Publications

carbohydrate impairment and insulin secretory abnormalities among macaca mulatta from cayo santiago.	rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) from cayo santiago were examined for evidence of carbohydrate intolerance indicative of potential development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (niddm). monkeys 6 to >20 years from natal groups j, m, and p, an aged group (all >20 years), and unrelated monkeys removed from the island in association with other groups (cayo), were examined with intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv-gtt). morphometric measurements were made on all tested monkeys. impairmen ...	1986	31979457
starting from scratch: a first look at a "displacement activity" in group-living rhesus monkeys.	data on scratching behavior were collected from a group of rhesus monkeys living in spacious surroundings. juveniles scratched more often than adults. adults scratched most often in social contexts and in close temporal association with a change of behavior. subjects of intermediate dominance rank, in particular, scratched around the time of a behavioral change, and these subjects were the only ones to show increased scratching during tests involving restricted access to food (thwarting or frust ...	1986	31979453
infant cross-fostering in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta): a procedure for the long-term management of captive populations.	because of the constraints of captivity, captive populations are generally closed to the introduction of unrelated individuals and may eventually experience inbreeding depression and its associated problems. as a means of increasing genetic diversity in established social gropus of rhesus monkeys at the california primate research center, 36 infants were used as subjects in a cross-fostering experiment in which 27 infants (75%) were successfully integrated into non-natal groups by fostering them ...	1986	31979448
social responding to mirrors in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta): effects of changing mirror location.	two rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) with a lifetime of continuous exposure to mirrors showed a dramatic and reliable reinstatement of social behavior directed toward the mirror when it was simply moved to a new location. these data are discussed in the context of repeated failures to find self-recognition in monkeys and several recent claims that a cessation of social behavior directed toward mirrors can be used as evidence for the beginning of self-recognition in nonhuman primates.	1986	31979446
patterns of mating among male patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) in kenya.	an habituated group of wild patas monkeys was observed in kenya for 550 h in 1984. observations were made primarily during an interval that, as previous studies at the same site had demonstrated, coincided with the annual mating and conception periods. earlier field studies of patas at other sites had reported that heterosexual patas groups had only a single resident adult male and that mating was harem-polygynous. at the kenya site, by contrast, as many as six males were simultaneously resident ...	1986	31979442
secondary sex ratios by maternal rank, parity, and age in captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).	analysis of 645 conceptions by captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) with known reproductive histories indicated that maternal age and parity had little effect on the sex of progeny. there was, however, a slight indication that high-ranking females produced a higher proportion of daughters and relatively fewer sons than did low-ranking females. these results provide only weak support for the "advantaged daughter" hypothesis suggested by three previous studies of cercopithecine monkeys, and th ...	1986	31979441
atretogenic action of estrogen in rhesus monkeys: effects of repeated treatment.	the effects of 17β-estradiol (e2), administered in silastic capsules for 24 hours at intervals of 10 or 14 days, on follicular development and menstrual cycle characteristics were studied in 13 rhesus monkeys. in seven monkeys receiving e2 at l0-day intervals for 50 treatment periods, new follicles frequently developed between treatments but usually regressed. in seven instances, the follicles persisted longer than expected but were steroidogenically suppressed and regressed spontaneously. ovula ...	1987	31973499
influence of acute stress and the adrenal axis on regulation of lh and testosterone in the male rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta).	in order to determine the mechanism by which stress may affect the secretion and function of luteinizing hormone (lh) in primates, the response of the adrenal and gonadal axes was followed in male rhesus monkeys during brief restraint in primate chairs and during various hormone treatments. to further assess the responsiveness of the gonadal axis, gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) was administered during the experiments. corticosteroid levels were elevated throughout the first restraint tria ...	1987	31973497
aspects of fight interference in free-ranging and compound-dwelling rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).	patterns of fight interference (agonistic aiding) were compared among three groups of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) living in two settings: (1) two groups at cayo santiago (caribbean primate center); and (2) one group at the yerkes regional primate research center (yrprc). a total of 1,227 interference episodes were recorded in 1,650 hours of observation. the only significant intergroup difference was the increased tendency of males at yrprc to aid aggressors rather than victims. among other f ...	1987	31973494
effects of age, rearing, and separation stress on immunoglobulin levels in rhesus monkeys.	the study reported here examined the effect of different rearing conditions and psychological stress on immunoglobulin levels in rhesus monkey infants. in the first experiment, 24 rhesus neonates were placed in one of the three following rearing conditions: separated from their mothers and reared in the laboratory nursery; kept with their biological mothers; or removed at birth from their biological mothers and cross-fostered to adoptive rhesus mothers. plasma samples were obtained from the nurs ...	1987	31973487
a benign method for maintaining ovulatory estrogen levels in cycling rhesus macaques.	the goal of this study was to develop a relatively noninvasive technique for generating ovulatory estrogen levels in cycling females over extended periods of time. eleven intact cycling rhesus macaques were given weekly injections of estradiol cypionate in an effort to obtain weekly levels which approximated ovulatory levels. a dose of 500 μg generated weekly estrogen values averaging 370 ± 18 pg/ml. this method is a satisfactory alternative to more traditional techniques. it involves no surgica ...	1987	31973486
relation between the dominance rank of female rhesus monkeys and their access to males.	systematic observations were made on 12 measures of the sexual, aggressive, and social interactions of 24 male-female pairs of rhesus monkeys in six social groups, each consisting of one male and four ovariectomized females tested in a large room. each female in a group was treated in turn first with estradiol alone and then with estradiol and progesterone in combination. when hormone-treated, the female was also observed during pair tests with the male in the same large observation room (four m ...	1987	31973480
ecological constraints on the development of infant independence in rhesus.	mother-infant dyads were observed among three populations of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) in india and nepal. this research had three purposes: 1) to examine the influences of maternal activities (ie, feeding, locomotion, and rest) and arboreality on the early development of infant independence; 2) to determine whether interpopulation differences in the development of infant independence can be accounted for by correlated differences in maternal time budgets and the amount of time infants spe ...	1987	31973479
temporal and endocrine sequelae of aspirating follicular contents in rhesus monkeys.	aspiration of ovarian follicular contents in humans is a well-established procedure used to obtain oocytes for fertilization in vitro (ivf). however, the effects of aspiration on the menstrual cycle and resulting luteal function have been incompletely characterized. the present study was designed to investigate alterations in the temporal and endocrine characteristics of menstrual cycles following aspiration of contents of the dominant preovulatory follicle (df) on day 10 of the cycle in normal ...	1987	31973476
patterns of affiliation among immature rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	the affiliative interaction patterns of the immature members of a group of rhesus monkeys at the yerkes regional primate research center reflected a strong bias toward matrilineal kin, although this effect was modified by age and sex variables. association with kin decreased with age, particularly for males. juvenile males showed less of a kin bias in their behavior than did juvenile females, especially for grooming. juvenile males also exhibited a preference for interaction with other males. th ...	1987	31973469
reactions of nuclear-family-reared rhesus macaques to the births of younger siblings.	a group of juvenile rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) living in a nuclear-family laboratory environment was studied to determine their responses to the births of siblings. the frequencies of interactions with family members (mothers, fathers, and new siblings) and nonfamily (peers, unrelated infants, and unrelated adults) were studied over both the year preceding and the year following sibling birth. the frequencies of specific behaviors in each of those interactions and the frequencies of intera ...	1987	31973463
glucose disappearance rate in rhesus monkeys: some technical considerations.	the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivgtt) has been widely used as a tool to assist in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. glucose disappearance rate (kg) is calculated as an indicator of relative glucose tolerance; however, a standardized dose, consistent sampling times, and a consistent formula for the calculation of kg have not yet been established for rhesus monkeys. interpretation of results reported by different laboratories has, therefore, been rendered difficult. in the present study ...	1988	31973454
wounding patterns in three species of captive macaques.	the incidence of wounding in captive groups of rhesus (macaca mulatta), pigtail (m. nemestrina), and stumptail (m. arctoides) macaques was studied for 21 months. groups were monitored daily for evidence of wounding. wounded animals were captured, treated by veterinary staff, and returned following recovery. records were kept on the age, sex, and species of the recipient, along with the type and location of wound. in each species of macaque, adult males incurred the highest frequency of wounds an ...	1988	31973451
behavioral responses of unrelated rhesus monkey females paired for the purpose of environmental enrichment.	an attempt was made to socialize unrelated and unfamiliar adult rhesus monkey females that had lived in single cages for more than one year. partners first were given the opportunity for noncontact familiarization in partitioned double cages. they were then transferred into an ordinary double cage. clear-cut rank relationships were evident within the first 90 minutes of pair formation in 94% (17/18) of dyads tested. only 28% (5/18) of pairs resorted to fighting (in no case with infliction of ser ...	1988	31973449
primate models to study eccrine sweating.	the histochemistry and histology of the eccrine sweat gland in the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) are described. the histochemical distribution and localization of enzymes and substrates are very similar to those found in the human; innervation is cholinergic. active eccrine glands on the general body surface average 136 glands/cm2. above the thermal neutral zone (tnz), sweating is the major avenue for heat loss and the role of panting in dissipating heat is relatively insignificant. the intrahy ...	1988	31973440
combining scientific experimentation with conventional housing: a pilot study with rhesus monkeys.	in search of a method to increase the validity of experimental data and simultaneously counteract the negative consequences of restricted laboratory environments, a pilot study was run with three rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), which were trained and tested with a laboratory-type task in the animal housing facility. the testing apparatus was made available to individual animals 24 hours a day at their living cage and was connected to a computer that controlled the test and the distribution of r ...	1988	31973439
spatial and biochemical interactions between bone marrow adipose tissue and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in rhesus macaques.	recent developments in in situ microscopy have enabled unparalleled resolution of the architecture of the bone marrow (bm) niche for murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (hspcs). however, the extent to which these observations can be extrapolated to human bm remains unknown. in humans, adipose tissue occupies a significant portion of the bm medullary cavity, making quantitative immunofluorescent analysis difficult due to lipid-mediated light scattering. in this study, we employed optic ...	2020	31972314
area 2 of primary somatosensory cortex encodes kinematics of the whole arm.	proprioception, the sense of body position, movement, and associated forces, remains poorly understood, despite its critical role in movement. most studies of area 2, a proprioceptive area of somatosensory cortex, have simply compared neurons' activities to the movement of the hand through space. using motion tracking, we sought to elaborate this relationship by characterizing how area 2 activity relates to whole arm movements. we found that a whole-arm model, unlike classic models, successfully ...	2020	31971510
the density bias: capuchin monkeys (sapajus apella) prefer densely arranged items in a food-choice task.	in the current work, we investigated whether capuchin monkeys preferred densely distributed resources to sparsely distributed resources in a 2-choice discrimination task with edible rewards. capuchin monkeys were biased to select a denser food set over the same number of food items in a sparsely arranged set. furthermore, increased density of the larger food set facilitated discrimination performance in quantity comparisons with a true difference in set size. these results align with previous st ...	2020	31971398
reelin immunoreactivity in the adult spinal cord: a comparative study in rodents, carnivores, and non-human primates.	reelin is a large extracellular matrix (ecm) glycoprotein secreted by several neuronal populations in a specific manner in both the developing and the adult central nervous system. the extent of reelin protein distribution and its functional role in the adult neocortex is well documented in different mammal models. however, its role in the adult spinal cord has not been well characterized and its distribution in the rodent spinal cord is fragmentary and has not been investigated in carnivores or ...	2019	31969808
systemic hiv and siv latency reversal via non-canonical nf-κb signalling in vivo.	long-lasting, latently infected resting cd4+ t cells are the greatest obstacle to obtaining a cure for hiv infection, as these cells can persist despite decades of treatment with antiretroviral therapy (art). estimates indicate that more than 70 years of continuous, fully suppressive art are needed to eliminate the hiv reservoir1. alternatively, induction of hiv from its latent state could accelerate the decrease in the reservoir, thus reducing the time to eradication. previous attempts to react ...	2020	31969707
long-gap peripheral nerve repair through sustained release of a neurotrophic factor in nonhuman primates.	severe injuries to peripheral nerves are challenging to repair. standard-of-care treatment for nerve gaps >2 to 3 centimeters is autografting; however, autografting can result in neuroma formation, loss of sensory function at the donor site, and increased operative time. to address the need for a synthetic nerve conduit to treat large nerve gaps, we investigated a biodegradable poly(caprolactone) (pcl) conduit with embedded double-walled polymeric microspheres encapsulating glial cell line-deriv ...	2020	31969488
novel transmitted/founder simian-human immunodeficiency viruses for human immunodeficiency virus latency and cure research.	a robust simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv)-macaque model of latency is critical to investigate eradicative and suppressive strategies that target hiv-1 env. to this end, we previously reported a novel strategy for constructing shivs that bear primary or transmitted/founder (tf) envs with modifications at env residue 375 that enable efficient replication in indian rhesus macaques (rm). such tf shivs, however, have not been examined for their suitability for hiv-1 latency and cure researc ...	2020	31969435
the nature of love: harlow, bowlby and bettelheim on affectionless mothers.	harry harlow, famous for his experiments with rhesus monkeys and cloth and wire mothers, was visited by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst john bowlby and by child psychologist bruno bettelheim in 1958. they made similar observations of harlow's monkeys, yet their interpretations were strikingly different. bettelheim saw harlow's wire mother as a perfect example of the 'refrigerator mother', causing autism in her child, while bowlby saw harlow's results as an explanation of how socio-emotional devel ...	2020	31969024
leptospiral agglutinins in the cayo santiago macaques.	the colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) on cayo santiago, puerto rico, was surveyed for leptospiral agglutinins. only 5 (3%) of 169 monkeys (25% of the population) were seropositive (titers of ⩾ 1:100). an additional 29 animals (17%) had titers ⩽1:50. the proportions of seropositive males and females were 22% and 18%, respectively, and twice as many adult as immature animals (32% vs. 15%) were positive. in most seropositive monkeys a single serogroup predominated, icterohaemor ...	1988	31968916
induction of atresia of the dominant follicle in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) by the local application of estradiol-17β.	estradiol-17β (e2), administered systemically to rhesus monkeys during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, induces atretic changes in the microenvironment of the dominant follicle (df), which results in its demise. it has been proposed that this effect of e2 represents a direct action at the ovarian level. the present study was designed to test this hypothesis, using local treatment with e2. after identification of the df during laparoscopy on day 6 of the cycle, female monkeys were lap ...	1988	31968906
age assessment using cementum annulus counts and tooth wear in a free-ranging population of macaca mulatta.	estimates were made of the tooth wear and the number of cementum annuli on lower first molars of macaca mulatta of known age that had lived on cayo santiago, puerto rico. it is demonstrated that both these measurements are significantly correlated with age. neither measurement by itself, however, strongly enough corrected with age to provide a reliable guide to the true age of individuals older than about 14 years, although cementum annulus counts clearly provide a more reliable guide to age det ...	1988	31968905
menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) are unaffected by a single dose of the anesthetics ketamine and xylazine administered during the midfollicular phase at laparoscopy.	to identify an anesthetic regimen that produces more complete relaxation and analgesia than ketamine hydrochloride (ketaset®) alone, a combination of ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight) and the hypnotic xylazine (rompun®, 0.33 mg/kg) was evaluated. since the desired experimental application required that the anesthetic not interfere with normal hormonal events during the menstrual cycle, this combination administered on day 6 of the cycle was tested to determine whether hormonal surges, incidence of ...	1988	31968904
effect of tetanus toxoid inoculation on mortality in the cayo santiago macaque population.	tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free-ranging population of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) on cayo santiago. from 1977 to 1984 the mean (±1 sd) annual total mortality rate (excluding neonatal deaths within 48 h postpartum, abortions, and stillbirths) was 6.39% ± .94%, and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate was 1.33% ± .45%. tetanus deaths accounted for 19.5% of the total mortality in the colony. in 1985, all monkeys on the island, except infants and six adult monkeys, were give ...	1988	31968902
aging and immunity in nonhuman primates: i. effects of age and gender on cellular immune function in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	immunity declines with advancing age. lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, and antibody response to tetanus toxoid vaccination were evaluated in cohorts of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) aged 2-36 years in order to characterize senescent changes in immune function. the results were analyzed in accordance with host age. lymphocyte proliferation was generally low in older monkeys, especially males. lymphocytes from old male monkeys responded significantly less to test mitogens ...	1988	31968901
determinants of behavioral rhythmicity during artificial menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	reproductive success in many mammals depends on synchrony between copulation and ovulation, which is insured by the phenomenon of heat in the female. certain anthropoid primates including rhesus monkeys do not show heat but may copulate throughout the menstrual cycle, especially when pairs are isolated from conspecifics. in social groups, however, mating mostly occurs around midcycle. we wished to test the hypothesis that copulations are more closely linked to ovulation when males have simultane ...	1988	31968900
age estimation in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) based on mandibular dimensions.	a new technique has been developed for estimating age in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) that is based on mandibular measurements and has several advantages over presently available techniques. first, the new technique is relatively quick and inexpensive because a single measurement or radiograph suffices to produce an age estimate. second, mandibular growth represents a more continuous phenomenon than either epiphyseal union or dental eruption; therefore, age estimates may be made throughout t ...	1988	31968896
survival rate and life span of rhesus monkeys at the yerkes regional primate research center.	this paper describes the survival rates of 763 rhesus monkeys maintained at the yerkes regional primate research center (yrprc). the survival rates were determined by methods used to calculate survival rates of human populations. the monkeys were divided into 3 groups based on their specific life histories. group i monkeys were wild-born and were housed singly from the time they came into captivity at about 2 years of age. group ii monkeys were born either in the wild or in captivity and were ho ...	1988	31968890
prenatal growth in the cynomolgus and rhesus macaque (macaca fascicularis and macaca mulatta): a comparison by ultrasonography.	the rhesus monkey has played an important role in the history of reproductive research. because of limitations on the exportation and availability of this species, several other species of nonhuman primates have been considered as alternate models. among them is the crab-eating, or cynomolgus, macaque (macaca fascicularis), which displays similarities in developmental, reproductive, and physiological parameters. the use of both species of macaques for pregnancy-related studies necessitates the a ...	1988	31968883
partial recovery and a new population estimate of rhesus monkey populations in india.	the purpose of this field study has been to assess major changes in rhesus monkey populations of north central india over a period of 28 yrs from 1959 to 1986. population censuses have been done in aligarh district three times per year, and extensive regional surveys were done in 1959-1960, 1964-1965, 1977-1978, and 1985-1986. throughout the 1960s and 1970s, rhesus populations in india declined more than 90%, from an estimated 2 million animals in 1960 to approximately 180,000 by 1980. these dec ...	1988	31968865
circadian pattern of plasma melatonin concentrations in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).	this study describes the concentrations of melatonin in plasma samples taken from marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) every 4 h over three 24-h periods. a circadian pattern of secretion was apparent, with higher levels recorded at night (20.00-08.00 h) than during the day (08.00-20.00 h) and a peak concentration at 20.00 h. there was a significant difference in the mean day and night concentrations (32.5 ± 4.5 pg/ml versus 49.0 ± 6.9 pg/ml, respectively) with individual concentrations ranging ...	1989	31968856
direct effect of estradiol-17β on progesterone accumulation by ovarian granulosa cells from rhesus monkeys.	we have previously demonstrated that estradiol-17β (e2) administered in vivo induces atresia of the dominant ovarian follicle (df). whether this effect is exerted directly at the ovarian level or by central mediation has not been confirmed. the present study was designed to assess whether e2 in amounts similar to those found in monkey follicular fluid (ff) directly alters in vitro progesterone (p) accumulation by granulosa cells (gc) aspirated from follicles in cycling rhesus monkeys. follicular ...	1989	31968851
flow microfluorometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonhuman primates: correlation of phenotype with immune function.	a panel of monoclonal antibody reagents has been identified that can be used for routine monitoring of subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques), macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), and cercocebus atys (sooty mangabeys). the procedure uses fluorescein and phycoerythrin conjugates of the monoclonal antibodies in appropriate combinations, so that two-color microfluorometric analyses can be readily performed on as little as 1.2 ml of edta blood. ...	1989	31968846
establishment of a microsatellite set for noninvasive paternity testing in free-ranging macaca mulatta tcheliensis in mount taihangshan area, jiyuan, china.	within multi-male and multi-female mammalian societies, paternity assignment is crucial for evaluating male reproductive success, dominance hierarchy, and inbreeding avoidance. it is, however, difficult to determine paternity because of female promiscuity during reproduction. noninvasive molecular techniques (e.g., fecal dna) make it possible to match the genetic father to his offspring. in the current study, a troop of free-ranging taihangshan macaques (macaca mulatta tcheliensis) in mt. taihan ...	2015	31966095
behavioral responses of unrelated adult male rhesus monkeys familiarized and paired for the purpose of environmental enrichment.	an attempt was made to pair ten unrelated, adult male rhesus monkeys that had been kept in single cages for several years. potential companions were first given the opportunity to establish clear-cut rank relationships (unidirectional fear-grinning and/or withdrawing) during a 5-day period of noncontact familiarization. only then were they paired in a different double cage. rank relationships were confirmed within the first 6 minutes after pairing without the occurrence of any biting and fightin ...	1989	31964055
female dominance rank and behavior during artificial menstrual cycles in social groups of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	we recently reported (michael & zumpe: american journal of primatology 15:157-170, 1988) evidence for the hypothesis that copulations by pairs of rhesus monkeys are linked more closely to the ovulatory phase of the female's menstrual cycle when a male has access to several females in different cycle phases rather than access to females in the same cycle phase. we have now used data from this earlier study to assess the role of female dominance. artificial menstrual cycles were induced with hormo ...	1989	31964054
color vision variations in old and new world primates.	it has long been recognized that there are significant individual variations in color vision among humans. recently, even more widespread individual variation in color vision has been found to occur in members of several genera of new world monkeys. this article addresses the question of whether a representative genus of old world monkeys, macaca, expresses individual variations in color vision. the principal approach was to compare behavioral measurements of increment-threshold spectral sensiti ...	1989	31964048
atresia of the dominant ovarian follicle in rhesus monkeys is detected within 24 hours of estradiol treatment.	following treatment with estradiol-17β (e2) on day 6 of the menstrual cycle, degenerative alterations in the microenvironment of the dominant follicle (df) (follicular fluid [ff], granulosa cells [gc], and oocyte) are readily apparent on day 10, or 96 h after e2 administration. the present study was designed to determine how early such changes could be detected and which indices of atresia were observed first. the df was identified during laparoscopy on day 5 or 6 of the cycle, and four capsules ...	1989	31964039
infant cross-fostering between japanese (macaca fuscata) and rhesus macaques (m. mulatta).	cross-fostering of infant rhesus macaques between unrelated females has become a routine management strategy at the california primate research center. in order to study the effect of environmental factors on vocal development, we extended this procedure to offspring exchange between two different macaque species living in small social groups. a total of four neonatal japanese and rhesus monkeys were fostered onto mothers of the other species. six attempts were required, for an overall success r ...	1989	31964036
seasonal weight changes in male rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	adult male rhesus monkeys lose weight during the breeding season and regain it during the nonbreeding season. the annual pattern of maximum weight gain just prior to the onset of breeding resembles the seasonal "fattening" seen in squirrel monkeys, but the period of weight gain is less discrete. the magnitude of weight change is less in younger males, in that sexually immature males gain weight in both seasons, but significantly less during the breeding season. females do not lose weight during ...	1989	31964034
parasites of free-ranging cayo santiago macaques after 46 years of isolation.	three hundred and thirty seven macaca mulatta from a population that had been isolated on a small island off the coast of puerto rico for 46 years were examined for parasites. anatrichosoma cynamolgi (26%), strongyloides fuelleborni (54%); trichuris trichiura (23%); and balantidium coli (2%) were detected. toxoplasma antibodies were found in 10% of the sera examined. milk was examined for stronglyloides, and blood was examined for microfilariae and protozoa, but no parasites were found in these ...	1989	31964032
meal-induced increase in plasma gastrin immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta).	the hormonal response to food intake in rodents, dogs, and humans involves gastrin and cholecystokinin, structurally related peptides present in plasma, gut, and brain. in order to determine the time course of plasma gastrin response in a nonhuman primate, six overnight-fasted adult male rhesus monkeys were offered a meal of bananas (11g) and peanut butter (1 tbsp) or a fresh water bottle in a crossover design. all animals completely consumed the meal within 10 min. compared to non-fed control l ...	1989	31964029
comments on oral grooming by patas monkeys, including a comparison with rhesus macaques.	observations of the motor patterns used by patas monkeys during allogrooming indicate that this species uses oral movements much more than previously believed. compared to rhesus macaques, patas show more mouthpicks and licks, and fewer handpicks. despite behavioral and anatomical evidence for good precision gripping, patas usually remove debris from a partner's fur orally rather than manually.	1989	31964026
free-ranging cayo santiago rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta): i. body size, proportion, and allometry.	this paper presents comprehensive baseline data on body size and proportion of 661 (315 male, 346 female) free-ranging cayo santiago rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) ranging in age from 24 hours to 25 years. all animals were born and raised in the free-ranging colony on cayo santiago, and exact ages were known for all. tabular data from this cross-sectional study are provided to enable comparisons with data from laboratory, wild, and other captive populations of rhesus monkeys, as well as with ot ...	1989	31964019
free-ranging cayo santiago rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta): ii. passive joint mobility.	recent studies on the effects of caging on joint mobility and the correlations between joint mobility and use of the extremities have pointed out the need for baseline values that are readily available in the literature. this report provides normative data on the passive mobility of the major joints of free-ranging cayo santiago rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). the sample in this cross-sectional study is large (661 animals including 315 males, 346 females), and it spans the entire age spectrum ( ...	1989	31964017
toward a comparative socioecology of the genus macaca: different dominance styles in rhesus and stumptail monkeys.	captive studies can make a unique contribution to primate socioecology by documenting species-typical social dispositions under controlled conditions. recent theories seek to connect the dominance relationships, group cohesiveness, and feeding ecology of primates. the present study explores the first two aspects by comparing the social organization of rhesus (macaca mulatta) and stumptail monkeys (m. arctoides). data were collected over a period of eight years, with five different methods, on th ...	1989	31964014
hormonal effects of early rearing conditions in the infant rhesus monkey.	mother-reared and nursery-reared rhesus monkeys were evaluated during the first month of life to assess the effects of early rearing on endocrine status in infancy. plasma cortisol and growth hormone (gh) levels were measured in two conditions: (1) basal and (2) 30 min following removal from either the mother or the nursery. nursery-reared infants had lower basal gh levels and higher cortisol levels than did mother-reared infants. both gh and cortisol levels rose significantly following separati ...	1989	31964013
determination of lactogenic activity in the serum of the squirrel monkey (saimiri boliviensis) using the nb2 lymphoma bioassay.	determination of squirrel monkey prolactin by immunoassay has been hampered by the lack of antiserum specific to prolactin from this species. as an alternate method, we have investigated whether the nb2 lymphoma bioassay could be adapted for routine measurement of the lactogenic activity of samples of squirrel monkey serum. the growth of the nb2 cells is absolutely dependent on the presence of lactogens in the culture medium. the cells were maintained in fisher's medium supplemented with 10% hor ...	1989	31964009
heterosis associated with regional crossbreeding between captive groups of rhesus macaques.	the lengths and weights of male and female chinese-indian hybrid rhesus macaques were compared with those of age- and sex-matched non-hybrid (indian) controls to assess the occurrence of heterosis (hybrid vigor). hybrid males and females had higher average, age-adjusted values of weight than nonhybrids. hybrid males, but not females, also had a higher average, age-adjusted length than nonhybrids. these results are consistent with the hypothesis that regional crossbreeding of rhesus monkeys foste ...	1989	31964004
time budget of caged rhesus monkeys exposed to a companion, a pvc perch, and a piece of wood for an extended time.	the present investigation assesses the percentage of time that rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) are kept occupied by a more complex cage environment. sixty animals were continuously exposed for at least 1.5 years to a compatible companion for social interaction, a suspended plastic pipe for perching, and a branch segment for gnawing. the behavior of the partners of each pair was recorded for 60 minutes when the animals were not distracted by human activities. individuals spent an average of 23.5% ...	1990	31963999
reactivity patterns of class i hla monoclonal antibodies that distinguish three species of macaques.	the reactivity of a panel of 40 monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for hla class i antigens was assessed in 117 unrelated macaca mulatta (mm), with a standard microcytotoxicity assay, in order to compare phenotypic frequencies with those previously reported for m. fascicularis (mfl) and m. nemestrina (mn). based on the reactivity with hla typed human cell panels, the epitopes recognized by these mab in macaques were classified as nonpolymorphic, polymorphic "public," and polymorphic "private." ...	1990	31963988
metabolic abnormalities among free-ranging macaca mulatta on cayo santiago: comparisons with macaca mulatta at sabana seca.	free-ranging rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) were examined on the island of cayo santiago (cs), puerto rico, with intravenous glucose tolerance tests (iv-gtts). results were compared to monkeys derived from the island, but subsequently housed in corrals or gang cages at sabana seca (ss). glucose clearance was similar among cs and ss macaques (range 2.99 to 4.50%min); both cs and ss males had significantly greater fasting serum glucose levels (63 ± 1 and 61 ± 2 mg/dl, respectively) than females; ...	1990	31963976
determination of bioactive fsh in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	studies of the reproductive biology of nonhuman primates are commonly hindered by the lack of homologous, sensitive immunoassay systems for gonadotropins. the recent development of a bioassay based upon folliclestimulating hormone (fsh)‐stimulated estradiol production by rat sertoli cells (padmanabhan et al.: endocrinology 121:1089–1098, 1987) offers a novel opportunity to expand our knowledge of the physiological importance and regulation of this important reproductive hormone in these species. ...	1990	31963971
inanimate environmental enrichment for group-housed rhesus macaque infants.	the behavior of peer-reared infant rhesus macaques raised in enriched and nonenriched housing conditions was examined in order to evaluate the utility and effectiveness of object enrichment in a group housing setting. environmental enrichment consisted of apparatuses designed to promote motor activity and to provide response-contingent feedback. four animals in each condition were tested over a 14-month period. behavioral observations were conducted in the home cage and during several test situa ...	1990	31963966
gonadal dysgenesis with x-monosomy in a cynomolgus monkey (macaca fascicularis).	a 3-year-old female cynomolgus monkey (macaca fascicularis) was found to have inappropriately high circulating immunoassayable follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) levels compatible with primary gonadal failure. hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was confirmed by the findings of persistently high serum gonadotropin levels by both lh bioassay and fsh and lh radioimmunoassays and low levels of serum estradiol. in addition, circhoral gonadotropin pulsatility and an exaggerate ...	1990	31963964
the relationship of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations to the enzyme immunoassay measurements of urinary estrone conjugates and immunoreactive pregnanediol-3-glucuronide in macaca mulatta.	paired urine and serum samples from four conceptive and six nonconceptive ovarian cycles of seven adult macaca mullatta were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (ria) for circulating estradiol (e2) and progesterone (po), and urinary estrone conjugates (e1c) and immunoreactive preganediol-3-glucuronide (ipdg) using enzyme immunoassay (eia). nonconceptive cycles exhibited a fivefold increase in urinary e1c and serum e2 levels from follicular phase levels to the preovulatory peak. linear correlation betwe ...	1990	31963959
a comparison of gene expression and dna methylation patterns across tissues and species.	previously published comparative functional genomic data sets from primates using frozen tissue samples, including many data sets from our own group, were often collected and analyzed using nonoptimal study designs and analysis approaches. in addition, when samples from multiple tissues were studied in a comparative framework, individuals and tissues were confounded. we designed a multitissue comparative study of gene expression and dna methylation in primates that minimizes confounding effects ...	2020	31953346
reelin in the years: decline in the number of reelin immunoreactive neurons in layer ii of the entorhinal cortex in aged monkeys with memory impairment.	the glycoprotein reelin has been implicated in both memory-related synaptic plasticity and alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. aged rats with memory impairment display decreased reelin expression in layer ii of the entorhinal cortex (ec) relative to memory-intact subjects, and here we tested whether this effect extends to the primate brain. seven young adult (8-10 years) and 14 aged (27-38 years) rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were examined, including 7 old animals classified as impaired based on ...	2020	31952867
consistency in maternal behavior within families of free-ranging rhesus monkeys: an extension of the concept of maternal style.	this paper assesses the extent to which free-ranging rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) on cayo santiago show consistent mother-infant interaction with individual infants over time and consistent maternal styles from one infant to another. inter-pair differences in several measures of mother-infant interaction related to proximity and contact were correlated positively and highly significantly between 6-week age periods. analysis of variance methods were used to show that, after the first 6 weeks, ...	1990	31952425
the reduction of abnormal behaviors in individually housed rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) with a foraging/grooming board.	a new environmental enrichment device, termed a "foraging/grooming board," was presented to 8 individually housed rhesus monkeys for the explicit purpose of reducing the level of aberrant behaviors manifested by these animals. the device, consisting of a piece of plexiglass covered with artificial fleece, had particles of food treats rubbed into it and was attached to the outside of each animal's home cage. all animals foraged from the board to the point that a significant reduction in the level ...	1991	31952413
effects of woodchips and buried food on behavior patterns and psychological well-being of captive rhesus monkeys.	the effects of adding woodchip litter to bare-floored pens, burying monkey chow in the woodchips, and scattering sunflower seeds in woodchips was studied in 2 stable social groups of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) to ascertain the effects of these manipulations on levels of foraging, exploration, abnormal behavior, social interactions, and urinary cortisol levels. the addition of woodchips increased exploration and feeding levels and decreased social interactions. burial of regular monkey chow ...	1991	31952404
urinary cyclic amp excretion is increased in macaca fascicularis and macaca mulatta compared to humans.	changes in parathyroid hormone and its second messenger cyclic amp have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. nonhuman primate models have been useful in the study of osteoporosis, but the physiology of mineral metabolism in certain species is different than in humans. we investigated parameters of mineral metabolism in 15 normal adult female cynomolgus and 14 normal adult female rhesus monkeys. in both species, urinary cyclic amp was increased compared with humans, and the nephro ...	1991	31952403
estradiol-induced follicular atresia in rhesus monkeys is not prevented by exogenous gonadotropins.	estradiol-17β (e2) induces atresia of the dominant preovulatory follicle (df) when administered on day 6 of the menstrual cycle. the present study was designed to determine whether the atretogenic effect of e2 could be averted by the administration of exogenous gonadotropins, in an attempt to determine whether e2-induced atresia in primates is due to a direct action at the ovarian level or is mediated via pituitary secretion. after identification of the df during laparoscopy, cyclic monkeys rece ...	1991	31952397
testosterone changes during the period of adolescence in male rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).	testosterone levels of 59 male rhesus monkeys were monitored over a period of 5 years. longitudinal comparisons revealed consistent rises in mid-morning levels of circulating hormone in successive years from age 2.5 to 6.5 years of age, whereas cross-sectional comparisons failed to detect significant differences among the older subjects. the first mid-morning hormonal elevation could be detected in some males as young as 2.5 years of age, whereas other males showed no detectable rises until age ...	1991	31952393
suppression of luteinizing hormone release by the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin in the ovariectomized female rhesus monkey.	the effects of adrenergic antagonists on lh release were examined in ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys implanted with indwelling jugular catheters. while the α2-adrenergic antagonist rauwolscine and the vehicle were without effect, the α1-antagonist prazosin suppressed lh release. in 5 of the 8 monkeys tested, lh pulses were completely arrested; in the remaining 3 monkeys, small lh pulses were detectable after the administration of 0.2 mg/kg prazosin. in a second series of experiments, the ef ...	1991	31952378
differences in frontal network anatomy across primate species.	the frontal lobe is central to distinctive aspects of human cognition and behavior. some comparative studies link this to a larger frontal cortex and even larger frontal white matter in humans compared with other primates, yet others dispute these findings. the discrepancies between studies could be explained by limitations of the methods used to quantify volume differences across species, especially when applied to white matter connections. in this study, we used a novel tractography approach t ...	2020	31949106
laboratory assessment of temperament and environmental enrichment in rhesus monkey infants (macaca mulatta).	this study investigated the combined effects of early temperamental characteristics and environmental enrichment on a variety of developmental measures in nursery-reared rhesus monkey infants. twenty-three infants, reared in either standard laboratory cages or enriched environments, were tested during the 1st month of life for interactive, motor, and temperamental capabilities and characteristics. at 8 months of age, all subjects were assessed on a second series of tests designed to measure thei ...	1991	31948180
population ecology of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) at nanwan nature reserve, hainan, china.	rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) at the nanwan peninsula of hainan island, china, have been observed in the field for 25 years, and have been studied intensively for eight years, beginning in 1981. there were about 115 monkeys in 5 natural groups when the nanwan reserve was founded in 1965. from 1965 to 1984, the number of groups increased from 5 to 19, and the total population increased from 115 to 930 individuals, an annual population increase of 12.7%. from 1984 to 1987, the population continu ...	1991	31948175
control of postpartum mating behavior in free-ranging rhesus monkeys.	this paper explores the effect that a dependent rhesus macaque infant (macaca mulatta) has on the timing of its mother's resumption of mating. toward this end, behavioral data from the rhesus populations at tughlaqabad, india, and cayo santiago, puerto rico, are compared. specifically, the intervals between parturition and subsequent resumption of mating for individual parous females are examined in order to shed light on the relative importance of environmental and internal factors (such as lac ...	1992	31948160
interplay between various aspects in social relationships of young rhesus monkeys: dominance, agonistic help, and affiliation.	relationships between group-living primates depend strongly on their position in the group dominance hierarchy and on their relationships with other group members. the influence of various behaviours on social relationships of immature rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) was investigated here. dominance ranks were established and related to the degree of affiliation in a dyad. older monkeys were mostly dominant to the younger ones, regardless of kinship. subordinate monkeys left proximity of their d ...	1992	31948151
the secretion of bioactive and immunoreactive follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) throughout the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta).	the present study provides the first evaluation of related changes in serum levels of bioactive fsh (bio fsh) and immunoreactive fsh (ifsh), and concurrent dynamics of lh and fsh bioactivity throughout the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey. mean concentrations of bio fsh were elevated on days 0 and 1 (n = 7; p < 0.05; day 0 = preovulatory lh surge). data from individual animals revealed that an average (± sem) of 1.43 ± 0.29 and 2.71 ± 0.61 discrete surges of bio fsh occurred in each monkey's ...	1992	31948148
variability in nuclear dna among nonhuman primates: application of molecular genetic techniques to intra- and inter-species genetic analyses.	nuclear dna clones and sequence information derived from human genetic analyses were used to detect and characterize intra- and inter-species dna variation at several nuclear loci in hominoids and cercopithecoids. restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found at five loci among captive rhesus monkeys. cross-species polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification detected an insertion within the beta-globin gene cluster in hylobatids. the combined use of cross-species pcr and denaturing grad ...	1992	31948144
genetic structure of three populations of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta): implications for genetic management.	one of the prime concerns at zoos and at primate breeding facilities is to maintain genetic variability. this can be accomplished by avoiding inbreeding. it is relatively easy to assess genetic variability and the level of inbreeding by using pedigree information and genetic markers. in this study we used genetic markers controlled by 6 independent polymorphic loci (gpi, pgd, ca2, mpi, dia1, tf) to ascertain genetic variation in two captive and one wild population of rhesus monkeys. two other lo ...	1992	31948138
biochemical and biological properties of urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) from the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta).	follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) is routinely used for the induction of superovulation in women. homologous gonadotropin preparations that could be used for reproductive studies in macaques would have valuable research applications. accordingly, we set out to characterize the physical and biological characteristics of urinary fsh (ufsh) in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. in urine from 7 monkeys, concentrations of bioactive fsh ranged from 16 to 57 μg/1, relative to cynfsh-rpi (niddk). ufsh w ...	1992	31948134
a practical method for creating targeted focal ischemic stroke in the cortex of nonhuman primates.	ischemic stroke is a major cause of disability among adults worldwide. despite its prevalence, few effective treatment options exist to alleviate sensory and motor dysfunctions that result from stroke. in the past, rodent models of stroke have been the primary experimental models used to develop stroke therapies. however, positive results in these studies have failed to replicate in human clinical trials, highlighting the importance of nonhuman primate (nhp) models as a preclinical step. althoug ...	2019	31946636
preliminary study on fine structures of subcortical nuclei in rhesus monkeys by ex vivo 9.4 t mri.	changes in fine structures of the brain over a life span can have robust effects on neural activity and brain function, which both play crucial roles in neurodegenerative diseases. clinically, however, low-resolution mri only provides limited information about fine brain structures. here, using high-resolution 9.4 t mri, we established a set of structural images and explored the fine structures of the claustrum, hippocampus, amygdala complex, and subregions of the amygdala complex (bla, includin ...	2020	31945811
operation spinal cord regeneration: patterning information residing in extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans.	spinal cord injuries are devastating, with many complications beyond paralysis and loss of sensory function. although spinal cord regeneration can revolutionize treatment for spinal cord injuries, the goal has not yet been achieved. the regenerative mechanism of axolotls demonstrates that the regeneration is a repeat of developmental process that all animals have all the genes, but axolotls have both the genes and the patterning information to do it at the adult stage.	2020	31944630
outlining key inflammation-associated parameters during early phase of an experimental gram-negative sepsis model in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).	the aim of this study was to identify inflammation-associated markers during the early phase of sepsis in rhesus macaque. four rhesus macaques were given an intravenous dose of 1010 cfu/kg of e. coli. blood samples were collected before, or 30 minutes, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after e. coli infusion. physiological parameters, bacteremia, endotoxemia, c-reactive protein (crp), procalcitonin (pct), and plasma cytokines/chemokines were determined for each animal. bacteremia was present in all animals fr ...	2019	31942564
cannabinoid modulation of food-cocaine choice in male rhesus monkeys.	marijuana and other cannabinoid compounds are widely used by cocaine users. preclinical animal studies suggest that these compounds can increase the reinforcing effects of cocaine under some schedules of cocaine self-administration and reinstatement, but not in all cases. to date, no studies have used a food-cocaine concurrent choice procedure, which allows for assessment of drug effects on response allocation, not just changes in cocaine self-administration. the goal of the present study was to ...	2020	31941717
proteomics profiling and pathway analysis of hippocampal aging in rhesus monkeys.	aged rhesus monkeys exhibit deficits in memory mediated by the hippocampus. although extensive research has been carried out on the characteristics of human hippocampal aging, there is still very little scientific understanding of the changes associated with hippocampal aging in rhesus monkeys. to explore the proteomics profiling and pathway-related changes in the rhesus hippocampus during the aging process, we conducted a high throughput quantitative proteomics analysis of hippocampal samples f ...	2020	31941443
survey of parasites of rhesus monkeys housed in small social groups.	a survey of specific parasites in fecal samples randomly collected from socially housed rhesus monkeys was done over a 1‐year period. differences in frequency of samples with parasites, and number of different species per sample, were assessed by social group composition, social group size, female reproductive status, and season of the year. common parasites were entamoeba coli, iodamoeba bütschlii, balantidium coli, strongyloides fülleborni, and trichuris trichiura. samples from juvenile/subadu ...	1992	31941229
adjustments and adaptations to indoor and outdoor environments: continuity and change in young adult rhesus monkeys.	optimal environments for captive primates are assumed to be those which simulate certain ecological features and elicit a wide range of species-typical behavior patterns. outdoor environments are often thought to be more suitable than indoor environments in that they provide more space and potentially higher levels of stimulation. the purpose of this study was to compare the long-term behavioral responses of several groups of animals that had been reared identically during the first two years of ...	1992	31941216
collection and fertilization potential of sperm from the sulawesi crested black macaque (macaca nigra).	in this study, semen was obtained by rectal probe electrostimulation (rpe) from the sulawesi crested black macaque (macaca nigra). three experimental series were conducted. first, semen was collected from four animals anesthetized with either tiletamine-zolazepam (telazol®) or ket-amine-hcl (vetalar®) (five collections from each animal with each drug). because of greater muscle relaxation and analgesia, we found tiletaminezolazepam to be an attractive alternative to ketamine-hcl as an anesthetic ...	1992	31941206
observations of increased activity and tool use in captive rhesus monkeys exposed to troughs of water.	this study investigated the effects of water troughs on nonhuman primates housed in a captive environment. two groups of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were exposed to water-filled troughs under three conditions: (1) standing water, (2) running water, and (3) a replication of standing and running water with novel objects. the effects of water exposure were assessed using a pretest phase (baseline), test phase (trough present), and posttest phase (baseline) design for each of the three condition ...	1993	31941197
non-surgical uterine flushing for the recovery of preimplantation embryos in rhesus monkeys: lack of seasonal infertility.	a non-surgical uterine flushing technique was employed to recover rhesus monkey preimplantation embryos during april--september, a period thought to be associated with reduced fertility. a total of 22 females of proven fertility, maintained indoors under strict light and temperature control, were employed for the study in which 72 menstrual cycles were monitored. the average length of their menstrual cycle was 27.9 ± 3.8 days. the percentages of cycles that showed normal cyclic patterns of estro ...	1993	31941195
midazolam as an effective intravenous adjuvant to prolonged ketamine sedation in young rhesus (macaca mulatta) and vervet (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) monkeys: a preliminary report.	the present study investigated a recently developed benzodiazepine, midazolam, as an intravenous adjuvant to ketamine in infant monkeys undergoing prolonged sedation during positron emission tomography of the brain and heart. subjects were two rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) and ten vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) ranging in age from 26 to 260 days. midazolam was an effective intravenous adjuvant to ketamine. this treatment regime resulted in complete immobilization of the animal ...	1993	31941185
characterization of ebola virus disease (evd) in rhesus monkeys for development of evd therapeutics.	recent ebola virus (ebov) outbreaks in west africa and the democratic republic of the congo have highlighted the urgent need for approval of medical countermeasures for treatment and prevention of ebov disease (evd). until recently, when successes were achieved in characterizing the efficacy of multiple experimental evd therapeutics in humans, the only feasible way to obtain data regarding potential clinical benefits of candidate therapeutics was by conducting well-controlled animal studies. non ...	2020	31941095
evaluating the correlation of the impairment between skeletal muscle and heart using mri in a spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus rhesus monkey model.	to investigate the correlation of impairment in skeletal muscle and heart in spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) rhesus monkeys using magnetic resonance image (mri).	2020	31938886
hazard rates and causes of death in a captive group of crab-eating monkeys (macaca fascicularis).	in an attempt to examine possible associations between stages of agespecific mortality and various causes of death, vital records of 159 male and 192 female crab-eating monkeys (macaca fascicularis), housed as a single group, were analyzed. survival and hazard rates associated with each of five distinct categories of causes of death were estimated for males and females, using the nonparametric kernel method. the obtained overall survival and hazard functions were similar to those reported previo ...	1993	31937020
testis size, epididymis weight, and sperm competition in rhesus macaques.	the intensity of sperm competition is often measured using the gonadosomatic index (testes/body weight). but sperm competition could be mediated more by size of the epididymis than by size of the testicles, and little information is available on the relationship between testicular and epididymal size. we found that both organs were positively correlated in size among male rhesus macaques. body weight accounted for over 70% of the variance in testicle size and volumetric estimates of testicle siz ...	1993	31937016