Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| evaluation of correlation between pretest probability for clostridium difficile infection and clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassay results. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients tested for clostridium difficile and determine the correlation between pretest probability for c. difficile infection (cdi) and assay results. patients with testing ordered for c. difficile were enrolled and assigned a high, medium, or low pretest probability of cdi based on clinical evaluation, laboratory, and imaging results. stool was tested for c. difficile by toxin enzyme immunoass ... | 2017 | 27927930 |
| expert consensus on metrics to assess the impact of patient-level antimicrobial stewardship interventions in acute-care settings. | antimicrobial stewardship programs (asps) positively impact patient care, but metrics to assess asp impact are poorly defined. we used a modified delphi approach to select relevant metrics for assessing patient-level interventions in acute-care settings for the purposes of internal program decision making. an expert panel rated 90 candidate metrics on a 9-point likert scale for association with 4 criteria: improved antimicrobial prescribing, improved patient care, utility in targeting stewardshi ... | 2017 | 27927866 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a single-center experience. | 2017 | 27923723 | |
| in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile by commercial probiotics: a microcalorimetric study. | the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of some commercial probiotics on the growth of clostridium difficile using isothermal microcalorimetry, a technique which can monitor the real time growth of bacteria. commercial probiotic strains and products, lactobacillus acidophilus la-5(®), bifidobacterium lactis bb-12(®), probio 7(®) and symprove™ were co-cultured with c. difficile in brain heart infusion (bhi) broth supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) l-cysteine hydrochloride and 0.1% (w/v) s ... | 2017 | 27923699 |
| clostridium difficile in an urban, university-affiliated long-term acute-care hospital. | objectives to describe the characteristics and impact of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a long-term acute-care hospital (ltach). design retrospective matched cohort study. setting a 38-bed, urban, university-affiliated ltach. methods the characteristics of ltach-onset cdi were assessed among patients hospitalized between july 2008 and october 2015. patients with cdi were matched to concurrently hospitalized patients without a diagnosis of cdi. severe cdi was defined as cdi with 2 or mo ... | 2017 | 27923419 |
| erratum: dietary zinc alters the microbiota and decreases resistance to clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 27923021 | |
| hiv-associated changes in the enteric microbial community: potential role in loss of homeostasis and development of systemic inflammation. | despite hiv therapy advances, average life expectancy in hiv-infected individuals on effective treatment is significantly decreased relative to uninfected persons, largely because of increased incidence of inflammation-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction. the enteric microbial community could potentially cause this inflammation, as hiv-driven destruction of gastrointestinal cd4 t cells may disturb the microbiota-mucosal immune system balance, disrupting the sta ... | 2017 | 27922852 |
| genomic study of the type ivc secretion system in clostridium difficile: understanding c. difficile evolution via horizontal gene transfer. | clostridium difficile, the etiological agent of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus that is responsible for ∼20% of antibiotic-related cases of diarrhea and nearly all cases of pseudomembranous colitis. previous data have shown that a substantial proportion (11%) of the c. difficile genome consists of mobile genetic elements, including seven conjugative transposons. however, the mechanism underlying the formation of a mosaic genome in c. difficile is ... | 2017 | 27922269 |
| structural insights into substrate recognition by clostridium difficile sortase. | sortases function as cysteine transpeptidases that catalyze the covalent attachment of virulence-associated surface proteins into the cell wall peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria. the substrate proteins targeted by sortase enzymes have a cell wall sorting signal (cwss) located at the c-terminus. up to date, it is still not well understood how sortases with structural resemblance among different classes and diverse species of bacteria achieve substrate specificity. in this study, we focus on ... | 2016 | 27921010 |
| re-evaluating the inhibition of stress erosions (revise): a protocol for pilot randomized controlled trial. | clinicians routinely administer stress ulcer prophylaxis to mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (icu), most commonly prescribing proton pump inhibitors (ppis). however, the incidence of gastrointestinal (gi) bleeding from stress ulceration is low and recent observational studies suggest these agents may increase infections. therefore, a large randomized clinical trial (rct) is needed to inform modern practice. the aim of this multicenter pilot trial is to determine the fe ... | 2017 | 27920416 |
| correction: chen, s., et al. identification of an essential region for translocation of clostridium difficile toxin b. toxins 2016, 8, 241. | n/a. | 2016 | 27918428 |
| pathophysiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2016 | 27917094 | |
| management of clostridium difficile infection. | since the discovery of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the 1970s, there has been an increase in the incidence, severity, and recurrence rate of the disease. we reviewed the recent cdi literature in pubmed published before february 28, 2016 that focused on advances in therapy. despite a large number of studies describing methods for diagnosing the disease, there is currently no definitive test that identifies this infection with certainty, which complicates therapy. recommended therapy f ... | 2016 | 27917075 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 27917073 | |
| familial mediterranean fever mutations lift the obligatory requirement for microtubules in pyrin inflammasome activation. | familial mediterranean fever (fmf) is the most common monogenic autoinflammatory disease worldwide. it is caused by mutations in the inflammasome adaptor pyrin, but how fmf mutations alter signaling in fmf patients is unknown. herein, we establish clostridium difficile and its enterotoxin a (tcda) as pyrin-activating agents and show that wild-type and fmf pyrin are differentially controlled by microtubules. diverse microtubule assembly inhibitors prevented pyrin-mediated caspase-1 activation and ... | 2016 | 27911804 |
| a review of experimental and off-label therapies for clostridium difficile infection. | in spite of increased awareness and the efforts taken to optimize clostridium difficile infection (cdi) management, with the limited number of currently available antibiotics for c. difficile the halt of this increasing epidemic remains out of reach. there are, however, close to 80 alternative treatment methods with controversial anti-clostridial efficacy or in experimental phase today. indeed, some of these therapies are expected to become acknowledged members of the recommended anti-cdi arsena ... | 2017 | 27910000 |
| clostridium difficile carriage in adult cystic fibrosis (cf); implications for patients with cf and the potential for transmission of nosocomial infection. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-producing bacillus transmitted among humans through the faecal-oral route. despite increasing carriage rates and the presence of c. difficile toxin in stool, patients with cf rarely appear to develop typical manifestations of c. difficile infection (cdi). in this study, we examined the carriage, toxin production, ribotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of c. difficile in a cohort of 60 adult patients with cf wh ... | 2017 | 27908697 |
| antimicrobial stewardship programs that target only high-cost, broad-spectrum antimicrobials miss opportunities to reduce clostridium difficile infections. | antimicrobial stewardship programs are promoted as a strategy to reduce clostridium difficile infections. we implemented an antimicrobial stewardship program comprised of formulary restriction plus prospective audit with feedback for high-cost and broad-spectrum antimicrobials. subsequently, we reviewed all heath care facility-onset, health care facility-associated c difficile infections. we found that most of these infections were associated with the antecedent receipt of nonaudited, and often ... | 2016 | 27908435 |
| duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses after experimental administration of clostridium difficile toxins. | duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (dpj) is an acute sporadic gastrointestinal disorder of horses of unknown cause. | 2017 | 27906466 |
| bezlotoxumab: first global approval. | bezlotoxumab (zinplava™) is a human monoclonal antibody against clostridium difficile toxin b developed by merck & co. in october 2016 it was approved in the usa for reducing the recurrence of c. difficile infection. this article summarizes the milestones in the development of bezlotoxumab leading to this first approval for use in patients receiving antibacterial drug treatment for c. difficile infection who are at high risk for recurrence of c. difficile infection. | 2016 | 27905086 |
| the incidence and drug resistance of clostridium difficile infection in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | it has been widely reported that the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) have increased dramatically in north america and europe. however, little is known about cdi in mainland china. in this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence of cdi and the main epidemic and drug-resistant strains of c. difficile in mainland china through meta-analysis of related studies published after the year 2010. a total of 51 eligible studies were included. the pooled incidence of tox ... | 2016 | 27897206 |
| dysbiosis of fecal microbiota and high frequency of citrobacter, klebsiella spp., and actinomycetes in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and gastroenteritis. | this study was aimed to characterize putative differences of fecal microbiota between irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) and gastroenteritis patients and healthy controls. | 2016 | 27895859 |
| clostridium difficile: a healthcare-associated infection of unknown significance in adults in sub-saharan africa. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) causes a high burden of disease in high-resource healthcare systems, with significant morbidity, mortality, and financial implications. cdi is a healthcare-associated infection for which the primary risk factor is antibiotic usage, and it is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoea in hiv-infected patients in the united states. little is known about the disease burden of cdi in sub-saharan africa, where hiv and healthcare-associated infections are more preva ... | 2016 | 27895832 |
| multicenter observational study of ceftaroline fosamil for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. | novel therapies for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) bloodstream infection (bsi) are needed in the setting of reduced antibiotic susceptibilities and therapeutic failure. ceftaroline is a cephalosporin antibiotic with mrsa activity. although not fda approved for mrsa bsi, ceftaroline has generated much interest as a potential treatment option. however, detailed descriptions of its use in this setting remain limited. to address this, we conducted a retrospective, multicenter, ob ... | 2017 | 27895012 |
| detection of a cfr(b) variant in german enterococcus faecium clinical isolates and the impact on linezolid resistance in enterococcus spp. | the national reference centre for staphylococci and enterococci in germany has received an increasing number of clinical linezolid-resistant e. faecium isolates in recent years. five isolates harbored a cfr(b) variant gene locus the product of which is capable of conferring linezolid resistance. the cfr(b)-like methyltransferase gene was also detected in clostridium difficile. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for cfr(b)-positive and linezolid-resistant e. faecium isolates and two isog ... | 2016 | 27893790 |
| consensus report: faecal microbiota transfer - clinical applications and procedures. | faecal microbiota transplantation or transfer (fmt) aims at replacing or reinforcing the gut microbiota of a patient with the microbiota from a healthy donor. not many controlled or randomised studies have been published evaluating the use of fmt for other diseases than clostridium difficile infection, making it difficult for clinicians to decide on a suitable indication. | 2017 | 27891639 |
| enteric glial cells are susceptible to clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile causes nosocomial/antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the major virulence factors are toxin a and toxin b (tcdb), which inactivate gtpases by monoglucosylation, leading to cytopathic (cytoskeleton alteration, cell rounding) and cytotoxic effects (cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis). c. difficile toxins breaching the intestinal epithelial barrier can act on underlying cells, enterocytes, colonocytes, and enteric neurons, as described in vitro and in vivo, ... | 2017 | 27891552 |
| interaction of gut microbiota with bile acid metabolism and its influence on disease states. | primary bile acids serve important roles in cholesterol metabolism, lipid digestion, host-microbe interactions, and regulatory pathways in the human host. while most bile acids are reabsorbed and recycled via enterohepatic cycling, ∼5% serve as substrates for bacterial biotransformation in the colon. enzymes involved in various transformations have been characterized from cultured gut bacteria and reveal taxa-specific distribution. more recently, bioinformatic approaches have revealed greater di ... | 2017 | 27888332 |
| asymptomatic colitis induced by low-dose methotrexate. | a woman aged 77 years with a history of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) presented with inflammatory colitis confined to her rectum, which was incidentally found by a screening colonoscopy. histopathological examination of colonic biopsies showed non-specific inflammatory infiltrates of lymphocytes, the cause of which was unknown. she had been diagnosed with ra 5 years before, and she was receiving methotrexate 6 mg weekly, to which tocilizumab had been added 4 years earlier, which achieved stable cont ... | 2016 | 27888222 |
| mortality, hospital costs, payments, and readmissions associated with clostridium difficile infection among medicare beneficiaries. | the management of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among hospitalized patients is costly, and ongoing payment reform is compelling hospitals to reduce its burden. to assess the impact of cdi on mortality, hospital costs, healthcare use, and medicare payments for beneficiaries who were discharged with cdi listed as a secondary international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification claim diagnosis. | 2015 | 27885315 |
| burden of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients residing in nursing homes: a population-based cohort study. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states. this study aimed to examine the incidence of cdi and evaluate mortality and economic burden of cdi in an elderly population who reside in nursing homes (nhs). | 2016 | 27884118 |
| [adalimumab as induction therapy for crohn's disease - one center study]. | adalimumab is a subcutaneously administered recombinant fully human monoclonal antibody targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha. it has been approved for use in poland to treat patients with crohn's disease under the program of polish national health found since 2010. | 2016 | 27883347 |
| highly divergent clostridium difficile strains isolated from the environment. | clostridium difficile is one of the most important human and animal pathogens. however, the bacterium is ubiquitous and can be isolated from various sources. here we report the prevalence and characterization of c. difficile in less studied environmental samples, puddle water (n = 104) and soil (n = 79). c. difficile was detected in 14.4% of puddle water and in 36.7% of soil samples. environmental strains displayed antimicrobial resistance patterns comparable to already published data of human a ... | 2016 | 27880843 |
| patients' views on fecal microbiota transplantation: an acceptable therapeutic option in inflammatory bowel disease? | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) represents a new therapeutic option that has been studied in two randomized-controlled trials in ulcerative colitis patients. our study aimed to identify patients' views on the use of this novel therapeutic approach. | 2017 | 27879485 |
| the role of single-shot metronidazole in the prevention of clostridium difficile infection following ileostomy reversal surgery. | symptomatic infection with clostridium difficile is strongly linked to antibiotic use and rates are higher for colorectal surgery. in february 2015, trust policy for antibiotic prophylaxis of ileostomy reversal surgery was changed from three doses of metronidazole plus cefuroxime to single-dose metronidazole, in a bid to reduce rates of clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 27878620 |
| national survey of practice of faecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile infection in the uk. | 2017 | 27876399 | |
| diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile (c. diff) colitis: review of the literature and a perspective in gynecologic oncology. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major cause of nosocomial diarrhea with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. colonization in a susceptible individual, with risk factors such as prior antibiotic use, advanced age, or medical comorbidities, may result in symptomatic infection. although patients with a gynecologic malignancy may be at a higher risk of developing cdi due to an increased likelihood of having one or more risk factors, data do not consistently support the i ... | 2017 | 27876339 |
| chlorhexidine bathing and health care-associated infections among adult intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | health care-associated infections (hai) have been shown to increase length of stay, the cost of care, and rates of hospital deaths (kaye and marchaim, j am geriatr soc 62(2):306-11, 2014; roberts and scott, med care 48(11):1026-35, 2010; warren and quadir, crit care med 34(8):2084-9, 2006; zimlichman and henderson, jama intern med 173(22):2039-46, 2013). importantly, infections acquired during a hospital stay have been shown to be preventable (loveday and wilson, j hosp infect 86:s1-70, 2014). i ... | 2016 | 27876075 |
| antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: does it work and can we do it? | selection of resistant pathogens by antimicrobial use is probably the most important cause of antimicrobial resistance. antimicrobial stewardship (ams) refers to a multifaceted approach to optimise prescribing. the benefits of ams programmes have been widely demonstrated in terms of reductions in antimicrobial use, mortality, clostridium difficile and other healthcare-associated infections, hospital length of stay and bacterial resistance. several kinds of interventions (i.e. restriction of drug ... | 2014 | 27873630 |
| survival and prevalence of clostridium difficile in manure compost derived from pigs. | pigs, particularly piglets, have been identified as reservoir hosts of clostridium difficile. to examine the survival ability of this pathogen in pig feces-based manure compost, c. difficile spores, which were prepared to contain as few vegetative cells as possible, were artificially inoculated into pig feces and incubated at different temperatures. while c. difficile survived in the feces incubated at temperatures below 37 °c for over 30 days, cell numbers gradually decreased at thermophilic te ... | 2017 | 27871997 |
| prevalence and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from a pig slaughterhouse, pork, and humans in taiwan. | clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea in both humans and animals. the ribotype 078, predominant in food animals, is associated with community-acquired c. difficile infection, and c. difficile is suggested to be a foodborne pathogen. recently, the c. difficile ribotype 078 lineage emerged in patients and pigs in taiwan. this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of c. difficile isolated from a pig slaughterhouse, retail meat, ready-to-eat m ... | 2017 | 27870984 |
| efficacy of sterile fecal filtrate transfer for treating patients with clostridium difficile infection. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a highly effective therapy for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). however, transferring undefined living bacteria entails uncontrollable risks for infectious and metabolic or malignant diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients. we investigated whether sterile fecal filtrates (containing bacterial debris, proteins, antimicrobial compounds, metabolic products, and oligonucleotides/dna), rather than intact microorganisms, are effect ... | 2017 | 27866880 |
| evaluation of an automated room decontamination device using aerosolized peracetic acid. | because manual cleaning is often suboptimal, there is increasing interest in use of automated devices for room decontamination. we demonstrated that an ultrasonic room fogging system that generates submicron droplets of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide eliminated clostridium difficile spores and vegetative pathogens from exposed carriers in hospital rooms and adjacent bathrooms. | 2017 | 27866755 |
| an increase in healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection associated with use of a defective peracetic acid-based surface disinfectant. | background we investigated an increase in the incidence of healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) that occurred following a change from a bleach disinfectant to a peracetic acid-based disinfectant. objective to evaluate the efficacy of the peracetic acid-based disinfectant. design laboratory-based product evaluation. methods the commercial peracetic acid-based product is activated on site by mixing a small volume of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid present i ... | 2017 | 27866475 |
| bezlotoxumab approved to prevent clostridium difficile recurrence. | 2016 | 27864194 | |
| liver abscess and bacteremia caused by lactobacillus: role of probiotics? case report and review of the literature. | lactobacilli are non-spore forming, lactic acid producing, gram-positive rods. they are a part of the normal gastrointestinal and genitourinary microbiota and have rarely been reported to be the cause of infections. lactobacilli species are considered non-pathogenic organisms and have been used as probiotics to prevent antibiotic associated diarrhea. there are sporadic reported cases of infections related to lactobacilli containing probiotics. | 2016 | 27863462 |
| rethinking strategies to select antibiotic therapy in clostridium difficile infection. | in recent years, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become a global public health threat associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden, all of which are exacerbated with disease recurrence. current guidelines informing treatment decisions are largely based on definitions of disease severity at diagnosis, with subjective components not well delineated across treatment algorithms and clinical trials. furthermore, there is little evidence linking severity at onset to ou ... | 2016 | 27862113 |
| evidence for dual receptor-binding sites in clostridium difficile toxin a. | tcda (308 kda) and tcdb (270 kda) disrupt the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and provide an environment favorable for clostridium difficile colonization. recent evidence suggests that entry of tcda into cells is mediated by at least two domains. here, we report the characterization of a second receptor-binding domain (rbd2) for tcda. while both the isolated combined repetitive oligopeptides (crops) and rbd2 fragments are rapidly internalized into cells under physiologic condition ... | 2016 | 27861794 |
| predominance of clostridium difficile ribotypes 017 and 078 among toxigenic clinical isolates in southern taiwan. | ribotypes and toxin genotypes of clinical c. difficile isolates in taiwan are rarely reported. a prospective surveillance study from january 2011 to january 2013 was conducted at the medical wards of a district hospital in southern taiwan. of the first toxigenic isolates from 120 patients, 68 (56.7%) of 120 isolates possessed both tcda and tcdb. of 52 (43.3%) with tcdb and truncated tcda (tcda-/tcdb+), all were ribotype 017 and none had binary toxin or tcdc deletion. eighteen (15%) toxigenic iso ... | 2016 | 27861606 |
| two clusters of fluoroquinolone and clindamycin-resistant clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 001 strain recognized by capillary electrophoresis ribotyping and multilocus variable tandem repeat analysis. | to perform a retrospective analysis of the high occurrence of clostridium difficile infection in the surgical department of a czech tertiary care hospital and to identify weaknesses in c. difficile infection (cdi) prevention and control policies. | 2016 | 27860531 |
| toxin a of the nosocomial pathogen clostridium difficile induces primary effects in the proteome of hep-2 cells. | this study was carried out to investigate the impact of high concentrations of clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) on the proteome of human cells. it should also be examined whether a catalytically deficient mutant (tcdanxn ) has an effect on target cells. | 2017 | 27860399 |
| variability in antibiotic use across ontario acute care hospitals. | antibiotic stewardship is a required organizational practice for canadian acute care hospitals, yet data are scarce regarding the quantity and composition of antibiotic use across facilities. we sought to examine the variability, and risk-adjusted variability, in antibiotic use across acute care hospitals in ontario, canada's most populous province. | 2017 | 27856724 |
| draft genome sequence of robinsoniella peoriensis 6600698, a confounder of clostridium difficile diagnosis. | robinsoniella peoriensis is a gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped organism. here, we report the draft genome of r. peoriensis 6600698, initially classified as clostridium difficile due to growth on selective agar, a fecal gdh pcr-positive result, and clinical symptoms. r. peoriensis is a potential confounder of c. difficile diagnosis. | 2016 | 27856584 |
| gleaning insights from fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic studies for the rational design of combination microbial therapies. | beneficial microorganisms hold promise for the treatment of numerous gastrointestinal diseases. the transfer of whole microbiota via fecal transplantation has already been shown to ameliorate the severity of diseases such as clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. however, the exact mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant efficacy and the particular strains conferring this benefit are still unclear. rationally designed combinations of microbial preparations may ... | 2017 | 27856521 |
| national age group trends in clostridium difficile infection incidence and health outcomes in united states community hospitals. | prior studies have demonstrated an increase in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) incidence in the united states (u.s.) in recent years, but trends among different age groups have not been evaluated. this study describes national cdi incidence by age group over a 10-year period and mortality and hospital length of stay (los) among patients with cdi. | 2016 | 27855653 |
| characterization of the clostridium difficile volatile metabolome using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen capable of causing life-threatening infections of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by severe diarrhea. exposure to certain classes of antibiotics, advanced age, and prolonged hospitalizations are known risk factors for infection by this organism. anecdotally, healthcare providers have reported that they can smell c. difficile infections in their patients, and several studies have suggested that there may indeed be an olfactory signal associat ... | 2016 | 27855313 |
| two novel myoviruses from the north of iraq reveal insights into clostridium difficile phage diversity and biology. | bacteriophages (phages) are increasingly being explored as therapeutic agents to combat bacterial diseases, including clostridium difficile infections. therapeutic phages need to be able to efficiently target and kill a wide range of clinically relevant strains. while many phage groups have yet to be investigated in detail, those with new and useful properties can potentially be identified when phages from newly studied geographies are characterised. here, we report the isolation of c. difficile ... | 2016 | 27854339 |
| detection of clostridium difficile in feces of asymptomatic patients admitted to the hospital. | recent evidence shows that patients asymptomatically colonized with clostridium difficile may contribute to the transmission of c. difficile in health care facilities. additionally, these patients may have a higher risk of developing c. difficile infection. the aim of this study was to compare a commercially available pcr directed to both toxin a and b (artus c. difficile qs-rgq kit ce; qiagen), an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay to glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh elfa) (vidas, biomérieux), and an ... | 2017 | 27852676 |
| rates of microbiologically diagnosed infection and pathogen detection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. | infections remain a significant cause of mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. evaluations of causes of infection are often unrevealing, and at some sites, increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance have been noticed. we performed a retrospective analysis of infection rates and microbiologic testing yield, or percent of tests ordered to diagnose an infection, in the first 100 days of 30 allogeneic and 56 autologous stem cell transplants performed at san antonio military med ... | 2016 | 27849508 |
| clinical conundrums in management of sepsis in the elderly. | in 2012, surviving sepsis campaign came out with updated international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. paradoxically, there are no specific guidelines for management of sepsis in the elderly, although the elderly are more predisposed to sepsis, and morbidity and mortality related to sepsis. sepsis in the elderly is, more often than not, complicated by clinical conundrums such as congestive heart failure (chf), atrial fibrillation (af), chronic kidney disease (ckd), a ... | 2017 | 27847897 |
| are proton pump inhibitors associated with an increased risk of clostridium difficile infection after considering confounding variables? | 2017 | 27847127 | |
| asymptomatic and yet c. difficile-toxin positive? prevalence and risk factors of carriers of toxigenic clostridium difficile among geriatric in-patients. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are the most frequent cause of diarrhoea in hospitals. geriatric patients are more often affected by the condition, by a relapse and complications. therefore, a crucial question is how often colonization with toxigenic clostridium difficile strains occurs in elderly patients without diarrhoea and whether there is a "risk pattern" of colonized patients that can be defined by geriatric assessment. furthermore, the probability for those asymptomatic carriers t ... | 2016 | 27846818 |
| identification of a novel mutation at the primary dimer interface of gyra conferring fluoroquinolone resistance in clostridium difficile. | the aim of this study was to determine whether alternative resistance mechanisms, other than mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region (qrdr) of dna gyrase, could confer fluoroquinolone resistance in clostridium difficile. an in vitro-generated c. difficile mutant exhibiting increased fluoroquinolone resistance was isolated through antibiotic selection on ciprofloxacin. the qrdr of this mutant was investigated by chain-termination sequencing and was found to be devoid of mutation. ... | 2015 | 27842877 |
| vesicoileal fistula and clostridium difficile colitis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 2016 | 27842209 | |
| interspecies interactions between clostridium difficile and candida albicans. | the facultative anaerobic polymorphic fungus candida albicans and the strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacterium clostridium difficile are two opportunistic pathogens residing in the human gut. while a few studies have focused on the prevalence of c. albicans in c. difficile-infected patients, the nature of the interactions between these two microbes has not been studied thus far. in the current study, both chemical and physical interactions between c. albicans and c. difficile were investigated ... | 2017 | 27840850 |
| pharmacologic stress gastropathy prophylaxis may not be necessary in at-risk surgical trauma icu patients tolerating enteral nutrition. | stress gastropathy is a rare complication of the intensive care unit stay with high morbidity and mortality. there are data that support the concept that patients tolerating enteral nutrition have sufficient gut blood flow to obviate the need for prophylaxis; however, no robust studies exist. this study assesses the incidence of clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding in surgical trauma intensive care unit (sticu) patients at risk of stress gastropathy secondary to mechanical ventilatio ... | 2016 | 27837045 |
| fecal calprotectin level reflects the severity of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen, and is the leading cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea associated with high morbidity and mortality. given that the treatment outcome depends on the severity of c. difficile infection (cdi), we aimed to establish an efficient method of assessing severity, and focused on the stool biomarker fecal calprotectin (fc). fc directly reflects the intestinal inflammation status of a patient, and can aid in interpreting th ... | 2017 | 27834066 |
| chemical and stress resistances of clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, sporogenic and anaerobic bacterium that causes a potentially fatal colitis. c. difficile enters the body as dormant spores that germinate in the colon to form vegetative cells that secrete toxins and cause the symptoms of infection. during transit through the intestine, some vegetative cells transform into spores, which are more resistant to killing by environmental insults than the vegetative cells. understanding the inherent resistance properties of th ... | 2016 | 27833595 |
| a new lab developed real time pcr assay for direct detection of c. difficle from stool sample without dna extraction. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated infectious diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. detection of c. difficile by anaerobic bacterial culture and/or cytotoxicity assays has been largely replaced by rapid enzyme immunoassays (eia). however, due to the lack of sensitivity of stool eia, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay targeting the c. difficile toxin genes tcdb. stool samples from hospitalized pediatric patients suspected of having c. difficile-a ... | 2016 | 27829823 |
| antimicrobial stewardship and environmental decontamination for the control of clostridium difficile transmission in healthcare settings. | we implement an agent-based model for clostridium difficile transmission in hospitals that accounts for several processes and individual factors including environmental and antibiotic heterogeneity in order to evaluate the efficacy of various control measures aimed at reducing environmental contamination and mitigating the effects of antibiotic use on transmission. in particular, we account for local contamination levels that contribute to the probability of colonization and we account for both ... | 2017 | 27826877 |
| colon-targeted delivery of igy against clostridium difficile toxin a and b by encapsulation in chitosan-ca pectinate microbeads. | this study investigated the use of a newly developed chitosan-ca pectinate microbead formulation for the colon-targeted delivery of anti-a/b toxin immunoglobulin of egg yolk (igy) to inhibit toxin binding to colon mucosa cells. the effect of the three components (pectinate, calcium chloride, and chitosan) used for the microbead production was examined with the aim of identifying the optimal levels to improve drug encapsulation efficiency, swelling ratio, and cumulative igy release rate. the opti ... | 2016 | 27826799 |
| infection: modulation of clostridium difficile infection by dietary zinc. | 2016 | 27826138 | |
| influence of antibiotics and case exposure on hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection independent of illness severity. | previous studies of the association between antibiotic exposure and risk of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile-associated infection (cdi) have not fully accounted for patient severity of illness, and competing risks. | 2017 | 27825674 |
| clostridium difficile infection: stewardship's lowest hanging fruit? | 2017 | 27825596 | |
| effect of a national 4c antibiotic stewardship intervention on the clinical and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections in a region of scotland: a non-linear time-series analysis. | whereas many antibiotics increase risk of clostridium difficile infection through dysbiosis, epidemic c difficile ribotypes characterised by multidrug resistance might depend on antibiotic selection pressures arising from population use of specific drugs. we examined the effect of a national antibiotic stewardship intervention limiting the use of 4c antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, co-amoxiclav, and cephalosporins) and other infection prevention and control strategies on the clinical ... | 2017 | 27825595 |
| epidemiology and outcome of clostridium difficile infections in patients hospitalized in internal medicine: findings from the nationwide fadoi-practice study. | clostridium difficile (cd) is a leading cause of diarrhoea among hospitalized patients. the objective of this study was to evaluate the rate, the optimal diagnostic work-up, and outcome of cd infections (cdi) in internal medicine (im) wards in italy. | 2016 | 27825317 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: an increased problem. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea is a major health problem that seems to be on the increase. in our study, we analyse the changes in the incidence of this infection over the last 11 years. | 2016 | 27823794 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation by freeze-dried oral capsules for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 27822485 | |
| electronic clostridium difficile infection bundle reduces time to initiation of contact precautions. | the impact of computerized order-entry bundles on timing of contact precaution initiation for c. difficile infection (cdi) remains largely unexplored. implementation of an electronic cdi prevention and management bundle that included an automatic isolation component significantly reduced time to initiation of contact precautions from 33.7 to 22.4 hours. infect control hosp epidemiol 2016;242-244. | 2017 | 27821198 |
| clostridium difficile infection in cancer patients. | 2017 | 27817939 | |
| a comprehensive study of costs associated with recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | background clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common healthcare-associated infection and is associated with considerable morbidity. recurrent cdi is a key contributing factor to this morbidity. despite an estimated 83,000 recurrences annually in the united states, there are few accurate estimates of costs associated with recurrent cdi. objective we performed this study (1) to identify the health consequences of recurrent cdi including need for repeat hospitalization, intensive car ... | 2017 | 27817758 |
| drug utilization review of cephalosporins in a secondary care hospital in united arab emirates. | background cephalosporins are one of the most commonly used antibiotics in united arab emirates (uae). few studies have been carried out to evaluate the antibiotic utilization pattern in uae in spite of the obvious increase in cephalosporins resistance during the past decade. objective to assess the prescriptions pattern of cephalosporins among physicians at a secondary care hospital in ras al khaimah, uae. method this observational prospective study was carried out during october 2013 to april ... | 2016 | 27817172 |
| clostridium difficile infection due to pneumonia treatment: mortality risk models. | one of the most common gastrointestinal infection after the antibiotic treatment of community or nosocomial pneumonia is caused by the anaerobic spore clostridium difficile (c. difficile). the aim of this study was to retrospectively assess mortality due to c. difficile infection (cdi) in patients treated for pneumonia. we identified 94 cases of post-pneumonia cdi out of the 217 patients with cdi. the mortality issue was addressed by creating a mortality risk models using logistic regression and ... | 2017 | 27815923 |
| dissemination of clostridium difficile in food and the environment: significant sources of c. difficile community-acquired infection? | clostridium difficile is a significant pathogen with over 300 000 cases reported in north america annually. previously, it was thought that c. difficile was primarily a clinically associated infection. however, through the use of whole genome sequencing it has been revealed that the majority of cases are community acquired. the source of community-acquired c. difficile infections (cdi) is open to debate with foodborne being one route considered. clostridium difficile fits the criteria of a foodb ... | 2017 | 27813268 |
| evaluation and selection of bacillus species based on enzyme production, antimicrobial activity, and biofilm synthesis as direct-fed microbial candidates for poultry. | social concern about misuse of antibiotics as growth promoters (agp) and generation of multidrug-resistant bacteria have restricted the dietary inclusion of antibiotics in livestock feed in several countries. direct-fed microbials (dfm) are one of the multiple alternatives commonly evaluated as substitutes of agp. sporeformer bacteria from the genus bacillus have been extensively investigated because of their extraordinary properties to form highly resistant endospores, produce antimicrobial com ... | 2016 | 27812526 |
| genome sequence of clostridium paraputrificum 373-a1 isolated in chile from a patient infected with clostridium difficile. | clostridium paraputrificum is a gut microbiota member reported in several cases of bacteremia and coinfections. so far, only one genome sequence of a c. paraputrificum (agr2156) isolate is available. here, we present the draft genome of c. paraputrificum strain 373-a1, isolated from stools from a patient with c. difficile infection. | 2016 | 27811092 |
| cost-effectiveness of histamine2 receptor antagonists versus proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. | to determine the cost-effectiveness of stress ulcer prophylaxis with histamine2 receptor antagonists (h2ras) versus proton pump inhibitors (ppis) in critically ill and mechanically ventilated adults. | 2017 | 27809338 |
| nutrition and the gut microbiome in the elderly. | the gut microbiota is the assembly of microorganisms living in our intestine and their genomes are known as the microbiome. the correct composition and functionality of this microbiome is essential for maintaining a "healthy status." aging is related to changes in the gut microbiota which are frequently associated with physiological modifications of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as, to changes in dietary patterns, together with a concomitant decline in cognitive and immune function, all to ... | 2017 | 27808595 |
| comparison of clostridium difficile ribotypes circulating in australian hospitals and communities. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is becoming less exclusively a health care-associated cdi (ha-cdi). the incidence of community-associated cdi (ca-cdi) has increased over the past few decades. it has been postulated that asymptomatic toxigenic c. difficile (tcd)-colonized patients may play a role in the transfer of c. difficile between the hospital setting and the community. thus, to investigate the relatedness of c. difficile across the hospital and community settings, we compared the char ... | 2017 | 27807147 |
| identification of factors impacting recurrent clostridium difficile infection and development of a risk evaluation tool. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is a growing concern, yet limited data exists to clarify which patients are at highest risk. identification of these patients may better inform decisions of those who may benefit from prophylactic intervention. the purpose of this study was to determine which factors are associated with the recurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and to develop a risk stratification tool. methods. patients readmitted within 10 weeks of positive c. di ... | 2016 | 27806252 |
| costs and consequences associated with misdiagnosed lower extremity cellulitis. | inflammatory dermatoses of the lower extremity are often misdiagnosed as cellulitis (aka "pseudocellulitis") and treated with antibiotics and/or hospitalization. there is limited data on the cost and complications from misdiagnosed cellulitis. | 2016 | 27806170 |
| clostridium difficile infection: associations with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeting therapy treatments. | although mucositis, diarrhea, and constipation as well as immunosuppression are well recognized side-effects of cancer treatment, the underlying mechanisms including changes in the composition of gut microbiota and clostridium difficile infection have not yet been thoroughly reviewed. | 2016 | 27804875 |
| hydralazine-induced anca vasculitis in the setting of acute clostridium difficile infection. | we report a rare case of hydralazine-induced anca associated glomerulonephritis with alveolar hemorrhage in the setting of acute clostridium difficile infection. a 71-year-old caucasian woman with hypertension, who was being treated with hydralazine 25 mg twice a day for six years, presented to the hospital with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and anemia. she had acute kidney injury and urinalysis showed proteinuria, dysmorphic rbcs, and rare rbc cast. she was found to have clostridium difficile coli ... | 2016 | 27801920 |
| molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from a university teaching hospital in china. | while the developed world has seen a significant increase in the number of scientific articles on clostridium difficile infection (cdi), the developing world still lags behind on this subject due to limited laboratory capacity, low awareness, and limited surveillance of this problem. as such, cdi is considered a neglected but potentially huge problem in developing countries. the major aim of this study was to systemically evaluate the utility of several molecular typing tools for cdi, including ... | 2016 | 27799923 |
| rasch analysis of the antimicrobial self-assessment toolkit for national health service (nhs) trusts (asat v17). | the antimicrobial self-assessment toolkit for national health service (nhs) trusts (asat) was developed to evaluate hospital-based antimicrobial stewardship programmes. iterative validity investigations of the asat were used to produce a 91-item asat v17 utilizing qualitative methodology. rasch analysis was used to generate question (item) behaviour estimates and to investigate the validity of asat v17. | 2017 | 27798214 |
| [clostridium difficile infection : what is currently available for treatment?] | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-secreting bacillus. it is transmitted via a fecal-oral route and can be found in 1-3 % of the healthy population. symptoms caused by c. difficile range from uncomplicated diarrhea to a toxic megacolon. the incidence, frequency of recurrence, and mortality rate of c. difficile infections (cdis) have increased significantly over the past few decades. the most important risk factor is antibiotic treatment in e ... | 2016 | 27796474 |
| toxin profiles, pcr ribotypes and resistance patterns of clostridium difficile: a multicentre study in china, 2012-2013. | a total of 178 clinical isolates of clostridium difficile were collected from five major teaching hospitals representing northern, eastern and southern china from august 2012 to july 2013. among the 178 isolates, 162 (91.0%) were toxigenic, including 66 (40.7%) toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive, 95 (58.6%) toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive and only 1 (0.6%) toxin a-, toxin b- and binary toxin-positive. twenty-nine different pcr ribotypes were identified, of which 017 (21.0%), 012 (17.3%) and n ... | 2016 | 27793509 |
| snp-ing out the differences: investigating differences between clostridium difficile lab strains. | 2016 | 27791481 | |
| body mass index greater than 35 is associated with severe clostridium difficile infection. | obesity has been implicated in the acquisition of clostridium difficile infections (cdi), however, no study has investigated whether there is a correlation between body mass index (bmi) and cdi severity. | 2017 | 27790736 |
| understanding risk perceptions and responses of the public and health care professionals toward clostridium difficile: a qualitative interpretive description study. | the occurrence of clostridium difficile infection is a major health-related risk. how the public and health care professionals perceive and respond to a health-related risk is shaped by socially and contextually structured evaluations and interpretations. risk perceptions and responses are context dependent and therefore need to be understood within the context in which they are perceived and experienced. | 2017 | 27789069 |