Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| incidence and importance of clostridium difficile in paediatric diarrhoea in brazil. | clostridium difficile strains were detected in 14 of 210 (6.7 %) faecal samples from children in rio de janeiro, brazil, by cultivating faeces on cycloserine/cefoxitin/fructose agar after alcohol-shock. two main groups of children were studied: inpatients (n = 96) and outpatients (n = 114). the inpatient group consisted of children on antibiotics or immunosuppressors who presented with diarrhoea and other children who did not present with diarrhoea and were not under an antibiotic or chemotherap ... | 2003 | 14614068 |
| effects of sub-mic concentrations of antibiotics on growth of and toxin production by clostridium difficile. | effects on growth and toxin a production of sub-mic concentrations of six different antibiotics were investigated in three strains of clostridium difficile: reference strain nctc 11223, a fully sequenced strain (630) and a locally endemic isolate (strain 338a). the antibiotics chosen for investigation were the agents used to treat c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), i.e. vancomycin and metronidazole, and four antibiotics that are commonly involved in precipitating cdad (amoxycillin, clindamy ... | 2003 | 14614060 |
| development of an integrative vector for the expression of antisense rna in clostridium difficile. | a method was developed to use the conjugative transposon tn916 as a vector for introducing recombinant dna into clostridium difficile. this was used to introduce antisense rna for the adhesin encoding gene cwp66 into c. difficile 79-685. rt-pcr demonstrated that cwp66 specific antisense rna was produced. however, there was no statistically significant difference in the protein expression or in the adherence of recombinant c. difficile strains. this may be due to the amount of transcripts of the ... | 2003 | 14607405 |
| human uterine epithelial rl95-2 cells reorganize their cytoplasmic architecture with respect to rho protein and f-actin in response to trophoblast binding. | embryo implantation is initiated by interaction of trophoblast with uterine epithelium via the apical cell poles of both partners. using spheroids of human trophoblastoid jar cells and monolayers of human uterine epithelial rl95-2 cells to simulate this initial interaction, we previously demonstrated that formation of stable cell-to-cell bonds depends on actin cytoskeleton (f-actin) and small gtpases of the rho family, most likely rhoa. in this study, we determined the apical as well as the basa ... | 2003 | 14605490 |
| frequency of binary toxin genes among clostridium difficile strains that do not produce large clostridial toxins. | pathogenic strains of clostridium difficile commonly produce two large clostridial toxins (lcts), a and b, virulence factors responsible for c. difficile disease. some strains have been reported to produce an additional toxin, a binary toxin designated cdt. binary toxin has cytotoxic effects on cells in culture, but its role in human disease is not yet defined. in this study we examined the frequency of binary toxin genes (cdtb and cdta) among c. difficile isolates that do not produce lcts (a(-) ... | 2003 | 14605169 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile colonisation and toxin production. | to examine risk factors for patients becoming clostridium difficile culture and toxin positive. | 2003 | 14600008 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis. | to determine whether unrecognized clostridium difficile infection is responsible for a substantial proportion of cases of unexplained leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital setting. | 2003 | 14599633 |
| molecular structure and evolution of the conjugative multiresistance plasmid pre25 of enterococcus faecalis isolated from a raw-fermented sausage. | plasmid pre25 from enterococcus faecalis transfers resistances against kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, tylosin, chloramphenicol, and nourseothricin sulfate by conjugation in vitro to e. faecalis jh2-2, lactococcus lactis bu2, and listeria innocua l19. its nucleotide sequence of 50237 base pairs represents the largest, fully sequenced conjugative multiresistance plasmid of enterococci (plasmid 46 (2001) 170). t ... | 2003 | 14597005 |
| clostridium difficile--not just a nosocomial infection. | 2003 | 14596234 | |
| epithelial cell polarity alters rho-gtpase responses to pseudomonas aeruginosa. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that preferentially infects damaged epithelial tissues. previous studies have failed to distinguish whether the increased susceptibility of injured epithelium results from the loss of cell polarity or increased access to the basolateral surface. we have used confluent monolayers of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells cultured on porous filter supports for 1-3 d as a model system to investigate whether the differentiation state of a pol ... | 2004 | 14595106 |
| activity of three disinfectants and acidified nitrite against clostridium difficile spores. | to identify environmentally safe, rapidly acting agents for killing spores of clostridium difficile in the hospital environment. | 2003 | 14587940 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis during antibiotic therapy]. | the use of antibiotics is commonly accompanied by diarrhea: idiopathic diarrhea with a benign process and diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile and pseudomembranous colitis. clostridium difficile colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and produces a toxin in cases when normal flora is suppressed by antibiotics. pseudomembranous colitis most frequently appears after application of clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins and other antibiotics. diagnosis is established after rectoscopi ... | 2003 | 14587259 |
| archival pcr-based diagnosis of clostridium difficile in piglets. | 2003 | 14584577 | |
| signet-ring cell change versus signet-ring cell carcinoma: a comparative analysis. | signet-ring cell change (scc) is a nonneoplastic condition that morphologically simulates signet-ring cell carcinoma (srca). the few case reports on scc have focused on morphologic characteristics in distinguishing benign from malignant. in biopsy specimens, however, scc can be easily confused with srca, which often demonstrates innocuous cytologic features. the object of this study is twofold: 1) to report 14 additional cases of scc, comparing their morphologic and phenotypic features with that ... | 2003 | 14576475 |
| in vitro activities of a new des-fluoro(6) quinolone, garenoxacin, against clinical anaerobic bacteria. | the antimicrobial activities of garenoxacin and eight other antibiotics against 641 anaerobic isolates were evaluated with the nccls agar dilution method. overall, the mics of garenoxacin for 50 and 90% of the strains tested (in micrograms per milliliter) were as follows: bacteroides fragilis group, 0.5 and 2; prevotella spp., 0.25 and 2; fusobacterium spp., 0.25 and 0.5; porphyromonas spp., 0.125 and 0.25; bilophila wadsworthia, 0.5 and 1; veillonella spp., 0.25 and 0.5; clostridium spp., 0.25 ... | 2003 | 14576144 |
| clostridium difficile pericarditis complicating pseudomembranous colitis in a trauma patient. | 2003 | 14566136 | |
| involvement of cdc42 signaling in apoa-i-induced cholesterol efflux. | cholesterol efflux, an important mechanism by which high density lipoproteins (hdl) protect against atherosclerosis, is initiated by docking of apolipoprotein a-i (apoa-i), a major hdl protein, to specific binding sites followed by activation of atp-binding cassette transporter a1 (abca1) and translocation of cholesterol from intracellular compartments to the exofacial monolayer of the plasma membrane where it is accessible to hdl. in this report, we investigated potential signal transduction pa ... | 2003 | 14563854 |
| bacterial-associated diarrhea in the dog: a critical appraisal. | the clinical documentation of enteropathogenic bacteria causing diarrhea in dogs is clouded by the presence of many of these organisms existing as normal constituents of the indigenous intestinal flora. the diagnosis of a putative bacterial enteropathogen(s) in dogs should be made based on a combination of parameters, including signalment and predisposing factors, clinical signs, serologic assays for toxins, fecal culture, and pcr. relying on results of fecal culture alone is problematic, becaus ... | 2003 | 14552160 |
| molecular cloning, overexpression in escherichia coli, and purification of 6x his-tagged c-terminal domain of clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | genomic dna from ribotype-01 and -17 clostridium difficile strains was used for amplification of the sequences encoding the carboxy-terminal domain of toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb). the deduced c-terminal tcdb ribotype-01 and -17 domains share 99.5% amino acid sequence identity while tcda ribotype-17 comprises a 607 amino acid deletion compared to tcda-01. when compared to previously sequenced c. difficile toxins, 99.3% amino acid identity was found between tcda-01 and tcda from strain vpi10643 a ... | 2003 | 14550648 |
| novel roles for the rho subfamily of gtp-binding proteins in succinate-induced insulin secretion from betatc3 cells: further evidence in support of the succinate mechanism of insulin release. | we have previously demonstrated regulatory roles for rho subfamily of g-proteins in glucose- and calcium-induced insulin secretion. herein, we examined regulation by these proteins of insulin secretion from betatc3 cells elicited by mitochondrial fuels, such as the succinic acid methyl ester (same). preincubation of these cells with clostridium difficile toxin-b (200 ng/ml), which monoglucosylates and inactivates cdc42 and rac1, markedly decreased (> 70%) same-induced insulin secretion. furtherm ... | 2003 | 14535637 |
| comparison of ap-pcr typing and pcr-ribotyping for estimation of nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile. | we recently attempted to clarify an increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in our hospital by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) typing of isolates from 147 consecutive patients collected during a 12 month period (wullt et al. j hosp infect 1999;43:265-273). in the present study we compared the results based on previous ap-pcr data with those based on recent pcr ribotyping of the same isolates and re-analysis of a subset of isolates by ap-pcr ... | 2003 | 14529637 |
| [treatment of infections associated with clostridium difficile]. | cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) associated with toxigenic c. difficile strains more frequently are described recently. in polish studies diagnosis of aad or pmc (pseudomembranous colitis) was confirmed by isolation of c. difficile strains in 52% of suspected cases. strains of c. difficile were isolated also from samples taken from hospital environment (10.5% positive samples). problem of c. difficile-associated infection is more frequently observed in poland also because of uncont ... | 2003 | 14526488 |
| identification and characterization of a fibronectin-binding protein from clostridium difficile. | a 68 kda fibronectin-binding protein (fbp68) from clostridium difficile displaying significant homology to several established or putative fbps from other bacteria was identified. the one-copy gene is highly conserved in c. difficile isolates. fbp68 was expressed in escherichia coli in fusion with glutathione s-transferase; the fusion protein and the native fbp68 were purified. immunoblot analysis and cell fractionation experiments revealed that fbp68 is present on the surface of the bacteria. f ... | 2003 | 14523111 |
| [clostridium difficile infection associated with pseudomembranous colitis in district hospitals]. | at a regional hospital serving 150,000 inhabitants, the authors were tracking the occurrence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by a nosocomial infection of the clostridium difficile, especially its most serious form--pseudomembranous colitis. six cases of the disease were found in a retrospective study in 2001, another 20 cases were diagnosed while actively searching for the disease from january till september of 2002. the patients suffered from many complications, were of an average age ... | 2003 | 14518090 |
| [comment on the article by e. zemanova et al: "clostridium difficile infection associated with pseudomembranous colitis in district hospitals]. | 2003 | 14518079 | |
| favorable impact of a multidisciplinary antibiotic management program conducted during 7 years. | to evaluate the impact of an interventional multidisciplinary antibiotic management program on expenditures for antibiotics and on the incidence of nosocomial infections caused by clostridium difficile and antibiotic-resistant pathogens during 7 years. | 2003 | 14510254 |
| [present state and disadvantage of rapid diagnosis method in clinical microbiology--analysis of questionnaire survey]. | to investigate the present state and the disadvantages of rapid diagnosis methods in clinical microbiology in japan, we have conducted a questionnaire survey of 360 medical facilities accredited by the japanese association for rapid method and automation in microbiology (jarmam). major rapid diagnosis methods being used in clinical microbiology are, in the order of its use rate, influenza virus, adenovirus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, clostridium difficile toxin a, rotavirus, hepatitis b virus, ... | 2003 | 14509945 |
| pseudomembranous collagenous colitis. | the classic clinical and histologic features of collagenous colitis are well characterized; however, the acute or neutrophilic inflammatory changes that may accompany this entity are less well established. in this report of 10 patients, we describe the first series of pseudomembranous collagenous colitis. because superimposed clostridium difficile infection was only demonstrated in one patient and no other causes of pseudomembranous colitis were evident in the remaining nine patients, we conclud ... | 2003 | 14508399 |
| probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile diarrhoea in humans. | probiotics are living organisms which, when ingested, have a beneficial therapeutic effect. examples are bacteria, especially lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, and the yeast saccharomyces boulardii. controlled trials indicate a benefit of both of these in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. other less effective probiotics are lactinex, enterococcus faecium and bifidobacteria. in the difficult clinical problem of recurrent clostridium difficile disease, s. boulardii as an adjunct to anti ... | 2003 | 14507587 |
| probiotics to enhance anti-infective defences in the gastrointestinal tract. | several clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic and/or prophylactic efficacy of specific probiotics against acute viral gastroenteritis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (including clostridium difficile infection). emerging evidence also suggests beneficial effects against helicobacter pylori infection. the evidence of efficacy against traveller's diarrhoea remains, however, inconclusive. the precise mechanisms by which probiotics potentiate host gastrointestinal defences and mediat ... | 2003 | 14507586 |
| evaluation of the clearview clostridium difficile toxin a test and various selective culture media in comparison with the cytotoxin assay for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is the major pathogen associated with nosocomial diarrhoea. we evaluated the performances of a commercially available toxin a enzyme immunoassay (eia; clearview c. difficile toxin a test), culture and tissue culture cytotoxin assay in the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2003 | 14506970 |
| [diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile: experience at a secondary hospital]. | our purpose was to know the incidence, clinical profile, evolution and mortality of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2003 | 14499069 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile in infections of man. | smith, louis ds. (montana state college, bozeman) and elizabeth o. king. occurrence of clostridium difficile in infections of man. j. bacteriol. 84:65-67. 1962-eight strains of clostridium difficile were isolated from cases of infection in man in seven different bacteriological laboratories. one of these was isolated from a case of gas gangrene, one from an abscess following a fractured femur, one from a blood culture from an infant, two from pleural fluid, two from peritoneal fluid, and one fro ... | 1962 | 13914327 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea after internal fixation of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. | the aim of the study presented here was to record the incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients undergoing surgery for intertrochanteric femoral fractures. between january 2000 and june 2001, a total of 239 patients who underwent surgery after sustaining an intertrochanteric femoral fracture were included in the study. seventeen patients developed clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (incidence risk, 7.1%), and six patients died after developing the co ... | 2003 | 13680392 |
| simultaneous assays for clostridium difficile and faecal lactoferrin in ulcerative colitis. | infectious agents may be one of the important factors in initiating or perpetuating ulcerative colitis. increasing evidence has accumulated regarding the role of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection in the exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. the present work was undertaken to study the implications of c. difficile toxin (cdt) and faecal lactoferrin (fl) positivity in patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis (iuc) in a north indian hospital. ninety-four faecal samples from patients o ... | 2003 | 12974208 |
| [production of recombinant fragments of the clostridium tetani neurotoxin for the development of new immune-prophylaxis preparations against tetanus]. | tetanus belongs to dangerous infection diseases, whose effective prevention can be ensured by vaccines. the acting substance of tetanus vaccines, presently in use, is a partially purified and deprived-of-lethal-action clostridium tetani neurotoxin. the construction of a subunit preparation on the basis of toxin fragments obtained through gene engineering could be a method aimed at promoting the quality of the used tetanus vaccines. with this goal in mind, we built, within the present case study, ... | 2003 | 12966924 |
| [evaluation of the effect of medicines on biological properties of clostridium difficile]. | the presence of the persistence factors (anti-lysozyme and anti-complement activity) in the vegetative forms of c. difficile was experimentally proved. the effect of different medicines (vitamins b1, b6 and c, prebiotic inulin, probiotics bifidumbacterin and enterol) on the persistence factors of c. difficile and microbial resistance to vancomycin, thienam, lincomycin, clindamycin was evaluated. the anti-lysozyme and anti-complement activity of c. difficile was found to decrease under the influe ... | 2003 | 12966888 |
| [effect of a polyoxydonium immunoregulator on the biological properties of microorganisms]. | the effect of the synthetic immunomodulator polyoxydonium (po) on some biological properties of pathogenic bacteria (shigella flexneri, salmonella enteritidis), opportunistic bacteria (klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, bacteroides fragilis, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, prevotella melaninogenica, propionibacterium propionicum, clostridium difficile) and fungi (candida albicans), isolated during enteric infections, enteric dysbiosis, pyoinfla ... | 2003 | 12966885 |
| mastoparan-induced insulin secretion from insulin-secreting betatc3 and ins-1 cells: evidence for its regulation by rho subfamily of g proteins. | mastoparan, a tetradecapeptide from wasp venom, stimulates insulin secretion from the islet beta-cells, presumably via activation of trimeric g proteins. herein, we used clostridial toxins, which selectively modify and inactivate the rho subfamily of g proteins, to examine whether mastoparan-induced insulin secretion also involves activation of these signaling proteins. mastoparan, but not mastoparan 17 (an inactive analog of mastoparan), significantly stimulated insulin secretion from betatc3 a ... | 2003 | 12960065 |
| recent emergence of an epidemic clindamycin-resistant clone of clostridium difficile among polish patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | analysis of both the antibiotic resistance and the virulence characteristics of anaerobic human microbial pathogens is important in order to improve our understanding of a number of clinically significant infectious diseases, including clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). we determined the presence of the clindamycin resistance-associated gene ermb and the ribotype of 33 c. difficile strains isolated from polish patients suffering from cdad. while all strains produced cytotoxin b (t ... | 2003 | 12958245 |
| epidemiology and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile strains from patients with diarrhea: low disease incidence and evidence of limited cross-infection in a swedish teaching hospital. | we prospectively studied the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a 900-bed hospital over the course of 12 months by pcr-ribotyping of c. difficile isolates. a total of 304 cases were diagnosed, corresponding to an overall incidence of 7/1,000 admissions, with higher rates in nephrology, hematology, and organ transplantation wards (37, 30, and 21/1,000), and 72% were classified as hospital associated (onset in hospital or onset at home but after a hospital stay wit ... | 2003 | 12958221 |
| lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed to analyse the ability of lactobacillus plantarum 299v to prevent further recurrent episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (rcdad). recurrence of clinical symptoms (main outcome) was seen in 4 of 11 patients who received metronidazole in combination with l. plantarum 299v and in 6 of 9 treated with metronidazole in combination with placebo. the lactobacilli treatment had no side-effects. although the small sample size does no ... | 2003 | 12953945 |
| modulation of the expression of connective tissue growth factor by alterations of the cytoskeleton. | modulation of the cytoskeletal architecture was shown to regulate the expression of ctgf (connective tissue growth factor, ccn2). the microtubule disrupting agents nocodazole and colchicine strongly up-regulated ctgf expression, which was prevented upon stabilization of the microtubules by paclitaxel. as a consequence of microtubule disruption, rhoa was activated and the actin stress fibers were stabilized. both effects were related to ctgf induction. overexpression of constitutively active rhoa ... | 2003 | 12951326 |
| construction of a fusion protein carrying antigenic determinants of enteric clostridial toxins. | clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens type a are infectious agents of enteric diseases. the main virulence factors of these microorganisms include toxins a and b of c. difficile (toxa and toxb) and enterotoxin of c. perfringens (cpe). in this study genetic constructions have been created for the expression of toxa, toxb and cpe fragments either as individual components or as a hybrid multidomain (toxa-toxb-cpe) protein. rabbit monospecific sera raised against individual peptides reac ... | 2003 | 12951260 |
| cellular uptake of clostridium difficile toxin b. translocation of the n-terminal catalytic domain into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. | clostridium difficile toxin b (269 kda) is one of the causative agents of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. toxin b acts in the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells where it inactivates rho gtpases by monoglucosylation. the catalytic domain of toxin b is located at the n terminus (amino acid residues 1-546). the c-terminal and the middle region of the toxin seem to be involved in receptor binding and translocation. here we studied whether the full-length toxin or only a ... | 2003 | 12941936 |
| high frequency of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile in a hospital in japan and risk factors for infection. | patients hospitalized in a hospital with a high incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a-/b+) clostridium difficile were retrospectively investigated to determine the clinical manifestations and risk factors for infection. of 77 clostridium difficile isolates obtained from 77 patients during the 1-year investigation period, 30 were a-/b+ and 47 were toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive (a+/b+). by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, 23 of the ... | 2003 | 12938013 |
| prevalence of clostridium spp. and clostridium difficile in children with acute diarrhea in são paulo city, brazil. | species of clostridium are widely distributed in the environment, inhabiting both human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. clostridium difficile is an important pathogen associated with outbreaks of pseudomembranous colitis and other intestinal disorders, such as diarrhea. in this study, the prevalence of clostridium spp. and c. difficile, from hospitalized children with acute diarrhea, was examined. these children were admitted to 3 different hospitals for over 12 months. eighteen (20%) and 19 ... | 2003 | 12937752 |
| pseudomembranous colitis with fatal outcome in a 43-year-old man. | pseudomembranous colitis is a life-threatening complication of broad spectrum antibiotic therapy caused by clostridium difficile. untreated, the disease can lead to severe and in many cases fatal complications such as peritonitis due to colonic wall perforation, shock as a consequence of volume depletion, toxic megacolon and massive lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. fatal complications mostly occur in elderly people with a high degree of comorbidity. we report the case of a 43-year-old patient ... | 2002 | 12935660 |
| regulation of parathyroid hormone-stimulated phospholipase d in umr-106 cells by calcium, map kinase, and small g proteins. | signaling intermediates for pth and phorbol activation of pld in umr-106 cells were determined. calcium was required, and the effects of pth, phorbol, and calcium were dependent on p42/44 map kinase and small g proteins, specifically rhoa, acting through rho kinase. | 2003 | 12929934 |
| inhibition of rho family gtpases results in increased tnf-alpha production after lipopolysaccharide exposure. | these studies demonstrate that treatment of macrophages with lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug that blocks farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of target proteins, increases lps-induced tnf-alpha production. this is reversed by the addition of mevalonate, which bypasses the lovastatin block. examination of membrane localization of rhoa, cdc42, rac1, and ras demonstrated decreased membrane localization of the geranylgeranylated rho family members (rhoa, cdc42, and rac1) with no change in t ... | 2003 | 12928415 |
| association of common variable immunodeficiency with atypical collagenous colitis. | collagenous colitis is a condition characterized by chronic, watery diarrhoea, which is diagnosed histologically as most cases reveal a normal colonoscopic appearance. the aetiology is poorly understood, but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or infections may act as triggers for an immune-mediated process. in this report, an unusual case of collagenous colitis associated with pseudomembrane formation is described. stool assay was negative for clostridium difficile cytotoxin b. there are only ... | 2003 | 12923382 |
| involvement of rho family g protein in the cell signaling for sperm incorporation during fertilization of mouse eggs: inhibition by clostridium difficile toxin b. | sperm-egg interaction was investigated in mouse eggs freed from the zona pellucida and injected with clostridium difficile toxin b, the inhibitor of rho family small g proteins. toxin b reduced in a dose-dependent manner the percentage of eggs associated with sperm fusion on the surface or sperm nucleus decondensation in the ooplasm, examined by injection of a dna-staining dye into the egg and transfer of the dye to the fused sperm head after recording intracellular ca(2+) responses for 100 min ... | 2003 | 12921750 |
| antimicrobial activity of smap-29 against the bacteroides fragilis group and clostridia. | the cathelicidin-derived peptide smap-29 exerts rapid and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against aerobic bacteria and fungi. in this study, the effects of the peptide against the bacteroides fragilis group, including antibiotic-resistant isolates, clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile reference and clinical isolates, were investigated. | 2003 | 12917245 |
| detection of clostridium difficile cytotoxin and clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in cases of diarrhoea in the community. | faecal specimens from 843 cases of diarrhoea in the community were tested for the presence of clostridium difficile cytotoxin and clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. c. difficile cytotoxin was detected in faecal specimens from 0.6 % of cases aged at least 2 years by using a vero cell assay. factors associated with detection of c. difficile cytotoxin were antibiotic therapy, age over 60 years and living in a home with other elderly people. three methods were used for the detection of c. perfring ... | 2003 | 12909650 |
| [detection of ermb gene responsible for high level resistance to clindamycin (mls type resistance) among clostridium difficile strains isolated from antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad)]. | in 68 c. difficile strains isolated from feacal samples of patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aad) investigated presence of ermb gene transferable of high level resistance to clindamycin. the primers set 2980/2981 used for identification of ermb gene amplified a 688 bp segment. we used the etest to assess all strains for susceptibility to clindamycin. this study demonstrates that 57% of strains isolated from faecal samples of patients with aad were highly resistant to clindamycin (mi ... | 2003 | 12908416 |
| [comparison of ap-pcr methods, ribotyping (pcr-ribotyping) and pulsed-field electrophoresis (pfge) for strains of clostridium difficile producing toxin b and not producing toxin a]. | in this study were used ap-pcr, pcr-ribotyping and pulsed-field elecrophoresis (pfge) for comparative study of toxin a-negative/toxin b-posi-tive clostridium difficile strains with deletion in toxin a gen. we investigated nine unrelated clinical strains, isolated from different units and different time from patients suffering to antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad). we found that toxin a-negative/toxin b-positive c. difficile strains isolated in poland belonging to a single genotype a, are being ... | 2003 | 12908415 |
| gastrointestinal side effects of drugs. | drugs can have adverse effects on any part of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract from mouth to colon. it is essential that a detailed and accurate drug history is taken in patients presenting with gi complaints. many drug-induced effects will regress or heal on cessation of treatment. nsaids are usually associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers but are also recognised to cause lichen planus in the mouth, oesophageal inflammation and strictures, and small bowel and colonic ulcers and strictures. a ... | 2003 | 12904098 |
| reducing delays in the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | the diagnosis of clostridium difficile diarrhoea is often delayed. | 2003 | 12897343 |
| expression of recombinant clostridium difficile toxin a using the bacillus megaterium system. | pathogenic clostridium difficile produces two major protein toxins, toxin a and toxin b. we used the bacillus megaterium expression system for expression of recombinant toxin a. the construct for the toxin a gene was obtained by the following cloning strategy: the gene for toxin a was generated in three parts, each of them ligated into a cloning vector. the three parts were sequentially fused to the complete gene. the holotoxin gene was ligated into the expression vector pwh1520. this vector was ... | 2003 | 12893263 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b is an inflammatory enterotoxin in human intestine. | clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, diseases afflicting millions of people each year. although c. difficile releases 2 structurally similar exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, animal experiments suggest that only toxin a mediates diarrhea and enterocolitis. however, toxin a-negative/toxin b-positive strains of c. difficile recently were isolated from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, indicating that toxin b also may be pat ... | 2003 | 12891543 |
| clostridium difficile, vancomycin, and enterococcus. | 1995 | 12879532 | |
| [diarrhea during enteral feeding]. | prevalence: diarrhea occurs in 2 to 70% of tube-fed patients, depending on their disease (with an increased risk in critically ill patients) and on the definition of diarrhea used. consequences: diarrhea increases morbidity, particularly since the nutritional goals are harder to reach. causes: relevant causes today are related to the nutrition (irregular and too high output, jejunal site, low sodium and fiber contents), to the patient (malnutrition, stress, underlying diseases), and predominantl ... | 2003 | 12876540 |
| clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility. | clostridium difficile has been associated with acute colitis in mature horses. | 2003 | 12875324 |
| clinical correlation of toxin and common antigen enzyme immunoassay testing in patients with clostridium difficile disease. | the aim of the present study was to assess the correlation of triage micro clostridium difficile panel and toxin b cytotoxicity assay with the clinical diagnosis of c. difficile diarrhea. | 2003 | 12873579 |
| collagenous colitis associated with clostridium difficile: a cause effect? | 2003 | 12870798 | |
| [high incidence and complications of clostridium difficile diarrhea among patients with renal diseases]. | clostridium difficile is the main agent causing antimicrobial associated nosocomial diarrhea. chronic renal failure is a risk factor for this type of diarrhea. | 2003 | 12870234 |
| failure of intravenous linezolid to treat clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | 2003 | 12868561 | |
| prevalent pcr ribotypes of clinical and environmental strains of clostridium difficile isolated from intensive-therapy unit patients in kuwait. | ninety-five isolates of clostridium difficile from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and 18 from their environment in the intensive-therapy units (itus) of four teaching hospitals in kuwait were typed by pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions (pcr ribotyping). a total of 32 different ribotypes was detected among the clinical isolates. the predominant ribotypes from the clinical isolates were types 097 and 078, which accounted for approximately 40 % of all isolates in the itus in ... | 2003 | 12867566 |
| transcription and analysis of polymorphism in a cluster of genes encoding surface-associated proteins of clostridium difficile. | recent investigations of the clostridium difficile genome have revealed the presence of a cluster of 17 genes, 11 of which encode proteins with similar two-domain structures, likely to be surface-anchored proteins. two of these genes have been proven to encode proteins involved in cell adherence: slpa encodes the precursor of the two proteins of the s-layer, p36 and p47, whereas cwp66 encodes the cwp66 adhesin. to gain further insight into the function of this cluster, we further focused on slpa ... | 2003 | 12867455 |
| comparative study on apoptosis induction of smmc7721 and vero cells by clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile is recognized as a frequent cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea. this study was designed to investigate whether clostridium difficile toxin a might induce apoptosis on human hepatoma cell line smmc7721 and african green monkey kidney vero cells. | 2003 | 12866963 |
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its treament has depressed immunocompetence. | 2003 | 12866612 | |
| proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is the main infectious cause of colitis in hospital inpatients. the incidence is increasing, and it is associated with significant mortality, morbidity, and increased length of stay. the main risk factor is use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and antibiotic restriction is the most effective control measure. we carried out a retrospective case-control study to investigate whether use of proton pump inhibitors (ppi) was an additional risk factor. ppi use within the preceding e ... | 2003 | 12855243 |
| clostridium difficile infections related to antibiotic use and infection control facilities in two university hospitals. | we investigated whether a reduction in antibiotic use at the aker university hospital (aker) led to a reduction in clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). we compared the incidence of cdad in aker and tromsoe university hospitals (tromsoe) and related it to antibiotic use and facilities for infection control between 1993-2001. for this purpose we also performed point prevalence studies. total antibiotic use was the same in the two hospitals. in spite of a reduction in the use of broad ... | 2003 | 12855235 |
| recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibodies directed against clostridium difficile toxin b produced by use of an optimized phage display system. | recombinant antibody cloning and phage display technologies were used to produce single-chain antibodies (scfv) against clostridium difficile toxin b. the starting material was the mouse b cell hybridoma line 5a8, which generates a monoclonal antibody against the toxin. the integrated cloning, screening, and phage display system of krebber et al. (j. immunol. methods 201:35-55, 1997) allowed us to rapidly obtain toxin b-binding scfv sequences derived from the hybridoma cell line. the best candid ... | 2003 | 12853390 |
| a comparison of two feeding methods in the alleviation of diarrhoea in older tube-fed patients: a randomised controlled trial. | to compare the effect of two feeding methods on older tube-fed patients suffering from diarrhoea. | 2003 | 12851181 |
| a parent as a vector of salmonella brandenburg nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. | a newborn baby was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) of st germain en laye hospital (france) because of premature birth. on day 12, he contracted gastroenteritis due to salmonella brandenbourg. the salmonellosis led to a septic shock syndrome with a brief cardiopulmonary arrest. he was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and gentamicin, and the evolution was favorable. microbiological investigations revealed that the mother was the vector for this nosocomial infection. s. bran ... | 2003 | 12848735 |
| antecedent use of fluoroquinolones is associated with resistance to moxifloxacin in clostridium difficile. | moxifloxacin is characterized by high activity against gram-positive cocci and some gram-positive and -negative anaerobes, including clostridium difficile. this study investigates the role of prior quinolone use in relation to patterns of susceptibility of c. difficile to moxifloxacin. | 2003 | 12848728 |
| mechanism of quinolone resistance in anaerobic bacteria. | several recently developed quinolones have excellent activity against a broad range of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and are thus potential drugs for the treatment of serious anaerobic and mixed infections. resistance to quinolones is increasing worldwide, but is still relatively infrequent among anaerobes. two main mechanisms, alteration of target enzymes (gyrase and topoisomerase iv) caused by chromosomal mutations in encoding genes, or reduced intracellular accumulation due to increased effl ... | 2003 | 12848726 |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile strains isolated from 18 cases of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) occurs in 15 to 20% of patients after discontinuation of treatment. arbitrarily primed pcr was used to investigate the epidemiology of recurrent cdad in 18 patients. reinfection with a new strain occurred in 6 of 18 patients (33.3%), while 12 patients relapsed with the original strain shortly after discontinuation of treatment. these data suggest that reinfection with exogenous c. difficile is a common problem and that not all recurr ... | 2003 | 12843107 |
| clinical role of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. | the use of beta-lactamase inhibitors in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics is currently the most successful strategy to combat a specific resistance mechanism. their broad spectrum of activity originates from the ability of respective inhibitors to inactivate a wide range of beta-lactamases produced by gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic and even acid-fast pathogens. clinical experience confirms their effectiveness in the empirical treatment of respiratory, intra-abdominal, and skin an ... | 2003 | 12834367 |
| recurrent extraintestinal clostridium difficile infection. | 2003 | 12829209 | |
| gastroenteritis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of emergency and office visits. this article reviews causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. the incidence of antibiotic-associated colitis is increasing worldwide as a consequence of widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for various illnesses. the pathogenic organism, clostridium difficile, produces two enterotoxins, toxin a and toxin b, that cause colonic mucosal inflammation. c. difficile infection presents with a wide range o ... | 2003 | 12825250 |
| involvement of enteric nerves in permeability changes due to deoxycholic acid in rat jejunum in vivo. | stress and clostridium difficile toxin a increase epithelial permeability in the small intestine via vagus and visceral afferents, in turn activating mucosal mast cells. bile acids also increase epithelial permeability but it is not known if nerves or mast cells are involved in this effect in the small intestine. | 2003 | 12823182 |
| in vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria. | by using an agar dilution method, the in vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, and five other agents were determined against 300 gram-positive and 54 gram-negative strains of intestinal anaerobes. ramoplanin was active at <or=2 microg/ml against 287 of 300 (95.7%) gram-positive organisms, including 18 strains of clostridium difficile for which mics of ramoplanin were 0.25 to 0.5 microg/ml; for 3 of these, linezolid mics were 8 to 16 micro g/ml. nineteen clostridium ... | 2003 | 12821492 |
| comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of clostridium difficile infection. | to determine how best to decontaminate the hospital environment of clostridium difficile, we carried out a cross-over study on two elderly medicine wards to determine whether cleaning with a hypochlorite disinfectant was better than using neutral detergent in reducing the incidence of c. difficile infection (cdi). we examined 1128 environmental samples in two years, 35% of which grew c. difficile. there was a significant decrease of cdi incidence on ward x, from 8.9 to 5.3 cases per 100 admissio ... | 2003 | 12818583 |
| impact of changes in antibiotic policy on clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) over a five-year period in a district general hospital. | the impact of changes in antibiotic policy on clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), over a five-year period between 1995 and 2000, were studied in the preston acute hospitals trust. in 1996 the policy was changed in the preston acute hospitals trust from cefotaxime to ceftriaxone for initial treatment of severe sepsis or pneumonia in medical patients. over the next nine months the average number of patients with c. difficile toxin-positive stools per quarter increased from 16 to 39. ... | 2003 | 12818582 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in older adults in long-term facilities and the community: do their outcomes differ? | to determine if older adults from long-term care facilities (ltcf) have a greater risk of death than older people in the community after the development of clostridium difficile (cd) colitis during hospitalization. | 2000 | 12818032 |
| prevalence of asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization in a nursing home population: a cross-sectional study. | we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic clostridium difficile in a nursing home population. | 2003 | 12813999 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: predictors of severity in patients presenting to the emergency department. | experiences with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) were reviewed to determine predictors of severity in patients presenting from the community. | 2003 | 12813602 |
| treatment of ulcerative colitis using fecal bacteriotherapy. | although the etiology of idiopathic ulcerative colitis (uc) remains poorly understood, the intestinal flora is suspected to play an important role. specific, consistent abnormalities in flora composition peculiar to uc have not yet been described, however clostridium difficile colitis has been cured by the infusion of human fecal flora into the colon. this approach may also be applicable to the treatment of uc on the basis of restoration of flora imbalances. | 2003 | 12811208 |
| clostridium difficile in a geriatric unit: a prospective epidemiological study employing a novel s-layer typing method. | clostridium difficile is the major identifiable cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in the uk. the aim of this study was to employ traditional culture, toxin detection and a novel typing method to determine the level of c. difficile colonization and disease in a population of elderly patients and to investigate the association between strains in the patients and their environment. three hundred and ninety patients between 62 and 101 years of age admitted to a geriatric unit in the royal vic ... | 2003 | 12808079 |
| non-antibiotic therapies for infectious diseases. | the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant organisms in the general community is a potentially serious threat to public health. the emergence of antibiotic resistance has not yet prompted a radical revision of antibiotic utilisation. instead it has prompted the development of additional antibiotics. unfortunately, this does not relieve the underlying selection pressure that drives the development of resistance. a paradigm shift in the treatment of infectious disease is necessary to prevent a ... | 2003 | 12807291 |
| restriction of third generation cephalosporin use reduces the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. | third generation cephalosporin antibiotics (3gc) have become the antibiotics of choice in many hospitals in recent years for the treatment of infections such as community-acquired pneumonia. however, increased use of 3gcs has also been associated with a rise in the occurrence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile, as well as an increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistant organisms such as methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin resistant entrococc ... | 2003 | 12807270 |
| the host cell chaperone hsp90 is essential for translocation of the binary clostridium botulinum c2 toxin into the cytosol. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin is the prototype of the binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins and consists of the binding component c2ii and the enzyme component c2i. the activated binding component c2iia forms heptamers, which bind to carbohydrates on the cell surface and interact with the enzyme component c2i. this toxin complex is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. in acidic endosomes, heptameric c2iia forms pores and mediates the translocation of c2i into the cytosol. we report that th ... | 2003 | 12805360 |
| infectious complications in patients receiving mobilization chemotherapy for autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection. | the purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate infectious complications in patients receiving mobilization chemotherapy for stem cell collection prior to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. an additional goal was to evaluate risk factors associated with the development of infectious complications. at the medical college of georgia bmt center, 54 patients were administered mobilization chemotherapy for the purpose of collecting stem cells between june, 1997, and may, 2 ... | 2003 | 12804174 |
| toxin b of clostridium difficile activates human vip submucosal neurons, in part via an il-1beta-dependent pathway. | this study investigated whether toxin b of clostridium difficile can activate human submucosal neurons and the involved pathways. isolated segments of human colon were placed in organ culture for 3 h in the presence of toxin b or il-1beta. whole mounts of internal submucosal plexus were stained with antibodies against c-fos, neuron-specific enolase (nse), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip), and substance p (sp). the membrane potential (vm) response of submucosal neurons to local application ... | 2003 | 12801886 |
| [gene-engineering approach for the production of a and b toxin fragments for diagnostic and immunotherapeutic use in clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficle is a causative agent of severe and difficult-to-diagnose human infections. toxins a and b, which modify the ras-like proteins of eukaryotic cells, are the major factor in the pathogenicity of the discussed causative agent. these very toxins are considered as the key components of the developed diagnostic and therapeutic-and-preventive preparations. the c-terminal fragments of toxins a and b as well as hybrid products, consisting of fragments of both toxins, were cloned, with ... | 2003 | 12800770 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a pediatric hospital. | this retrospective cohort analysis examined the risk factors, symptoms, and severity of disease associated with c. difficile in pediatric inpatients. risk factors for a c. difficile-positive test were an oncologic diagnosis, diarrhea of more than 2 days' duration, and gastrointestinal symptoms, especially abdominal pain. over a 3.5-year period, there was a total of 22 c. difficile-positive patients, and most had mild, self-limiting diarrheal illness. no cases of c. difficile diarrhea were identi ... | 2003 | 12800729 |
| rho protein-mediated changes in the structure of the actin cytoskeleton regulate human inducible no synthase gene expression. | rho proteins (rho, rac, cdc 42) are known to control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton as well as gene expression. inhibition of rho proteins by clostridium difficile toxin b disrupted the f-actin cytoskeleton and enhanced cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression in human epithelial cells. also specific inhibition by y-27632 of p160rock, which mediates rho effects on actin fibers, caused a disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and a superinduction of cytokine-in ... | 2003 | 12799187 |
| rho protein inhibition blocks cyclooxygenase-2 expression by proinflammatory mediators in endothelial cells. | rho proteins participate in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells. we made use of clostridium difficile toxin b-10643 (tcdb-10463) which inhibites rhoa/rac1/cdc42 to analyze their role in expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) in endothelial cells (ec). pretreatment of ec with tcdb-10643 prevented lipopolysaccharide (lps)-or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha)-related cox-2 expression but had no effect on cox-1 protein levels. tcdb-10463 preincubat ... | 2003 | 12797548 |