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[evaluation of the efficiency of differential diagnosis of influenza by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction].the paper gives the results of a comparative analysis of the detection of influenza viruses in clinical samples, by using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and by virus isolation in mdck cell cultures. the investigation employed 267 nasopharyngeal swab specimens obtained from patients with influenza symptoms during two epidemic seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010). influenza viruses were found in 104 samples (48 with influenza a virus (iav) and 56 with influenza b virus (ibv)) ...201622624473
molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses.coronaviruses, which are single stranded, positive sense rna viruses, are responsible for a wide variety of existing and emerging diseases in humans and other animals. the gammacoronaviruses primarily infect avian hosts. within this genus of coronaviruses, the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly infectious upper-respiratory tract disease in commercial poultry. ibv shows rapid evolution in chickens, frequently producing new antigenic types, which adds to the multip ...201222609285
isolation and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus from recent outbreaks in broiler flocks reveals emergence of novel strain in india.in this study, two isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from field outbreaks in 2008 (india/lkw/56/ivri/08) and 2010 (india/nmk/72/ivri/10) from broiler chickens in india were isolated and characterized. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the entire s1 gene revealed that these isolates belong to two different genotypes, india/lkw/56/ivri/08 as mass strain whereas india/nmk/72/ivri/10 as of different genotype. nucleotide sequencing ...201222573006
a single polar residue and distinct membrane topologies impact the function of the infectious bronchitis coronavirus e protein.the coronavirus e protein is a small membrane protein with a single predicted hydrophobic domain (hd), and has a poorly defined role in infection. the e protein is thought to promote virion assembly, which occurs in the golgi region of infected cells. it has also been implicated in the release of infectious particles after budding. the e protein has ion channel activity in vitro, although a role for channel activity in infection has not been established. furthermore, the membrane topology of the ...201222570613
pathogenesis and tissue distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate irfibv32 (793/b serotype) in experimentally infected broiler chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry. the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate irfibv32 (793/b serotype) in experimentally infected chicken. ninety-one-day-old commercial broilers were divided randomly into two groups (seventy in the experimental and twenty in the control group). chicks in the experimental group were inoculated intranasally with 10(5) eld50/0.1 ml of the virus at three week ...201222566769
protection conferred by a recombinant marek's disease virus that expresses the spike protein from infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free chicken.in many countries, the predominant field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been classified as qx-like strains since 1996. however, no commercial vaccines that are specific for this type of ibv are currently available. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel vaccines that prevent qx-like ibv infection.201222559869
genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus in recent years in china.fifty-six isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were obtained from different field outbreaks in china in 2010, and they were genotyped by comparison with 19 reference strains in the present study. the results showed that lx4-type isolates are still the predominant ibvs circulating in chicken flocks in china, and these isolates could be grouped further into two clusters. viruses in each cluster had favored amino acid residues at different positions in the s1 subunit of the spike pro ...201222545524
the presence of viral subpopulations in an infectious bronchitis virus vaccine with differing pathogenicity--a preliminary study.there are currently four commercially available vaccines in australia to protect chickens against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). predominantly, ibv causes clinical signs associated with respiratory or kidney disease, which subsequently cause an increase in mortality rate. three of the current vaccines belong to the same subgroup (subgroup 1), however, the vics vaccine has been reported to cause an increased vaccinal reaction compared to the other subgroup 1 vaccines. molecular anomalies dete ...201222542436
avian reovirus sigma c enhances the mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by antigen-conjugated lactic acid bacteria.mucosal surfaces are common sites of pathogen colonization/entry. effective mucosal immunity by vaccination should provide protection at this primary infection site. our aim was to develop a new vaccination strategy that elicits a mucosal immune response. a new strain of enterococcus faecium, a non pathogenic lactic acid bacteria (lab) with strong cell adhesion ability, was identified and used as a vaccine vector to deliver two model antigens. specifically, sigma (σ) c protein of avian reovirus ...201222531554
immunopathological effects of experimental t-2 mycotoxocosis in broiler chicken co-infected with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv).a total of 128 1-week-old chicks were classified into four groups; t-2 toxin fed (t-2), ibv infected (ibv), t-2 toxin fed and co-infected with ibv (t-2+ibv), and untreated (control) for a period of 6 weeks. within their respective groups, the birds belonged to t-2 and t-2+ibv were exposed to 2 ppm of t-2 toxin contaminated feed for 6 weeks, and 0.2 ml of 10 eid(50) (10(5.69)/0.2 ml) inoculums of ibv isolate (india/lkw/56/ivri/08) was used to challenge the chicks belonged to ibv alone and t-2+ibv ...201222483992
effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on colibacillosis lesions in broilers after infectious bronchitis virus and subsequent escherichia coli infection.in case of persistent and sterile inflammation, anti-inflammatory drugs should be considered as first choice treatment instead of antibiotics.201222475186
proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after infection with the highly virulent and attenuated coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is first to be discovered coronavirus which is probably endemic in all regions with intensive impact on poultry production. in this study, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) and two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-dige), coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (maldi-tof/tof-ms), to explore the global proteome profiles of trachea and kidney tissues from chicken at ...201222463732
characterization and analysis of the full-length genome of a strain of the european qx-like genotype of infectious bronchitis virus.in recent years, strains of infectious bronchitis virus belonging to the qx-like genotype have been causing huge economic losses in commercial chicken flocks in different countries in europe. in order to expand the knowledge of the molecular features of these viruses, we have sequenced and characterized the complete genome of european qx-like ibv strain ck/swe/0658946/10, which was isolated in 2010 in sweden. the genome is 27664 nucleotides in length, comprising six genes and 5' and 3' untransla ...201222421962
deoxynivalenol as a contaminant of broiler feed: effects on bird performance and response to common vaccines.recent data suggest that fusarium trichothecenes may reduce broiler performance at levels previously thought not to affect this variable in chickens. in the present study, we investigated the effects of deoxynivalenol (don), a type-b trichothecene, on broilers. male broilers at 7 d of age were fed either a basal diet (0.265 ± 0.048 mg of don; 0.013 ± 0.001 mg of zearalenone/kg), a low don diet (1.68 mg of don/kg; 0.145 ± 0.007 mg of zearalenone/kg), or a high don diet (12.209 ± 1.149 mg of don/k ...201222399723
ameliorative effect of a microbial feed additive on infectious bronchitis virus antibody titer and stress index in broiler chicks fed deoxynivalenol.although acute mycotoxicoses are rare in poultry production, chronic exposure to low levels of mycotoxins is responsible for reduced productivity and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. deoxynivalenol (don) is known to modulate immune function, but only a few studies have investigated the effect of don on the vaccinal immune response. in addition, the effects of mycofix select (biomin gmbh, herzogenburg, austria) supplementation to don-contaminated broiler diets have not yet been de ...201222399717
binding of the 5'-untranslated region of coronavirus rna to zinc finger cchc-type and rna-binding motif 1 enhances viral replication and transcription.coronaviruses rna synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and is regulated by host cell proteins. in a screen based on a yeast three-hybrid system using the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) rna as bait against a human cdna library derived from hela cells, we found a positive candidate cellular protein, zinc finger cchc-type and rna-binding motif 1 (madp1), to be able to interact with this region of the sars-cov genome. this interaction was subsequently confirmed in corona ...201222362731
first evidence of the emergence of novel putative infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in cuba.the emergence of new infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotypes or serotypes along with the poor cross-protection observed among ibv serotypes have complicated the avian infectious bronchitis (ib) control programs in different geographic regions. in cuba, the lack of genetic information regarding ibv and the increasing epidemiological importance of this virus in cuban chicken flocks demand further characterization of ibv isolates. in the present work, studies of genetic diversity and phylogenet ...201222357366
expression of the c-type lectins dc-sign or l-sign alters host cell susceptibility for the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an avian coronavirus, is a cause of great economic loss in the poultry industry. the virus mainly infects respiratory epithelium, but can be also detected in other organs. the functional receptor for the virus has not been found and field strains of ibv do not infect conventional cell lines. recently, it has been shown that the c-type lectins dc-sign/l-sign can promote entry of several coronaviruses. here we examine whether dc-sign/l-sign are entry determinants ...201222340967
up-regulation of mcl-1 and bak by coronavirus infection of human, avian and animal cells modulates apoptosis and viral replication.virus-induced apoptosis and viral mechanisms that regulate this cell death program are key issues in understanding virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. like many other human and animal viruses, coronavirus infection of mammalian cells induces apoptosis. in this study, the global gene expression profiles are first determined in ibv-infected vero cells at 24 hours post-infection by affymetrix array, using avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as a model system. it reveals ...201222253918
functional transcriptional regulatory sequence (trs) rna binding and helix destabilizing determinants of murine hepatitis virus (mhv) nucleocapsid (n) protein.coronavirus (cov) nucleocapsid (n) protein contains two structurally independent rna binding domains. these are denoted n-terminal domain (ntd) and c-terminal domain and are joined by a charged linker region rich in serine and arginine residues (sr linker). in mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), the ntd binds the transcriptional regulatory sequence (trs) rna, a conserved hexanucleotide sequence required for subgenomic rna synthesis. the ntd is also capable of disrupting a short rna duplex. we show here ...201222241479
immune responses to mucosal vaccination by the recombinant a1 and n proteins of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is prevented primarily by the use of live attenuated vaccines, which are known to have a limited strain range of protection. alternative vaccines against the emerging new virus strains can improve control of the disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenic potential of two recombinant viral proteins, when administered by eyedrop, without the assistance of a vector. the recombinant s1 (rs1) and n (rn) proteins of the m41 strain expressed in e. c ...201222225471
Serotype and genotype diversity of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated during 1985-2008 in Guangxi, China.The genetic diversity of the hypervariable region I of S1 gene (HVR I) of infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains H120, Ma5 and 4/91 was compared to that of 26 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated from the field in Guangxi province of China during the years 1985-2008, and the field isolates were classified into five major genotypes. Monovalent antisera against three vaccine strains and seven field isolates of different genotypes were prepared by immunizing rabbits with mineral o ...201122198411
impact of competitive non-protective antigens in a booster killed vaccine on seroconversions to protective antigens of newcastle disease virus in chickens.this study was designed to examine the impact of competitive non-protective antigens in a bivalent killed vaccine of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis (ib) virus on seroconversions against protective fusion protein of newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv), in free-range layers primed by live nd-clone 30 and ib-h120 vaccines. the experimental design included two free-range layer farms in which sera of randomly chosen layers were collected on two occasions from each of the two farms n ...201122194228
Live attenuated nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus vaccine provides broad cross protection against new variant strains.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide, and the emergence of new variant strains complicates disease control. The present study investigated the genetic and protectotypic features of newly emerged Korean IBV strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that several recent isolates formed 2 different clusters (new cluster 1 and 2), which were distinct from other preexisting clusters. New cluster 1 IBV strains represented recombinants ...201222184432
Modification of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus for vaccine development.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an infectious respiratory disease of domestic fowl that affects poultry of all ages causing economic problems for the poultry industry worldwide. Although IBV is controlled using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines it continues to be a major problem due to the existence of many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein resulting in poor cross-protection, and loss of immunogenicity associated with vaccine production. Live attenuated IBV vacci ...201222179147
New insights on infectious bronchitis virus pathogenesis: characterization of Italy 02 serotype in chicks and adult hens.Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a worldwide disease affecting chickens of all ages and causing important economic losses in poultry industry. Despite being one of the predominant IB virus (IBV) serotype in several European countries, slightly is known about pathogenesis and pathogenicity of Italy 02 serotype. In this study chicks and old hens were infected by oculo-nasal route with Italy 02 serotype. Clinical signs, gross and microscopic findings were evaluated, viral nucleic acid detection was as ...201122172297
preparation and characterization of egg yolk immunoglobulin y specific to influenza b virus.the aim of this study was to prepare egg yolk immunoglobulin (igy) for use in the prevention and treatment of influenza b viral infections. laying hens were immunized with inactivated influenza b virus (ibv), and igy was isolated from the egg yolk by multiple polyethylene glycol (peg) 6000 extraction and ammonium sulfate purification steps. the titers and specificity of the purified antibodies were assessed. the specific igy titer increased beginning the second week after the first immunization, ...201222127067
QX-like infectious bronchitis virus in Africa. 201122121184
Effects of immune stress on growth performance, immunity, and cecal microflora in chickens.Immune stress is the loss of immune homeostasis by external forces. This study investigated the effects of different types of immune stress on growth performance, immunity, and the distribution of cecal microflora in broiler chickens. In total, 540 one-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 5 (n = 108 birds/group) treatments: 1) no vaccination; 2) simplified vaccination, which included the infectious bronchitis vaccine (H120), the inactivated avian influenza vaccine (AI ...201122080012
profiling of substrate specificities of 3c-like proteases from group 1, 2a, 2b, and 3 coronaviruses.coronaviruses (covs) can be classified into alphacoronavirus (group 1), betacoronavirus (group 2), and gammacoronavirus (group 3) based on diversity of the protein sequences. their 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)), which catalyzes the proteolytic processing of the polyproteins for viral replication, is a potential target for anti-coronaviral infection.201122073294
The SARS-coronavirus-host interactome: identification of cyclophilins as target for pan-coronavirus inhibitors.Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human and animal pathogens that induce fatal respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological disease. The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002/2003 has demonstrated human vulnerability to (Coronavirus) CoV epidemics. Neither vaccines nor therapeutics are available against human and animal CoVs. Knowledge of host cell proteins that take part in pivotal virus-host interactions could define broad-spectrum antiviral targets. In this study ...201122046132
egg production in relation to the results of a long term serological survey of 73 flocks of fowl.summary seventy-three flocks of fowl were tested at regular intervals for the presence of precipitins to fowl adenovirus (av) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), haem-agglutinating inhibiting antibodies to bc14 virus, and of agglutinins to mycoplasma gallisepticum (m.g.) and mycoplasma synoviae (m.s.). in all the eight flocks affected with egg drop syndrome (eds '76), egg production problems were associated with increasing numbers of bci4 virus reactors and av reactors. in flocks showing p ...198022039854
Epidemiology and immunoprotection of nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus in southern China.In last three years, 96 suspected poultry farms from different provinces in China were diagnosed for avian infectious bronchitis (IB) survey. Finally, 221 IBV strains were confirmed by dwarf embryo test and RT-PCR assay. By virus recovery trials, 187 of the isolates caused the birds died or distressed from nephritis, which was accordant with the clinical record.201122032619
Antiviral activity of arbidol, a broad-spectrum drug for use against respiratory viruses, varies according to test conditions.The therapeutic activity of arbidol was investigated against representatives of seven different virus families. Its 50% median effective concentration (EC(50) ) was 0.22-11.8?µg/ml (0.41-22?nM). Therapeutic indices of 91 were obtained for type 1 poliovirus and 1.9-8.5 for influenza A and B, human paramyxo-3, avian infectious bronchitis-, and Marek's disease viruses. Arbidol was more inhibitory for influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus than rimantadine or amantadine (EC(50) 10 vs. >15 and >31.6?µg/ ...201222028179
Phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from China.Between 2006 and 2009, seven strains of infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) were isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks on different chicken farms in China. The pathogenic characters of seven IBV strains were assessed. Each of the seven strains was infective to the test chickens and could induce an immune response. The results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that these strains were antigenically distinct from classic IBV strains of H120, M41, Conn, and Gray. Compared t ...201122017046
nephritis associated with infectious bronchitis virus cal99 variant in game chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) cal99 variant was isolated from the kidneys of seven 2-5-mo-old game chickens with nephritis and respiratory disease. ibv cal99 variant is usually associated with respiratory disease in broiler chickens in california. macroscopically, the majority of the birds had moderately to severely enlarged and mottled pale kidneys, with increased urates in the ureters. microscopically, most of the birds had acute nephrosis and interstitial nephritis. the birds also had sin ...201122017040
effects of blood sample mishandling on elisa results for infectious bronchitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus and chicken anaemia virus.this study determined the effect of sample mishandling on the performance of elisas for detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian encephalomyelitis virus (aev) and chicken anaemia virus (cav) in the serum of chickens. the effects of five different sample mishandling treatments were assessed: heat treatment, repetitive freezing and thawing and three levels of severity of haemolysis. these mishandling treatments simulated different conditions that might occur during ...201122015139
Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus after vaccination and challenge of chickens varying in serum mannose-binding lectin concentrations.Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a C-type collectin with structural similarities to C1q, is an innate pattern-recognition molecule that is sequestered to sites of inflammation and infections. MBL selectively binds distinct chemical patterns, including carbohydrates expressed on all kinds of pathogens. The present study shows that serum MBL levels influence the ability of chickens to clear the respiratory tract of virus genomes after an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection. The primary IBV in ...201122008821
Emergence of novel strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis, an important disease that produces severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recent IBV infections in Sweden have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production and thin egg shells in layers. The complete spike gene of selected isolates from IBV cases was amplified and sequenced using conventional RT-PCR. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates be ...201122005179
Recombination in avian gamma-coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.Recombination in the family Coronaviridae has been well documented and is thought to be a contributing factor in the emergence and evolution of different coronaviral genotypes as well as different species of coronavirus. However, there are limited data available on the frequency and extent of recombination in coronaviruses in nature and particularly for the avian gamma-coronaviruses where only recently the emergence of a turkey coronavirus has been attributed solely to recombination. In this stu ...201121994806
coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis.the drastic increase in the number of coronaviruses discovered and coronavirus genomes being sequenced have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform genomics and bioinformatics analysis on this family of viruses. coronaviruses possess the largest genomes (26.4 to 31.7 kb) among all known rna viruses, with g + c contents varying from 32% to 43%. variable numbers of small orfs are present between the various conserved genes (orf1ab, spike, envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid) and downstrea ...201021994708
complete nucleotide analysis of the structural genome of the infectious bronchitis virus strain md27 reveals its mosaic nature.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes highly contagious respiratory or urogenital tract diseases in chickens. the maryland 27(md27) strain was first isolated in 1976 from diseased chicken flocks in the delmarva peninsula region. to understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of existing strains with md27, the complete nucleotide sequence of the 3'end coding region (~7.2 kb) of md27 was determined and compared with other ibv strains and coronaviruses. it has the same s-3-m-5 ...200921994587
regulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and dual-specificity phosphatase 1 feedback loop modulates the induction of interleukin 6 and 8 in cells infected with coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.induction of pro-inflammatory response is a crucial cellular process that detects and controls the invading viruses at early stages of the infection. along with other innate immunity, this nonspecific response would either clear the invading viruses or allow the adaptive immune system to establish an effective antiviral response at late stages of the infection. the objective of this study was to characterize cellular mechanisms exploited by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) to regula ...201121959016
Annexin A2 binds RNA and reduces the frameshifting efficiency of infectious bronchitis virus.Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a protein implicated in diverse cellular functions, including exocytosis, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. It was recently proposed to be involved in RNA metabolism because it was shown to associate with some cellular mRNA. Here, we identified ANXA2 as a RNA binding protein (RBP) that binds IBV (Infectious Bronchitis Virus) pseudoknot RNA. We first confirmed the binding of ANXA2 to IBV pseudoknot RNA by ultraviolet crosslinking and showed its binding to RNA pseudoknot ...201121918681
Coronavirus infection induces DNA replication stress partly through interaction of its nonstructural protein 13 with the p125 subunit of DNA polymerase d.Perturbation of cell cycle regulation is a characteristic feature of infection by many DNA and RNA viruses, including Coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). IBV infection was shown to induce cell cycle arrest at both S and G(2)/M phases for the enhancement of viral replication and progeny production. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well explored. In this study we show that activation of cellular DNA damage response is one of the mechanisms exploited by Coronavirus to induce ce ...201121918226
a recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus expressing a heterologous spike gene belonging to the 4/91 serotype.we have shown previously that replacement of the spike (s) gene of the apathogenic ibv strain beau-r with that from the pathogenic strain of the same serotype, m41, resulted in an apathogenic virus, beaur-m41(s), that conferred protection against challenge with m41. we have constructed a recombinant ibv, beaur-4/91(s), with the genetic backbone of beau-r but expressing the spike protein of the pathogenic ibv strain 4/91(uk), which belongs to a different serogroup as beaudette or m41. similar to ...201121912629
The sialic acid binding activity of the S protein facilitates infection by porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has a sialic acid binding activity that is believed to be important for enteropathogenicity, but that has so far appeared to be dispensable for infection of cultured cells. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of sialic acid binding for the infection of cultured cells under unfavorable conditions, and comparison of TGEV strains and mutants, as well as the avian coronavirus IBV concerning their dependence on the sialic acid binding activit ...201121910859
Changes in nonstructural protein 3 are associated with attenuation in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.Full-length genome sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated (for chickens) avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains of the same serotype was conducted to identify genetic differences between the pathotypes. Analysis of the consensus full-length genome for three different IBV serotypes (Ark, GA98, and Mass41) showed that passage in embryonated eggs, to attenuate the viruses for chickens, resulted in 34.75-43.66% of all the amino acid changes occurring in nsp 3 within a virus typ ...201121909766
Detection of Chinese Q1 strain of infectious bronchitis virus in Europe. 201121856669
Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Russia and neighbouring countries: identification of intertypic recombination in the S1 gene.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates recovered in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan between 2007 and 2010 were subjected to molecular characterization and compared with those isolated a decade ago. The IBV genome was detected in 202 out of 605 field samples from chickens with various clinical signs. Partial sequencing of the S1 gene revealed 153 vaccine strains and 49 field isolates of several genetic groups. Massachusetts, 793/B and D274 remained the predominant IBV genotypes along with QX, ...201121854179
In vitro and in vivo effects of Houttuynia cordata on infectious bronchitis virus.Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) (HC) is a traditional Chinese medicine used in China. In the present study, the effect of HC on cell infection by IBV was determined using plaque assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The inhibitory effect of HC on IBV infection in ovo and in vivo was analysed using specific pathogen free (S ...201121848486
phylogenetic analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in china during 2009-2010.as part of our ongoing surveillance program, 40 field strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from dead or diseased chicken flocks in different areas of china between 2009 and 2010. s1 glycoprotein genes of these strains were sequenced and analyzed with 38 strains published in genbank. s1 genes of these isolated strains and the vaccine strains showed nucleotide homologies ranging from 65.2 to 82% and amino acid homologies ranging from 58.4 to 81.9%. meanwhile, chinese ib ...201121842233
Prevalence of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in H5N1 outbreaks areas.The first H5N1 outbreak in Burkina Faso was reported to the World Organization for Animal Health on 3 April 2006. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks areas.201121841299
induction of cystic oviducts and protection against early challenge with infectious bronchitis virus serotype d388 (genotype qx) by maternally derived antibodies and by early vaccination.since the end of 2003, strains of the d388 serotype (qx genotype) of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have caused considerable damage to the dutch poultry industry. in order to better understand the pathogenesis of infection caused by this infectious bronchitis variant and to be able to support the poultry industry with substantiated advice to prevent or decrease the damage caused by the d388 strain, several vaccination and challenge experiments were performed in young specific pathogen free la ...201121834621
coronavirus nsp6 proteins generate autophagosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum via an omegasome intermediate.autophagy is a cellular response to starvation which generates autophagosomes to carry cellular organelles and long-lived proteins to lysosomes for degradation. degradation through autophagy can provide an innate defence against virus infection, or conversely autophagosomes can promote infection by facilitating assembly of replicase proteins. we demonstrate that the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) activates autophagy. a screen of individual ibv non-structural proteins (nsps) ...201121799305
infectious bronchitis virus in testicles and venereal transmission.even though males represent only 8%-12% of the birds of a breeder flock, their role in infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) dissemination is largely unknown. we first assessed the effect of ibv replication in the chicken testes. ten-week-old males were inoculated with arkansas (ark) or massachusetts (mass) ibv virulent strains. seven days postinoculation (dpi) ibv rna was detected in testicles of 100% of m41- and in 96% of ark-infected males. marginal nonsynonymous variation was detected in spike ( ...201121793442
recombinational histories of avian infectious bronchitis virus and turkey coronavirus.phylogenetic analysis of complete genomes of the avian coronaviruses avian infectious bronchitis (aibv) and turkey coronavirus (tcov) supported the hypothesis that numerous recombination events have occurred between these viruses. although the two groups of viruses differed markedly in the sequence of the spike protein, the gene (s) encoding this protein showed no evidence of positive selection or of an elevated mutation rate. rather, the data suggested that recombination events have homogenized ...201121744259
infectious bronchitis virus variants: a review of the history, current situation and control measures.the history, current situation and control measures for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants are reviewed. a large number of ibv variants exist worldwide; some being unique to a particular area, others having a more general distribution. the possible reasons why some strains spread readily over major parts of the world, whereas other strains stay more localized are discussed. the advantages and disadvantages of strain classification by protectotyping, serotyping and genotyping are discusse ...201121711181
sequence analysis of s1 genes of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in thailand during 2008-2009: identification of natural recombination in the field isolates.during 2008-2009, fifteen field infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were isolated from commercial chicken farms in thailand. after sequencing of the complete s1 gene, phylogenetic analysis was performed and this found that the thai ibv isolates were divided into three distinct groups, unique to thailand (group i), qx-like ibv (group ii), and massachusetts type (group iii). this finding indicated that the recent thai ibvs evolved separately and that at least three groups of viruses are circulati ...201121706315
binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity.the binding of viruses to host cells is the first step in determining tropism and pathogenicity. while avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) infection and avian influenza a virus (iav) infection both depend on +¦2,3-linked sialic acids, the host tropism of ibv is restricted compared to that of iav. here we investigated whether the interaction between the viral attachment proteins and the host could explain these differences by using recombinant spike domains (s1) of ibv strains with diff ...201121697468
characterisation and evaluation of antiviral recombinant peptides based on the heptad repeat regions of ndv and ibv fusion glycoproteins.mixed virus infections can cause livestock losses that are more devastating than those caused by single virus infections. newcastle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), serious threats to the poultry industry, can give rise to complex mixed infections that hinder diagnosis and prevention. in this study, we show that newly designed peptides, which are based on the heptad repeat (hr) region of the fusion glycoproteins from ndv and ibv, have more potent antiviral activity than ...201121601229
oral and nasal dna vaccines delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium induce protective immune response against infectious bronchitis in chickens.several studies have reported that intramuscular injection of dna vaccines against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) induces protective immune responses. in the present study, we developed oral and nasal dna vaccines that carried the s1 gene and n gene of ibv delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium strains, sl/pv-s1 and sl/pv-n, respectively. the safety and stability of recombinant salmonella vaccine were evaluated. following oral and nasal administration of chickens, the serum and mucosa ...201121593235
action mechanisms of lithium chloride on cell infection by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a porcine coronavirus. lithium chloride (licl) has been found to be effective against several dna viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus. recently, we and others have reported the inhibitory effect of licl on avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) infection, an rna virus. in the current study, the action mechanism of licl on cell infection by tgev was investigated. plaque assays and 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phe ...201121573100
attenuated live vaccine usage affects accurate measures of virus diversity and mutation rates in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the full-length genomes of 11 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) field isolates from three different types of the virus; massachusetts (mass), connecticut (conn) and california (cal) isolated over a 41, 25 and 8 year period respectively, were sequenced and analyzed to determine the mutation rates and level of polymorphisms across the genome. positive selection was not detected and mutation rates ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-6)substitutions/site/year for mass and conn ibv types where attenuated live ...201121539870
differentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus n protein using a virus-based elisa.the bacterially expressed nucleocapsid (n) protein of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) was used as immunogen to generate a rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody. the immunoreactivity of the protein to the antibody was confirmed by western blot analysis. using prrsv, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, pseudorabies virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus as coating antigens, a virus-based elisa was established. the polyclonal antibody ...201121529294
ammonia disinfection of hatchery waste for elimination of single-stranded rna viruses.hatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertiliser or as substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. this study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. i ...201121515734
immuno-pcr for one step detection of h5n1 avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus using magnetic gold particles as carriers.detecting avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) at low concentrations from tracheal and cloacal swabs of avian influenza- and newcastle disease-infected poultry was carried out using a highly sensitive immunological-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-pcr) method. magnetic gold particles were pre-coated with a capture antibody, either a monoclonal anti-aiv/h5 or monoclonal anti-ndv/f and viruses serially diluted ten-fold from 10(2) to 10(-5)eid(50)/ml. a biotinylated detect ...201121511345
phylogenetic distribution and predominant genotype of the avian infectious bronchitis virus in china during 2008-2009.abstract:201121510909
circulation of infectious bronchitis virus strains from italy 02 and qx genotypes in slovenia between 2007 and 2009.fourteen infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) detected in broiler, broiler breeder, and layer flocks in slovenia between 2007 and 2009 were molecularly analyzed by reverse transcription-pcr and direct sequencing of the s1 gene. phylogenetic analyses based on partial s1 gene sequences revealed that seven strains were classified as the italy 02 genotype, a genetic group of ibv that has not previously been detected in slovenia. another seven strains were classified as the qx genotype. the results o ...201121500655
isolation and characterization of peacock chlamydophila psittaci infection in china.the objective of this study was to isolate and identify suspected pathogens from peacocks and peacock farmers with severe pneumonia and to investigate its potential association with peacocks' pneumonia, caused by chlamydophila psittaci infection. a clinical examination of infected peacocks identified birds with symptoms of anorexia, weight loss, yellowish droppings, airsacculitis, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis, whereas the infected farmers showed high fever and respiratory distress. immunofluore ...201121500640
first full-length sequences of the s gene of european isolates reveal further diversity among turkey coronaviruses.an increasing incidence of enteric disorders clinically suggestive of the poult enteritis complex has been observed in turkeys in france since 2003. using a newly designed real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay specific for the nucleocapsid (n) gene of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and turkey coronaviruses (tcov), coronaviruses were identified in 37% of the intestinal samples collected from diseased turkey flocks. the full-length spike (s) gene of these viruses was a ...201121500038
epidemiological survey and molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus in brazil between 2003 and 2009.as part of an epidemiological study of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in brazil, 252 samples from ibv-suspect flocks were tested and the ibv-positive samples were analysed by sequencing of hypervariable regions 1 and 2 of the s1 gene. a high prevalence of ibv variants was found and the sequence analysis of 41 samples revealed a high molecular similarity among the brazilian isolates (from 90.2 to 100% and from 85.3 to 100% nucleotide and amino acid identity, respectively). the brazilian isolat ...201121500035
development and validation of rt-pcr tests for the detection and s1 genotyping of infectious bronchitis virus and other closely related gammacoronaviruses within clinical samples.two tests were developed that allow the detection and genotyping of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and other closely related gammacoronaviruses. the first test employs a one-step, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay in which the amplification is monitored in real time using a taqman(®) probe. this real-time rt-pcr test was used to examine a panel of field samples and its performance compared to virus isolation in embryonated fowls' eggs. a total of 323 field samples ...201121477114
[expression of green fluorescent protein using an infectious cdna clone of infectious bronchitis virus].an infectious cdna clone of h120 vaccine strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was constructed to demonstrate its potential as a gene transfer vector. primers were designed according to the published genome sequence of h120 strain, and ten cdna fragments covering the entire genome of h120 strain was amplified by rt-pcr. all the pcr products were ligated into pmd19-t vector and sequenced, and the orf5a open reading frame in the pmdtm9 plasmid was replaced by an enhanced green fluorescent pr ...201121462501
histopathological and immunohistochemical study of air sac lesions induced by two strains of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly contagious respiratory coronavirus of domestic chickens. although mortality is low, infection with ibv results in substantial losses for the egg and meat chicken industries. despite the economic importance of ibv and decades of research into the pathogenesis of infection, significant gaps in our knowledge exist. the aim of this study was to compare the early progression of air sac lesions in birds receiving a vaccine strain of the virus or a more vir ...201121420689
proteomic analysis of chicken embryonic trachea and kidney tissues after infection in ovo by avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus. 201121385394
development and immunogenicity of recombinant gapa(+) mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain ts-11 expressing infectious bronchitis virus-s1 glycoprotein and chicken interleukin-6.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major pathogen of poultry that causes chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. a live attenuated vaccine, ts-11, has been used for the control of mg in several countries. the efficacy of this vaccine is highly dose dependent and the flock antibody response is weak. to improve the functionality of the vaccine and investigate its potential as a delivery vector for foreign antigens and immunomodulatory proteins, we developed a d ...201121354248
comparative anti-infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) activity of (-)-pinene: effect on nucleocapsid (n) protein.in the present study, anti-ibv (infectious bronchitis virus) activities of (-)-pinenes were studied by mtt assay, as well as docking and molecular dynamic (md) simulations. the cc50 values of (-)-a-pinene and (-)-ß-pinene were above 10 mm. and the maximum noncytotoxic concentrations (td0) of (-)-a-pinene and (-)-ß-pinene were determined as 7.88 ± 0.06 and 6.09 ± 0.31 mm, respectively. the two compounds were found to inhibit ibv with an ic50 of 0.98 ± 0.25 and 1.32 ± 0.11 mm. the mtt assay showed ...201121350392
efficacy and safety of an attenuated live qx-like infectious bronchitis virus strain as a vaccine for chickens.the attenuation of infectious bronchitis (ib) qx-like virus strain l1148 is described. the virus was passaged multiple times in embryonated specific pathogen free (spf) chicken eggs, and at different passage levels samples were tested for safety for the respiratory tract and kidneys in 1-day-old spf chickens. there was a clear decrease in pathogenicity for the respiratory tract and kidneys when the virus had undergone a large number of passages. passage level 80 was investigated for safety for t ...201121331953
phylogenetic analysis of infectious bronchitis coronaviruses newly isolated in china, and pathogenicity and evaluation of protection induced by massachusetts serotype h120 vaccine against qx-like strains.seventy-eight isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were obtained from different field outbreaks in china in 2009 and genotyped with 34 reference strains. four genotypes of ibv and three new isolates were identified by phylogenetic analysis and blast searches of the entire s1 gene. the results showed that most ibv strains that have circulated in china in recent years belong to the genotype of qx-like strains, and that they could be grouped further into two clusters, regardless of t ...201121331947
protection induced by infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccines alone and combined with newcastle disease virus and/or infectious bronchitis virus vaccines.two types of live attenuated vaccines have been used worldwide for the control of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv): 1) chicken embryo origin (ceo) vaccines; and 2) tissue culture origin vaccines (tco). however, the disease persists in spite of extensive use of vaccination, particularly in areas of intense broiler production. among the factors that may influence the efficiency of iltv live attenuated vaccines is a possible interference of newcastle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bron ...201021313841
genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated from domestic chicken flocks and coronaviruses from feral pigeons in brazil between 2003 and 2009.to detect the presence of infectious bronchitis virus or avian coronavirus, a nested reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) method was developed with the aim of amplifying a fragment of 530 bases, comprising the gene coding s1 protein. in the first step, all samples were submitted to rna extraction, rt-pcr, and nested pcr. next, only the positive nested-pcr samples were propagated in specific-pathogen-free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs for virus isolation. positive samples were then sequenced and a ...201021313839
genotyping of newly isolated infectious bronchitis virus isolates from northeastern georgia.sixteen infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) field isolates obtained from vaccinated commercial broiler chickens showing clinical respiratory disease were characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the hypervariable region of the s1 spike glycoprotein gene. the genetic relationship among these variants and reference strains was determined by phylogenetic analysis and use of the basic local alignment search tool. all the isolates formed a distinct phylo ...201021313832
development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.in this study, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was developed for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). six primers were designed to amplify the nucleocapsid (n) gene of pedv. the optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the rt-lamp were investigated. the results showed that the optimal reaction condition for rt-lamp amplifying pedv n gene was achieved at 63°c for 50 min. the rt-lamp assay was more sensitive than gel-based rt-pcr and en ...201121286798
detection of ibv qx in commercial broiler flocks in the uk. 201021262658
qx-type infectious bronchitis virus in commercial flocks in the uk. 201021262653
an emerging recombinant cluster of nephropathogenic strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in korea.the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is continuously evolving through point mutation and recombination of their genome, subsequently the emergence of ibv variants complicates disease control. the objective of this study was to investigate genetic characterization of new ibv variants isolated from commercial chicken flocks in korea collected between 2005 and 2010. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all new ibv isolates belonged to korean group ii (k-ii), which included the nephropathogenic ibv ...201121255688
evaluation of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus s1 gene and chicken interferon-γ gene for immune protection against heterologous strains.a recombinant fowlpox virus (rfpv-ifnγs1) that co-expressed the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 gene and the chicken interferon-γ gene has been constructed. to evaluate the efficacy of the recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine against heterotypic ibv strains, 60 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens were inoculated with this vaccine and 3 weeks post inoculation challenged with the homotypic ibv strain lx4 and the heterotypic ibv strains lhb, lhlj04xi, ltj95i and lsc99i. antibodies ag ...201121216313
isolation and molecular characterization of sul/01/09 avian infectious bronchitis virus, indicates the emergence of a new genotype in the middle east.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was isolated from trachea and kidney tissues of eight broiler farms in kurdistan region of north iraq from 2008 to 2010. the birds were suffering from respiratory and nephropathological symptoms and lesions. a 1116 bp hyper mutable spike glycoprotein (s1) gene was amplified and sequenced using conventional rt-pcr. sequence analysis and blast homology search in genbank data base indicate that two of the farms were infected with the 4/91 strain, one with an uniden ...201021216111
structures of the n- and c-terminal domains of mhv-a59 nucleocapsid protein corroborate a conserved rna-protein binding mechanism in coronavirus.coronaviruses are the causative agent of respiratory and enteric diseases in animals and humans. one example is sars, which caused a worldwide health threat in 2003. in coronaviruses, the structural protein n (nucleocapsid protein) associates with the viral rna to form the filamentous nucleocapsid and plays a crucial role in genome replication and transcription. the structure of n-terminal domain of mhv n protein also implicated its specific affinity with transcriptional regulatory sequence (trs ...201021203940
a type-specific blocking elisa for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus antibody.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection has been a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide. current commercially available elisa kits detect group-specific antibodies; however, to understand the status of field infection, a monoclonal antibody (mab) blocking elisa (b-elisa) against local ibvs was developed. the selected mab showed specificity to taiwan ibv strains but had no cross-reactivity with the vaccine strain h120. using the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test as a standard, t ...201021192982
reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is the causative agent of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis, and sensitive detection methods are required for preventing the disease. in this article, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was developed to detect tgev. three pairs of primers targeting the nucleocapsid (n) gene of tgev were synthesized and used in the rt-lamp. the optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the rt-lamp were evaluated. our results sh ...201021127872
preparation and characterization of polyclonal antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike protein.a truncated gene (designated s1) encoding the receptor-binding domain (rbd) in the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was amplified by pcr. the gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pgex-6p-1, resulting in a recombinant plasmid pgex-sars-s1. subsequently, pgex-sars-s1 was transformed into host cells bl21(de3)plyss, and the expression of the s1 protein was induced by isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (iptg). polyclonal antibody agains ...201021087096
prevalence and phylogeny of coronaviruses in wild birds from the bering strait area (beringia).coronaviruses (covs) can cause mild to severe disease in humans and animals, their host range and environmental spread seem to have been largely underestimated, and they are currently being investigated for their potential medical relevance. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) belongs to gamma-coronaviruses and causes a costly respiratory viral disease in chickens. the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of ibv is poorly understood. in the present study, we examined 1,002 cloacal and faecal sam ...201021060827
infectious bronchitis viruses with naturally occurring genomic rearrangement and gene deletion.infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) are group iii coronaviruses that infect poultry worldwide. genetic variations, including whole-gene deletions, are key to ibv evolution. australian subgroup 2 ibvs contain sequence insertions and multiple gene deletions that have resulted in a substantial genomic divergence from international ibvs. the genomic variations present in australian ibvs were investigated and compared to those of another group iii coronavirus, turkey coronavirus (tcov). open reading ...201021049275
the hydrophobic domain of infectious bronchitis virus e protein alters the host secretory pathway and is important for release of infectious virus.the coronavirus (cov) e protein plays an important role in virus assembly. the e protein is made in excess during infection and has been shown to have ion channel activity in planar lipid bilayers. however, a role in infection for the unincorporated e or its ion channel activity has not been described. to further investigate the function of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) e protein, we developed a recombinant version of ibv in which the e protein was replaced by a mutant containing a heter ...201021047962
construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant fowlpox vaccine coexpressing s1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus and chicken il-18.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) poses a major threat to the chicken industry worldwide. in this study, we developed a recombinant fowlpox virus (rfpv) vaccine expressing the ibv s1 gene and chicken interleukin-18 gene (il-18), rfpv-s1/il18. recombinant plasmid psy-s1/il18 was constructed by cloning chicken il-18 into fowlpox virus transfer plasmid containing s1 gene and transfected into the chicken embryo fibroblasts cell pre-infected with s-fpv-017 to generate rfpv-s1/il18. expression of the ...201020951182
detection of avian nephritis virus in australian chicken flocks.avian nephritis virus (anv) is thought to infect poultry flocks worldwide, but no confirmed case has been reported in australia. the first such case is described in this study. cases of young chickens with clinical signs of dehydration and diarrhea were submitted to our laboratory and histopathology detected interstitial nephritis. vaccine strains of infectious bronchitis virus were detected in some of these cases but were not considered to be the causative agent. a total of seven fresh submissi ...201020945778
anti-infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) activity of 1,8-cineole: effect on nucleocapsid (n) protein.in the present study, anti-ibv (infectious bronchitis virus) activity of 1,8-cineole was studied by mtt assay, as well as docking and molecular dynamic (md) simulations. the cc50 of 1,8-cineole was above 10 mm. and the maximum noncytotoxic concentration (td0) of 1,8-cineole was determined to be 3.90 ± 0.22 mm, which was much higher than that of ribavirin (0.78 ± 0.15 mm). 1,8-cineole could inhibit ibv with an ic(50) of 0.61 mm. mtt assay showed that the inhibition of ibv by 1, 8-cineole appears ...201020919748
development of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus m protein-based elisa for virus detection.a membrane (m), protein-based elisa was developed to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). the m gene of pedv was expressed in escherichia coli. the purified recombinant m protein was used to immunize rabbits to generate a polyclonal antibody. immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the anti-pedv-m antibody reacted with pedv-infected cells. the antibody was utilized to develop an indirect elisa to detect pedv. other viruses, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, avian in ...201020882317
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