Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| changes in galleria mellonella lysozyme level and activity during pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. | the level of lysozyme in fat body, hemocytes and cell-free hemolymph from galleria mellonella larvae infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined and evaluated. in the samples of fat body and hemocytes, an increase in lysozyme content was detected 1 d after infection and then a significant decrease was observed after a prolonged infection time. in the case of cell-free hemolymph, an increase in the lysozyme level was noticeable during the first 30 h post injection and stayed at a similar ... | 2008 | 18500634 |
| photorhabdus luminescens genes induced upon insect infection. | photorhabdus luminescens is a gram-negative luminescent enterobacterium and a symbiote to soil nematodes belonging to the species heterorhabditis bacteriophora. p.luminescens is simultaneously highly pathogenic to insects. this bacterium exhibits a complex life cycle, including one symbiotic stage characterized by colonization of the upper nematode gut, and a pathogenic stage, characterized by release from the nematode into the hemocoel of insect larvae, resulting in rapid insect death caused by ... | 2008 | 18489737 |
| molecular analysis of a novel gene cluster encoding an insect toxin in plant-associated strains of pseudomonas fluorescens. | pseudomonas fluorescens cha0 and the related strain pf-5 are well-characterized representatives of rhizosphere bacteria that have the capacity to protect crop plants from fungal root diseases, mainly by releasing a variety of exoproducts that are toxic to plant pathogenic fungi. here, we report that the two plant-beneficial pseudomonads also exhibit potent insecticidal activity. anti-insect activity is linked to a novel genomic locus encoding a large protein toxin termed fit (for p. fluorescensi ... | 2008 | 18484997 |
| characterization of spanish strains of verticillium lecanii. | we have characterized biologically and physiologically eight verticillium lecanii strains from several origins including insect pests. of all the temperatures tested, 25 degrees c was the best for growth and at 40 degrees c none of the strains could grow. at 4 and 7 degrees c, growth was reduced in comparison to warmer temperatures. the strains had better development at ph close to 7 (f = 27.64, p < 0,01) than at ph 3. self-inhibition of germination of strain 50 was found when more than 0.78 con ... | 1999 | 18473560 |
| immunosuppressive effect of cyclosporin a on insect humoral immune response. | cyclosporin a suppressed humoral immune response of galleria mellonella larvae. insects were immunized with lps pseudomonas aeruginosa and then injected with cyclosporin a. immunosuppressive effects were expressed both, in larvae treated with cyclosporin a at the initial phase of immune response and at the effector phase of antibacterial immunity. cyclosporin a moderately decreased lysozyme activity and significantly decreased antibacterial activity peptides against escherichia coli. immunosuppr ... | 2008 | 18472108 |
| physical stress primes the immune response of galleria mellonella larvae to infection by candida albicans. | larvae of the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella) that had been subjected to physical stress by shaking in cupped hands for 2 min showed reduced susceptibility to infection by candida albicans when infected 24 h after the stress event. physically stressed larvae demonstrated an increase in haemocyte density and elevated mrna levels of galiomicin and an inducible metalloproteinase inhibitor (impi) but not transferrin or gallerimycin. in contrast, previous work has demonstrated that microbial p ... | 2008 | 18457977 |
| phagocytic activity and encapsulation rate of galleria mellonella larval haemocytes during bacterial infection by bacillus thuringiensis. | the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a pathogen of many insect species and is actively used in biocontrol. after the peroral inoculation of galleria mellonella by the bt in 5% sublethal concentration (lc(5)), a 1.5-fold increase in the phagocytic activity of infected larvae has been registered on the second and third days after the inoculation. with the increase of bt-inoculum amount to 15% of sublethal concentration (lc(15)), a further increase of the phagocytic activity and enhanced en ... | 2008 | 18440019 |
| expression and activity of a probable toxin from photorhabdus luminescens. | as an insect pathogen, photorhabdus luminescens possesses an arsenal of toxins. here we cloned and expressed a probable toxin from p. luminescens subsp. akhurstii ynd185, designated as photorhabdus insecticidal toxin (pit). the pit gene shares 94% nucleotide and 98% predicted amino acid sequence identity with plu1537, a predicted orf from p. luminescens subsp. laumondii tt01 and 30% predicted amino acid sequence similarity to a fragment of a 13.6 kda insecticidal crystal protein gene of bacillus ... | 2009 | 18409059 |
| effect of bacterial infection on antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in the midgut of galleria mellonella l. larvae (lepidoptera, pyralidae). | bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most widely used sources of biorational pesticides, as well as a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants. in this study the effect of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. galleriae (bt) infection on the activity of superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione s-transferase (gst), catalase (cat), concentrations of oxidated and reduced thiols (rssr/rsh) and malondialdehyde (mda) was tested in the midgut of galleria mellonella larvae ... | 2008 | 18400562 |
| new cell lines derived from the black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon, that support replication of the a. ipsilon multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus and several group i nucleopolyhedroviruses. | new cell lines were recently developed from the embryos of the black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon (lepidoptera: noctuidae). a primary culture was initiated from 4-day-old a. ipsilon eggs in excell420 medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. this initial culture produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of eight distinct strains. two of these strains (aie1611t and aied6t) were selected for further characterization. extracts of these strains ... | 2008 | 18395741 |
| cuticular surface lipids are responsible for disguise properties of an entomoparasite against host cellular responses. | entomopathogenic nematodes are widely used as alternatives to chemicals for the biological control of insects. these endoparasites are symbiotically associated with bacteria that are lethal for the host; however, parasites need to overcome the host immune defences to complete a successful life cycle. the processes parasites employ to escape or depress host immunity are targeted at deceiving non-self recognition as well as inactivating defence reactions. the purpose of this paper is to investigat ... | 2008 | 18374979 |
| insect juvenile hormone binding protein shows ancestral fold present in human lipid-binding proteins. | low molecular weight juvenile hormone binding proteins (jhbps) are specific carriers of juvenile hormone (jh) in the hemolymph of butterflies and moths. as hormonal signal transmitters, these proteins exert a profound effect on insect development. the crystal structure of jhbp from galleria mellonella shows an unusual fold consisting of a long alpha-helix wrapped in a highly curved antiparallel beta-sheet. jhbp structurally resembles the folding pattern found in tandem repeats in some mammalian ... | 2008 | 18291417 |
| comparative genomics and an insect model rapidly identify novel virulence genes of burkholderia mallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei and its host-adapted deletion clone burkholderia mallei cause the potentially fatal human diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. the antibiotic resistance profile and ability to infect via aerosol of these organisms and the absence of protective vaccines have led to their classification as major biothreats and select agents. although documented infections by these bacteria date back over 100 years, relatively little is known about their virulence and pathogeni ... | 2008 | 18223084 |
| the discovery and analysis of a diverged family of novel antifungal moricin-like peptides in the wax moth galleria mellonella. | screening for components with antifungal activity in the hemolymph of immune-stimulated galleria mellonella larvae led to the identification of four novel moricin-like peptides (a, b, c3 and d). subsequently, eight moricin-like peptide genes (a, b, c1-5 and d) were isolated and shown to code for seven unique peptides (mature c4 and c5 are identical). these genes contained single introns which varied from 180 to 1090bp. the moricin-like peptides were particularly active against filamentous fungi, ... | 2008 | 18207081 |
| development of galleria mellonella as an alternative infection model for the burkholderia cepacia complex. | burkholderia is an important bacterial genus with a complex taxonomy that contains species of both ecological and pathogenic importance, including nine closely related species collectively termed the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc). in order to more thoroughly investigate the virulence of this bacterial complex of microorganisms, alternative infection models would be useful. to this end, we have adapted and developed the use of the galleria mellonella wax moth larvae as a host for examining b ... | 2008 | 18195031 |
| the lipidolytic enzymes of larvae of galleria mellonella. | 1949 | 18145334 | |
| galleria mellonella and the study of fungal pathogenesis: making the case for another genetically tractable model host. | 2008 | 18060516 | |
| [thermal requirements of galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae) immature stages]. | the rearing of galleria mellonella l. in laboratory is important for multiplication of entomopathogenic nematodes, mandatory for biological control studies. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three thermal profiles on development stages of this insect, allowing synchronization of cycle production. two distinct rearing phases were done: firstly, using nucleous of incubation for development of eggs and, secondly, using circular-aluminum manifolds for development of larvae an ... | 2007 | 18060289 |
| the antioxidants dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylthiourea affect the immediate adhesion responses of larval haemocytes from 3 lepidopteran insect species. | antioxidants, dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) and dimethylthiourea (dmtu), at concentrations not affecting the viability of blood cells (haemocytes) from the larval stage of 3 lepidopteran insects - galleria mellonella, lymantria dispar, and malacosoma disstria - differed in their influence on the innate binding of haemocytes to glass, bacteria to haemocytes, and on humoral responses to alien materials. in vitro dmso had little effect, whereas dmtu substantially impaired the adhesion of the haemocyte t ... | 2007 | 18059566 |
| respiratory and skin allergy to galleria mellonella (bee moth). | this case report describes a patient with bee moth-induced rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma and contact urticaria. immunoblot analysis showed ige reactivity to two distinct bee moth proteins at 23 and 70 kda, respectively. elisa inhibition studies excluded cross-reactivity to the other popular live bait, fly larva. | 2008 | 18004074 |
| molecular divergence of the w chromosomes in pyralid moths (lepidoptera). | most lepidoptera have a wz/zz sex chromosome system. we compared structure of w chromosomes in four representatives of the family pyralidae--ephestia kuehniella, cadra cautella, plodia interpunctella, and galleria mellonella--tracing pachytene bivalents which provide much higher resolution than metaphase chromosomes. in each species, we prepared a w-chromosome painting probe from laser-microdissected w-chromatin of female polyploid nuclei. the ephestia w-probe was cross-hybridized to chromosomes ... | 2007 | 17985203 |
| penicillin-induced oxidative stress: effects on antioxidative response of midgut tissues in instars of galleria mellonella. | penicillin and other antibiotics are routinely incorporated in insect culture media. although culturing insects in the presence of antibiotics is a decades-old practice, antibiotics can exert deleterious influences on insects. in this article, we test the hypothesis that one of the effects of dietary penicillin is to increase oxidative stress on insects. the effects of penicillin on midgut concentrations of the oxidative stress indicator malondialdehyde (mda) and on midgut antioxidant enzyme (su ... | 2007 | 17972630 |
| chill sensitivity and cryopreservation of eggs of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | there is an increasing need for methods of cryopreservation of arthropods. in particular, lepidoptera are extremely important in entomological applications for the protection of agricultural crops and forest ecosystems and also in many aspects of biodiversity conservation. yet, few studies have dealt with cryopreservation techniques in species of this insect order. the aim of this study was to examine the chill sensitivity of eggs of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella (l.) and the possibil ... | 2008 | 17950266 |
| a metalloprotease secreted by the insect pathogen photorhabdus luminescens induces melanization. | photorhabdus luminescens is a gram-negative insect pathogen that enters the hemocoel of infected hosts and produces a number of secreted proteins that promote colonization and subsequent death of the insect. in initial studies to determine the exact role of individual secreted proteins in insect pathogenesis, concentrated culture supernatants from various p. luminescens strains were injected into the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. culture supernatants from p. luminescens tt01, the genome-sequen ... | 2007 | 17933944 |
| predation of entomopathogenic nematodes by sancassania sp. (acari: acaridae). | predation of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema feltiae (rhabditida: steinernematidae), by sancassania sp. (acari: acaridae) isolated from field-collected scarab larvae was examined under laboratory conditions. adult female mites consumed more than 80% of the infective juvenile (ij) stage of s. feltiae within 24 h. when s. feltiae ijs were exposed to the mites for 24 h and then exposed to galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae, the number of nematodes penetrating into the la ... | 2007 | 17924198 |
| effect of pre-incubation temperature on susceptibility of galleria mellonella larvae to infection by candida albicans. | the use of insects for evaluating the virulence of microbial pathogens and for determining the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs is increasing. when larvae of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella were incubated at 4 or 37 degrees c for 24 h. prior to infection, they manifested increased resistance to infection by the yeast candida albicans compared to larvae that had been pre-incubated for 24 h at 30 degrees c. incubation at 4 or 37 degrees c led to an increase in haemocyte density and the exp ... | 2008 | 17922218 |
| identification of a lepidopteran matrix metalloproteinase with dual roles in metamorphosis and innate immunity. | matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are key enzymes in mammalian tissue remodeling and inflammation. recently, we postulated that an endogenous mmp expressed in the lepidopteran model galleria mellonella during metamorphosis causes degradation of collagen-iv, which in turn results in activation of innate immunity. here, we report that degradation of collagen-iv by hemocytes is enhanced upon injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps), and that this activity is sensitive to the mmp-inhibitor gm6 ... | 2008 | 17850869 |
| determining the adaptation potential of entomopathogenic nematode multiplication of heterorhabditis riobravus and steinernema carpocapsae (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae, steinernematidae) in larvae of alphitobius diaperinus (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) and galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae). | our objective was to determine the mean production of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) infective juveniles (ijs) from alphitobius diaperinus and galleria mellonella larvae and the possible morphometric changes of emergent ijs. heterorhabditis riobravus and steinernema carpocapsae nematodes were placed on 20 larvae of each host individually located in petri dishes, which were maintained in an environmental control chamber. after death, each larva was individually transferred to white traps where ... | 2007 | 17846789 |
| engineered resistance against proteinases. | exogenous proteinase inhibitors are valuable and economically interesting protective biotechnological tools. we examined whether small proteinase inhibitors when fused to a selected target protein can protect the target from proteolytic degradation without simultaneously affecting the function and activity of the target domain. two proteinase inhibitors were studied: a kazal-type silk proteinase inhibitor (spi2) from galleria mellonella, and the cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor i (cmti i). bot ... | 2007 | 17823663 |
| prophenoloxidase activation: nonself recognition and cell cooperation in insect immunity. | the mechanism of nonself recognition by the immune system of insects is unknown. in this report the activation of the prophenoloxidase system in the wax moth galleria mellonella by a microbial product is shown to enhance the recognition of nonself material. these results explain previous observations of the interaction of two different blood cell populations in the cellular defense reactions of insects. | 1984 | 17821514 |
| growth inhibition of insects and a fungus by indole-3-acetonitrile. | indole-3-acetonitrile obtained from cabbage has been found to inhibit growth of pyrausta nubilalis (hbn.), galleria mellonella (l.), and penicillium chrysogenum. | 1961 | 17754432 |
| the effects of boric acid-induced oxidative stress on antioxidant enzymes and survivorship in galleria mellonella. | larvae of the wax moth, galleria mellonella (l.), were reared from first instar on a diet supplemented with 156, 620, 1,250, or 2,500 ppm boric acid (ba). the content of malondialdehyde (mda, an oxidative stress indicator), and activities of the antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), glutathione s-transferase (gst), and glutathione peroxidase (gpx)] were determined in the fat body and hemolymph in the 7th instar larvae and newly emerged pupae. relative to control larvae ... | 2007 | 17694562 |
| changes in galleria mellonella apolipophorin iii level during pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. | the level of apolp-iii in fat body, hemocytes and plasma from galleria mellonella larvae infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. it was found that the amount of 18kda protein present in fat body and hemocytes decreased progressively with time after infection. in the case of plasma, an increase in apolp-iii content was observed during the first 19h after infection and then decreased significantly after prolonged infection time. the decreased level of apolp-iii in plasma 24h after infect ... | 2008 | 17681528 |
| facultative scavenging as a survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes. | entomopathogenic nematodes cannot be considered only as parasitic organisms. with dead galleria mellonella larvae, we demonstrated that these nematodes use scavenging as an alternative survival strategy. we consider scavenging as the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes to penetrate, develop and produce offspring in insects which have been killed by causes other than the nematode-bacteria complex. six steinernema and two heterorhabditis species scavenged but there were differences among them in ... | 2008 | 17662985 |
| humoral immune response upon mild heat-shock conditions in galleria mellonella larvae. | larvae of galleria mellonella exposed to mild heat-shock (38 degrees c) showed an enhanced humoral immune response after microbial infection in comparison to infected animals grown at 28 degrees c. this enhanced response was manifested by increased expression of antimicrobial peptide (amp) genes leading to enhanced antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph. we found an increased level of hsp90 and changes in the level of a 55kda protein recognized by anti-hsp90 antibodies in fat bodies of infected ... | 2007 | 17631308 |
| protein kinase a activity and protein phosphorylation in the haemocytes of immune-challenged galleria mellonella larvae. | protein kinase a (pka) activity was detected in the haemocytes of greater wax moth, galleria mellonella larvae using a specific peptide substrate--kemptide. the enzyme was activated in vitro by 1 microm concentration of camp, 8-br-camp, 8-chl-camp and bzcmp, whereas in the case of cgmp 10 microm concentration was necessary. immune challenge of g. mellonella larvae with bacteria led to changes in haemocyte pka activity. gram-positive m. luteus was a better inducer of pka activity than gram-negati ... | 2007 | 17526420 |
| changes in juvenile hormone hydrolysis rate and dopamine level in the hemolymph of galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera, pyralidae) during mycosis. | 2016 | 17515045 | |
| different defense strategies of dendrolimus pini, galleria mellonella, and calliphora vicina against fungal infection. | the resistance of galleria mellonella, dendrolimus pini, and calliphora vicina larvae against infection by the enthomopathogen conidiobolus coronatus was shown to vary among the studied species. exposure of both g. mellonella and d. pini larvae to the fungus resulted in rapid insect death, while all the c. vicina larvae remained unharmed. microscopic studies revealed diverse responses of the three species to the fungal pathogen: (1) the body cavities of d. pini larvae were completely overgrown b ... | 2007 | 17512001 |
| eca1, a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum ca2+-atpase, is involved in stress tolerance and virulence in cryptococcus neoformans. | the basidiomycetous fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans is adapted to survive challenges in the soil and environment and within the unique setting of the mammalian host. a c. neoformans mutant was isolated with enhanced virulence in a soil amoeba model that nevertheless exhibits dramatically reduced growth at mammalian body temperature (37 degrees c). this mutant phenotype results from an insertion in the eca1 gene, which encodes a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (er) ca2+-atpase (serca)- ... | 2007 | 17502401 |
| expressed protein ligation using an n-terminal cysteine containing fragment generated in vivo from a pelb fusion protein. | advances in expressed protein ligation (epl) methods that permit specific introduction of unique modifications into proteins have facilitated protein engineering, structure-function and protein interaction studies. an epl-generated hybrid exchangeable apolipoprotein has been constructed from recombinant fragments of apolipoprotein e (apoe) and apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii). a recombinant fusion protein comprised of human apoe n-terminal residues 1-111, a modified saccharomyces cerevisiae intein ... | 2007 | 17493830 |
| activity of superoxide dismutase in galleria mellonella larvae infected with entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema affinis and s. feltiae. | the influence of infection with two species of entomopathogenic nematodes of steinernematidae family on the activity of superoxide dismutase (sod) of the host was studied. | 2006 | 17432619 |
| galleria mellonella as a model host to study infection by the francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. | we used the killing of galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae; the greater wax moth) caterpillar by the live vaccine strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis to develop an invertebrate host system that can be used to study f. tularensis infection and the in vivo effects of antibacterial compounds on f. tularensis lvs. after injection into the insect hemocoel, f. tularensis lvs, killed caterpillars despite the association of lvs with hemocytes. the rate of killing depended on the number of bac ... | 2007 | 17400503 |
| diversity in pathogenicity of steinernema carpocapsae and its symbiotic bacterium for spodoptera spp. | pathogenicity of five isolates of steinernema carpocapsae (ger: germany, buw: becker underwood, kop: koppert, cz: czech republic, bel: belgium) were tested against the fourth instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm, spodoptera littoralis and the beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua (lepidoptera: noctuidae) at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 infective juveniles/cm2) in petri dishes (9 cm dia.) lined with filter paper. results obtained after 48 h exposure indicated that the pathogenicity ... | 2006 | 17390810 |
| influence of nematode age and culture conditions on morphological and physiological parameters in the bacterial vesicle of steinernema carpocapsae (nematoda: steinernematidae). | steinernema spp. third-stage infective juveniles (ijs) play a key role in the symbiotic partnership between these entomopathogenic nematodes and xenorhabdus bacteria. recent studies suggest that steinernema carpocapsae ijs contribute to the nutrition and growth of their symbionts in the colonization site (vesicle) [martens, e.c. and goodrich-blair, h., 2005. the s. carpocapsae intestinal vesicle contains a sub-cellular structure with which xenorhabdus nematophila associates during colonization i ... | 2007 | 17376477 |
| in vitro rearing of the parasitoid exorista larvarum (diptera: tachinidae) from eggs laid out of host. | we evaluated the possibility of using the eggs laid out of host to rear exorista larvarum (l.) (diptera: tachinidae), a larval parasitoid of lepidoptera, on artificial media. in a first experiment, eggs oviposited on a plastic sheet (either by inexperienced or experienced females) showed the same in vitro hatching capability as those removed from the larvae of the factitious host galleria mellonella l. subsequently, eggs laid on the host integument or out of host, either by inexperienced or expe ... | 2007 | 17370805 |
| characterization of allergens from the fish bait galleria mellonella. | 2007 | 17337298 | |
| the involvement of protein kinase a in the immune response of galleria mellonella larvae to bacteria. | the role of protein kinase a (pka) in the humoral immune response of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella larvae to live gram-positive bacteria micrococcus lysodeikticus and gram-negative bacteria escherichia coli was investigated. the immune challenge of larvae with both kinds of bacteria caused an increase in fat body pka activity depending on the injected bacteria. gram-positive m. lysodeikticus was a much better inducer of the enzyme activity than gram-negative e. coli. the pka activity ... | 2007 | 17311109 |
| relationship between the successful infection by entomopathogenic nematodes and the host immune response. | reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes requires that they escape recognition by a host's immune system or that they have mechanisms to escape encapsulation and melanization. we investigated the immune responses of larvae for the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella), tobacco hornworm (manduca sexta), japanese beetle (popillia japonica), northern masked chafer (cyclocephala borealis), oriental beetle (exomala orientalis) and adult house crickets (acheta domesticus), challenged with infective ... | 2007 | 17275827 |
| isolation, activity and immunological characterisation of a secreted aspartic protease, ctsd, from aspergillus fumigatus. | aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects immunocompromised patients. a putative aspartic protease gene (ctsd; 1425 bp; intron-free) was identified and cloned. ctsd is evolutionarily distinct from all previously identified a. fumigatus aspartic proteases. recombinant ctsd was expressed in inclusion bodies in escherichia coli (0.2mg/g cells) and subjected to extensive proteolysis in the baculovirus expression system. activation studies performed on purified, refolded, ... | 2007 | 17275325 |
| extracellular gelatinase of enterococcus faecalis destroys a defense system in insect hemolymph and human serum. | we isolated enterococcus faecalis from the body fluids of dead larvae of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. extracellular gelatinase (gele) and serine protease (spre), both of which are considered putative virulence factors of e. faecalis, were purified from the culture supernatant of e. faecalis. in an attempt to elucidate their virulence mechanisms, purified gele and spre were injected into hemolymph of g. mellonella and evaluated with regard to their effects on the immune system of in ... | 2007 | 17261598 |
| genetical studies on the wax moth galleria mellonella linn. | 1938 | 17246872 | |
| the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor gene of the lepidopteran galleria mellonella encodes two distinct inhibitors. | the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor (impi) from the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, represents the first and to date only specific inhibitor of microbial metalloproteinases reported from animals. here, we report on the characterization including carbohydrate analysis of two recombinant constructs encoded by impi cdna either upstream or downstream of the furin cleavage site identified. rimpi-1, corresponding to native impi purified from hemolymph, is encoded by the n-terminal part of th ... | 2007 | 17214556 |
| responses of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema riobrave to its insect hosts, galleria mellonella and tenebrio molitor. | potential hosts for infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes can vary considerably in quality based on the characteristics of the host species/stage, physiological status (e.g. stress, feeding on toxins), and infection status (heterospecific or conspecific infection). in this study, we investigated responses of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema riobrave to hosts (galleria mellonella or tenebrio molitor) that were previously parasitized with conspecifics or injected with the nema ... | 2007 | 17201992 |
| immunocompetence of galleria mellonella: sex- and stage-specific differences and the physiological cost of mounting an immune response during metamorphosis. | the antibacterial immune response of the wax moth, galleria mellonella, was analysed by use of an inhibition zone plate assay. we demonstrated significant stage-specific differences as the immune response was most effective in the pupal, next the larval and then the adult stage. in addition, we demonstrated that an immune challenge at the onset of, or during metamorphosis does not increase nor decrease the strength of the antibacterial immune response in the subsequent developmental stage(s). th ... | 2007 | 17198709 |
| purification and characterization of eight peptides from galleria mellonella immune hemolymph. | defense peptides play a crucial role in insect innate immunity against invading pathogens. from the hemolymph of immune-challenged greater wax moth, galleria mellonella (gm) larvae, eight peptides were isolated and characterized. purified gm peptides differ considerably in amino acid sequences, isoelectric point values and antimicrobial activity spectrum. five of them, gm proline-rich peptide 2, gm defensin-like peptide, gm anionic peptides 1 and 2 and gm apolipophoricin, were not described earl ... | 2007 | 17194500 |
| attraction behaviour of three entomopathogenic nematode species towards infected and uninfected hosts. | entomopathogenic nematode infective juveniles are likely to encounter both uninfected and infected insects and host quality depends on the stage of the infection. we hypothesized that nematode response to infected hosts will change over the course of an infection. here, we tested this hypothesis by focusing on the influence of host infection status on long-range attraction to host volatile cues. the attraction response of 3 nematode species (steinernema carpocapsae, s. glaseri and s. riobrave) w ... | 2007 | 17176490 |
| [the effect of entomopathogenic fungi on the activity of detoxicating enzymes of larvae of bee pyralid galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera, pyralidee) and the role of detoxicating enzymes in the formation of the insect' resistance to entomopathogenic fungi]. | in the work it was shown that fungal infection of insects increased the total esterase and glutathione-s-transferase activities of hemolymph. acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in infected larvae remained at the same level as in intact larvae. fungi-infected bee pyralid larvae turned out to be 1.46 times more resistant to phosphoorganic insecticide malation as compared to intact larvae. on the other hand, treating insects with the inhibitors of detoxicating enzymes caused a sharp decrease in ... | 2016 | 17168468 |
| eicosanoids mediate galleria mellonella cellular immune response to viral infection. | nodulation is the predominant insect cellular immune response to bacterial and fungal infections and it can also be induced by some viral infections. treating seventh instar larvae of greater wax moth galleria mellonella with bovine herpes simplex virus-1 (bhsv-1) induced nodulation reactions in a dose-dependent manner. because eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions to bacterial and fungal infection, we hypothesized that eicosanoids also mediate nodulation reactions to viral challenge. to test ... | 2007 | 17161422 |
| evidence for an immune function of lepidopteran silk proteins. | hemolymph coagulation stops bleeding and protects against infection. clotting factors include both proteins that are conserved during evolution as well as more divergent proteins in different species. here we show that several silk proteins also appear in the clot of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. rt-pcr analysis reveals that silk proteins are expressed in immune tissues and induced upon wounding in both galleria and ephestia kuehniella, a second pyralid moth. our results support the ... | 2007 | 17126296 |
| content of glycogen and trehalose and activity of alpha-amylase and trehalase in galleria mellonella larvae infected with entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema affinis and s. feltiae. | the influence of infection with two species of entomopathogenic nematodes of steinernematidae family on metabolism of glycogen and trehalose of the host was studied. | 2006 | 17120991 |
| microbial metalloproteinases mediate sensing of invading pathogens and activate innate immune responses in the lepidopteran model host galleria mellonella. | thermolysin-like metalloproteinases such as aureolysin, pseudolysin, and bacillolysin represent virulence factors of diverse bacterial pathogens. recently, we discovered that injection of thermolysin into larvae of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, mediated strong immune responses. thermolysin-mediated proteolysis of hemolymph proteins yielded a variety of small-sized (<3 kda) protein fragments (protfrags) that are potent elicitors of innate immune responses. in this study, we report th ... | 2007 | 17074843 |
| dynamics of carbon dioxide release from insects infected with entomopathogenic nematodes. | the quality of an insect as a host to an entomopathogenic nematode infective juvenile depends in part on whether or not the insect is already infected and on the stage of that infection. previous research has shown that nematode response to hosts can change after infection and that, for uninfected hosts, co(2) can be an important cue used by infective stage juveniles during attraction. we hypothesized that co(2) production from an insect changes after it is infected, and that these changes could ... | 2007 | 17054978 |
| soil mediates the interaction of coexisting entomopathogenic nematodes with an insect host. | we tested for soil substrate effects on the movement and infectivity of naturally co-occurring entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis marelatus, alone and in combination. we manipulated the presence and bulk density of soil and added galleria mellonella baits within capped and perforated 15ml centrifuge tubes. sampling tubes were then deployed in situ into field and laboratory settings as experimental traps for infective juveniles. in comparisons with standard soil co ... | 2007 | 17005194 |
| identification of bacillus cereus internalin and other candidate virulence genes specifically induced during oral infection in insects. | bacillus cereus is an opportunistic bacterium frequently associated with food-borne infections causing gastroenteritis. we developed an in vivo expression technology (ivet), with an insect host, for identification of the b. cereus genes specifically expressed during infection. this ivet-based approach uses site-specific recombinase tnpi to identify transient promoter activation. we constructed a genomic library of b. cereus atcc14579 by cloning dna fragments upstream from tnpi. the library was s ... | 2006 | 16978259 |
| interspecific competition between entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema) is modified by their bacterial symbionts (xenorhabdus). | symbioses between invertebrates and prokaryotes are biological systems of particular interest in order to study the evolution of mutualism. the symbioses between the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema and their bacterial symbiont xenorhabdus are very tractable model systems. previous studies demonstrated (i) a highly specialized relationship between each strain of nematodes and its naturally associated bacterial strain and (ii) that mutualism plays a role in several important life history tr ... | 2006 | 16953880 |
| malathion-induced oxidative stress in a parasitoid wasp: effect on adult emergence, longevity, fecundity, and oxidative and antioxidative response of pimpla turionellae (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae). | effects of an organophosphorus insecticide, malathion, on survivorship and lipid peroxidation of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella (l.), pupae were investigated by rearing the newly hatched larvae on an artificial diet containing 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ppm of the insecticide. as bioindicators of long-term physiological stress responses, the adult emergence rate, longevity, and fecundity associated with lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activity in the endoparasitoid pimp ... | 2006 | 16937676 |
| translocation of proteins homologous to human neutrophil p47phox and p67phox to the cell membrane in activated hemocytes of galleria mellonella. | activation of the superoxide forming respiratory burst oxidase of human neutrophils, crucial in host defence, requires the cytosolic proteins p47phox and p67phox which translocate to the plasma membrane upon cell stimulation and activate flavocytochrome b558, the redox centre of this enzyme system. we have previously demonstrated the presence of proteins (67 and 47kda) in hemocytes of the insect galleria mellonella homologous to proteins of the superoxide-forming nadph oxidase complex of neutrop ... | 2007 | 16920193 |
| apolipophorin iii: lipopolysaccharide binding requires helix bundle opening. | apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii) is a prototypical apolipoprotein used for structure-function studies. besides its crucial role in lipid transport, apolp-iii is able to associate with fungal and bacterial membranes and stimulate cellular immune responses. we recently demonstrated binding interaction of apolp-iii of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, with lipopolysaccharides (lps). in the present study, the requirement of helix bundle opening for lps binding interaction was investigated. usi ... | 2006 | 16919602 |
| the host acts as a genetic bottleneck during serial infections: an insect-fungal model system. | the genetic variation of a pathogen population is a pivotal component of pathogen evolution, having important implications for emerging diseases, nosocomial infections, and laboratory subculturing practices. furthermore, it is undoubtedly altered during infection of a host. we address this issue using an insect-fungal model system to examine the influence of serial host passage on the genetic variation of a pathogen population. using amplified fragment length polymorphism, a strain of the opport ... | 2006 | 16897086 |
| [the concentration of trehalose and acitvity of trehalase from galleria mellonella larvae infected by steinernema affinis, bovien 1937 (nematoda: rhabditida: steinernematidae)]. | the experimental studies were conducted on caterpillars of wax moth galleria mellonella infected with steinernema affinis larvae. the concentration of trehalose and the activity of trehalase were measured during the invasion lasting 48h. the level of trehalose and activity of enzyme were slightly lower in infected insects in comparison to the control animals. | 2001 | 16894739 |
| content of saccharides and activity of alpha-glycosidases in galleria mellonella larvae infected with entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis zealandica. | concentration of glycogen, maltose, and trehalose as well as the activity of hydrolases catabolising them: alpha-amylases, glucoamylase, maltase, and trehalase were studied during a 48 h infection of galleria mellonella (lepidoptera) instar larvae infected with infective heterorhabditis zealandica (20 nematodes/insect). the content of trehalose in the infected insects during the first day of infection was higher (p < 0.05) than in the controls. the concentration of maltose and glycogen were simi ... | 2004 | 16865959 |
| tyrosine fluorescence analysis of apolipophorin iii-lipopolysaccharide interaction. | apolipophorin iii (apolp-iii) is an exchangeable apolipoprotein that binds to lipopolysaccharides (lps). polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that apolp-iii from galleria mellonella associated with various truncated lps variants, including lipid a. subsequent binding studies were performed employing the intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence properties of apolp-iii, which is highly quenched in the unbound state. a marked increase in tyrosine fluorescence intensity was observed upon ... | 2006 | 16824478 |
| using non-mammalian hosts to study fungal virulence and host defense. | non-mammalian hosts have been used to study host-fungal interactions. hosts such as drosophila melanogaster, caenorhabditis elegans, acathamoeba castellanii, dictyostelium discoideum, and galleria mellonella have provided means to examine the physical barriers, cellular mechanisms and molecular elements of the host response. the drosophila host-response to fungi is mediated through the toll pathway, whereas in c. elegans the host-response is tir-1-dependent. virulence traits that are involved in ... | 2006 | 16814595 |
| the enhancin-like metalloprotease from the bacillus cereus group is regulated by the pleiotropic transcriptional activator plcr but is not essential for larvicidal activity. | bacillus cereus group bacteria produce virulence factors. many of these are regulated by the pleiotropic transcriptional activator plcr, which is implicated in insect virulence. in silico analysis of the b. cereus strain atcc14579 genome showed an enhancin-like gene preceded by a typical plcr binding sequence. the gene is predicted to encode a polypeptide showing 23-25% identity with enhancins from several baculoviruses and 31% with that of yersinia pestis. viral enhancin acts after oral infecti ... | 2006 | 16790012 |
| acquisition of host cell dna sequences by baculoviruses: relationship between host dna insertions and fp mutants of autographa californica and galleria mellonella nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. | mutants of autographa californica and galleria mellonella nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, which produce an altered plaque phenotype as a result of reduced numbers of viral occlusions in infected cells, were isolated after passage in trichoplusia ni (tn-368) cells. these mutants, termed fp (few-polyhedra) mutants, had acquired cell dna sequences ranging from 0.8 to 2.8 kilobase pairs in size. the insertions of cell dna occurred in a specific region between 35.0 and 37.7 map units of the a. californ ... | 1983 | 16789244 |
| characterization of cricket paralysis virus-induced polypeptides in drosophila cells. | cricket paralysis virus purified from galleria mellonella larvae was shown to be similar to virus purified from drosophila melanogaster cells. cricket paralysis virus contained three major structural polypeptides of similar molecular weight (around 30,000), had a buoyant density of 1.344 g/ml, and had a capsid diameter of 27 nm. twenty virus-induced polypeptides could be detected in crpv-infected drosophila cells. two major polypeptides found in the infected cells corresponded to two structural ... | 1980 | 16789183 |
| restriction maps of five autographa californica mnpv variants, trichoplusia ni mnpv, and galleria mellonella mnpv dnas with endonucleases smai, kpni, bamhi, saci, xhoi, and ecori. | the restriction sites of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) e2 dna were mapped for the endonucleases smai, kpni, bamhi, saci, xhoi, and ecori. the restriction maps of four other acmnpv variants, trichoplusia ni (tnmnpv), and galleria mellonella (gmmnpv) genomes were determined and compared to the endonuclease cleavage maps of acmnpv e2 dna. the viral structural polypeptides of acmnpv variants s3, e2, s1, m3, and r9 were the same when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electro ... | 1979 | 16789179 |
| pre-exposure to yeast protects larvae of galleria mellonella from a subsequent lethal infection by candida albicans and is mediated by the increased expression of antimicrobial peptides. | pre-exposure of the larvae of galleria mellonella to candida albicans or saccharomyces cerevisiae protects against a subsequent infection with 10(6) c. albicans cells. this protection can also be induced by exposing larvae to glucan or laminarin prior to the administration of the potentially lethal inoculum. analysis of the genes coding for galiomicin, a defensin in g. mellonella, a cysteine-rich antifungal peptide gallerimycin, an iron-binding protein transferrin and an inducible metalloprotein ... | 2006 | 16782387 |
| susceptibility of larvae of galleria mellonella to infection by aspergillus fumigatus is dependent upon stage of conidial germination. | the ability of conidia of the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus to kill larvae of the insect galleria mellonella was investigated. conidia at different stages of the germination process displayed variations in their virulence as measured using the galleria infection model. non-germinating ('resting') conidia were avirulent except when an inoculation density of 1 x 10(7) conidia per insect was used. conidia that had been induced to commence the germination process by pre-culturing in ... | 2006 | 16761185 |
| a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (pes1) confers protection against oxidative stress in aspergillus fumigatus. | aspergillus fumigatus is an important human fungal pathogen. the aspergillus fumigatus genome contains 14 nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes, potentially responsible for generating metabolites that contribute to organismal virulence. differential expression of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene, pes1, in four strains of aspergillus fumigatus was observed. the pattern of pes1 expression differed from that of a putative siderophore synthetase gene, sidd, and so is unlikely to be involved ... | 2006 | 16759234 |
| transgenic expression of gallerimycin, a novel antifungal insect defensin from the greater wax moth galleria mellonella, confers resistance to pathogenic fungi in tobacco. | a cdna encoding gallerimycin, a novel antifungal peptide from the greater wax moth galleria mellonella, was isolated from a cdna library of genes expressed during innate immune response in the caterpillars. upon ectopic expression of gallerimycin in tobacco, using agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector, gallerimycin conferred resistance to the fungal pathogens erysiphe cichoracearum and sclerotinia minor. quantification of gallerimycin mrna in transgenic tobacco by real-time pcr confirmed transge ... | 2006 | 16740126 |
| studies on the role of protein kinase a in humoral immune response of galleria mellonella larvae. | protein kinase a (pka) activity was detected in the fat body of galleria mellonella larvae by a non-radioactive method using a specific peptide substrate-kemptide. the enzyme activity was stimulated by camp and its analogues: bzcmp, 8-chl-camp and 8-br-camp in concentrations of 1-4mum. cyclic gmp was not effective in pka activation. a two-fold increase in pka activity was detected in the fat body of g. mellonella lps-challenged larvae. selective, membrane-permeable pka inhibitors, h89 and rp-8-b ... | 2006 | 16730743 |
| the pursuit of cryptococcal pathogenesis: heterologous hosts and the study of cryptococcal host-pathogen interactions. | analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which a pathogen interacts with the human host is most commonly performed using a mammalian model of infection. however, several virulence-related genes previously shown to be involved in mammalian infection with cryptococcus neoformans have also been shown to play a role in the interaction of these pathogens with invertebrates, such as acanthamoeba castellanii, caenorhabditis elegans, dictyostelium discoideum, drosophila melanogaster and galleria mellonel ... | 2006 | 16696652 |
| metamorphosis and collagen-iv-fragments stimulate innate immune response in the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. | a novel link between development and immunity in insects is introduced. transiently enhanced expression of lysozyme, gallerimycin and the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor was discovered at the onset of metamorphosis of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella. relative quantification of mrnas encoding for these antimicrobial peptides using real-time pcr documents their induced expression during transformation of last instar larvae into prepupae and upon injection of either recombinant interst ... | 2006 | 16682078 |
| a novel antimicrobial epoxide isolated from larval galleria mellonella infected by the nematode symbiont, photorhabdus luminescens (enterobacteriaceae). | a novel antimicrobial epoxide, 2-isopropyl-5-(3-phenyl-oxiranyl)-benzene-1,3-diol (1), was identified from larval galleria mellonella infected by a symbiotically associated bacterium-nematode complex (photorhabdus luminescens c9-heterorhabditis megidis 90). its structure was determined with spectroscopic analysis and confirmed by chemical synthesis starting from a known antibiotic, 2-isopropyl-5-(2-phenylethenyl)-benzene-1,3-diol (2). epoxide 1 was active against bacillus subtilis, escherichia c ... | 2006 | 16644226 |
| a new cell line from the wax moth galleria mellonella linne (lepidoptera: pyralididae). | a cell line derived from the larval-fat body tissues of the wax moth, galleria mellonella linne, was established in mgm-450 medium. the cells grew in suspension and were mainly spherical in shape. population doubling time was between 1.4 and 1.7 d over a range of 15 to 35 degrees c, and the maximum growth rate was at 25 degrees c. the chromosome number ranged from 70-239, with a mode of 170. the cells were sensitive to 20-hydroxyecdysone, which stimulated their growth and induced morphological c ... | 2006 | 16618204 |
| [an effect of the microsporidian vairimorpha ephestiae (microsporidia: burenellidae) on activity and spectrum of nonspecific esterases in different tissues of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae]. | the effect of the microsporidian vairimorpha ephestiae matted (microsporidia: burenellidae) on nonspecific esterases was studied in hemolymph, fat body and midgut of the larvae of galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). esterase patterns were analyzed by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the total esterase activity was detected spectrophotometrically. the increase of total esterase activity was registered in hemolymph of inflected larvae. an overexpression of esterase isozyme in h ... | 2007 | 16579033 |
| ecological characterization of steinernema anatoliense (rhabditida: steinernematidae). | our study describes the basic ecological characteristics of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema anatoliense including its response to temperature, moisture, and host range. the effect of temperature and soil moisture on the infection of galleria mellonella larvae by s. anatoliense was determined. the temperature range for infectivity was greater than that for development. the optimal temperature for infection and development was 25 degrees c. although s. anatoliense infected the hosts at 1 ... | 2006 | 16564537 |
| effect of soil type on infectivity and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema scarabaei, steinernema glaseri, heterorhabditis zealandica, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora. | we tested the effect of soil type on the performance of the entomopathogenic pathogenic nematodes steinernema scarabaei, steinernema glaseri, heterorhabditis zealandica, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora. soil types used were loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, clay loam, acidic sand, and a highly organic potting mix. infectivity was tested by exposing third-instar anomala orientalis or popillia japonica to nematodes in laboratory and greenhouse experiments and determining nematode establis ... | 2006 | 16563427 |
| biochemical characterization and agglutinating properties of xenorhabdus nematophilus f1 fimbriae. | xenorhabdus spp., entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family steinernematidae, occur spontaneously in two phases. only the phase i variants of xenorhabdus nematophilus f1 expressed fimbriae when the bacteria were grown on a solid medium (nutrient agar; 24 and 48 h of growth). these appendages were purified and characterized. they were rigid, with a diameter of 6.4 (plusmn) 0.3 nm, and were composed of 16-kda pilin subunits. the latter were synthesized and ass ... | 1995 | 16535079 |
| txp40, a ubiquitous insecticidal toxin protein from xenorhabdus and photorhabdus bacteria. | xenorhabdus and photorhabdus are gram-negative bacteria that produce a range of proteins that are toxic to insects. we recently identified a novel 42-kda protein from xenorhabdus nematophila that was lethal to the larvae of insects such as galleria mellonella and helicoverpa armigera when it was injected at doses of 30 to 40 ng/g larvae. in the present work, the toxin gene txp40 was identified in another 59 strains of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus, indicating that it is both highly conserved and ... | 2006 | 16461722 |
| contamination of honey by chemicals applied to protect honeybee combs from wax-moth (galleria mellonela l.). | greek honey was monitored during a three-year surveillance program for residues of chemicals used to protect honey-bee combs from wax-moth. a total of 115 samples purchased from stores (commercial samples) and 1060 samples collected from beekeepers (bulk samples) were analysed for 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-dcb), 1,2-dibromoethane (dbe) and naphthalene. a purge & trap-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system was used for the analysis. during the first year of the study, 82.9% of the commercial sam ... | 2006 | 16449058 |
| temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) and bacteria. | galleria mellonella l. larvae were infected with three species (seven strains) of steinernema spp. or three species (three strains) of heterorhabditis spp. infected larvae were incubated at 22, 27, and 32 degrees c. larvae were dorsally dissected every 6h over a 48-h period. hemolymph was collected and streaked on tryptic soy agar plates. several non-symbiotic bacterial species were identified from infected insect cadavers: enterobacter gergoviae, vibrio spp., pseudomonas fluorescens type c, ser ... | 2006 | 16448667 |
| recognition and inactivation of lps by lipophorin particles. | lipophorin is the major lipid carrier in insects, but various observations indicate that lipophorin is also involved in immune reactions. to examine a possible role of lipophorin in defence reactions, we mixed hemolymph plasma from galleria mellonella with lps and noticed that lipophorin forms detergent-insoluble aggregates, while most other plasma proteins are not affected. lipophorin particles isolated by low-density gradient centrifugation retained lps-induced aggregation properties, which su ... | 2006 | 16386790 |
| stability and activities of antibiotics produced during infection of the insect galleria mellonella by two isolates of xenorhabdus nematophilus. | xenorhabdus nematophilus subsp. dutki, an entomopathogenic bacterium, is vectored by steinernematid nematodes into insects, where it produces broad-spectrum antibiotics. the use of the nematode-bacterium complex against soil-dwelling pest insects could introduce antibiotics into the soil via the dead insect fragments during the emergence phase of the nematodes. studies on the stability and activities of these antibiotics produced in the insect galleria mellonella may contribute to assessing the ... | 1994 | 16349198 |
| characterization of tn5-induced mutants of xenorhabdus nematophilus atcc 19061. | a negative-selection vector, phx1, was constructed for use in transposon mutagenesis of xenorhabdus nematophilus atcc 19061. phx1 contains the bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene which confers sucrose sensitivity. in addition, various tn5-containing plasmids with different replication origins were transferred by conjugation from escherichia coli into x. nematophilus atcc 19061, and one of these plasmids, pgs9, yields tn5 insertion mutants of x. nematophilus atcc 19061. by using these two deliver ... | 1991 | 16348462 |
| flha influences bacillus thuringiensis plcr-regulated gene transcription, protein production, and virulence. | bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus are closely related. b. thuringiensis is well known for its entomopathogenic properties, principally due to the synthesis of plasmid-encoded crystal toxins. b. cereus appears to be an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. b. thuringiensis and b. cereus produce many putative virulence factors which are positively controlled by the pleiotropic transcriptional regulator plcr. the inactivation of plcr decreases but does not abolish virulence, indicating th ... | 2005 | 16332888 |
| the influence of conidiobolus coronatus on phagocytic activity of insect hemocytes. | an essential component of the insect cellular response is phagocytosis. analyses of the in vitro phagocytosis could be useful for the studies of the relationship between insects and their pathogens. fungal metabolites are known to inhibit phagocytosis whereas components of the fungal cell wall stimulate phagocytosis. to achieve a better understanding of fungal pathogenesis in insects, haemocyte populations of two insect species susceptible to conidiobolus coronatus infection (galleria mellonella ... | 2006 | 16325849 |
| nitric oxide production by hemocytes of larva and pharate prepupa of galleria mellonella in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide: cytoprotective or cytotoxic? | nitric oxide production by the hemocytes of the last instar larvae and sessile pharate prepupa of galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) was demonstrated in vitro in response to preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) from escherichia coli using the griess reaction. augmented, dose dependent nitric oxide production was observed in the pharate prepupal hemocytes compared with larval hemocytes. this was partially reversed in a dose dependent manner with s-methyl thiourea (smt), a ... | 2006 | 16316786 |
| sequencing and characterization of a cdna encoding a ferritin subunit of colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata. | a differentially expressed cdna fragment (p311) from colorado potato beetle (cpb), leptinotarsa decemlineata (say), was identified by restriction fragment differential display-polymerase chain reaction (rfdd-pcr) technique, and showed a strong similarity to ferritin heavy chain subunits of other organisms. based on p311, we constructed specific primers and obtained a 840-bp cdna fragment spanning the open reading frame of cpb ferritin subunit using the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) tec ... | 2005 | 16235258 |