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resistance to cypermethrin and amitraz in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus on the santa catarina plateau, brazil.with the objective of evaluating rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus resistance to cipermetrina and amitraz, were collected engorged tick females from cattle on 20 farms on the santa catarina plateau, in southern brazil, between january of 2004 and may of 2006. were also received 20 groups of engorged r. (b.) microplus females, collected by cattle farmers requesting acaricidal efficacy (ae) testing. were performed in vitro tests, which consisted of immersing engorged females in cypermethrin (0.0 ...201322832753
laboratory study on biological control of ticks (acari: ixodidae) by entomopathogenic indigenous fungi (beauveria bassiana).chemical control method using different acaricides as spray, dipping solution or pour-on is routinely used for controlling ticks. biological control agents are favorable due to their safety for animals and environment. entomopathogenic fungi such as beauveria bassiana are well known for controlling ticks. in this study, two iranian indigenous strains of b. bassiana (b. bassiana 5197 and b. bassiana evin) were selected and grown on specific media. the pathogenic effects of these strains were eval ...200922808380
spectroscopic evaluation of thymol dissolved by different methods and influence on acaricidal activity against larvae of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the acaricidal activity of three thymol formulations was investigated at five concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg/ml) on rhipicephalus microplus larvae, and the behavior of its solubility in these formulations was analyzed. the thymol was dissolved in distilled water plus 1 % dimethylsulfoxide as adjuvant under two heating regimes (water bath in formulation 1 and hot plate in formulation 2) as well as without heating in 50 % ethanol and 50 % water (v/v). the acaricidal activity was ...201222797607
ivermectin resistance status and factors associated in rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) populations from veracruz, mexico.the objectives of the present study were to (1) determine the status of resistance or susceptibility to ivermectin (ivm) in rhipicephalus microplus tick populations in veracruz, mexico, (2) determine the level of resistance (resistance ratios [rr] and lethal concentrations for 50% [lc(50)] and 99% [lc(99)]) mortality in each r. microplus population, and (3) identify factors associated with resistance. populations of r. microplus were sampled from 53 cattle farms to evaluate their resistance usin ...201222785128
nomuraea rileyi as biological control agents of rhipicephalus microplus tick.nomuraea rileyi, a fungus pathogenic to insects, has been widely used for biological control of agricultural pests in brazil. this study investigates the effects of n. rileyi, isolates nr 138, nr 151, and nr 177, to eggs, larvae, and engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus tick. specimens were immersed in 1 ml of conidial suspension for 3 min, whereas the control group was immersed in 0.01% tween 80 water solution. the isolate nr 138 controlled 67.37% of ticks when the highest conidial conce ...201222782472
gene silencing in tick cell lines using small interfering or long double-stranded rna.gene silencing by rna interference (rnai) is an important research tool in many areas of biology. to effectively harness the power of this technique in order to explore tick functional genomics and tick-microorganism interactions, optimised parameters for rnai-mediated gene silencing in tick cells need to be established. ten cell lines from four economically important ixodid tick genera (amblyomma, hyalomma, ixodes and rhipicephalus including the sub-species boophilus) were used to examine key p ...201222773071
the quest for a universal vaccine against ticks: cross-immunity insights.as blood-sucking parasites, ticks inflict great damage to animals and humans in many parts of the world. the continued use of chemical acaricides is not sustainable due to increasing tick resistance, growing public concern over drug residues in food and in the environment, and the high cost of developing new acaricides. therefore, an alternative control strategy is urgently needed. vaccines against ticks have been shown to be functionally feasible, as highlighted by the success of bm86 vaccines ...201222766309
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic animals in ten provinces/cities of china.a nationwide epidemiologic investigation of domestic animal infections has been conducted in nine provinces and one city during 2007-2010. serum samples from a total of 707 goats, 433 cattle, and 219 dogs were collected for detecting anaplasma phagocytophilum igg antibody by immunofluorescence assays and the average seroprevalences were 10.05% for dogs, 3.82% for goats, and 0.69% for cattle, respectively. a total of 472 goats, 201 cattle, 102 dog blood clots, and 1,580 ticks were collected for p ...022764312
evaluation of stem aqueous extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles using cissus quadrangularis against hippobosca maculata and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the present study was to determine the efficacies of anti-parasitic activities of synthesized silver nanoparticles (ag nps) using stem aqueous extract of cissus quadrangularis against the adult of hematophagous fly, hippobosca maculata (diptera: hippoboscidae), and the larvae of cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). contact toxicity method was followed to determine the potential of parasitic activity. twelve milliliters of stem aqueous extract of c. quadrangularis w ...201222750410
purification and characterization of hb 98-114: a novel hemoglobin-derived antimicrobial peptide from the midgut of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the antimicrobial activity of hemoglobin fragments (hemocidins) has been reported in a variety of models. the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is a blood sucking arthropod from where the first in vivo-generated hemocidin was characterized (hb 33-61). in the present work we identified a novel antimicrobial peptide from the midgut of fully engorged r. (b.) microplus females, which comprises the amino acids 98-114 of the alpha subunit of bovine hemoglobin, and was designated hb 98-11 ...201222749988
detection and identification of putative bacterial endosymbionts and endogenous viruses in tick cell lines.as well as being vectors of many viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, ticks harbour a variety of microorganisms which are not known to be pathogenic for vertebrate hosts. continuous cell lines established from ixodid and argasid ticks could be infected with such endosymbiotic bacteria and endogenous viruses, but to date very few cell lines have been examined for their presence. dna and rna extracted from over 50 tick cell lines deposited in the roslin w ...201222743047
investigations into ixodidae ticks in cattle in lahore, pakistan.a total of 2,160 cattle, comprising adults and calves of exotic, crossbred and indigenous breeds, were examined for tick infestation between 1996 and 2000. of these, 1 417 (65.6%) were infested with ticks, with a total of 220 (61%) from exotic breeds, 262 (72%) were crossbred and 172 (48%) were indigenous adult cattle. calves of exotic, crossbred and indigenous breeds were infested with ticks at the following rates: 246 (68%), 294 (82%) and 223 (62%), respectively. higher infestation levels were ...201322718335
integrated strategy for sustainable cattle fever tick eradication in usa is required to mitigate the impact of global change.the ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus and r. (b.) microplus, commonly known as cattle and southern cattle tick, respectively, impede the development and sustainability of livestock industries throughout tropical and other world regions. they affect animal productivity and wellbeing directly through their obligate blood-feeding habit and indirectly by serving as vectors of the infectious agents causing bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. the monumental scientific discovery of certain arth ...201222712018
virulence of isaria sp. and purpureocillium lilacinum to rhipicephalus microplus tick under laboratory conditions.rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini) is an ectoparasite accountable for great economic losses. the use of entomopathogenic fungi to control arthropods has shown promising responses. the present study evaluated the virulence of isaria farinosa (holmsk.) fr., isaria fumosorosea (wize) brown and smith, and purpureocillium lilacinum (=paecilomyces lilacinus) (thom.) samson to engorged females, eggs, and larvae of r. microplus. there were four treatment groups (10(5), 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) conidia ...201222710525
geographic distribution of the invasive cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus, a country-wide survey in benin.the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus is currently invading the west african region, and little information is available on the spread of this exotic tick in this region. we set out a country-wide field survey to determine its current distribution in benin. ticks were collected on cattle from 106 farms selected by random sampling covering all regions of the country. rhipicephalus annulatus was found on 70 % of all farms, r. decoloratus on 42 %, r. geigyi on 58 %, and r. microplus on 49 %. ther ...201222689006
evolution and diversification of the organellar release factor family.translation termination is accomplished by proteins of the class i release factor family (rf) that recognize stop codons and catalyze the ribosomal release of the newly synthesized peptide. bacteria have two canonical rfs: rf1 recognizes uaa and uag, rf2 recognizes uaa and uga. despite that these two release factor proteins are sufficient for de facto translation termination, the eukaryotic organellar rf protein family, which has evolved from bacterial release factors, has expanded considerably, ...201222688947
exploring the use of an anti-tick vaccine as a tool for the integrated eradication of the cattle fever tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus.bovine babesiosis, also known as cattle fever, is a tick-borne protozoal disease foreign to the united states. it was eradicated by eliminating the vector species, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, through the efforts of the cattle fever tick eradication program (cftep), with the exception of a permanent quarantine zone (pqz) in south texas along the border with mexico. keeping the u.s. free of cattle fever ticks in a sustainable manner is a critical na ...201222687762
molecular characterization of bm86 gene orthologs from hyalomma excavatum, hyalomma dromedarii and hyalomma marginatum marginatum and comparison with a vaccine candidate from hyalomma scupense.the ixodid ticks from the hyalomma genus are important pests of livestock, having major medical and veterinary significance in northern africa. beside their direct pathogenic effects, these species are vectors of important diseases of livestock and in some instances of zoonoses. anti-tick vaccines developed in australia and cuba based on the concealed antigen bm86 have variable efficacy against h. anatolicum and h. dromedarii. this variation in vaccine efficacy could be explained by the variabil ...201222683299
sequence polymorphism in acetylcholinesterase transcripts and genotyping survey of bmache1 in laboratory and mexican strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.abstract acetylcholinesterase cdnas, bmache1, bmache2, and bmache3 of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) were sequenced and found to exhibit significant polymorphism. a portion of the predicted amino acid substitutions in bmache1, bmache2, and bmache3 were found predominantly in organophosphate-resistant strains, but most did not correlate with resistant status. multiple transcripts were observed from individual ticks, suggesting possible gene duplication or alternative splicing to ...201222679862
esterase profile of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus populations collected from northern india exhibiting varied susceptibility to deltamethrin.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an economically important ectoparasite of cattle. chemical acaricides remain the most practical method for control of these pests. during past two decades there have been increasing reports of resistance development against synthetic pyrethroids in tick populations of this species throughout the world. a study was conducted to determine the level of susceptibility of r. (b.) microplus to deltamethrin collected from different geographical locations of northe ...201222669281
immunization of cattle with ra86 impedes rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal-to-adult molting.commercial vaccines based on the tick gut protein bm86 have been successful in controlling the one-host tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and provide heterologous protection against certain other non-target ixodid tick species. this cross protection, however, does not extend to the three-host tick r. appendiculatus, the vector of the protozoan parasite theileria parva. when transmitted to cattle, t. parva causes the often fatal disease east coast fever. here, we used insect cell-expressed ...201222658857
the role of cystatins in tick physiology and blood feeding.ticks, as obligate hematophagous ectoparasites, impact greatly on animal and human health because they transmit various pathogens worldwide. over the last decade, several cystatins from different hard and soft ticks were identified and biochemically analyzed for their role in the physiology and blood feeding lifestyle of ticks. all these cystatins are potent inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteases, but not of legumain. tick cystatins were either detected in the salivary glands and/or the mi ...201222647711
phylogenetic analysis of benign theileria species based on major piroplasm surface protein (mpsp) genes from ticks of grazing cattle in korea.complete major piroplasm surface protein (mpsp) gene sequences of benign theileria parasites were isolated from ticks of grazing cattle in korea. a total of 556 tick samples were collected in five provinces: chungbuk, jeonbuk, jeonnam, gyeongbuk, and jeju during 2010-2011. fifteen samples from chungbuk and jeonnam were positive for the theileria mpsp gene by pcr amplification using a specific primer set. a phylogenetic tree was constructed with the amplified gene sequences and 26 additional sequ ...201222647464
survey of pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in brazilian field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: detection of c190a mutation in domain ii of the para-type sodium channel gene.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus causes expressive damage to livestock in brazil and other countries. its control is becoming more difficult due to the development of resistance in populations. early detection of resistance can help in developing effective control strategies. this study evaluated the susceptibility of r. microplus to cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos and was the first attempt to identify the mechanism of resistance (target site insensitivity) in cattle tick popul ...201222647463
association between ecological factors and the presence of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae in puerto rico.a prevalence study was conducted to survey tick larvae populations in puerto rico (pr), compare the number of infested sites with rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae between the wet and dry season, and assess the associations of ecologic factors on the presence of r. microplus larvae. ninety-six sites were selected using a gis-based sampling method. each site was sampled twice; the first sampling was performed during the dry season (march 4-18, 2007) and the second sampling during the wet ...201222638941
acaricidal activity of eugenol on rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae) larvae.the aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of eugenol, with different solubilizations and concentrations, on rhipicephalus microplus and dermacentor nitens larvae and to determine the lethal time. the study consisted of four experiments, and the mortality was assessed using the larval packet test with adaptations. the mortality observed in the first experiment was 100 % for all the groups treated with eugenol solubilized in different solvents. in the second, the hydroethanolic ...201222622689
effect of calea serrata less. n-hexane extract on acetylcholinesterase of larvae ticks and brain wistar rats.acetylcholinesterase (ache), an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (ach) at cholinergic synapses, is a target for pesticides and its inhibition by organophosphates leads to paralysis and death of arthropods. it has been demonstrated that the n-hexane extract of calea serrata had acaricidal activity against larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. the aim of the present study was to understand the mechanism of the acaricidal action of c. serrata n-hexane extra ...201222608349
differential recognition by tick-resistant cattle of the recombinantly expressed rhipicephalus microplus serine protease inhibitor-3 (rms-3).rhipicephalus microplus is an important bovine ectoparasite, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world causing large economic losses to the cattle industry. its success as an ectoparasite is associated with its capacity to disarm the antihemostatic and anti-inflammatory reactions of the host. serpins are protease inhibitors with an important role in the modulation of host-parasite interactions. the cdna that encodes for a r. microplus serpin was isolated by race and sub ...201222608113
a rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus cathepsin with dual peptidase and antimicrobial activity.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, is a haematophagous arthropod responsible for considerable losses in the livestock industry. immunological control with vaccines is a promising alternative to replace chemical acaricides. due to their importance in parasite physiology, cysteine endopeptidases are potential targets. in a previous study, native vitellin degrading cysteine endopeptidase (vtdce) was successfully tested as a vaccine antigen for bovines against r. microplus. in thi ...201222584130
ectoparasites of livestock, dogs, and wild rodents in the chittagong hill tracts in southeastern bangladesh.a large variety of ectoparasites parasitizing on livestock, dogs, and rodents are documented throughout the world, of which several are proven vectors for major (including zoonotic) diseases affecting humans and/or livestock. however, there remains a significant lack of knowledge in regard to the ectoparasite fauna in remote regions of the developing world, such as southeastern bangladesh, and an urgent need to investigate this fauna to improve diagnostic options. in the course of the present st ...201222576854
one ring to rule them all: trafficking of heme and heme synthesis intermediates in the metazoans.the appearance of heme, an organic ring surrounding an iron atom, in evolution forever changed the efficiency with which organisms were able to generate energy, utilize gasses and catalyze numerous reactions. because of this, heme has become a near ubiquitous compound among living organisms. in this review we have attempted to assess the current state of heme synthesis and trafficking with a goal of identifying crucial missing information, and propose hypotheses related to trafficking that may g ...201222575458
tick salivary secretion as a source of antihemostatics.ticks are mostly obligatory blood feeding ectoparasites that have an impact on human and animal health. in addition to direct damage due to feeding, some tick species serve as the vectors for the causative agents of several diseases, such as the spirochetes of the genus borrelia causing lyme disease, the virus of tick-borne encephalitis, various rickettsial pathogens or even protozoan parasites like babesia spp. hard ticks are unique among bloodfeeders because of their prolonged feeding period t ...201222564820
expression patterns of anaplasma marginale msp2 variants change in response to growth in cattle, and tick cells versus mammalian cells.antigenic variation of major surface proteins is considered an immune-evasive maneuver used by pathogens as divergent as bacteria and protozoa. likewise, major surface protein 2 (msp2) of the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, is thought to be involved in antigenic variation to evade the mammalian host immune response. however, this dynamic process also works in the tick vector in the absence of immune selection pressure. we examined msp2 variants expressed during infection of four tick a ...201222558307
cellular function and molecular structure of ecto-nucleotidases.ecto-nucleotidases play a pivotal role in purinergic signal transmission. they hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and thus can control their availability at purinergic p2 receptors. they generate extracellular nucleosides for cellular reuptake and salvage via nucleoside transporters of the plasma membrane. the extracellular adenosine formed acts as an agonist of purinergic p1 receptors. they also can produce and hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate that is of major relevance in the c ...201222555564
cattle tick vaccines: many candidate antigens, but will a commercially viable product emerge?the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, is arguably the world's most economically important external parasite of cattle. sustainable cattle tick control strategies are required to maximise the productivity of cattle in both large production operations and small family farms. commercially available synthetic acaricides are commonly used in control and eradication programs, but indiscriminate practices in their application have resulted in the rapid evolution of resistance among populations in t ...201222549026
molecular and functional properties of p2x receptors--recent progress and persisting challenges.atp-gated p2x receptors are trimeric ion channels that assemble as homo- or heteromers from seven cloned subunits. transcripts and/or proteins of p2x subunits have been found in most, if not all, mammalian tissues and are being discovered in an increasing number of non-vertebrates. both the first crystal structure of a p2x receptor and the generation of knockout (ko) mice for five of the seven cloned subtypes greatly advanced our understanding of their molecular and physiological function and th ...201222547202
deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from six agro-climatic regions of india.a cross sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of synthetic pyrethroids (sp) resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in india. twenty-seven areas located in six agro-climatic regions were selected for the collection of engorged ticks using two stage stratified sampling procedure. adult immersion test (ait) and larval packet test (lpt) were optimized using laboratory reared susceptible line of r.(b.) microplus (ivri-i) for determination of 95% lethal concentration (lc(95 ...201222541585
biological parameters of cattle ticks fed on rabbits.with the objective of encouraging the use of rabbits as alternative hosts for the cattle tick, four rabbits were infested on the ears and back. from the second day of infestation the developmental stages were observed. e duration of larval engorgement and changes were estimated between six and eight days in the region of the back and between 've and seven days in the pinna. e nymphal engorgement and changes occurred at approximately 10.80 ± 2.65 days in the dorsal and 11.00 ± 2.52 days in the ea ...201222534940
acaricide resistance mechanisms in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.acaricide resistance has become widespread in countries where cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, are a problem. resistance arises through genetic changes in a cattle tick population that causes modifications to the target site, increased metabolism or sequestration of the acaricide, or reduced ability of the acaricide to penetrate through the outer protective layers of the tick's body. we review the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acaricide resistance that have been shown ...201222534937
resistance of rhipicephalus microplus to amitraz and cypermethrin in tropical cattle farms in veracruz, mexico.the objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the prevalence and factors associated with rhipicephalus microplus , resistant to cypermethrin and amitraz, from cattle farms in veracruz, mexico, and (2) to determine in vitro mortality percentages of field populations of r. microplus exposed to discriminating doses (dd) of cypermethrin and amitraz. fifty-three populations of r. microplus were tested by bioassays using dd of cypermethrin (0.05%) and amitraz (0.0002%). the prevalence of cattle ...201222524292
a systematic, functional genomics, and reverse vaccinology approach to the identification of vaccine candidates in the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus.in the post-genomic era, reverse vaccinology is proving promising in the development of vaccines against bacterial and viral diseases, with limited application in ectoparasite vaccine design. in this study, we present a systematic approach using a combination of functional genomics (dna microarrays) techniques and a pipeline incorporating in silico prediction of subcellular localization and protective antigenicity using vaxijen for the identification of novel anti-tick vaccine candidates. a tota ...201222521592
efficacy of slow-release collar formulations of imidacloprid/flumethrin and deltamethrin and of spot-on formulations of fipronil/(s)-- methoprene, dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin and (s) -methoprene/amitraz/fipronil against rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs.two studies evaluating the efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto®, bayer animal health, ivp), a deltamethrin collar (scalibor®, msd, cp1), a fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (frontline combo®, merial, cp2), a dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin spot-on (vectra 3d®, ceva, cp3) and an amitraz/fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (certifect®, merial, cp4/cp5) against repeated infestations with rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs were conducted over periods of ...201222520338
syringe test (modified larval immersion test): a new bioassay for testing acaricidal activity of plant extracts against rhipicephalus microplus.we report a new bioassay "syringe test" (modified larval immersion test) for in vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of crude plant extracts. prepared syringes, containing eggs of tick, were incubated until 14 d after hatching of eggs, when the bioassay was performed on the larvae. lethal concentrations for 50% of larvae (lc(50)), lc(90) and lc(99) values were calculated for each tested product. 95% confidence intervals for lc(50) were very narrow, indicating a high degree of repeatability fo ...201222516644
resistant ticks inhibit metarhizium infection prior to haemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface.we studied disease progression of, and host responses to, four species in the metarhizium anisopliae complex expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp). we compared development and determined their relative levels of virulence against two susceptible arthropods, the cattle tick rhipicephalus annulatus and the lepidopteran galleria mellonella, and two resistant ticks, hyalomma excavatum and rhipicephalus sanguineus. metarhizium brunneum ma7 caused the greatest mortality of r. annulatus, metarhizi ...201222507442
facilitative ecological interactions between invasive species: arundo donax stands as favorable habitat for cattle ticks (acari: ixodidae) along the u.s.-mexico border.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) spp. is a key vector of protozoa that cause bovine babesiosis. largely eradicated from most of the united states, the cattle tick continues to infest south texas, and recent outbreaks in this area may signal a resurgence of cattle tick populations despite current management efforts. an improved understanding of the dynamic ecology of cattle fever ticks along the u.s.-mexico border is required to devise strategies for sustainable eradication efforts. man ...201222493861
effect of oil-based formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control rhipicephalus microplus ticks under laboratory conditions.the formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control ticks have been widely studied. the present study evaluated the efficacy of oil-based formulations of metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.), isolate ma 959, and beauveria bassiana, isolate bb 986, on different rhipicephalus microplus stages, comparing the efficacy between aqueous suspensions and 10, 15 and 20% mineral oil formulations. twelve groups were formed: one aqueous control group; three mineral oil control groups, at 10, 15 or 20%; ...201222480883
probing neuropeptide signaling at the organ and cellular domains via imaging mass spectrometry.imaging mass spectrometry (ims) has evolved to be a promising technology due to its ability to detect a broad mass range of molecular species and create density maps for selected compounds. it is currently one of the most useful techniques to determine the spatial distribution of neuropeptides in cells and tissues. although ims is conceptually simple, sample preparation steps, mass analyzers, and software suites are just a few of the factors that contribute to the successful design of a neuropep ...201222465716
efficacy of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 against hyalomma dromedarii and amblyomma cajennense tick infestations in camels and cattle.the recombinant bm86-based tick vaccines have shown their efficacy for the control of cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and r. annulatus infestations. however, cattle ticks often co-exist with multi-host ticks such as hyalomma and amblyomma species, thus requiring the control of multiple tick infestations for cattle and other hosts. vaccination trials using a r. microplus recombinant bm86-based vaccine were conducted in cattle and camels against hyalomma dromedarii and in cattle ...201222446633
evaluation of different extracts and synthesised silver nanoparticles from leaves of euphorbia prostrata against haemaphysalis bispinosa and hippobosca maculata.the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activity to determine the efficacies of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of euphorbia prostrata ait. (euphorbiaceae) and synthesised ag nanoparticles (nps) using aqueous leaf extract against the adult cattle tick haemaphysalis bispinosa neumann (acarina: ixodidae) and the haematophagous fly hippobosca maculata leach (diptera: hippoboscidae). synthesised ag nps were characterised with ult ...201222429701
tick prevention at a crossroad: new and renewed solutions.ticks have major economic impact through diseases they transmit, direct losses due to their detrimental effect and the efforts invested in prevention measures directed against them. chemical acaricides represent the main line of anti-tick defense in both humans and domestic animals, but increasing concerns regarding development of acaricide resistance, especially in the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus, and environmental safety issues indicate the need for other, less aggressive but equally e ...201222424918
efficacy of rbm86 against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (ivri-i line) and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (ivri-ii line) infestations on bovine calves.with an aim to evaluate the protective potentiality of rbm86 against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus indian veterinary research institute (ivri)-i line and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ivri-ii line infestations on crossbred (bos indicus × bos taurus) calves, 20 animals of 3 months of age were randomly divided in to four equal groups and maintained in tick-proof conditions. animals of groups 1 and 2 were immunized with 2 ml of rbm86 (100 μg)-based vaccine (procured from revetmex s.a. de c.v ...201222422293
tri-domain bifunctional inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases a and serine proteases isolated from marine annelid sabellastarte magnifica.this study describes a novel bifunctional metallocarboxypeptidase and serine protease inhibitor (smci) isolated from the tentacle crown of the annelid sabellastarte magnifica. smci is a 165-residue glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 19.69 kda (mass spectrometry) and 18 cysteine residues forming nine disulfide bonds. its cdna was cloned and sequenced by rt-pcr and nested pcr using degenerated oligonucleotides. employing this information along with data derived from automatic edman degradation ...201222411994
generation of full-length cdnas for eight putative gpcnr from the cattle tick, r. microplus using a targeted degenerate pcr and sequencing strategy.we describe here a rapid and efficient method for the targeted isolation of specific members of gene families without the need for cloning. using this strategy we isolated full length cdnas for eight putative g-protein coupled neurotransmitter receptors (gpcnr) from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. gene specific degenerate primers were designed using aligned amino acid sequences of similar receptor types from several insect and arachnid species. these primers were used to amp ...201222403662
simukunin from the salivary glands of the black fly simulium vittatum inhibits enzymes that regulate clotting and inflammatory responses.black flies (diptera: simuliidae) feed on blood, and are important vectors of onchocerca volvulus, the etiolytic agent of river blindness. blood feeding depends on pharmacological properties of saliva, including anticoagulation, but the molecules responsible for this activity have not been well characterized.201222383955
anti-tick monoclonal antibody applied by artificial capillary feeding in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus females.the tick rhipicephalus microplus is an ectoparasite harmful to livestock, a vector of disease agents that affects meat and milk production. however, resistance to acaricides reflects the need for alternative tick control methods, among which vaccines have gained increasing relevance. in this scenario, monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify and characterize antigens that can be used as vaccine immunogens. capillary tube artificial feeding of partially engorged r. microplus females with mon ...201222366320
current advances in detection and treatment of babesiosis.babesiosis is a disease with a world-wide distribution affecting many species of mammals principally cattle and man. the major impact occurs in the cattle industry where bovine babesiosis has had a huge economic effect due to loss of meat and beef production of infected animals and death. nowadays to those costs there must be added the high cost of tick control, disease detection, prevention and treatment. in almost a century and a quarter since the first report of the disease, the truth is: the ...022360483
detection of genetic variability in various isolates of cattle tick, boophilus microplus from tamil nadu, india using pcr-rapd analysis.the genomic dna from ten isolates of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus collected in and around chennai, india, was analyzed by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) using pcr. selected five random primers were used for the study of genetic variability among different isolates of b. microplus. a high degree of genetic polymorphism with a different pattern of rapd profiles for each tick isolate was detected with all these random primers. this variability was also confirmed by similarity coeff ...201222349940
in-vitro assessment of the acaricidal properties of artemisia annua and zataria multiflora essential oils to control cattle ticks.the aim of this study was to investigate the 'acaricidal effect' of zataria multiflora and artemisia annua essential oils on rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus.022347275
perturbation of tyraminergic/octopaminergic function inhibits oviposition in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus, is one of the most damaging livestock ectoparasites. tropical tick infestation limits the introduction of high-yield bovine varieties because they do not have immunity to the diseases transmitted by these ectoparasites. this tick is usually controlled with chemical acaricides but their indiscriminate use has created resistant populations. the discovery of new molecules that can be used for tick control is urgent. based on the knowledge that octopamine, a ...201222343017
expression and functional characterization of boophilin, a thrombin inhibitor from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus midgut.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite responsible for an important decrease in meat, milk and leather production, caused both by cattle blood loss and by the transmission of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. r. microplus is a rich source of serine protease inhibitors, including the trypsin inhibitors bmti-a and bmti-6, the subtilisin inhibitor bmsi, and the recently described thrombin inhibitor, boophilin. boophilin is a double kunitz-type thrombin inhibitor, with the unusual ability ...201222341830
the identification of a vdac-like protein involved in the interaction of babesia bigemina sexual stages with rhipicephalus microplus midgut cells.we investigated the interaction of rhipicephalus microplus midgut cells with babesia bigemina sexual stages using a proteomic approach. a polypeptide from the r. microplus midgut that binds to proteins from b. bigemina sexual stages was identified and sequenced. combining 2d overlay and tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) techniques, we determined that this polypeptide corresponds to a mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (vdac). the vdac gene encoding the sequenced polypeptide w ...201222336772
an exploratory study to assess the activity of the acarine growth inhibitor, fluazuron, against sarcoptes scabei infestation in pigs.the most common treatments for scabies in human and veterinary settings are topical 5% permethrin or systemic treatment with ivermectin. however, these treatments have very little activity against arthropod eggs, and therefore repeated treatment is frequently required. in-vitro, biochemical and molecular studies have demonstrated that human mites are becoming increasingly resistant to both acaricides. to identify alternate acaricides, we undertook a pilot study of the in vivo activity of the ben ...201222336283
immunoregulation of bovine macrophages by factors in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus microplus.alternative strategies are required to control the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, due to evolving resistance to commercially available acaricides. this invasive ectoparasite is a vector of economically important diseases of cattle such as bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. an understanding of the biological intricacies underlying vector-host-pathogen interactions is required to innovate sustainable tick management strategies that can ultimately mitigate the impact of animal and ...201222333193
use of beauveria bassiana to control northern fowl mites (ornithonyssus sylviarum) on roosters in an agricultural research facility.treatment of northern fowl mite (ornithonyssus sylviarum) infestation on poultry in research facilities can be challenging. the mite has a rapid reproductive cycle (egg to adult in 5 to 7 d), and chemical treatments can be toxic to birds, personnel, and the environment. in addition, antimite treatment may interfere with experimental research designs. the current study evaluated the efficacy of topical application of an entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana, in the treatment of a naturally ...201122330786
molecular characterization of dsc1 orthologs in invertebrate species.dsc1 and bsc1 are two founding members of a novel family of invertebrate voltage-gated cation channels with close structural and evolutionary relationships to voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. in this study, we searched the published genome sequences for dsc1 orthologs. dsc1 orthologs were found in all 48 insect species, and in other invertebrate species belonging to phyla mollusca, cnidaria, hemichordata and echinodermata. however, dsc1 orthologs were not found in four arachnid species ...201222321571
comparative efficacy of rhaa86 and rbm86 against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus are the most economically important tick species in india and other tropical and subtropical regions of the world and transmit pathogens causing animal and human diseases. we demonstrated that vaccination of animal by rhaa86 could be used for the control of both h. a. anatolicum and r. (b.) microplus infestations. by comparing the efficacy of rhaa86 and rbm86, it was observed that vaccine based on rhaa86 will be more effectiv ...201222313386
transcriptional profiling of the murine cutaneous response during initial and subsequent infestations with ixodes scapularis nymphs.ixodes scapularis ticks are hematophagous arthropods capable of transmitting many infectious agents to humans. the process of blood feeding is an extended and continuous interplay between tick and host responses. while this process has been studied extensively in vitro, no global understanding of the host response to ticks has emerged.201222309607
the sialotranscriptome of antricola delacruzi female ticks is compatible with non-hematophagous behavior and an alternative source of food.the hosts for antricola delacruzi ticks are insectivorous, cave-dwelling bats on which only larvae are found. the mouthparts of nymphal and adult a. delacruzi are compatible with scavenging feeding because the hypostome is small and toothless. how a single blood meal of a larva provides energy for several molts as well as for oviposition by females is not known. adults of a. delacruzi possibly feed upon an unknown food source in bat guano, a substrate on which nymphal and adult stages are always ...201222306723
in vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity of a herbal extract.the anti-tick efficacy of combined aqueous herbal extracts of azadirachta indica leaves, nicotiana tabacum leaves, calotropis procera flowers and trachyspermum ammi seeds was evaluated using adult immersion test, larval packet test and ear bag method. the extract exhibited lethal effects on egg laying (index of egg laying=0.371404±0.00435), hatching (22.35%) and total larval mortality at 50 mg ml(-1) and reduced tick intensity on the infested calves (18 detached out of 35 at 45% (w/w) suspension ...201122305296
detection of wolbachia in the tick ixodes ricinus is due to the presence of the hymenoptera endoparasitoid ixodiphagus hookeri.the identification of micro-organisms carried by ticks is an important issue for human and animal health. in addition to their role as pathogen vectors, ticks are also the hosts for symbiotic bacteria whose impact on tick biology is poorly known. among these, the bacterium wolbachia pipientis has already been reported associated with ixodes ricinus and other tick species. however, the origins of wolbachia in ticks and their consequences on tick biology (known to be very diverse in invertebrates, ...201222292021
the role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases--a review.nuclear and nuclear-related technologies have played an important role in animal health, particularly in relation to disease diagnosis and characterization of pathogenic organisms. this review focuses primarily on how and where nuclear technologies, both non-isotopic and isotopic methods, have made their impact in the past and where it might be expected they could have an impact in the future. the review outlines the extensive use of radiation attenuation in attempts to create vaccines for a mul ...201222286376
new foci of rhipicephalus microplus in west africa.the invasive character of rhipicephalus microplus was observed in benin, the second west-african country from which this ticks species has been collected after the initial confirmed record in ivory coast in 2007. a cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of mono to examine the presence of the tick r. microplus. the survey covered 9 herds (villages) in an agro-ecological zone inhabited by agro-pastoralists, including the state farm of kpinnou that imported girolando cattle from br ...201222286115
exploiting gene families for phylogenomic analysis of myzostomid transcriptome data.in trying to understand the evolutionary relationships of organisms, the current flood of sequence data offers great opportunities, but also reveals new challenges with regard to data quality, the selection of data for subsequent analysis, and the automation of steps that were once done manually for single-gene analyses. even though genome or transcriptome data is available for representatives of most bilaterian phyla, some enigmatic taxa still have an uncertain position in the animal tree of li ...201222276131
functional genomics studies of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus ticks in response to infection with the cattle protozoan parasite, babesia bigemina.ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases, but the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. babesia spp. are tick-borne pathogens that cause a disease called babesiosis in a wide range of animals and in humans. in particular, babesia bovis and babesia bigemina are transmitted by cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatu ...201222265898
evolution, expansion and expression of the kunitz/bpti gene family associated with long-term blood feeding in ixodes scapularis.abstract: background: recent studies of the tick saliva transcriptome have revealed the profound role of salivary proteins in blood feeding. kunitz/bpti proteins are abundant in the salivary glands of ticks and perform multiple functions in blood feeding, such as inhibiting blood coagulation, regulating host blood supply and disrupting host angiogenesis. however, kunitz/bpti proteins in soft and hard ticks have different functions and molecular mechanisms. how these differences emerged and whet ...201222244187
spotted fever group rickettsia infecting ticks (acari: ixodidae) in the state of santa catarina, brazil.during 2006-2008, a total of 260 adult ticks were collected from domestic and wild animals in different regions of the state of santa catarina (sc), brazil, including areas where human cases of brazilian spotted fever have been reported. collected ticks belonging to nine species (amblyomma aureolatum, amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma dubitatum, amblyomma longirostre, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma tigrinum, dermacentor nitens, rhipicephalus microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus) were tested by polym ...201122241112
a deep insight into the sialotranscriptome of the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum.saliva of blood sucking arthropods contains compounds that antagonize their hosts' hemostasis, which include platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and blood clotting; saliva of these organisms also has anti-inflammatory and immunomodullatory properties. perhaps because hosts mount an active immune response against these compounds, the diversity of these compounds is large even among related blood sucking species. because of these properties, saliva helps blood feeding as well as help the establ ...201122216098
zero-inflated poisson regression models for qtl mapping applied to tick-resistance in a gyr × holstein f2 population.now a days, an important and interesting alternative in the control of tick-infestation in cattle is to select resistant animals, and identify the respective quantitative trait loci (qtls) and dna markers, for posterior use in breeding programs. the number of ticks/animal is characterized as a discrete-counting trait, which could potentially follow poisson distribution. however, in the case of an excess of zeros, due to the occurrence of several noninfected animals, zero-inflated poisson and gen ...201122215960
susceptibility of different populations of ticks to entomopathogenic fungi.this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of the entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and beauveria bassiana sensu lato (s.l.) on two distinct populations of rhipicephalus microplus, from two different experimental farms. bioassays were performed with engorged females, eggs and larvae. fungal infection was evaluated based on biological parameters of treated engorged females, percentage of hatch from treated eggs, and percentage of mortality and mean lethal time ...201122212684
The effects of flumethrin (Bayticol® pour-on) on European ticks exposed to treated hairs of cattle and sheep.Tick infestations in cattle and sheep pose serious health problems when agents of diseases are transmitted. In addition, blood feeding of ticks induces enormous economic losses due to reduced weight gain of infested animals. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exposure to hairs clipped from cattle and sheep treated with flumethrin (Bayticol®) on European ticks. The dose used was 10 ml/100 kg body weight for both animal species. At intervals of 7 days (days 7, 14, 21, 28 ...201122205348
the ecology, genetic diversity and phylogeny of huaiyangshan virus in china.surveys were carried out to better understand the tick vector ecology and genetic diversity of huaiyangshan virus (hysv) in both endemic and non-endemic regions. haemaphysalis longicornis ticks were dominant in endemic regions, while rhipicephalus microplus is more abundant in non-endemic regions. hysv rna was found in human and both tick species with more prevalence in h. longicornis and lesser in r. microplus. phylogenetic analyses indicate that hysv is a novel species of the genus phlebovirus ...201122190717
comparative studies on the invasion of cattle ticks (rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus) and sheep blowflies (lucilia cuprina) by metarhizium anisopliae (sorokin).microscopic investigations over time were carried out to study and compare the pathogenesis of invasion of ticks and blowflies by metarhizium anisopliae. the scanning electron microscope and stereo light microscope were used to observe and record processes on the arthropods' surfaces and the compound light microscope was used to observe and record processes within the body cavities. two distinctly different patterns of invasion were found in ticks and blowflies. fungal conidia germinated on the ...201122178573
CattleTickBase: An integrated Internet-based bioinformatics resource for Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.The Rhipicephalus microplus genome is large and complex in structure, making it difficult to assemble a genome sequence and costly to resource the required bioinformatics. In light of this, a consortium of international collaborators was formed to pool resources to begin sequencing this genome. We have acquired and assembled genomic DNA into contigs that represent over 1.8Gigabase pairs of DNA from gene-enriched regions of the R. microplus genome. We also have several datasets containing transcr ...201122178513
Effects of destruxin A on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).This study evaluated the effects of destruxin A on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus females, since this toxin is one of the likely causes of high mortality induced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in arthropods. Ticks were immersed or inoculated with different concentrations of destruxin A. Despite the doses applied, there were no deaths or significant alterations in oviposition between the groups treated with destruxin A and the control groups. No other external effect c ...201122166391
Perceptions of milk producers from Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, regarding Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus control.Semi-systematized interviews were conducted with 100 dairy cattle producers in the municipality of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, with the aim of ascertaining their perceptions regarding the importance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and of combating it. Content analysis was performed and the frequency distribution of each of the variables was used to construct profiles of the producers interviewed. The production losses caused by ticks were perceived incompletely by the producers, who were u ...201122166383
perceptions about the biology of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus among milk producers in divinópolis, minas gerais.one hundred semi-systematized interviews were applied with the aim of surveying the perceptions of milk producers in the municipality of divinópolis, minas gerais regarding the biology of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. content analysis was conducted on each of the variables surveyed and their descriptions, highlighting the higher frequencies in order to construct profiles of perceptions about each of the matters surveyed. in addition, each of the producers was categorized regardin ...201122166382
Expression profiling, gene silencing and transcriptional networking of metzincin metalloproteases in the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.Tick proteins functioning in vital physiological processes such as blood meal uptake, digestion and reproduction are potential targets for anti-tick vaccines, since vaccination could inhibit these essential functions and ultimately affect tick survival. In this study we identified metzincin metalloproteases from Rhipicephalus microplus as potential vaccine candidates since they are implicated as essential to blood-cavity formation, bloodmeal digestion and reproduction in ixodid ticks. Eight tran ...201122142943
comparison of bioassay responses to the potential fungal biopesticide metarhizium anisopliae in rhipicephalus(boophilus) microplus and lucilia cuprina.quantal response bioassays were conducted with cattle ticks and sheep blowflies with three different isolates of metarhizium anisopliae and different methods of inoculation. ticks were either topically dosed with 2μl or immersed in the conidial preparations. blowflies were either topically dosed with 2μl of the conidial preparation or fed on conidia mixed with sugar. probit analyses were carried out on the mortality data to compare the virulence of these isolates to ticks and blowflies and look ...201122127104
neural control of salivary glands in ixodid ticks.studies of tick salivary glands (sgs) and their components have produced a number of interesting discoveries over the last four decades. however, the precise neural and physiological mechanisms controlling sg secretion remain enigmatic. major studies of sg control have identified and characterized many pharmacological and biological compounds that activate salivary secretion, including dopamine (da), octopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), ergot alkaloids, pilocarpine (pc), and their pharmacolog ...201122119563
resistance of cattle of various genetic groups to the tick rhipicephalus microplus and the relationship with coat traits.this study evaluated the resistance of cattle of different genetic groups to the tick rhipicephalus microplus and the relationship with traits of the animals' hair and coat. cows of the senepol×nelore (sn), angus×nelore (an) and nelore (nx) genetic groups were submitted to four consecutive artificial infestations, at 14-day intervals, each one with approximately 20,000 tick larvae placed on the animals' lumbar region. from the 19th to 23rd day of each infestation five counts of the number of tic ...201122115946
distinctive amino acid composition profiles in salivary proteins of the tick ixodes scapularis.bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid composition of proteins of the tick ixodes scapularis showed that, in comparison to other secreted proteins, salivary proteins in general have higher frequencies of polar residues and lower frequencies of the non-polar residues leucine and valine. computer prediction of linear b-cell epitopes showed that polar residues were associated with the presence of high-quality epitopes and that tick salivary proteins included significantly more proteins with predi ...201122108016
acidocalcisomes as calcium- and polyphosphate-storage compartments during embryogenesis of the insect rhodnius prolixus stahl.the yolk of insect eggs is a cellular domain specialized in the storage of reserve components for embryo development. the reserve macromolecules are stored in different organelles and their interactions with the embryo cells are mostly unknown. acidocalcisomes are lysosome-related organelles characterized by their acidic nature, high electron density and large content of polyphosphate bound to several cations. in this work, we report the presence of acidocalcisome-like organelles in eggs of the ...201122096545
expressed sequenced tags profiling of resistant and susceptible gyr x holstein cattle infested with the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.tick resistance in cattle is mainly found in zebu (bos indicus) animals, although it is also present in some taurine (b. taurus) breeds. in order to characterize functional genes involved in tick resistance/susceptibility in cattle, two cdna libraries were generated using skin tissues of selected holstein x gyr animals. a total of 2700 high-quality reads from both resistant and susceptible cdna were assembled into 458 sequences (contigs) and 834 singletons, with a mean size of 447.7 nucleo ...201122095475
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) HP88 for biological control of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae): The effect of different exposure times of engorged females to the nematodes.The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different exposure times of engorged female the Rhipicephalus microplus to infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolate HP88. The engorged females were divided into seven groups (six treatments and one control) of 20 ticks each with statistically similar average weights (p>0.05) and exposed to concentrations of 300 nematodes/tick for periods of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h. The following biological parameters were monitored: pre-ov ...201122093907
Effects of microplusin, a copper-chelating antimicrobial peptide, against Cryptococcus neoformans.Microplusin is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Its copper-chelating ability is putatively responsible for its bacteriostatic activity against Micrococcus luteus as microplusin inhibits respiration in this species, which is a copper-dependent process. Microplusin is also active against Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC(50) = 0.09 µM), the etiologic agent of cryptococcosis. Here, we show that microplusin is fungistatic to C. neoformans and thi ...201122092765
Control of tick infestations in cattle vaccinated with bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed tick protective antigens.Vaccines containing the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus BM86 and BM95 antigens protect cattle against tick infestations. Tick subolesin (SUB), elongation factor 1a (EF1a) and ubiquitin (UBQ) are new candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Previous studies showed that R. microplus BM95 immunogenic peptides fused to the Anaplasma marginale major surface protein (MSP) 1a N-terminal region (BM95-MSP1a) for presentation on the Escherichia coli membrane were prot ...201222085549
expression of heat shock and other stress response proteins in ticks and cultured tick cells in response to anaplasma spp. infection and heat shock.ticks are ectoparasites of animals and humans that serve as vectors of anaplasma and other pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. ticks and the pathogens that they transmit have coevolved molecular interactions involving genetic traits of both the tick and the pathogen that mediate their development and survival. in this paper, the expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) and other stress response proteins (srps) was characterized in ticks and cultured tick cells by proteomics and t ...201022084679
Vaccination with BM86, subolesin and akirin protective antigens for the control of tick infestations in white tailed deer and red deer.Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are hosts for different tick species and tick-borne pathogens and play a role in tick dispersal and maintenance in some regions. These factors stress the importance of controlling tick infestations in deer and several methods such as culling and acaricide treatment have been used. Tick vaccines are a cost-effective alternative for tick control that reduced cattle tick infestations and tick-borne pathogens prevalence while r ...201222079077
ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the republic of korea during 2008-2009.a tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the republic of korea (rok) during 2008-2009. a total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities in rok. haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), ixodes persulcatus (4.6% ...201122072840
brown spider (loxosceles genus) venom toxins: tools for biological purposes.venomous animals use their venoms as tools for defense or predation. these venoms are complex mixtures, mainly enriched of proteic toxins or peptides with several, and different, biological activities. in general, spider venom is rich in biologically active molecules that are useful in experimental protocols for pharmacology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology, as well as putative tools for biotechnology and industries. spider venoms have recently garnered much attention from several rese ...201122069711
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