Publications

characterization of the chromosomal class a beta-lactamase cko from citrobacter koseri.	the gene bla(cko) encoding the chromosomal class a beta-lactamase of citrobacter koseri was cloned and sequenced. cko was found to display only 41% identity with sed-1 from citrobacter sedlakii and 36% with cdia from citrobacter amalonaticus (formerly citrobacter diversus). no transcriptional regulator was found upstream from bla(cko). silent and missense mutations were detected in four bla(cko) genes amplified from different c. koseri clinical isolates, but the cko variants displayed identical ...	2006	16445758
[beta-lactamases of gram negative bacteria: never-ending clockwork!].	the acquired resistance against the wide-spectrum and highly stable beta-lactams including third-generation cephalosporins (3gc) and carbapenems is constinuously increasing and widespead with the discovery of various plasmid-encoded, or genes cassette or integrons coding for a novel beta-lactamase, always a major mechanism of resistance. to explain resistance against 3gc, with the continuing story with tem and shv mutated enzymes, several types of esbl (class a) emerge the ctx-m type, at least c ...	2006	16420989
carriage by the german cockroach (blattella germanica) of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospitals and households in tripoli, libya.	using standard bacteriological procedures, 403 cockroaches (blattella germanica) collected in tripoli, from hospitals or the households surrounding the hospitals, were examined for bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans. almost all of the cockroaches (96.1% of the 253 from hospitals and 98.7% of the 150 from households) were found to be carrying potentially pathogenic bacteria, with similar mean burdens of 3.2 x 10(5) colony-forming units (cfu) (range=0-1.4 x 10(7)) for each hospital ...	2006	16417714
comparative analysis of a modified ecolite method, the colicomplete method, and a most-probable-number method for detecting escherichia coli in orange juice.	the ecolite high volume juice (hvj) presence-absence method for a 10-ml juice sample was compared with the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual most-probable-number (mpn) method for analysis of artificially contaminated orange juices. samples were added to ecolite-hvj medium and incubated at 35 degrees c for 24 to 48 h. fluorescent blue results were positive for glucuronidase- and galactosidase-producing microorganisms, specifically indicative of about 94% of esche ...	2006	16416921
a study of sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic micro organisms causing uti in kathmandu valley.	a retrospective study was conducted in five hospitals to observe the prevalence of organisms causing uti and their sensitivity to antibiotics. methodology: altogether, data from five hundred samples of urine from five hospitals in kathmandu was collected for this study from january 2005 to april 2005. result: a total of 244 samples were found to be positive. altogether six types of organisms were isolated as the causative factors. e. coli (49%), s. aureus, (coagulase positive) (23%), proteus spe ...	2005	16415607
molecular dynamics simulations of class c beta-lactamase from citrobacter freundii: insights into the base catalyst for acylation.	herein, we present results from molecular dynamics (md) simulations of the class c beta-lactamase from citrobacter freundii and its michaelis complex with aztreonam. four different configurations of the active site were modeled in aqueous solution, and their relative stability was estimated by means of quantum mechanical energy calculations. for the free enzyme, the energetically most stable configurations present a neutral lys67 residue or an anionic tyr150 side chain. our calculations predict ...	2006	16401074
distribution of a transposon-like element carrying bla(cmy-2) among salmonella and other enterobacteriaceae.	the dissemination of cephamycin resistance in enterobacteriaceae and its correlation with a transposon-like dna element consisting of a specific tnpa-bla(cmy-2)-blc-suge structure were investigated.	2006	16396917
plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in louisiana.	the sale of small turtles is banned by the food and drug administration from the u.s. market due to concerns about their excretion of salmonella spp. to produce a safe pet for the export market, the louisiana pet turtle industry uses gentamicin sulfate baths (1,000 microg/ml) to eradicate salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. in 1999, we analyzed bacterial samples recovered from turtle farms and found that strains of salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae and other bacteria, such as enterobacter cloaca ...	2006	16391058
removal of selenate in river and drainage waters by citrobacter braakii enhanced with zero-valent iron.	a cost-effective remediation method is needed to remove selenium (se) from se-contaminated water. in this study, a selenate [se(vi)]-reducing bacterium, citrobacter braakii, that is capable of using molasses as a carbon source to reduce se(vi) from natural river and drainage waters was isolated. during an 8-day experiment, 87-97% of the added se(vi) in new river water and white river water, california, was reduced to elemental se [se(0)] or transformed to organic se. in highly saline drainage wa ...	2006	16390192
emergence of cefotaxime resistance in citrobacter freundii causing necrotizing fasciitis and osteomyelitis.	we present a diabetic patient with necrotizing fasciitis caused by citrobacter freundii associated with an injury from the fish fin. two isolates recovered six days after cefotaxime treatment had a cefotaxime minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.12 and 256 mg/l, respectively, and a cefepime mic of 0.03 and 0.25 mg/l, respectively. the two isolates both possessed bla(cmy-2) gene. the patient responded unsatisfactorily to cefotaxime and cefepime therapy and surgical debridement but recovere ...	2006	16375973
molecular cloning of the phytase gene from citrobacter braakii and its expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	the gene, appa, encoding phytase was cloned from a size-selected genomic library of citrobacter braakii yh-15 by southern hybridization using a degenerate probe based on the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the phytase. the deduced amino acid sequence of appa contained the n-terminal rhgxrxp motif and the c-terminal hd motif, which are common in histidine acid phosphatases. it also had significant homology (60% identity) with phytase from escherichia coli, while the physical mapping analysis of ...	2006	16369872
cd4+-t-cell effector functions and costimulatory requirements essential for surviving mucosal infection with citrobacter rodentium.	citrobacter rodentium causes an attaching and effacing infection of the mouse colon. surprisingly, protective adaptive immunity against this mucosal pathogen requires a systemic t-cell-dependent antibody response. to define cd4+ t-cell effector functions promoting this systemic defense of infected epithelial surfaces, studies were undertaken in weaning-age mice lacking costimulatory molecules cd28 or cd40l or cytokines gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) or interleukin-4 (il-4). adoptive transfer of cd ...	2006	16369024
the lpf gene cluster for long polar fimbriae is not involved in adherence of enteropathogenic escherichia coli or virulence of citrobacter rodentium.	using the enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) genome sequence, we found that epec e2348/69 has an lpfabcde gene cluster homologous (about 60% identical at the protein level) to the salmonella long polar fimbria (lpf) operon. to determine whether this operon is essential for adherence, the lpfabcd(e2)(3) genes were deleted from epec strain e2348/69 by allelic exchange. analysis of the resulting epecdeltalpfabcd(e23) strain showed no change in adherence to hela cells or to human intestinal bi ...	2006	16368980
helminth-primed dendritic cells alter the host response to enteric bacterial infection.	to examine whether intestinal helminth infection may be a risk factor for enteric bacterial infection, a murine model was established using the intestinal helminth heligomosomoides polygyrus and a murine pathogen citrobacter rodentium, which causes infectious colitis. using this model we recently have shown that coinfection with the th2-inducing h. polygyrus and c. rodentium promotes bacterial-associated disease and colitis. in this study, we expand our previous observations and examine the hypo ...	2006	16365440
colonic bacterial infection abrogates eosinophilic pulmonary disease.	induction of immunity to one pathogen in the lungs modifies the microenvironment and alters immunopathological changes that result from a second, unrelated pulmonary infection. however, it is unclear whether immunity generated at distant sites also affects lung immune responses. here, we show that infection with the gut-restricted bacterium citrobacter rodentium modifies immunopathological changes that result from pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection. th2 cytokine-driven pulmonary eosinop ...	2006	16362886
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility data for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and ampc-producing enterobacteriaceae from the mystic program in europe and the united states (1997-2004).	this article presents prevalence and susceptibility data from the meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection (mystic) program in europe (1997-2004) and the united states (1999-2004) for enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) and/or ampc beta-lactamases. for esbl-producing isolates, the prevalence of escherichia coli and klebsiella spp. in europe and enterobacter spp. in the united states increased over time. for ampc-producing isolates, the prevalen ...	2005	16360549
effect of 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine, a novel putative efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibility in clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae other than escherichia coli.	1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (nmp) has been shown to reverse multidrug resistance (mdr) in escherichia coli overexpressing rnd type efflux pumps, but there is no data on its activity in enterobacteriaceae other than e. coli.	2006	16354746
enterobacteria in feedlot waste and runoff.	samples of beef cattle feedlot waste (flw), runoff from the pens, and water from a large drainage ditch at the feedlot were examined for enterobacteriaceae. the drainage ditch receives the runoff but contains primarily subsurface drainage from fields on which flw is spread for disposal. planting and enrichment techniques with seven different media were used to isolate 553 cultures of enterobacteria. flw contains about 50 million enterobacteria/g dry weight. more than 90% of these were escherichi ...	1972	16349932
immunofluorescence technique for the detection of salmonellae in various foods.	salmonella species have been detected in nine food varieties by use of fluorescent antibodies without false-positive or false-negative results. test antisera were specially prepared, commercially available, conjugated polyvalent o globulin absorbed with cultures of escherichia coli and citrobacter freundii, and polyvalent phase ii h globulin antibodies. use of this technique permits a decrease of 24 hr in time normally required for salmonella detection when compared with cultural salmonella reco ...	1967	16349728
dissimilatory reduction of no(2) to nh(4) and n(2)o by a soil citrobacter sp.	dissimilatory reduction of no(2) to n(2)o and nh(4) by a soil citrobacter sp. was studied in an attempt to elucidate the physiological and ecological significance of n(2)o production by this mechanism. in batch cultures with defined media, no(2) reduction to nh(4) was favored by high glucose and low no(3) concentrations. nitrous oxide production was greatest at high glucose and intermediate no(3) concentrations. with succinate as the energy source, little or no no(2) was reduced to nh(4) but n(2 ...	1982	16345994
r-plasmid transfer to and from escherichia coli strains isolated from human fecal samples.	strains of escherichia coli recently isolated from human feces were examined for the frequency with which they accept an r factor (r1) from a derepressed fi strain of e. coli k-12 and transfer it to fecal and laboratory strains. colicins produced by some of the isolates rapidly killed the other half of the mating pair; therefore, conjugation was conducted by a membrane filtration procedure whereby this effect was minimized. the majority of fecal e. coli isolates accepted the r factor at lower fr ...	1981	16345759
microbiota associated with the gastrointestinal tract of the common house cricket, acheta domestica.	the location and morphology of the bacteria associated with the gastrointestinal tract of acheta domestica were studied, and these bacteria were partially characterized. bacteria were associated with the peritrophic membrane in the midgut and with the gut wall and cuticular structures of the hindgut. no bacteria were associated with the fat bodies. colony-forming unit determinations indicated that there were three times more cultivatable bacteria in the hindgut than in the midgut. of these bacte ...	1981	16345692
anaerobic degradation of uric acid by gut bacteria of termites.	a study was done of anaerobic degradation of uric acid (ua) by representative strains of uricolytic bacteria isolated from guts of reticulitermes flavipes termites. streptococcus strain uad-1 degraded ua incompletely, secreting a fluorescent compound into the medium, unless formate (or a formicogenic compound) was present as a cosubstrate. formate functioned as a reductant, and its oxidation to co(2) by formate dehydrogenase provided 2h + 2e needed to drive uricolysis to completion. uricolysis b ...	1980	16345588
uric acid-degrading bacteria in guts of termites [reticulitermes flavipes (kollar)].	uricolytic bacteria were present in guts of reticulitermes flavipes in populations up to 6 x 10 cells per gut. of 82 strains isolated under strict anaerobic conditions, most were group n streptococcus sp., bacteroides termitidis, and citrobacter sp. all isolates used uric acid (ua) as an energy source anaerobically, but not aerobically, and nh(3) was the major nitrogenous product of uricolysis. however, none of the isolates had an absolute requirement for ua. utilization of heterocyclic compound ...	1980	16345587
kinetics of manganese oxidation by cell-free extracts of bacteria isolated from manganese concretions from soil.	a study of the kinetics of mn oxidation catalyzed by cell extracts of two bacterial isolates (e(1), pseudomonas iii [new isolate] and e(4), citrobacter freundii) isolated from the core of manganese concretions from greek soils is presented. the reaction velocity of mn oxidation was determined from the rate of consumption of mn. the oxidation of mn was followed by measuring changes in mn concentration by activation analysis and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. the reaction velocity was dir ...	1980	16345498
effects of varying concentrations of novobiocin incorporated into two salmonella plating media on the recovery of four enterobacteriaceae.	hydrogen sulfide-producing strains of salmonellae, escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, and proteus mirabilis were isolated from fresh pork sausage. all the strains produced black-centered colonies on hektoen enteric agar (he). on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (xld), c. freundii produced yellow colonies, and the strains of the other three genera formed black-centered colonies. the selectivity of he and xld for salmonellae was improved by the addition of novobiocin to both media. with increa ...	1977	16345211
acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) by enterobacteriaceae isolated from paper mill process waters.	using selective media containing galactitol, over 130 enterobacteriaceae have been isolated from paper mill process waters collected from different localities. these bacteria were extensively characterized and tested for acetylene-reducing (nitrogen-fixing) activity under anaerobic conditions. high activity was found in representatives of klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter cloacae, erwinia herbicola, citrobacter freundii, citrobacter intermedius, and escherichia coli. un ...	1976	16345168
hepatic and renal cytochrome p450 gene regulation during citrobacter rodentium infection in wild-type and toll-like receptor 4 mutant mice.	citrobacter rodentium is the rodent equivalent of human enteropathogenic escherichia coli infection. this study investigated regulation of hepatic and renal cytochrome p450 (p450) mrnas, hepatic p450 proteins, cytokines, and acute phase proteins during c. rodentium infection. female c3h/heouj (heou) and c3h/hej (hej) mice [which lack functional toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4)] were infected with c. rodentium by oral gavage and sacrificed 6 days later. hepatic cyp4a10 and 4a14 mrnas were decreased in ...	2006	16339354
expression of udp-glucuronosyltransferase isoform mrnas during inflammation and infection in mouse liver and kidney.	inflammation or infection down-regulates the activity and expression of cytochrome p450 (p450) enzymes involved in hepatic drug clearance, possibly altering drug effectiveness and leading to toxicity. the regulation of udp-glucuronosyltransferases (ugts) in inflammation and infection is less well characterized. to determine the response of hepatic and renal ugts during inflammation and infection, mice were administered either saline or 1 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (lps) (16 h), or citrobacter rode ...	2006	16339353
use of several inducer and substrate antibiotic combinations in a disk approximation assay format to screen for ampc induction in patient isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacter spp., citrobacter spp., and serratia spp.	two-hundred consecutive, single patient isolates of enterobacter spp., serratia spp., citrobacter spp., and pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated for ampc production using a variety of inducer-substrate antibiotic combinations in a disk approximation format. the combinations examined included cefoxitin-piperacillin, imipenem-cefotaxime, imipenem-ceftazidime, imipenem-piperacillin-tazobactam, and imipenem-cefoxitin. all isolates were also screened for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactam ...	2005	16333080
triphenylmethane reductase from citrobacter sp. strain kctc 18061p: purification, characterization, gene cloning, and overexpression of a functional protein in escherichia coli.	we purified to homogeneity an enzyme from citrobacter sp. strain kctc 18061p capable of decolorizing triphenylmethane dyes. the native form of the enzyme was identified as a homodimer with a subunit molecular mass of about 31 kda. it catalyzes the nadh-dependent reduction of triphenylmethane dyes, with remarkable substrate specificity related to dye structure. maximal enzyme activity occurred at ph 9.0 and 60 degrees c. the enzymatic reaction product of the triphenylmethane dye crystal violet wa ...	2005	16332773
comparison of the minimum inhibitory, mutant prevention and minimum bactericidal concentrations of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and garenoxacin against enteric gram-negative urinary tract infection pathogens.	acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infections (utis) are among the most commonly encountered bacterial infections and management has been made more complicated in the last decade due to the trend toward increasing antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx). fluoroquinolones are suggested as alternative antimicrobials for the treatment of utis in communities for which tmp/smx resistance is > or = 10%. the mutant-prevention concentration (mpc) is a novel sus ...	2005	16323436
sensitivity to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides of clinically important pathogens isolated from children in poland.		1989	16312442
antimicrobial activity of a new difluorinated quinolone: lomefloxacin (sc-47111).		1989	16312351
ytr-830h: its origin, the present and the future.		1989	16312317
citrobacter rodentium of mice and man.	the major classes of enteric bacteria harbour a conserved core genomic structure, common to both commensal and pathogenic strains, that is most likely optimized to a life style involving colonization of the host intestine and transmission via the environment. in pathogenic bacteria this core genome framework is decorated with novel genetic islands that are often associated with adaptive phenotypes such as virulence. this classical genome organization is well illustrated by a group of extracellul ...	2005	16309456
antimicrobial activity of doripenem (s-4661): a global surveillance report (2003).	the spectrum of activity and potency of doripenem, a broad-spectrum parenteral carbapenem currently in clinical development, was evaluated using 16 008 clinical bacterial isolates collected as part of an international surveillance project during 2003. using reference broth microdilution methods, doripenem was found to be highly active against oxacillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (2705 and 297 isolates, respectively; mic90s 0.06 mg/l), with a potency gr ...	2005	16307551
preinoculation with the probiotic lactobacillus acidophilus early in life effectively inhibits murine citrobacter rodentium colitis.	enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) is a common pathogen in infantile diarrhea, causing a characteristic histopathologic attaching and effacing (a/e) lesion in the intestinal mucosa. the mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium causes a similar a/e lesion in the murine intestine. like epec, c. rodentium infection results in colonic crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell depletion, epithelial proliferation, and mucosal disruption. using this murine model, we tested the hypothesis that preinoculation of ...	2005	16306191
phylogenetic analysis of tce-dechlorinating consortia enriched on a variety of electron donors.	two rapidly fermented electron donors, lactate and methanol, and two slowly fermented electron donors, propionate and butyrate, were selected for enrichment studies to evaluate the characteristics of anaerobic microbial consortia that reductively dechlorinate tce to ethene. each electron donor enrichment subculture demonstrated the ability to dechlorinate tce to ethene through several serial transfers. microbial community analyses based upon 16s rdna, including terminal restriction fragment leng ...	2005	16294874
a positive regulatory loop controls expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulators ler and grla.	the formation of attaching and effacing (a/e) lesions on intestinal epithelial cells is an essential step in the pathogenesis of human enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and of the mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium. the genes required for the development of the a/e phenotype are located within a pathogenicity island known as the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee). the lee-encoded transcriptional regulators ler, an h-ns-like protein, and grla, a member of a novel family ...	2005	16291665
identification of human and rat fad-amp lyase (cyclic fmn forming) as atp-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinases.	rat liver fad-amp lyase or fmn cyclase is the only known enzymatic source of the unusual flavin nucleotide riboflavin 4',5'-cyclic phosphate. to determine its molecular identity, a peptide-mass fingerprint of the purified rat enzyme was obtained. it pointed to highly related, mammalian hypothetical proteins putatively classified as dihydroxyacetone (dha) kinases due to weaker homologies to biochemically proven dha kinases of plants, yeasts, and bacteria. the human protein loc26007 cdna was used ...	2005	16289032
microbiological evaluation of bottled non-carbonated ("still") water from domestic brands in greece.	the microbiological quality of 1,527 samples of bottled non-carbonated ('still') mineral water, purchased from retail outlets and derived from 10 manufacturing companies in greece, was investigated during the period 1995-2003. applying the membrane filter technique, the aliquots of water samples (250 ml) were analyzed for the presence and enumeration of total coliforms, escherichia coli, enterococcus spp. and pseudomonas aeruginosa. also, aerobic bacteria were counted as heterotrophic plate coun ...	2006	16271413
aip56, a novel plasmid-encoded virulence factor of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida with apoptogenic activity against sea bass macrophages and neutrophils.	a strategy used by extracellular pathogens to evade phagocytosis is the utilization of exotoxins that kill host phagocytes. we have recently shown that one major pathogenicity strategy of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (phdp), the agent of the widespread fish pasteurellosis, is the induction of extensive apoptosis of sea bass macrophages and neutrophils that results in lysis of these phagocytes by post-apoptotic secondary necrosis. here we show that this unique process is mediated by a ...	2005	16262788
high prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnra in multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures in liverpool, uk.	to determine the prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnra gene in a selected collection of blood culture isolates of enterobacteriaceae resistant to both ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime.	2005	16260446
outcome of bacterial culture from mastoid granulations: is it relevant in chronic ear disease?	to detect the presence of bacteria in mastoid granulations and compare its prevalence in both types of chronic suppurative otitis media (csom). to find out if stage of disease activity, age, duration of disease, and aditus patency relate to obtaining positive cultures.	2005	16259653
multiple functions of l0036 in the regulation of the pathogenicity island of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7.	diarrhoeagenic enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli and enteropathogenic e. coli attach to human intestinal epithelium and efface brush-border microvilli, forming an a/e (attaching and effacing) lesion. these human pathogens are phenotypically similar to the mouse pathogen citrobacter rodentium. genetically, they all have a homologous set of virulent genes involved in the a/e lesion, and these genes are organized on a lee (locus of enterocyte effacement), a pathogenicity island. this island compr ...	2006	16248852
development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip for detection of escherichia coli o157.	we developed an immunochromatographic (ic) strip for the rapid detection of escherichia coli o157 in enriched samples. murine monoclonal antibody to e. coli o157:h7 lipopolysaccharide was conjugated with 40 nm of colloidal gold particles by the citrate method. the specificity of the ic strip was determined using 48 pure-cultured bacteria, including 32 e. coli strains and 16 non-e. coli strains. regardless of h serotype, e. coli o157 strains produced a positive signal, whereas the others, represe ...	2005	16245720
surveillance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases from clinical samples and faecal carriers in barcelona, spain.	the aim of the present study was to characterize and compare the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing organisms isolated from clinical samples and faecal carriers in 2001 and 2002.	2005	16244084
antibiotic resistance in outpatient urinary isolates: final results from the north american urinary tract infection collaborative alliance (nautica).	the goal of the north american urinary tract infection collaborative alliance (nautica) study was to determine antibiotic susceptibility to commonly used agents for urinary tract infections against outpatient urinary isolates obtained in various geographic regions in the usa and canada. forty-one medical centres (30 from the usa and 11 from canada) participated, with each centre submitting up to 50 consecutive outpatient midstream urine isolates. isolates were identified to species level by the ...	2005	16243229
characterization of a bioflocculant produced by citrobacter sp. tkf04 from acetic and propionic acids.	a bacterial strain, tkf04, capable of producing a bioflocculant from acetic and/or propionic acids was isolated from a biofilm formed in inside a kitchen drain. it was identified as a citrobacter based on its morphological and physiological characteristics and the partial sequences of its 16s rrna. tkf04 produced the bioflocculant during the logarithmic phase of growth, and the optimum temperature and ph for the bioflocculant production were 30 degrees c and 7.2-10.0, respectively. it could util ...	2000	16232696
extended spectrum beta-lactamases among gram-negative bacteria of nosocomial origin from an intensive care unit of a tertiary health facility in tanzania.	resistance to third generation cephalosporins due to acquisition and expression of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) enzymes among gram-negative bacteria is on the increase. presence of esbl producing organisms has been reported to significantly affect the course and outcome of an infection. therefore infections due to esbl isolates continue to pose a challenge to infection management worldwide. the aim of this study was to determine the existence and to describe phenotypic and genotypic c ...	2005	16225701
ciprofloxacin, salicylate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol decrease production of ampc-type beta-lactamase in two citrobacter freundii clinical isolates.	the effect of ciprofloxacin and two mar rab inducers on the susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics in two ampc beta-lactamase semi-constitutive producer citrobacter freundii clinical isolates (the dm 1 and dm 2 strains) was studied. possible changes in outer membrane protein expression, permeability to cephaloridine, active efflux, and hydrolytic activity of beta-lactamase-crude extracts were evaluated under the influence of ciprofloxacin, sodium salicylate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. results wer ...	2005	16201924
the lrp gene and its role in type i fimbriation in citrobacter rodentium.	citrobacter rodentium is a murine pathogen that is now widely used as an in vivo model for gastrointestinal infections due to its similarities with human enteropathogens, such as the possession of a locus for enterocyte effacement (the lee island). we studied the lrp gene of c. rodentium and found that it encodes a product highly similar to members of the lrp (leucine-responsive regulatory protein) family of transcriptional regulators, able to recognize leucine as an effector and to repress the ...	2005	16199571
changing bacterial isolates and antibiotic sensitivities of purulent dacryocystitis.	to examine the current spectrum of bacterial isolates in cases of chronic dacryocystitis and dacryoabcess and to determine their antibiotic sensitivities.	2005	16191795
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of sm-216601, a new broad-spectrum parenteral carbapenem.	sm-216601 is a novel parenteral 1beta-methylcarbapenem. in agar dilution susceptibility testing, the mic of sm-216601 for 90% of the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) strains tested (mic(90)) was 2 microg/ml, which was comparable to those of vancomycin and linezolid. sm-216601 was also very potent against enterococcus faecium, including vancomycin-resistant strains (mic(90) = 8 microg/ml). sm-216601 exhibited potent activity against penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, ...	2005	16189097
pelvic inflammatory disease caused by citrobacter.		2005	16183602
bacteriology of surgical wound infections in a tertiary care hospital in turkey.	to determine the spectrum of the pathogens cultured from surgical wound infections and assess their antimicrobial drug resistances.	2005	16167704
regional variation in the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing clinical isolates in the asia-pacific region (sentry 1998-2002).	we examined the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing strains of klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, citrobacter koseri, and salmonella spp. that were isolated as part of the sentry asia-pacific surveillance program between 1998 and 2002. during the study period, a total of 6,388 strains were gathered from 17 medical centers in 7 countries and examined for esbl production and hyperproduction of k. oxytoca chromosomal k1 beta-l ...	2005	16165001
detection and quantification of citrobacter freundii and c. braakii by 5'-nuclease polymerase chain reaction.	a new 5'-nuclease polymerase chain reaction (pcr) system for the detection and quantification of citrobacter freundii and c. braakii was developed with primers and the probe oriented to a specific region of the cfa gene encoding a cyclopropane fatty acid synthase. the qualitative variant of the method consisted of a conventional pcr with end-point fluorimetry or agarose gel electrophoresis, and the quantitative variant used kinetic real-time pcr measurement. the pcr system was specific for c. fr ...	2005	16163457
magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates for the separation of escherichia coli o157:h7 in ground beef.	the immunomagnetic separation with magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates (mncs) was investigated and evaluated for the detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 in ground beef samples. mncs were prepared by immobilizing biotin-labeled polyclonal goat anti-e. coli antibodies onto streptavidin-coated magnetic nanoparticles. for bacterial separation, mncs were mixed with inoculated ground beef samples, then nanoparticle-antibody-e. coli o157:h7 complexes were separated from food matrix with a magne ...	2005	16161677
efficiency of modified h2s test for detection of faecal contamination in water.	faecal contamination is a major causative factor for incidence of water borne infectious diseases. certain hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) producing enteric bacteria such as salmonella sp. and citrobacter sp., associated with coliforms, have been considered for rapid detection of recent faecal contamination in water. the basic h(2)s test medium, modified by adding 0.25 gm/l of l-cystine hcl, was examined for its efficiency with 90 water samples collected from 40 pipe supplies, 20 open wells, 15 hand pu ...	2005	16160778
molecular analysis of colonized bacteria in a human newborn infant gut.	the complex ecosystem of intestinal microflora is estimated to harbor approximately 400 different microbial species, mostly bacteria. however, studies on bacterial colonization have mostly been based on culturing methods, which only detect a small fraction of the whole microbiotic ecosystem of the gut. to clarify the initial acquisition and subsequent colonization of bacteria in an infant within the few days after birth, phylogenetic analysis was performed using 16s rdna sequences from the dna i ...	2005	16145549
concurrent infection with an intestinal helminth parasite impairs host resistance to enteric citrobacter rodentium and enhances citrobacter-induced colitis in mice.	infections with intestinal helminth and bacterial pathogens, such as enteropathogenic escherichia coli, continue to be a major global health threat for children. to test the hypothesis that intestinal helminth infection may be a risk factor for enteric bacterial infection, a murine model was established by using the intestinal helminth heligomosomoides polygyrus. to analyze the modulatory effect of a th2-inducing helminth on the outcome of enteric bacterium citrobacter rodentium infection, balb/ ...	2005	16113263
identification of genes required for decolorization of crystal violet in citrobacter sp. my-5.		2005	16107757
activity of tigecycline tested against a global collection of enterobacteriaceae, including tetracycline-resistant isolates.	steadily increasing resistance among the enterobacteriaceae to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole has compromised the utility of these commonly used antimicrobial classes for many community- or hospital-acquired infections. the development of tigecycline, the sentinel representative of a novel class of broad-spectrum agents (the glycylcyclines), represents an important milestone in addressing this critical need. resistance to tigecyc ...	2005	16105566
prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas and stenotrophomonas as determined by the vitek 2 and e test systems in a kuwait teaching hospital.	to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing members of the enterobacteriaceae using vitek 2 and e test systems.	2005	16103698
detection and identification of bacterial dna in serum from patients with acute pancreatitis.	bacterial infections are common complications in patients with acute pancreatitis, and translocation of bacteria from the intestinal lumen is probably the first step in the pathogenesis of these infections. as blood cultures in afebrile patients are usually negative, more sensitive methods to investigate this hypothesis in patients are needed. our group has recently developed a method to detect the presence of bacterial dna in biological fluids, and we aimed to detect bacterial dna in patients w ...	2005	16099797
tyrosine-phosphorylated bacterial effector proteins: the enemies within.	the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins has a central role during signal transduction in eukaryotes. recent progress shows that tyrosine phosphorylation is also a common feature of several effector proteins translocated by bacterial type iii and type iv secretion systems. the involvement of these secretion systems in disease development is exemplified by a variety of pathogenic processes: pedestal formation (tir of epec and citrobacter), cell scattering (caga of helicobacter), invasion (tarp of ...	2005	16099656
enhanced culture detection of citrobacter koseri from cerebrospinal fluid in bactec.		2005	16094244
the assessment of biological activities associated with the major constituents of the methanol extract of 'wild carrot' (daucus carota l) seeds.	daucus carota l. (family: apiaceae alt. umbelliferae), commonly known as 'wild carrot' or 'queen anne's-lace,' is an ecologically invasive erect biennial naturalized to scotland. the ethnobotanical uses of this species include applications in the treatment of cough, diarrhea, dysentery, cancer, malaria and tumors, and as an antiseptic, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, carminative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. the major constituents isolated from the methanol extract of d. carota seeds by reversed- ...	2005	16093236
use of starch and potato peel waste for perchlorate bioreduction in water.	the cost of carbon substrates for microbial reduction of perchlorate (clo(4)(-)) is central to the success and competitiveness of a sustainable bioremediation strategy for clo(4)(-). this study explored the potential application of starch in combination with an amylolytic bacterial consortia and potato peel waste for clo(4)(-) bioreduction. we obtained a potent amylolytic bacterial consortium that consisted of a citrobacter sp. s4, streptomyces sp. s2, flavobacterium sp. s6, pseudoxanthomonas sp ...	2005	16084965
enteric fever-like illness caused by infection with citrobacter amalonaticus.	'enteric fever' is a potentially fatal, severe systemic disease, which is encountered worldwide. traditionally, enteric fever refers to a bacteremic illness caused by members of certain salmonella serotypes, notably: salmonella typhi, a gram-negative bacterium, and to a lesser extent, salmonella paratyphi a, b and c. in addition, other non-salmonella organisms may produce a syndrome clinically indistinguishable from "enteric fever". brucella sp., campylobacter sp., edwardsiella tarda, enterobact ...	2005	16083226
dissemination of ctx-m-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes to unusual hosts.	a citrobacter amalonaticus and a morganella morganii producing the ctx-m-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) were isolated from an area where this enzyme is now widespread in escherichia coli. this is the first report of ctx-m-1 in the former species. in both cases the esbl determinant was possibly acquired by these unusual hosts in vivo, after coinfection with e. coli strains carrying conjugative plasmids encoding ctx-m-1.	2005	16081971
diagnosis of bacteria in vitro by mass spectrometric fingerprinting:a pilot study.	the identification of bacteria by using conventional microbiological techniques can be very time-consuming and circumstantial. in contrast, the headspace screening of bacterial cultures by analyzing their emitted volatile compounds using mass spectrometry might provide a novel approach in diagnostic microbiology. in the present study different strains of escherichia coli, klebsiella, citrobacter, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, and helicobacter pylori were investigated. the volati ...	2005	16049664
quantification of escherichia coli by kinetic 5'-nuclease polymerase chain reaction (real-time pcr) oriented to sfmd gene.	a kinetic 5'-nuclease polymerase chain reaction (real-time pcr) for the quantification of escherichia coli was developed.	2005	16033509
genetic basis for dissemination of arma.	arma is a novel plasmid-borne 16s rrna methyltransferase that confers high-level resistance to 4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamines. recently, we have isolated from a high-level broad-spectrum aminoglycoside-resistant escherichia coli animal isolate a plasmid, pmur050, that bore the arma gene. in order to elucidate the genetic basis for the spread of arma, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of pmur050.	2005	16027145
citrobacter braakii, an unusual organism as cause of acute peritonitis in pd patients.		2005	16022099
retrievable günther tulip filter complicated by sepsis and retroperitoneal hemorrhage: successful management by filter retrieval.	we encountered complications of septic shock and retroperitoneal hemorrhage which occurred after implantation of a retrievable günther tulip filter. a 79-year-old woman was diagnosed as right femoral vein thrombosis, and a retrievable günther tulip filter was deployed prior to a total knee replacement surgery. however, the patient developed septicemia due to citrobacter freundii, followed by thrombocytopenia and retroperitoneal hemorrhage. a large hematoma was formed along the lateral side of th ...	2005	16020886
emergence of a 'hyperinfectious' bacterial state after passage of citrobacter rodentium through the host gastrointestinal tract.	citrobacter rodentium belongs to a family of human and animal enteric pathogens that includes the clinically significant enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and enteropathogenic e. coli (epec). these pathogens exploit attaching and effacing (a/e) lesions to colonize the host gastrointestinal tract. however, both ehec and epec are poorly pathogenic in mice. in contrast, c. rodentium, which is genetically highly related to e. coli, relies on a/e lesion formation as an essential step in both ...	2005	16008583
degradation of cyanophycin by sedimentibacter hongkongensis strain ki and citrobacter amalonaticus strain g isolated from an anaerobic bacterial consortium.	using a combination of various enrichment techniques, the strictly anaerobic, gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium sedimentibacter hongkongensis strain ki as revealed by 16s rrna analysis and the gram-negative enterobacterium citrobacter amalonaticus strain g as revealed by physiological tests were isolated from an anaerobic cyanophycin (cgp)-degrading bacterial consortium. s. hongkongensis strain ki is the first anaerobic bacterium with the ability to hydrolyze cgp to beta-asp-arg and bet ...	2005	16000772
countrywide spread of community- and hospital-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ctx-m-15)-producing enterobacteriaceae in lebanon.	a prospective study was carried out to assess the extent of carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae at both hospital and community levels in lebanon. a total of 1,442 fecal samples were collected from hospital-based patients and 58 from health care workers of six lebanese tertiary care general hospitals located in different areas of lebanon between january and march 2003. a total of 382 fecal samples were also collected from healthy subjects between april ...	2005	16000453
extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae in yaounde, cameroon.	organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) have been reported in many countries, but there is no information on the prevalence of esbl-producing members of the family enterobacteriaceae in cameroon. a total of 259 enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated between 1995 and 1998 from patients at the yaounde central hospital in cameroon. enterobacterial isolates resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin and monobactam were screened for esbl production by the double-disk (dd) sy ...	2005	16000447
cellular responses to attaching and effacing bacteria: activation and implication of the innate immune system.	during the last decade, research on attaching-effacing (a/e) bacteria/host cell interactions has revealed much of the molecular basis of colonization and lesion formation. the colonic mucosa represents the first line of defense against these pathogens, and its integrity is required to avoid translocation of bacteria or bacterial soluble factors into the infected host. therefore, the cellular immune response to a/e pathogens plays an important role in bacterial pathogenesis since it can clear the ...	2005	15995584
prevalence of decreased susceptibility to carbapenems among serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, and citrobacter freundii and investigation of carbapenemases.	between march and july 2002, total of 612 clinical isolates of serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, and citrobacter freundii (201 s. marcescens, 228 e. cloacae, and 183 c. freundii) were collected from 13 clinical laboratories in a nationwide distribution. imipenem and meropenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined using the agar dilution method according to the national committee for clinical laboratory standards guidelines. for the isolates with a decreased susceptibi ...	2005	15994052
accelerating bacterial identification by infrared spectroscopy by employing microarray deposition of microorganisms.	a microarray method for the deposition of bacteria onto an agar slide was developed to accelerate the formation of microcolonies. representative microarrays each consisting of 40 micro-spots of five replicates of eight foodborne bacteria (yersinia enterocolitica, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, listeria monocytogenes, enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter freundii, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli) were printed on a brain heart infusion (bhi) agar slide using a contact micr ...	2004	15992277
moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039): a new methoxy quinolone antibacterial.	moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) is a new 8 methoxy quinolone antibacterial. the mic90 values are < or = 0.25 mg/l for streptococcus pneumoniae (irrespective of penicillin susceptibility), haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase positive or negative), morexella catarrhalis, bordetella pertussis, legionella sp., mycoplasma pneumoniae, clamydia pneumoniae, mycobacterium tuberculosis, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci (macrolide-sensitive or -resistant), listeria sp ...	1999	15992072
worldwide disseminated arma aminoglycoside resistance methylase gene is borne by composite transposon tn1548.	the arma (aminoglycoside resistance methylase) gene, which confers resistance to 4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamines and fortimicin, was initially found in klebsiella pneumoniae bm4536 on incl/m plasmid pip1204 of ca. 90 kb which also encodes the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ctx-m-3. thirty-four enterobacteria from various countries that were likely to produce a ctx-m enzyme since they were more resistant to cefotaxime than to ceftazidime were studied. the arma gene was detected in 12 clinic ...	2005	15980373
isolation and characterization of enteric bacteria from the hindgut of formosan termite.	the formosan subterranean termite, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, is an aggressive, invasive termite species that has caused billions of dollars of damage across the united states for the past 50 years. termites depend on intestinal microorganisms for cellulose digestion. symbiotic microorganisms in the termite gut play key physiological functions such as cellulose and hemicellulose digestion, acetogenesis, hydrogenesis, methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and nitrogen fixation. additionally, in ...	2005	15978992
antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of blood isolates from a teaching hospital in north india.	bloodstream infections are associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality worldwide. in this study, we examined antimicrobial susceptibility patterns by reviewing the data on 5,704 blood samples that were collected from patients with fever/sepsis admitted to government medical college and hospital, chandigarh, india, over a period of 1 year from august 2003 to july 2004. among the 567 qualifying samples, pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.75%), escherichia coli (15.17%), klebsiella pneumoni ...	2005	15973011
[recovery of platinum with immobilized citrobacter freudii xp05 biomass].	the objective of this work was to develop a valuable adsorbent for recovery of platinum by studying the properties of pt4+ -adsorption with immobilized citrobacter freudii xp05 biomass. five methods for immobilization of citrobacter freudii xp05 biomass were compared. the method with gelatin-alginate sodium as entrapment matrix was considered to be the optimal. spherical and uniform beads were produced and the sem micrograph indicated that the cell of strain xp08 were uniformly dispersed within ...	2003	15969064
spread of novel expanded-spectrum beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae in a university hospital in the paris area, france.	in 2002, 28 non-duplicate enterobacterial isolates producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) were collected from infected patients at the bicêtre hospital in paris, france. escherichia coli was the predominant esbl-positive enterobacterial species, comprising ten (36%) of the isolates. ctx-m enzymes (ctx-m-3, ctx-m-10, ctx-m-14 and ctx-m-15) were produced by 11 (39%) of the isolates (six e. coli, two enterobacter cloacae, one enterobacter aerogenes, one proteus mirabilis and one citrob ...	2005	15966981
bladder wall abscess following midurethral sling procedure.	midurethal sling procedures are gaining popularity as the treatment of choice for stress urinary incontinence. complications that were described include bladder perforation, urinary retention, pelvic hematoma and suprapubic wound infection. sling erosion and pelvic abscess are rare complications of midurethral slings. we report the first case of an abscess formed within the wall of the urinary bladder, 7 months following a midurethral sling procedure.	2006	15965577
dizygotic twins discordant for early-onset citrobacter koseri and group b streptococcal sepsis.	early-onset neonatal sepsis is usually a multisystem fulminant illness with prominent respiratory symptoms, and typically the infant has acquired the organism from the maternal genital tract during the intrapartum period. in this article, we report a rare case of dizygotic twins where each individual suffered early-onset sepsis caused by a different pathogen. group b streptococcal (gbs) sepsis was diagnosed in twin a 1 day after birth; sepsis and meningitis caused by citrobacter koseri was diagn ...	2005	15959606
a major role for proteolytic activity and proteinase-activated receptor-2 in the pathogenesis of infectious colitis.	citrobacter rodentium is a bacterial pathogen that causes a murine infectious colitis equivalent to enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infection in humans. colonic luminal fluid from c. rodentium-infected mice, but not from sham-infected mice, contains active serine proteinases that can activate proteinase-activated receptor-2 (par2). we have identified granzyme a and murine trypsins to be present in c. rodentium-infected luminal fluid, as determined by mass spectrometry and western blot analysi ...	2005	15919826
agranulocytosis and citrobacter infection associated with jamu, a herbal remedy containing phenylbutazone.		2005	15909279
a gene encoding l-methionine gamma-lyase is present in enterobacteriaceae family genomes: identification and characterization of citrobacter freundii l-methionine gamma-lyase.	citrobacter freundii cells produce l-methionine gamma-lyase when grown on a medium containing l-methionine. the nucleotide sequence of the hybrid plasmid with a c. freundii ecori insert of about 3.0 kbp contained two open reading frames, consisting of 1,194 nucleotides and 1,296 nucleotides, respectively. the first one (denoted megl) encoded l-methionine gamma-lyase. the enzyme was overexpressed in escherichia coli and purified. the second frame encoded a protein belonging to the family of perme ...	2005	15901718
amelioration of the effects of citrobacter rodentium infection in mice by pretreatment with probiotics.	citrobacter rodentium is a naturally occurring murine pathogen that causes colonic epithelial-cell hyperplasia, disrupts the colonic mucosa, and elicits a predominantly t helper 1 cellular immune response; it thereby serves as a model for the study of mechanisms of disease induced by human attaching-effacing pathogens. we sought to determine whether pretreatment of mice with a mixture of lactobacillus rhamnosus and l. acidophilus probiotics would attenuate c. rodentium-induced colonic disease in ...	2005	15897997
predicting infected bile among patients undergoing percutaneous cholecystostomy.	patients may not achieve a clinical benefit after percutaneous cholecystostomy due to the inherent difficulty in identifying patients who truly have infected gallbladders. we attempted to identify imaging and biochemical parameters which would help to predict which patients have infected gallbladders.	2005	15886948
ten new temperate bacteriophages of citrobacter youngae.	in a cross-test, we examined 55 strains of citrobacter youngae against each other as potential producers of temperate bacteriophages and as potential sensitive indicators for them. ten strains (18.2 %) showed the production of phages. seven different strain-specific spectra of activity (from 1 to 11 strains each) were found. phage production by 6 strains was inducible with mitomycin c, in 4 strains it was not inducible. the plaques of the phages were more or less turbid, without a lytic halo, ti ...	2004	15881402
prevalence of derepressed ampc mutants and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers among clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii, enterobacter spp., and serratia marcescens in korea: dissemination of ctx-m-3, tem-52, and shv-12.	the resistance mechanism of extended-spectrum cephalosporins in clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii, enterobacter spp., and serratia marcescens was studied. of 152 isolates, 45 isolates (29.6%) were derepressed ampc mutants and 39 isolates (25.7%) produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbls). the most prevalent esbls were ctx-m enzymes, followed by tem-52 and shv-12.	2005	15872281