly requires molecular amplification techniques. a nucleic acid extraction system, nuclisens easymag, and a real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) technique, nuclisens easyq, were recently developed by biomérieux to detect both bacteria. the aim of our study was to compare the easymag/ ...	2010	19941020
[chlamydia pneumoniae - causal pathogen or fortuitous witness of atherosclerosis progression?].		2009	19938364
chlamydia antibodies and self-reported symptoms of oligo-amenorrhea and hirsutism: a new etiologic factor in polycystic ovary syndrome?	to investigate whether the systemic inflammation induced by chlamydial infections might be associated with symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos).	2010	19931073
severe late-onset nosocomial pneumonia caused by chlamydophila pneumoniae.	we report two cases of severe late-onset nosocomial pneumonia caused by chlamydophila pneumaniae. the clinical course of the disease in these patients suggests that nosocomial pneumonia caused by this agent can lead to profound respiratory insufficiency and acute respiratory distress syndrome, particularly in patients with significant comorbidities and during the postoperative period. intravenous azithromycin treatment was used to cure pneumonia in both of our patients.	2009	19928419
impact of intimal pathogen burden in acute coronary syndromes--correlation with inflammation, thrombosis, and autoimmunity.	increasing evidence supports a link between serological evidence of pathogen burden (pb) and the risk for future cardiovascular events. our study evaluates the intimal presence of 4 pathogens in atheroma, clinically associated with acute coronary syndromes (acs) and stable angina (sa), and the effect on the expression of intimal c-reactive protein (crp), tissue factor (tf) and human heat-shock protein 60 (hhsp60).	2010	19914090
does chlamydia pneumoniae infection trigger to development of asthma in wheezy infants?	the role of chlamydia pneumonia (cp) infection in infantile asthma remains obscure. cp infection was serologically determined (immunoglobulin m antibody titer of index (id) > or = 2.00) in wheezing infants who were then re-examined at 3 years of age to determine whether asthma is associated with cp infection. wheezing infants with cp infection progressed to asthma more frequently than those who were not infected. these findings may suggest that cp infection triggers the development of asthma in ...	2009	19905928
plasmacytoid dendritic cells prevent cigarette smoke and chlamydophila pneumoniae-induced th2 inflammatory responses.	smoking promotes the development of allergic asthma and pneumonia. chlamydophila pneumoniae lung infection is associated with an increased risk for asthma, inducing an immune response regulated by dendritic cells (dcs). this study sought to determine whether exposure to cigarette smoke modulates the functional activity of cd11c-positive dcs in the lung, with and without concomitant c. pneumoniae infection. bone marrow-derived dcs (bmdcs) were exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke extract (cse) and ...	2010	19901344
infectious burden and risk of stroke: the northern manhattan study.	to determine the association between a composite measure of serological test results for common infections (chlamydia pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2) and stroke risk in a prospective cohort study.	2010	19901154
lack of chlamydophila pneumoniae and predominance of alloiococcus otitidis in middle ear fluids of children with otitis media with effusion.	to investigate the presence of chlamydophila pneumoniae and other bacterial pathogens in middle ear effusion samples obtained from children with otitis media with effusion (ome).	2010	19879704
time to prove the infective etiology of ankylosing spondylitis and related spondylarthritides: comment on the article by carter et al.		2009	19877074
pathogen burden in degenerative aortic valves is associated with inflammatory and immune reactions.	the presence of five pathogens was assessed, together with a possible correlation of the total pathogen burden on inflammation and (auto)immunity in aortic stenosis (as) and degenerative aortic valve bioprosthesis (bp).	2009	19852145
the association between chlamydia pneumoniae dna in arherosclerotic plaque and major risk factors in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.	this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae pathogen inside the atherosclerotic plaque of patients undergoing cabg by using pcr assay and to determine whether there is any association between the presence of bacteria in atherosclerotic lesions and classical coronary risk factors.	2009	19838954
a novel inhibitor of chlamydophila pneumoniae protein kinase d (pknd) inhibits phosphorylation of cdsd and suppresses bacterial replication.	we have shown previously that chlamydophila pneumoniae contains a dual-specific ser/thr protein kinase that phosphorylates cdsd, a structural component of the type iii secretion apparatus. to further study the role of pknd in growth and development we sought to identify a pknd inhibitor to determine whether pknd activity is required for replication.	2009	19828035
[significance of determination of lipid-oxidizing catalytic antibodies in patients with ischemic heart diseases].	from the previously examined patients with ischemic heart disease (ihd), the authors formed two groups in whom an original method was used to detect the abnormal lipid-oxidizing anti-chlamydia antibodies abzymes that increased the serum concentration of malondialdehyde. the effects of the statin rosuvastatin and the antioxidant licopin on abzymes were comparatively studied. despite the positive impact of therapy with rosuvastatin on lipid metabolism of ihd patients, the agent exerted no effect o ...	2009	19824403
chlamydia pneumoniae induces t cell apoptosis through glutathione redox imbalance and secretion of tnf-alpha.	chlamydia pneumoniae persistent infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, and we hypothesized that modulation of the apoptosis of macrophages and/or t cells by c. pneumoniae infection may contribute to the development of such diseases. we therefore evaluated apoptosis, cytokine response, and redox status in human primary t cells and macrophages infected with c. pneumoniae. in addition, co-cultures of t cells and macropha ...	2009	19822082
role of 'atypical pathogens' among adult hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.	agents such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila are recognized as important causes of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) worldwide. this study examined the role of these 'atypical pathogens' (ap) among adult hospitalized patients with cap.	2009	19818051
macrolide antibiotics aggravate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase.	recent studies have implicated chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) is present in a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) in which c. pneumoniae could act as a cofactor in the development of the disease. macrolide antibiotics are most widely used anti-chlamydial agents and have immunomodulatory effect independently of their anti-bacterial activity. to investigate their effects on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), eae was induced by immunization with mbp68-86 peptide emul ...	2009	19811424
proliferative stimulation of the vascular endothelin-1 axis in vitro and ex vivo by infection with chlamydia pneumoniae.	endothelin-1 (et-1) is a vasoactive peptide that modifies vascular function via the g-protein coupled transmembrane receptors, endothelin-a receptor (etar) and endothelin-b receptor (etbr). dysregulation of the et-1 axis plays a role in atherosclerotic development as it triggers cell proliferation, inflammation, and vasoconstriction. the respiratory pathogen chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) has been recovered from atherosclerotic lesions, and related to atherogenesis, via activation of vascular small g ...	2009	19806261
update of antibiotic trials for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.	the possibility that infection is a stimulus for the vascular inflammation that promotes atherogenesis has spawned clinical trials of antibiotics. these have focused primarily on chlamydia pneumoniae as a potential atherogenic agent. in contrast to pilot studies, recent large trials, capped by the azithromycin and coronary events study and pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy mega trials, indicate that standard antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin and gatifloxacin) are ineffec ...	2005	19804167
multipathogen infections in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections.	to explore the epidemiologic and clinical features of, and interactions among, multipathogen infections in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection (arti). a prospective study of children admitted with arti was conducted. peripheral blood samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence to detect respiratory agents including respiratory syncytial virus; adenovirus; influenza virus (flu) types a and b; parainfluenza virus (piv) types 1, 2, and 3; chlamydia pneumonia; and m ...	2009	19788746
chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and copd: more evidence for lack of evidence?	chlamydophila pneumoniae has been recognized as a common cause of respiratory tract infections affecting all age groups. the organism has been implicated as an infectious trigger for acute exacerbations of copd. moreover, the intracellular existence of this pathogen and the ability to cause chronic respiratory infections have led to a number of studies that investigated its possible association with disease development. the present paper examines and discusses the possible association of acute c ...	2009	19782917
[chlamydia pneumoniae induces thp-1-derived foam cell formation by up-regulating the expression of acyl-coenzyme a: cholesterol acyltransferase 1].	to investigate the expression changes of acyl-coenzyme a: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (acat1) on chlamydia pneumoniae (c.pn) induced foam cell formation.	2009	19781220
erythema nodosum caused by ascariasis and chlamydophila pneumoniae pulmonary infection--a case report.	erythema nodosum belongs to a group of relatively common hypodermal inflammations. it occurs mainly among women, particularly young women. the etiology of the disease is not clear. most frequently, changes appear on the surface of the frontal part of the shins. initially, red nodules change in color to dark brown and then to yellow and green. there is neither dissolution nor cicatrization of the exanthema. regression is frequent. we present a case of erythema nodosum caused by ascaris lumbricoid ...	2009	19780821
a prospective study of multiple donor exposure blood recipients: surveillance value and limitations for hemovigilance.	there have been few recent systematic studies of blood recipients for direct evidence of blood safety, especially for emerging pathogens that may pose a threat to the blood supply.	2010	19778336
infections as a stimulus for coronary occlusion, obstruction, or acute coronary syndromes.	atherosclerosis is considered to be an inflammatory disease. infections are a significant cause of inflammation. acute infections might precipitate acute coronary syndromes (acs) whereas chronic infections might be stimuli for the development of atherosclerosis.	2009	19773293
strong correlation in the serum levels of igm rheumatoid factor and igm anti-chlamydia pneumoniae antibody.		2009	19762392
clinico-pathological study of atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study.	atypical respiratory pathogens such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella species, and chlamydia pneumoniae are isolated with increasing frequency from community-acquired pneumonia (cap). this study highlights the importance of organisms responsible for cap.	2009	19759475
do archaea and bacteria co-infection have a role in the pathogenesis of chronic chagasic cardiopathy?	chronic cardiopathy (cc) in chagas disease is a fibrotic myocarditis with c5b-9 complement deposition. mycoplasma and chlamydia may interfere with the complement response. proteolytic enzymes and archaeal genes that have been described in trypanosoma cruzi may increase its virulence. here we tested the hypothesis that different ratios of mycoplasma, chlamydia and archaeal organisms, which are frequent symbionts, may be associated with chagasic clinical forms. materials and methods: eight indeter ...	2009	19753475
evidence that human chlamydia pneumoniae was zoonotically acquired.	zoonotic infections are a growing threat to global health. chlamydia pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that is widespread in human populations, causing acute respiratory disease, and has been associated with chronic disease. c. pneumoniae was first identified solely in human populations; however, its host range now includes other mammals, marsupials, amphibians, and reptiles. australian koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) are widely infected with two species of chlamydia, c. pecorum and c. pneumo ...	2009	19749045
mycoplasma pneumoniae and/or chlamydophila pneumoniae inoculation causing different aggravations in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in apoe ko male mice.	chamydophila pneumoniae (cp) and/or mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) are two bacteria detected in vulnerable atheromas. in this study we aimed to analyze whether cp and/or mp aggravates atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-enriched diet in c57bl/6 apoe ko male mice. thirty male apoe ko mice aged eight weeks fed by a diet containing 1% cholesterol until 32 weeks of age were divided into four groups: the first was inoculated with cp (n = 7), the second with mp (n = 12), the third with both cp + mp (n ...	2009	19744321
toll-like receptor-4 (tlr4) mediates human beta-defensin-2 (hbd-2) induction in response to chlamydia pneumoniae in mononuclear cells.	monocytes are pivotal effector cells of the innate immune system that are vital for recognizing and eliminating invasive microbial pathogens. when microbial products bind to pathogen-recognition receptors, monocytes are activated and release a broad array of cytokines and defensins that orchestrate the host innate and adaptive immune responses. the aim of the present study is to investigate whether toll-like receptor-4 (tlr4) mediates human beta-defensin-2 (hbd-2) induction in response to chlamy ...	2009	19735472
management of bacterial infections in children with asthma.	respiratory viruses are the single most common causes of asthma exacerbations in children. rhinovirus-induced wheezing is a risk factor for chronic asthma, but its mechanism has remained unknown. human bocavirus is a common finding in wheezing children, but its role as a respiratory pathogen is still unclear. mycoplasma pneumoniae may, like viruses, induce wheezing and asthma exacerbation. chlamydia pneumoniae and, in recent studies, chlamydia trachomatis, may not only induce asthma exacerbation ...	2009	19735226
development of a real-time pcr for the specific detection of waddlia chondrophila in clinical samples.	waddlia chondrophila is considered as an emerging human pathogen likely involved in miscarriage and lower respiratory tract infections. given the low sensitivity of cell culture to recover such an obligate intracellular bacteria, molecular-based diagnostic approaches are warranted. we thus developed a real-time pcr that amplifies waddlia chondrophila dna. specific primers and probe were selected to target the 16s rrna gene. the pcr specifically amplified w. chondrophila but did not amplify other ...	2009	19727868
[evaluation of seeplex pneumobacter multiplex pcr kit for the detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens in pediatric patients].	rapid identification of the causative agent among potential bacterial and viral pathogens is important for the management of acute respiratory disease. in this study, we evaluated the analytical performance and clinical usefulness of a recently-introduced multiplex pcr assay, seeplex pneumobacter detection kit (seegene inc., korea) for the identification of respiratory bacterial pathogens.	2009	19726892
chlamydia pneumoniae and stroke: is there a direct relationship?	to investigate the possible relationship between atherothrombotic stroke and chlamydia pneumoniae.	2009	19722034
azithromycin, clarithromycin and telithromycin inhibit muc5ac induction by chlamydophila pneumoniae in airway epithelial cells.	airway mucus hypersecretion is an important problem in chronic respiratory diseases including bronchial asthma. chlamydophila pneumoniae is recently confirmed to be a pathogen in bronchial asthma, but the relationship between c. pneumoniae and mucus hypersecretion is uncertain. in this study, we examined whether c. pneumoniae induces muc5ac mucin in airway epithelial cells. we also examined the effects of macrolide and ketolide antibiotics on the c. pneumoniae-induced mucus production.	2009	19716898
mannose-binding lectin as a risk factor for acute coronary syndromes.	mannose-binding lectin (mbl) is a multifunctional protein involved in innate immunity. we tested whether mbl and elevated viral and bacterial antibodies were risk factors for acute coronary events.	2009	19711212
role of chlamydophila pneumoniae in children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in vienna, austria.	no recent austrian data are available on the epidemiology and morbidity of chlamydophila pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) as causative agent in youths and children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (cap). these data would serve as a rationale for empiric antimicrobial therapy.	2009	19670403
ciap-1 controls innate immunity to c. pneumoniae pulmonary infection.	the resistance of epithelial cells infected with chlamydophila pneumoniae for apoptosis has been attributed to the induced expression and increased stability of anti-apoptotic proteins called inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (iaps). the significance of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (ciap-1) in c. pneumoniae pulmonary infection and innate immune response was investigated in ciap-1 knockout (ko) mice using a novel non-invasive intra-tracheal infection method. in contrast to wildtype, ci ...	2009	19657383
evaluation of two real-time pcr chemistries for the detection of chlamydophila pneumoniae in clinical specimens.	chlamydophila pneumoniae is an atypical bacterial respiratory pathogen that is responsible for approximately 3-10% of community-acquired pneumonia cases. we report the evaluation of two distinct real-time pcr assays for rapid and specific detection of c. pneumoniae. we tested 401 clinical specimens, finding 5.7% positive, and confirmed a localized outbreak.	2009	19647071
restriction of chlamydia pneumoniae replication in human dendritic cell by activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.	infection with chlamydia pneumoniae, a human respiratory pathogen, has been associated with various chronic diseases such as asthma and atherosclerosis, possibly because the pathogen can exist in a persistent form. c. pneumoniae persistently infect dcs in a tnf-alpha dependent manner. the present study investigated whether c. pneumoniae infection can induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) activity in dendritic cells, and whether the restriction of chlamydial growth in the dcs by tnf-alpha is i ...	2009	19643200
[chlamydia pneumoniae in the etiology of the keratoconjunctivitis sicca in adult patients (a pilot study)].	in the pilot study the authors refer to the possible connection between the appearance of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (kcs) and chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) infection.	2009	19642357
intermittent roxithromycin for preventing progression of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: long-term results of a small clinical trial.	antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae are associated with an increased rate of expansion of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (aaas). short-term follow-up trials have shown a transient reduction aaa growth rate, in macrolide treated compared with placebo. therefore we analysed the influence of intermittent, long-term roxithromycin treatment on aaa expansion and referral for surgery.	2009	19640922
nmr assignment of the periplasmic oxidoreductase dsbh from chlamydia.	chlamydia use a complex of outer envelope proteins, which are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds, to protect their infectious developmental form from lysis. reported herein are the nmr chemical shift assignments of dsbh, a novel disulfide oxidoreductase from chlamydia.	2007	19636863
prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae in different forms of coronary disease.	several infectious agents have been investigated since the association between atherosclerosis and infection was demonstrated; however, the results of these studies are contradictory.	2009	19629306
assay of chlamydia pneumoniae-specific igm antibodies by elisa method--reduction of non-specific reaction and resetting of serological criteria by measuring igm antibodies--.	in the present study, we tried to reduce the non-specific reactions for measuring anti-chlamydia pneumoniae igm antibodies by the elisa kit of hitazyme c. pneumoniae ab-igm (hitazyme igm) by using a new absorbent. we also tried to reset the igm cut-off index (id) of hitazyme igm by testing serum samples from healthy children and healthy adults with no respiratory symptoms. the results suggest that the use of the new absorbent (anti-human igg antibodies) may reduce the non-specific reactions by r ...	2009	19628901
simultaneous use of direct and indirect diagnostic techniques in atypical respiratory infections from chlamydophila pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae.	in 2008, 50 samples (bal), coming from hospital patients, with acute respiratory symptoms have been investigated using two real-time pcr methods: one assay for the single detection of chlamydophila pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae dna and one commercially available real-time duplex pcr assay for the detection of c. pneumoniae and m. pneumoniae dna. both techniques used here showed compliant results, with 100% concordance for detection of c. pneumoniae and 98% for detection of m. pneumoniae. ...	2009	19623657
independent inactivation of arginine decarboxylase genes by nonsense and missense mutations led to pseudogene formation in chlamydia trachomatis serovar l2 and d strains.	chlamydia have reduced genomes that reflect their obligately parasitic lifestyle. despite their different tissue tropisms, chlamydial strains share a large number of common genes and have few recognized pseudogenes, indicating genomic stability. all of the chlamydiaceae have homologs of the aaxabc gene cluster that encodes a functional arginine:agmatine exchange system in chlamydia (chlamydophila)pneumoniae. however, chlamydia trachomatis serovar l2 strains have a nonsense mutation in their aaxb ...	2009	19607664
chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: the role of mast cells.	chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae), a respiratory pathogen, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, an inflammatory progressive disease, characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. among several types of inflammatory cells involved in the atherogenesis process, recently particular attention has been directed toward the mast cells. experimental studies have provided several mechanisms by which c. pneumoniae and mast cells could play a role in all stages of ath ...	2009	19589286
[cough syncope caused by a possible chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia].	we report the case of a 61-year-old man who presented with coughing fits followed by sinus pauses and syncope. cardiac and neurological diagnostic work-up was negative and the patient was considered to have cough syncope. as this occurred within the context of febrile pneumonia, an infectious disease was suspected but diagnostic work-up only revealed an increase of antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae. the responsibility of this agent is discussed. clinical recovery was obtained with the pres ...	2009	19586690
[comparative study of the seroprevalence of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae infection in the course of chronic asthma in children].		2009	19570661
the effect of azithromycin and chlamydophilia pneumonia infection on expansion of small abdominal aortic aneurysms--a prospective randomized double-blind trial.	the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of azithromycin on the expansion rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (aaas), and to determine whether or not a correlation exists between serological markers for chlamydophilia pneumonia (cpn) infection and aaa expansion.	2009	19563951
asthma, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and chlamydophila (chlamydia) pneumonia infection in adult thai population.	the associations between chlamydophila (chlamydia) pneumonia infection and chronic asthma or bronchial hyper-responsiveness (bhr) have been inconclusive.	2009	19562983
clarithromycin suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in mouse models of asthma.	macrolide antibiotics, a class of potent antimicrobials, also possess immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory properties. these properties are considered fundamental for the efficacy of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis. in patients with asthma, macrolide antibiotics have been reported to reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and improve pulmonary function. however, their beneficial actions in asthmatics possibly could be attributed to antimicrobial ac ...	2009	19560456
alzheimer's disease and infection: do infectious agents contribute to progression of alzheimer's disease?	infection with several important pathogens could constitute risk factors for cognitive impairment, dementia, and alzheimer's disease (ad) in particular. this review summarizes the data related to infectious agents that appear to have a relationship with ad. infections with herpes simplex virus type 1, picornavirus, borna disease virus, chlamydia pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori, and spirochete were reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of ad or to cognitive changes. based on these reports ...	2009	19560105
chlamydia pneumoniae hides inside apoptotic neutrophils to silently infect and propagate in macrophages.	intracellular pathogens have developed elaborate strategies for silent infection of preferred host cells. chlamydia pneumoniae is a common pathogen in acute infections of the respiratory tract (e.g. pneumonia) and associated with chronic lung sequelae in adults and children. within the lung, alveolar macrophages and polymorph nuclear neutrophils (pmn) are the first line of defense against bacteria, but also preferred host phagocytes of chlamydiae.	2009	19547701
relevance of the genetic polymorphism of nod1 in chlamydia pneumoniae seropositive stroke patients.	chronic infections with certain pathogens, such as chlamydia pneumoniae, and genetic parameters that influence inflammatory reactions have been suggested to contribute to ischaemic stroke. nod1 is a potent cytosolic receptor for c. pneumoniae. the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic polymorphism of nod1 from the aspect of the development of stroke.	2009	19538217
prevalence of chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds.	chlamydophila psittaci infections in humans are underestimated. we investigated the occurrence of c. psittaci in a belgian population of 540 individuals. data were from a population survey (n=2524) of apparently healthy community-dwelling subjects aged 35-55 years. pharyngeal swabs and blood were taken. individuals completed a questionnaire on professional and nonprofessional activities, smoking habits, medical history and contact frequency with different bird species. swabs were analysed by a c ...	2009	19528151
[intervention of huanglian jiedu decoction on haemorheology and cholesterol-supplemented diet].	to study the influence of chlamydia pneumonia (cpn) infection on haemorheology and atherosclerosis and the intervention of huanglian jiedu decoction (hjt).	2009	19526793