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bacterial feeding, leishmania infection and distinct infection routes induce differential defensin expression in lutzomyia longipalpis.phlebotomine insects harbor bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens that can cause diseases of public health importance. lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the new world. insects can mount a powerful innate immune response to pathogens. defensin peptides take part in this response and are known to be active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and some parasites. we studied the expression of a defensin gene from lutzomyia longipalpis to understand ...201323311993
from protein engineering to immobilization: promising strategies for the upgrade of industrial enzymes.enzymes found in nature have been exploited in industry due to their inherent catalytic properties in complex chemical processes under mild experimental and environmental conditions. the desired industrial goal is often difficult to achieve using the native form of the enzyme. recent developments in protein engineering have revolutionized the development of commercially available enzymes into better industrial catalysts. protein engineering aims at modifying the sequence of a protein, and hence ...201323306150
the antagonistic strain bacillus subtilis umaf6639 also confers protection to melon plants against cucurbit powdery mildew by activation of jasmonate- and salicylic acid-dependent defence responses.biological control of plant diseases has gained acceptance in recent years. bacillus subtilis umaf6639 is an antagonistic strain specifically selected for the efficient control of the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus podosphaera fusca, which is a major threat to cucurbits worldwide. the antagonistic activity relies on the production of the antifungal compounds iturin and fengycin. in a previous study, we found that umaf6639 was able to induce systemic resistance (isr) in melon and provide addition ...201323302493
flagella from five cronobacter species induce pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophage derivatives from human monocytes.cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens linked to lie-threatening infections in neonates and contaminated powdered infant formula that has been epidemiologically associated with these cases. clinical symptoms of cronobacter include necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteremia, and meningitis. flagella from c. sakazakii are involved in biofilm formation and its adhesion to epithelial cells. we investigated the role of flagella from c. sakazakii st1 and st4, c. malonaticus, c. muytjensii, c. turicen ...201223284883
high-resolution structures of aidh complexes provide insights into a novel catalytic mechanism for n-acyl homoserine lactonase.many pathogenic bacteria that infect humans, animals and plants rely on a quorum-sensing (qs) system to produce virulence factors. n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) are the best-characterized cell-cell communication signals in qs. the concentration of ahl plays a key role in regulating the virulence-gene expression and essential biological functions of pathogenic bacteria. n-acyl homoserine lactonases (ahl-lactonases) have important functions in decreasing pathogenicity by degrading ahls. here, ...201223275166
high-resolution structures of aidh complexes provide insights into a novel catalytic mechanism for n-acyl homoserine lactonase.many pathogenic bacteria that infect humans, animals and plants rely on a quorum-sensing (qs) system to produce virulence factors. n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) are the best-characterized cell-cell communication signals in qs. the concentration of ahl plays a key role in regulating the virulence-gene expression and essential biological functions of pathogenic bacteria. n-acyl homoserine lactonases (ahl-lactonases) have important functions in decreasing pathogenicity by degrading ahls. here, ...201223275166
murine isoforms of udp-glcnac 2-epimerase/mannac kinase: secondary structures, expression profiles, and response to mannac therapy.the bifunctional enzyme udp-glcnac 2-epimerase/mannac kinase (gne) catalyzes the first two committed steps in sialic acid synthesis. non-allosteric gne gene mutations cause the muscular disorder gne myopathy (also known as hereditary inclusion body myopathy), whose exact pathology remains unknown. increased knowledge of gne regulation, including isoform regulation, may help elucidate the pathology of gne myopathy. while eight mrna transcripts encoding human gne isoforms are described, we only id ...201223266873
murine isoforms of udp-glcnac 2-epimerase/mannac kinase: secondary structures, expression profiles, and response to mannac therapy.the bifunctional enzyme udp-glcnac 2-epimerase/mannac kinase (gne) catalyzes the first two committed steps in sialic acid synthesis. non-allosteric gne gene mutations cause the muscular disorder gne myopathy (also known as hereditary inclusion body myopathy), whose exact pathology remains unknown. increased knowledge of gne regulation, including isoform regulation, may help elucidate the pathology of gne myopathy. while eight mrna transcripts encoding human gne isoforms are described, we only id ...201223266873
multiple phytohormone signalling pathways modulate susceptibility of tomato plants to alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici.three phytohormone molecules - ethylene (et), jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa) - play key roles in mediating disease response to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. this study investigated the roles of the et, ja, and sa pathways as well as their crosstalk during the interaction between tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants and a necrotrophic fungal pathogen alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici (aal). both the et and jasmonic acid insensitive1 (jai1) receptor-dependent ja signalling pathw ...201323264518
multivalent glycoconjugates as anti-pathogenic agents.multivalency plays a major role in biological processes and particularly in the relationship between pathogenic microorganisms and their host that involves protein-glycan recognition. these interactions occur during the first steps of infection, for specific recognition between host and bacteria, but also at different stages of the immune response. the search for high-affinity ligands for studying such interactions involves the combination of carbohydrate head groups with different scaffolds and ...201223254759
multivalent glycoconjugates as anti-pathogenic agents.multivalency plays a major role in biological processes and particularly in the relationship between pathogenic microorganisms and their host that involves protein-glycan recognition. these interactions occur during the first steps of infection, for specific recognition between host and bacteria, but also at different stages of the immune response. the search for high-affinity ligands for studying such interactions involves the combination of carbohydrate head groups with different scaffolds and ...201223254759
unique secreted-surface protein complex of lactobacillus rhamnosus, identified by phage display.proteins are the most diverse structures on bacterial surfaces; hence, they are candidates for species- and strain-specific interactions of bacteria with the host, environment, and other microorganisms. genomics has decoded thousands of bacterial surface and secreted proteins, yet the function of most cannot be predicted because of the enormous variability and a lack of experimental data that would allow deduction of function through homology. here, we used phage display to identify a pair of in ...201223233310
unique secreted-surface protein complex of lactobacillus rhamnosus, identified by phage display.proteins are the most diverse structures on bacterial surfaces; hence, they are candidates for species- and strain-specific interactions of bacteria with the host, environment, and other microorganisms. genomics has decoded thousands of bacterial surface and secreted proteins, yet the function of most cannot be predicted because of the enormous variability and a lack of experimental data that would allow deduction of function through homology. here, we used phage display to identify a pair of in ...201223233310
community structure and functional gene profile of bacteria on healthy and diseased thalli of the red seaweed delisea pulchra.disease is increasingly viewed as a major factor in the ecology of marine communities and its impact appears to be increasing with environmental change, such as global warming. the temperate macroalga delisea pulchra bleaches in southeast australia during warm summer periods, a phenomenon which previous studies have indicated is caused by a temperature induced bacterial disease. in order to better understand the ecology of this disease, the bacterial communities associated with threes type of sa ...201223226544
in vivo protein interactions and complex formation in the pectobacterium atrosepticum subtype i-f crispr/cas system.clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) and their associated proteins (cas; crispr associated) are a bacterial defense mechanism against extra-chromosomal elements. crispr/cas systems are distinct from other known defense mechanisms insofar as they provide acquired and heritable immunity. resistance is accomplished in multiple stages in which the cas proteins provide the enzymatic machinery. importantly, subtype-specific proteins have been shown to form complexes in co ...201223226499
pectobacterium aroidearum sp. nov., a soft rot pathogen with preference for monocotyledonous plants.several pectolytic bacterial strains, mainly isolated from monocotyledonous plants and previously identified as pectobacterium carotovorum, were thought to belong to a novel species after several taxonomic analyses including dna-dna hybridization. in 16s rrna gene sequence analyses, these strains had a similarity of >97.9 % to the 16s rrna gene sequence of strains representing six other pectobacterial species and subspecies. these strains, represented by strain scri 109(t), also showed some uniq ...201323223819
induced resistance by a long-chain bacterial volatile: elicitation of plant systemic defense by a c13 volatile produced by paenibacillus polymyxa.some strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) elicit induced systemic resistance (isr) by emission of volatile organic compounds (vocs) including short chain alcohols, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol. the objective of this study was to evaluate whether species-specific vocs from pgpr strain paenibacillus polymyxa e681 can promote growth and induce resistance in arabidopsis.201223209558
new capoamycin-type antibiotics and polyene acids from marine streptomyces fradiae ptz0025.capoamycin-type antibiotics (2-5) and polyene acids (6, 7) were isolated from marine streptomyces fradiae strain ptz0025. their structures were established by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and high resolution electron spray ionization mass spectroscopy (hresims) analyses and chemical degradation. compounds 3, 4, 6, 7 were found to be new and named as fradimycins a (3) and b (4), and fradic acids a (6) and b (7). compounds 3-5 showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against staphyloco ...201223203266
activation of a casb gene encoding β-glucosidase of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34.two cas genes were isolated from pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34 (pcc ly34). sequence analysis of the 4873 bp cloned dna fragment (accession number ay866383) revealed two open reading frames (casf and casb) that are predicted to encode 658 and 467 amino acid proteins, respectively. the casf protein is similar to other pts enzyme ii components. casb encodes β-glucosidase, a member of the glycosyl hydrolase family 1. an inverted repeat sequence was identified in the casb promote ...201323176777
are there acyl-homoserine lactones within mammalian intestines?many proteobacteria are capable of quorum sensing using n-acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-hsl) signaling molecules that are synthesized by luxi or luxm homologs and detected by transcription factors of the luxr family. most quorum-sensing species have at least one luxr and one luxi homolog. however, members of the escherichia, salmonella, klebsiella, and enterobacter genera possess only a single luxr homolog, sdia, and no acyl-hsl synthase. the most obvious hypothesis is that these organisms are e ...201323144246
multiplex pcr assay targeting a diguanylate cyclase-encoding gene, cgca, to differentiate species within the genus cronobacter.in a comparison to the widely used cronobacter rpob pcr assay, a highly specific multiplexed pcr assay based on cgca, a diguanylate cyclase gene, that identified all of the targeted six species among 305 cronobacter isolates was designed. this assay will be a valuable tool for identifying suspected cronobacter isolates from food-borne investigations.201323144142
field enhanced bacterial sample stacking in isotachophoresis using wide-bore capillaries.the isotachophoretic analysis of different bacterial strains was studied using capillaries with different internal diameters from 50 to 250 μm. several injection modes were investigated and compared in order to improve the limit of detection of bacteria by capillary isotachophoresis. a system suitability test obtained from the separation voltage was developed to ensure reliable results. as expected, the use of wider bore capillaries improved the analytical sensitivity of the isotachophoretic met ...201223137865
a luxr-type repressor of burkholderia cenocepacia inhibits transcription via antiactivation and is inactivated by its cognate acylhomoserine lactone.burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic human pathogen that encodes two luxi-type acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) synthases and three luxr-type ahl receptors. of these, cepi and cepr form a cognate synthase/receptor pair, as do ccii and ccir, while cepr2 lacks a genetically linked ahl synthase gene. another group showed that a cepr2 mutant overexpressed a cluster of linked genes that appear to direct the production of a secondary metabolite. we found that these same genes were upregulated by o ...201223136852
a luxr-type repressor of burkholderia cenocepacia inhibits transcription via antiactivation and is inactivated by its cognate acylhomoserine lactone.burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic human pathogen that encodes two luxi-type acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) synthases and three luxr-type ahl receptors. of these, cepi and cepr form a cognate synthase/receptor pair, as do ccii and ccir, while cepr2 lacks a genetically linked ahl synthase gene. another group showed that a cepr2 mutant overexpressed a cluster of linked genes that appear to direct the production of a secondary metabolite. we found that these same genes were upregulated by o ...201223136852
revised phylogeny and novel horizontally acquired virulence determinants of the model soft rot phytopathogen pectobacterium wasabiae scc3193.soft rot disease is economically one of the most devastating bacterial diseases affecting plants worldwide. in this study, we present novel insights into the phylogeny and virulence of the soft rot model pectobacterium sp. scc3193, which was isolated from a diseased potato stem in finland in the early 1980s. genomic approaches, including proteome and genome comparisons of all sequenced soft rot bacteria, revealed that scc3193, previously included in the species pectobacterium carotovorum, can no ...201223133391
soil metaproteomics - comparative evaluation of protein extraction protocols.metaproteomics and its potential applications are very promising to study microbial activity in environmental samples and to obtain a deeper understanding of microbial interactions. however, due to the complexity of soil samples the exhaustive extraction of proteins is a major challenge. we compared soil protein extraction protocols in terms of their protein extraction efficiency for two different soil types. four different protein extraction procedures were applied based on (a) sds extraction w ...201223125465
control of postharvest soft rot caused by erwinia carotovora of vegetables by a strain of bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its potential modes of action.erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc), the causal agent of bacterial soft rot, is one of the destructive pathogens of postharvest vegetables. in this study, a bacterial isolate (bgp20) from the vegetable farm soil showed strong antagonistic activity against ecc in vitro, and its twofold cell-free culture filtrate showed excellent biocontrol effect in controlling the postharvest bacterial soft rot of potatoes at 25 °c. the anti-ecc metabolites produced by the isolate bgp20 had a high resista ...201323117674
the upd3 cytokine couples environmental challenge and intestinal stem cell division through modulation of jak/stat signaling in the stem cell microenvironment.in drosophila, the replacement of spent enterocytes (ecs) relies on division of intestinal stem cells (iscs) and differentiation of their progeny, the enteroblasts (ebs). recent studies have revealed a role for jak/stat signaling in the modulation of the rate of isc division in response to environmental challenge. here, we demonstrate the critical role of the upd3 cytokine in the jak/stat-dependent response to enteric infection. we show that upd3 expression is activated in ecs and in ebs that ma ...201223110761
the upd3 cytokine couples environmental challenge and intestinal stem cell division through modulation of jak/stat signaling in the stem cell microenvironment.in drosophila, the replacement of spent enterocytes (ecs) relies on division of intestinal stem cells (iscs) and differentiation of their progeny, the enteroblasts (ebs). recent studies have revealed a role for jak/stat signaling in the modulation of the rate of isc division in response to environmental challenge. here, we demonstrate the critical role of the upd3 cytokine in the jak/stat-dependent response to enteric infection. we show that upd3 expression is activated in ecs and in ebs that ma ...201223110761
consequences of flagellin export through the type iii secretion system of pseudomonas syringae reveal a major difference in the innate immune systems of mammals and the model plant nicotiana benthamiana.bacterial flagellin is perceived as a microbe (or pathogen)-associated molecular pattern (mamp or pamp) by the extracellular pattern recognition receptors, fls2 and tlr5, of plants and mammals respectively. flagellin accidently translocated into mammalian cells by pathogen type iii secretion systems (t3sss) is recognized by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor nlrc4 as a pattern of pathogenesis and induces a death-associated immune response. the non-pathogen pseudomonas fluorescens pf ...201323107228
genome sequence of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain pcc21, a pathogen causing soft rot in chinese cabbage.pectobacterium carotovorum is a plant-pathogenic enterobacterium responsible for soft rot in various commercially important plants. here we report the complete genome sequence and automatic annotation of strain pcc21.201223105077
complete genome sequence of burkholderia sp. strain gg4, a betaproteobacterium that reduces 3-oxo-n-acylhomoserine lactones and produces different n-acylhomoserine lactones.burkholderia sp. strain gg4, isolated from the ginger rhizosphere, possesses a unique n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl)-modifying activity that reduces 3-oxo-ahls to 3-hydroxy-ahls. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first sequenced genome from a bacterium of the genus burkholderia that shows both quorum-sensing and signaling confusion activities.201223105060
the salmonella transcriptome in lettuce and cilantro soft rot reveals a niche overlap with the animal host intestine.fresh vegetables have been recurrently associated with salmonellosis outbreaks, and salmonella contamination of retail produce has been correlated positively with the presence of soft rot disease. we observed that population sizes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves, versus 2,884-fold when coinoculated with dickeya dadantii, a prevalent pathogen that macerates plant tissue. a similar trend in s. enterica populations was o ...201323104408
antioxidant activity via dpph, gram-positive and gram-negative antimicrobial potential in edible mushrooms.edible mushrooms (ems) are nutritionally rich source of proteins and essential amino acids. in the present study, the antioxidant activity via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) and antimicrobial potential in ems (pleurotus ostreatus, morchella esculenta, p. ostreatus (black), p. ostreatus (yellow) and pleurotus sajor-caju) were investigated. the dpph radical scavenging activity revealed that the significantly higher activity (66.47%) was observed in morchella esculenta at a maximum concentrat ...201423095488
affinity maturation of an epidermal growth factor receptor targeting human monoclonal antibody er414 by cdr mutation.it is well established that blocking the interaction of egfr with growth factors leads to the arrest of tumor growth, resulting in tumor cell death. er414 is a human monoclonal antibody (mab) derived by guided selection of the mouse mab a13. the er414 exhibited a ~17-fold lower affinity and, as a result, lower efficacy of inhibition of the egf-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of egfr when compared with mab a13 and cetuximab. we performed a stepwise in vitro affinity maturation to improve the af ...201223091439
identification of the major proteins of the virions of bacteriophage zf40 pectobacterium carotovorum.the vast variety of bacteriophages and the uniqueness of their individual representatives dictate to perform the detailed study of the actual phage-cell interactions, the virion morphogenesis and morphopoiesis in particular. an analysis of the complete genome sequence of the temperate phage zf40 pectobacterium carotovorum has shown that it is a representative of a unique group of phages of the myoviridae family [comeau a. m, tremblay d., moineau s., rattei t., kushkina a. i, tovkach f i., h.m. k ...201223088102
on the nature of mycobacteriophage diversity and host preference.the complete genome sequences of over 220 mycobacteriophages reveal them to be highly diverse, with numerous types sharing little or no nucleotide sequence identity with each other. we have determined the preferences of these phages for mycobacterium tuberculosis and for other strains of mycobacterium smegmatis, and find there is a correlation between genome type (cluster, subcluster, singleton) and host range. for many of the phages, expansion of host range occurs at relatively high frequencies ...201223084079
involvement of bacterial tonb-dependent signaling in the generation of an oligogalacturonide damage-associated molecular pattern from plant cell walls exposed to xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris pectate lyases.efficient perception of attacking pathogens is essential for plants. plant defense is evoked by molecules termed elicitors. endogenous elicitors or damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) originate from plant materials upon injury or pathogen activity. while there are comparably well-characterized examples for damps, often oligogalacturonides (ogas), generated by the activity of fungal pathogens, endogenous elicitors evoked by bacterial pathogens have been rarely described. in particular, t ...201223082751
automatic assignment of prokaryotic genes to functional categories using literature profiling.in the last years, there was an exponential increase in the number of publicly available genomes. once finished, most genome projects lack financial support to review annotations. a few of these gene annotations are based on a combination of bioinformatics evidence, however, in most cases, annotations are based solely on sequence similarity to a previously known gene, which was most probably annotated in the same way. as a result, a large number of predicted genes remain unassigned to any functi ...201223077617
strength in numbers: "omics" studies of c. elegans innate immunity.for more than ten years the nematode caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be a valuable model for studies of the host response to various bacterial and fungal pathogens. when exposed to a pathogenic organism, a clear response is elicited in the nematode, which is characterized by specific alterations on the transcriptional and translational levels. early on, researchers took advantage of the possibility to conduct large-scale investigations of the c. elegans immune response. multiple studies dem ...201223076279
qsdh, a novel ahl lactonase in the rnd-type inner membrane of marine pseudoalteromonas byunsanensis strain 1a01261.n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) are the main quorum-sensing (qs) signals in gram-negative bacteria. ahls trigger the expression of genes for particular biological functions when their density reaches a threshold. in this study, we identified and cloned the qsdh gene by screening a genomic library of pseudoalteromonas byunsanensis strain 1a01261, which has ahl-degrading activity. the qsdh gene encoded a gdsl hydrolase found to be located in the n-terminus of a multidrug efflux transporter prote ...201223056356
fractionation, stability, and isolate-specificity of qtl for resistance to phytophthora infestans in cultivated tomato (solanum lycopersicum).cultivated tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is susceptible to late blight, a major disease caused by phytophthora infestans, but quantitative resistance exists in the wild tomato species s. habrochaites. previously, we mapped several quantitative trait loci (qtl) from s. habrochaites and then introgressed each individually into s. lycopersicum. near-isogenic lines (nils) were developed, each containing a single introgressed qtl on chromosome 5 or 11. nils were used to create two recombinant sub-nil ...201223050225
phylogenetic structure and evolution of regulatory genes and integrases of p2-like phages.the phylogenetic relationships and structural similarities of the proteins encoded within the regulatory region (containing the integrase gene and the lytic-lysogenic transcriptional switch genes) of p2-like phages were analyzed, and compared with the phylogenetic relationship of p2-like phages inferred from four structural genes. p2-like phages are thought to be one of the most genetically homogenous phage groups but the regulatory region nevertheless varies extensively between different phage ...201123050214
genome sequence of pectobacterium sp. strain scc3193.we report the complete and annotated genome sequence of the plant-pathogenic enterobacterium pectobacterium sp. strain scc3193, a model strain isolated from potato in finland. the pectobacterium sp. scc3193 genome consists of a 5,164,411-bp [corrected] chromosome, with no plasmids.201223045508
oem--a new medium for rapid isolation of onion-pathogenic and onion-associated bacteria.onions (allium cepa l.) are plagued by a number of bacterial pathogens including pantoea ananatis, p. agglomerans, burkholderia cepacia, enterobacter cloacae, pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. axonopodis and several pseudomonas spp. we developed a semi-selective medium, termed onion extract medium (oem), to selectively and rapidly isolate bacteria pathogenic to and associated with onions and onion-related samples including bulbs, seeds, sets, transplant se ...201223041494
bacteriophage endolysins as novel antimicrobials.endolysins are enzymes used by bacteriophages at the end of their replication cycle to degrade the peptidoglycan of the bacterial host from within, resulting in cell lysis and release of progeny virions. due to the absence of an outer membrane in the gram-positive bacterial cell wall, endolysins can access the peptidoglycan and destroy these organisms when applied externally, making them interesting antimicrobial candidates, particularly in light of increasing bacterial drug resistance. this art ...201223030422
complete genome sequence of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum bacteriophage my1.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a member of the enterobacteriaceae family, is an important plant-pathogenic bacterium causing significant economic losses worldwide. p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum bacteriophage my1 was isolated from a soil sample. its genome was completely sequenced and analyzed for the development of an effective biological control agent. sequence and morphological analyses revealed that phage my1 is a t5-like bacteriophage and belongs to the family siphovirida ...201222997426
the crystal structure of the lipid ii-degrading bacteriocin syringacin m suggests unexpected evolutionary relationships between colicin m-like bacteriocins.colicin-like bacteriocins show potential as next generation antibiotics with clinical and agricultural applications. key to these potential applications is their high potency and species specificity that enables a single pathogenic species to be targeted with minimal disturbance of the wider microbial community. here we present the structure and function of the colicin m-like bacteriocin, syringacin m from pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. syringacin m kills susceptible cells through a hig ...201222995910
genetic and biochemical characterization of an acquired subgroup b3 metallo-β-lactamase gene, blaaim-1, and its unique genetic context in pseudomonas aeruginosa from australia.three clinical pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (wch2677, wch2813, and wch2837) isolated from the women's and children's hospital, adelaide, australia, produced a metallo-β-lactamase (mbl)-positive etest result. all isolates were pcr negative for known mbl genes. a gene bank was created, and an mbl gene, designated bla(aim-1), was cloned and fully characterized. the encoded enzyme, aim-1, is a group b3 mbl that has the highest level of identity to thin-b and l1. it is chromosomal and flanked by t ...201222985886
investigation into the physiologies of aeromonas veronii in vitro and inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech using rna-seq.host-associated microbial communities are widespread in nature and vital to the health and fitness of the host. deciphering the physiology of the microbiome in vivo is critical to understanding the molecular basis of the symbiosis. recently, the development and application of high-throughput sequencing techniques, particularly rna-seq, for studying microbial communities has enabled researchers to address not only which microbes are present in a given community but also how the community function ...201222983040
functional and structural characterization of paem, a colicin m-like bacteriocin produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa.colicin m (colm) is the only enzymatic colicin reported to date that inhibits cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis. it catalyzes the specific degradation of the lipid intermediates involved in this pathway, thereby provoking lysis of susceptible escherichia coli cells. a gene encoding a homologue of colm was detected within the exou-containing genomic island a carried by certain pathogenic pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. this bacteriocin (pyocin) that we have named paem was crystallized, and its ...201222977250
native n-terminus nitrophorin 2 from the kissing bug: similarities to and differences from np2(d1a).the first amino acid of mature native nitrophorin 2 is aspartic acid, and when expressed in e. coli, the wild-type gene of the mature protein retains the methionine-0, which is produced by translation of the start codon. this form of np2, (m0)np2, has been found to have different properties from its d1a mutant, for which the met0 is cleaved by the methionine aminopeptidase of e. coli (r. e. berry, t. k. shokhireva, i. filippov, m. n. shokhirev, h. zhang, f. a. walker, biochemistry 2007, 46, 6830 ...201222976966
antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria isolated from cheeses and yogurts.the biopreservation of foods using bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated directly from foods is an innovative approach. the objectives of this study were to isolate and identify bacteriocinogenic lab from various cheeses and yogurts and evaluate their antimicrobial effects on selected spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in vitro as well as on a food commodity.lab were isolated using mrs and m17 media. the agar diffusion bioassay was used to screen for bacteriocin or bacterioci ...201222963659
de novo engineering of a human cystathionine-γ-lyase for systemic (l)-methionine depletion cancer therapy.it has been known for nearly a half century that human tumors, including those derived from the nervous system such as glioblastomas, medulloblastoma, and neuroblastomas are much more sensitive than normal tissues to l-methionine (l-met) starvation. more recently, systemic l-met depletion by administration of pseudomonas putida methionine-γ-lyase (mgl) could effectively inhibit human tumors xenografted in mice. however, bacterial-derived mgls are unstable in serum (t(1/2) = 1.9 ± 0.2 h) and high ...201222963240
unusual long-chain n-acyl homoserine lactone production by and presence of quorum quenching activity in bacterial isolates from diseased tilapia fish.growth-dependent cell-cell communication termed quorum sensing is a key regulatory system in bacteria for controlling gene expression including virulence factors. in this study five potential bacterial pathogens including bacillus sp. w2.2, klebsiella sp. w4.2, pseudomonas sp. w3 and w3.1 and serratia sp. w2.3 were isolated from diseased tilapia fish in malaysia, supplied by the leading global fish supplier. proteolytic activity assays confirmed that with the exception of klebsiella sp. w4.2, al ...201222952864
expression of human paraoxonase 1 decreases superoxide levels and alters bacterial colonization in the gut of drosophila melanogaster.paraoxonases (pon) are a family of proteins (pon1, 2 and 3) with multiple enzymatic activities. pon1 interferes with homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria and with reactive oxygen species (ros) in humans and mice. pon1 gene mutations have been linked to multiple traits, including aging, and diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and gastrointestinal system. the overlapping enzymatic activities in the pon family members and high linkage disequilibrium rates within their polymorp ...201222952763
priming of the arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity response upon infection by necrotrophic pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria.boosted responsiveness of plant cells to stress at the onset of pathogen- or chemically induced resistance is called priming. the chemical β-aminobutyric acid (baba) enhances arabidopsis thaliana resistance to hemibiotrophic bacteria through the priming of the salicylic acid (sa) defence response. whether baba increases arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum (pcc) is not clear. in this work, we show that treatment with baba protects arabi ...201322947164
methylation--an uncommon modification of glycans.a methyl (me) group on a sugar residue is a rarely reported event. until now, this type of modification has been found in the animal kingdom only in worms and molluscs, whereas it is more frequently present in some species of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants, but not in mammals. the monosaccharides involved as well as the positions of the me groups on the sugar vary with species. methylation appears to play a role in some recognition events, but details are still unknown. this review summarises ...201222944672
aidc, a novel n-acylhomoserine lactonase from the potato root-associated cytophaga-flavobacteria-bacteroides (cfb) group bacterium chryseobacterium sp. strain strb126.n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahls) are used as quorum-sensing (qs) signal molecules by many gram-negative bacteria. we have reported that chryseobacterium sp. strain strb126, which was isolated from the root surface of potato, has ahl-degrading activity. in this study, we cloned and characterized the aidc gene from the genomic library of strb126. aidc has ahl-degrading activity and shows homology to several metallo-β-lactamase proteins from bacteroidetes, although not to any known ahl-degrading en ...201222941089
a gain-of-function polymorphism controlling complex traits and fitness in nature.identification of the causal genes that control complex trait variation remains challenging, limiting our appreciation of the evolutionary processes that influence polymorphisms in nature. we cloned a quantitative trait locus that controls plant defensive chemistry, damage by insect herbivores, survival, and reproduction in the natural environments where this polymorphism evolved. these ecological effects are driven by duplications in the bcma (branched-chain methionine allocation) loci controll ...201222936775
[function of flgk gene in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp, carotovorum].to investigate functions of flgkpcc gene in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (p. c. c).201222934350
advances in bacteriophage-mediated control of plant pathogens.there is continuing pressure to maximise food production given a growing global human population. bacterial pathogens that infect important agricultural plants (phytopathogens) can reduce plant growth and the subsequent crop yield. currently, phytopathogens are controlled through management programmes, which can include the application of antibiotics and copper sprays. however, the emergence of resistant bacteria and the desire to reduce usage of toxic products that accumulate in the environment ...201222934116
a novel virulence strategy for pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by an autotransporter with arginine-specific aminopeptidase activity.the opportunistic human pathogen, pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a major cause of infections in chronic wounds, burns and the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. the p. aeruginosa genome encodes at least three proteins exhibiting the characteristic three domain structure of autotransporters, but much remains to be understood about the functions of these three proteins and their role in pathogenicity. autotransporters are the largest family of secreted proteins in gram-negative bacteria, and those cha ...201222927813
escherichia coli nissle 1917 targets and restrains mouse b16 melanoma and 4t1 breast tumors through expression of azurin protein.many studies have demonstrated that intravenously administered bacteria can target and proliferate in solid tumors and then quickly be released from other organs. here, we employed the tumor-targeting property of escherichia coli nissle 1917 to inhibit mouse b16 melanoma and 4t1 breast tumors through the expression of azurin protein. for this purpose, recombinant azurin-expressing e. coli nissle 1917 was developed. the levels of in vitro and in vivo azurin secretion in the engineered bacterium w ...201222923405
temporal and spatial expression of polygalacturonase gene family members reveals divergent regulation during fleshy fruit ripening and abscission in the monocot species oil palm.cell separation that occurs during fleshy fruit abscission and dry fruit dehiscence facilitates seed dispersal, the final stage of plant reproductive development. while our understanding of the evolutionary context of cell separation is limited mainly to the eudicot model systems tomato and arabidopsis, less is known about the mechanisms underlying fruit abscission in crop species, monocots in particular. the polygalacturonase (pg) multigene family encodes enzymes involved in the depolymerisatio ...201222920238
different roles of glycine-rich rna-binding protein7 in plant defense against pectobacterium carotovorum, botrytis cinerea, and tobacco mosaic viruses.glycine-rich rna-binding protein7 (atgrp7) has previously been demonstrated to confer plant defense against pseudomonas syringae dc3000. here, we show that atgrp7 can play different roles in plant defense against diverse pathogens. atgrp7 enhances resistance against a necrotrophic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum scc1 or a biotrophic virus tobacco mosaic virus. by contrast, atgrp7 plays a negative role in defense against a necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea. these results provide evidence ...201222902796
disease resistance to pectobacterium carotovorum is negatively modulated by the arabidopsis lectin receptor kinase lecrk-v.5.plant stomata function in disease resistance by restricting bacteria entry inside leaves. during plant-bacteria interactions, stomatal closure is initiated by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). recently, we have shown that the lectin receptor kinase v.5 (lecrk-v.5) negatively regulates bacterium- and mamp-induced stomatal closure upstream of reactive oxygen species (ros) production mediated by abscisic acid signaling. closed stomata in lecrk-v.5 mutants are correla ...201222899085
ghwrky15, a member of the wrky transcription factor family identified from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.), is involved in disease resistance and plant development.as a large family of regulatory proteins, wrky transcription factors play essential roles in the processes of adaptation to diverse environmental stresses and plant growth and development. although several studies have investigated the role of wrky transcription factors during these processes, the mechanisms underlying the function of wrky members need to be further explored, and research focusing on the wrky family in cotton crops is extremely limited.201222883108
minimum requirements of flagellation and motility for infection of agrobacterium sp. strain h13-3 by flagellotropic bacteriophage 7-7-1.the flagellotropic phage 7-7-1 specifically adsorbs to agrobacterium sp. strain h13-3 (formerly rhizobium lupini h13-3) flagella for efficient host infection. the agrobacterium sp. h13-3 flagellum is complex and consists of three flagellin proteins: the primary flagellin flaa, which is essential for motility, and the secondary flagellins flab and flad, which have minor functions in motility. using quantitative infectivity assays, we showed that absence of flad had no effect on phage infection, w ...201222865074
erwinia amylovora crispr elements provide new tools for evaluating strain diversity and for microbial source tracking.clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs) comprise a family of short dna repeat sequences that are separated by non repetitive spacer sequences and, in combination with a suite of cas proteins, are thought to function as an adaptive immune system against invading dna. the number of crispr arrays in a bacterial chromosome is variable, and the content of each array can differ in both repeat number and in the presence or absence of specific spacers. we utilized a comparati ...201222860008
jnk/foxo mediated peroxiredoxinv expression regulates redox homeostasis during drosophila melanogaster gut infection.innate immunity plays an important role in combating microbial infection in animals. during bacterial infection in drosophila melanogaster gut, dual oxidase (duox) generates reactive oxygen species (ros) to fight against the infected microbes. concurrently, antioxidant systems eliminate residual ros and protect the hosts. here we found that drosophila melanogaster peroxiredoxin v (dprxv) is an immune-related antioxidant enzyme which maintains intestinal redox homeostasis. dprxv was highly expres ...201222858408
production of fungal and bacterial growth modulating secondary metabolites is widespread among mycorrhiza-associated streptomycetes.studies on mycorrhiza associated bacteria suggest that bacterial-fungal interactions play important roles during mycorrhiza formation and affect plant health. we surveyed streptomyces actinobacteria, known as antibiotic producers and antagonists of fungi, from norway spruce mycorrhizas with predominantly piloderma species as the fungal partner.201222852578
activating transcription factor 3 regulates immune and metabolic homeostasis.integration of metabolic and immune responses during animal development ensures energy balance, permitting both growth and defense. disturbed homeostasis causes organ failure, growth retardation, and metabolic disorders. here, we show that the drosophila melanogaster activating transcription factor 3 (atf3) safeguards metabolic and immune system homeostasis. loss of atf3 results in chronic inflammation and starvation responses mounted primarily by the larval gut epithelium, while the fat body su ...201222851689
complete genome sequence of phytopathogenic pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum bacteriophage pp1.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a phytopathogen causing soft rot disease on diverse plant species. to control this plant pathogen, p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum-targeting bacteriophage pp1 was isolated and its genome was completely sequenced to develop a novel biocontrol agent. interestingly, the 44,400-bp genome sequence does not encode any gene involved in the formation of lysogen, suggesting that this phage may be very useful as a biocontrol agent because it does not make ...201222843859
antiviral protection and the importance of wolbachia density and tissue tropism in drosophila simulans.wolbachia, a maternally transmitted endosymbiont of insects, is increasingly being seen as an effective biological control agent that can interfere with transmission of pathogens, including dengue virus. however, the mechanism of antiviral protection is not well understood. the density and distribution of wolbachia in host tissues have been implicated as contributing factors by previous studies with both mosquitoes and flies. drosophila flies infected with five diverse strains of wolbachia were ...201222843518
a time course analysis of the extracellular proteome of aspergillus nidulans growing on sorghum stover.fungi are important players in the turnover of plant biomass because they produce a broad range of degradative enzymes. aspergillus nidulans, a well-studied saprophyte and close homologue to industrially important species such as a. niger and a. oryzae, was selected for this study.201222835028
secretory signal peptide modification for optimized antibody-fragment expression-secretion in leishmania tarentolae.secretory signal peptides (sps) are well-known sequence motifs targeting proteins for translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. after passing through the secretory pathway, most proteins are secreted to the environment. here, we describe the modification of an expression vector containing the sp from secreted acid phosphatase 1 (sap1) of leishmania mexicana for optimized protein expression-secretion in the eukaryotic parasite leishmania tarentolae with regard to recombinant antibo ...201222830363
[species composition of agents of the horsetail common (equisetum arvense l.) bacteriosises].bacterial diseases of weeds horsetail common (equisetum arvense l.) were revealed in the crops of wheat and soya in the fields of kyiv and vinnitsia regions of ukraine. the distinctive symptoms of bacterial affections on the root neck, on stalks of vegetative and spore shoots, on twigs were brown, dark brown or almost black necrotic spots of oblong form. the necroses increased in size, embraced the stalks. the stalks broke, the plants dried up. patterns of affected plants, isolated and identifie ...201222830194
no effect of wolbachia on resistance to intracellular infection by pathogenic bacteria in drosophila melanogaster.multiple studies have shown that infection with the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia pipientis confers drosophila melanogaster and other insects with resistance to infection by rna viruses. studies investigating whether wolbachia infection induces the immune system or confers protection against secondary bacterial infection have not shown any effect. these studies, however, have emphasized resistance against extracellular pathogens. since wolbachia lives inside the host cell, we hypothesized th ...201222808174
control of potato soft rot caused by pectobacterium carotovorum and pectobacterium atrosepticum by moroccan actinobacteria isolates.pectobacterium carotovorum and pectobacterium atrosepticum are dreadful causal agents of potato soft rot. actually, there are no efficient bactericides used to protect potato against pectobacterium spp. biological control using actinobacteria could be an interesting approach to manage this disease. thus, two hundred actinobacteria isolated from moroccan habitats were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro 4 environmental pectobacterium strains and the two reference strains (p. carotovorum ...201122806806
the small interfering rna pathway is not essential for wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection in drosophila melanogaster.wolbachia pipientis delays rna virus-induced mortality in drosophila spp. we investigated whether wolbachia-mediated protection was dependent on the small interfering rna (sirna) pathway, a key antiviral defense. compared to wolbachia-free flies, virus-induced mortality was delayed in wolbachia-infected flies with loss-of-function of sirna pathway components, indicating that wolbachia-mediated protection functions in the absence of the canonical sirna pathway.201222798369
phage morphology recapitulates phylogeny: the comparative genomics of a new group of myoviruses.among dsdna tailed bacteriophages (caudovirales), members of the myoviridae family have the most sophisticated virion design that includes a complex contractile tail structure. the myoviridae generally have larger genomes than the other phage families. relatively few "dwarf" myoviruses, those with a genome size of less than 50 kb such as those of the mu group, have been analyzed in extenso. here we report on the genome sequencing and morphological characterization of a new group of such phages t ...201222792219
comparative genomics of plant-associated pseudomonas spp.: insights into diversity and inheritance of traits involved in multitrophic interactions.we provide here a comparative genome analysis of ten strains within the pseudomonas fluorescens group including seven new genomic sequences. these strains exhibit a diverse spectrum of traits involved in biological control and other multitrophic interactions with plants, microbes, and insects. multilocus sequence analysis placed the strains in three sub-clades, which was reinforced by high levels of synteny, size of core genomes, and relatedness of orthologous genes between strains within a sub- ...201222792073
isolation and identification of antifungal compounds from bacillus subtilis c9 inhibiting the growth of plant pathogenic fungi.antagonistic microorganisms against rhizoctonia solani were isolated and their antifungal activities were investigated. two hundred sixteen bacterial isolates were isolated from various soil samples and 19 isolates were found to antagonize the selected plant pathogenic fungi with varying degrees. among them, isolate c9 was selected as an antagonistic microorganism with potential for use in further studies. treatment with the selected isolate c9 resulted in significantly reduced incidence of stem ...201222783136
detection of ai-2 receptors in genomes of enterobacteriaceae suggests a role of type-2 quorum sensing in closed ecosystems.the luxs enzyme, an s-ribosyl-homocysteine lyase, catalyzes the production of the signal precursor for autoinducer-2 mediated quorum sensing (qs-2) in vibrio. its widespread occurrence among bacteria is often considered the evidence for a universal language for interspecies communication. presence of the luxs gene and production of the autoinducer-2 (ai-2) signal have repeatedly been the only evidences presented to assign a functional qs-2 to the most diverse species. in fact, luxs has a primary ...201222778662
the bacterium pantoea stewartii uses two different type iii secretion systems to colonize its plant host and insect vector.plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria utilize phylogenetically distinct type iii secretion systems (t3ss) that produce needle-like injectisomes or pili for the delivery of effector proteins into host cells. pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (herein referred to as p. stewartii), the causative agent of stewart's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize, carries phylogenetically distinct t3sss. in addition to an hrc-hrp t3ss, known to be essential for maize pathogenesis, p. stewartii has a second t ...201222773631
accessibility and conservation: general features of bacterial small rna-mrna interactions?bacterial small rnas (srnas) are a class of structural rnas that often regulate mrna targets via post-transcriptional base pair interactions. we determined features that discriminate functional from non-functional interactions and assessed the influence of these features on genome-wide target predictions. for this purpose, we compiled a set of 71 experimentally verified srna-target pairs from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. furthermore, we collected full-length 5' untranslated regions ...201222767260
acyl-homoserine lactone-dependent eavesdropping promotes competition in a laboratory co-culture model.many proteobacteria use acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated quorum sensing to activate the production of antibiotics at high cell density. extracellular factors like antibiotics can be considered public goods shared by individuals within a group. quorum-sensing control of antibiotic production may be important for protecting a niche or competing for limited resources in mixed bacterial communities. to begin to investigate the role of quorum sensing in interspecies competition, we developed a ...201222763647
hcp2, a secreted protein of the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, is required for fitness for competition against bacteria and yeasts.when analyzing the secretome of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, we identified hemolysin-coregulated protein (hcp) as one of the secreted proteins. hcp is assumed to be an extracellular component of the type vi secretion system (t6ss). two copies of hcp genes are present in the p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 genome, hcp1 (pspto_2539) and hcp2 (pspto_5435). we studied the expression patterns of the hcp genes and tested the fitness of hcp knockout mutants in host plant col ...201222753062
taxonomic relatedness between pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. odoriferum and pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense subsp. nov.pectobacterium carotovorum is a heterogeneous species consisting of two named subspecies, p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and p. carotovorum subsp. odoriferum. a third subspecies, p. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense, was previously proposed. the study aimed to confirm the subspecies status and validate the proposed name of p. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense using a novel and standard microbial taxonomy.201222747943
n-acyl homoserine lactones in diverse pectobacterium and dickeya plant pathogens: diversity, abundance, and involvement in virulence.soft-rot bacteria pectobacterium and dickeya use n-acyl homoserine lactones (nahsls) as diffusible signals for coordinating quorum sensing communication. the production of nahsls was investigated in a set of reference strains and recently-collected isolates, which belong to six species and share the ability to infect the potato host plant. all the pathogens produced different nahsls, among which the 3-oxo-hexanoyl- and the 3-oxo-octanoyl-l-homoserine lactones represent at least 90% of total prod ...201222737020
quorum sensing and expression of virulence in pectobacteria.quorum sensing (qs) is a population density-dependent regulatory mechanism in which gene expression is coupled to the accumulation of a chemical signaling molecule. qs systems are widespread among the plant soft-rotting bacteria. in pectobacterium carotovorum, at least two qs systems exist being specified by the nature of chemical signals involved. qs in pectobacterium carotovorum uses n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) based, as well as autoinducer-2 (ai-2) dependent signaling systems. this review ...201222737011
drosophila as a model system to unravel the layers of innate immunity to infection.innate immunity relies entirely upon germ-line encoded receptors, signalling components and effector molecules for the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens. the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster with its powerful collection of genetic and genomic tools has been the model of choice to develop ideas about innate immunity and host-pathogen interactions. here, we review current research in the field, encompassing all layers of defence from the role of the microbiota to systemic immune a ...201222724070
over-expression of rice leucine-rich repeat protein results in activation of defense response, thereby enhancing resistance to bacterial soft rot in chinese cabbage.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum causes soft rot disease in various plants, including chinese cabbage. the simple extracellular leucine-rich repeat (elrr) domain proteins have been implicated in disease resistance. rice leucine-rich repeat protein (oslrp), a rice simple elrr domain protein, is induced by pathogens, phytohormones, and salt. to see whether oslrp enhances disease resistance to bacterial soft rot, oslrp was introduced into chinese cabbage by agrobacterium-mediated trans ...201222717673
identification and characterization of cronobacter iron acquisition systems.cronobacter spp. are emerging pathogens that cause severe infantile meningitis, septicemia, or necrotizing enterocolitis. contaminated powdered infant formula has been implicated as the source of cronobacter spp. in most cases, but questions still remain regarding the natural habitat and virulence potential for each strain. the iron acquisition systems in 231 cronobacter strains isolated from different sources were identified and characterized. all cronobacter spp. have both the feo and efe syst ...201222706064
comparative analysis of two phenotypically-similar but genomically-distinct burkholderia cenocepacia-specific bacteriophages.genomic analysis of bacteriophages infecting the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is an important preliminary step in the development of a phage therapy protocol for these opportunistic pathogens. the objective of this study was to characterize kl1 (vb_bces_kl1) and ah2 (vb_bces_ah2), two novel burkholderia cenocepacia-specific siphoviruses isolated from environmental samples.201222676492
epicoccum nigrum p16, a sugarcane endophyte, produces antifungal compounds and induces root growth.sugarcane is one of the most important crops in brazil, mainly because of its use in biofuel production. recent studies have sought to determine the role of sugarcane endophytic microbial diversity in microorganism-plant interactions, and their biotechnological potential. epicoccum nigrum is an important sugarcane endophytic fungus that has been associated with the biological control of phytopathogens, and the production of secondary metabolites. in spite of several studies carried out to define ...201222675473
post-transcriptional regulation on a global scale: form and function of csr/rsm systems.originally described as a repressor of gene expression in the stationary phase of growth, csra (rsma) regulates primary and secondary metabolic pathways, biofilm formation, motility, virulence circuitry of pathogens, quorum sensing and stress response systems by binding to conserved sequences in its target mrnas and altering their translation and/or turnover. while the binding of csra to rna is understood at an atomic level, new mechanisms of gene activation and repression by this protein are st ...201222672726
post-transcriptional regulation on a global scale: form and function of csr/rsm systems.originally described as a repressor of gene expression in the stationary phase of growth, csra (rsma) regulates primary and secondary metabolic pathways, biofilm formation, motility, virulence circuitry of pathogens, quorum sensing and stress response systems by binding to conserved sequences in its target mrnas and altering their translation and/or turnover. while the binding of csra to rna is understood at an atomic level, new mechanisms of gene activation and repression by this protein are st ...201222672726
top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology.many plant bacteriologists, if not all, feel that their particular microbe should appear in any list of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all bacterial pathologists with an association with the journal molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated 458 votes from the international ...201222672649
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