Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of c. difficile diarrhoea. | colonic infection with clostridium difficile, leading to pseudomembranous colitis, is a common complication of antibiotic therapy, especially in elderly patients. it has been suggested that non-pathogenic probiotic bacteria might prevent the development and recurrence of c. difficile infection. this double-blind, placebo-controlled study examines the role of probiotic administration in the prevention of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in elderly patients receiving antibiotic therapy. co ... | 2004 | 15179608 |
| [a nosocomial outbreak of diarrhea caused by toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile in a cancer center hospital]. | between february and july 2001, 15 patients were diagnosed as clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a ward of hematological neoplasm and lung cancer in a cancer center hospital. of these 15 patients, 10 had malignant lymphoma, and 12 and 11 had exposure to antimicrobial agents and cancer chemotherapy, respectively, before the onset of diarrhea. toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive (a+ b+) c. difficile was recovered from five patients and the remaining 10 patients suffered from diarrhea caus ... | 2004 | 15176235 |
| long-term surveillance of cefotaxime and piperacillin-tazobactam prescribing and incidence of clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | we followed the effects of changes to a new antibiotic policy favouring a ureidopenicillin as opposed to a third-generation cephalosporin on the long-term incidence of clostridium difficile diarrhoea (cdd) and antibiotic utilization in a large elderly medicine unit. | 2004 | 15163654 |
| a double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | few treatment options are currently available to treat patients suffering from an initial episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). | 2004 | 15163651 |
| competitive inhibition of adherence of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, enteropathogenic escherichia coli and clostridium difficile to intestinal epithelial cell line lovo by purified adhesin of bifidobacterium adolescentis 1027. | to observe competitive inhibition of adherence of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and clostridium difficile (c. difficile) to intestinal epithelial cell line lovo by purified adhesin of bifidobacterium adolescentis 1027 (b. ado 1027). | 2004 | 15162538 |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) requirement in clostridium difficile toxin a-mediated intestinal inflammation. | clostridium difficile, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated colitis, mediates inflammatory diarrhea by releasing toxin a, a potent 308-kda enterotoxin. toxin a-induced inflammatory diarrhea involves many steps, including mucosal release of substance p (sp) corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and neutrophil transmigration. here we demonstrate that, compared with wild type, mice genetically deficient in crh (crh(-/-)) have dramatically reduced ileal fluid secretion, epithelial cell damag ... | 2004 | 15159534 |
| in vitro activity of opt-80 against clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile remains the major cause of nosocomial diarrhea. reports on impaired susceptibility of c. difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin and frequent relapses of patients after therapy necessitate the search for new substances. with this study, the activity of opt-80, a new macrocycle, against 207 c. difficile strains and against other obligately anaerobic bacteria was tested. opt-80 showed high in vitro activity against all c. difficile strains tested. | 2004 | 15155234 |
| in vitro activities of the new semisynthetic glycopeptide telavancin (td-6424), vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and four comparator agents against anaerobic gram-positive species and corynebacterium spp. | telavancin is a new semisynthetic glycopeptide anti-infective with multiple mechanisms of action, including inhibition of bacterial membrane phospholipid synthesis and inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. we determined the in vitro activities of telavancin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ampicillin against 268 clinical isolates of anaerobic gram-positive organisms and 31 corynebacterium strains using agar dilution meth ... | 2004 | 15155214 |
| efficacy of oral ramoplanin for inhibition of intestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci in mice. | ramoplanin is a glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic with activity against gram-positive bacteria that is in clinical trials for prevention of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) bloodstream infections and treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhea. orally administered ramoplanin suppresses vre intestinal colonization, but recurrences after discontinuation of treatment have frequently been observed. we used a mouse model to examine the efficacy of ramoplanin for inhibition of vre colonization a ... | 2004 | 15155213 |
| subunit composition of the glycyl radical enzyme p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase. a small subunit, hpdc, is essential for catalytic activity. | p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase from clostridium difficile catalyses the decarboxylation of p-hydroxyphenylacetate to yield the cytotoxic compound p-cresol. the three genes encoding two subunits of the glycyl-radical enzyme and the activating enzyme have been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant enzymes were used to reconstitute a catalytically functional system in vitro. in contrast with the decarboxylase purified from c. difficile, which was an almost inactive homo-di ... | 2004 | 15153112 |
| inhibition of clostridium difficile strains by intestinal lactobacillus species. | indigenous intestinal microflora (including lactobacilli) has an important role in protection against clostridium difficile infection. to assess in vitro interaction between lactobacilli and c. difficile, antagonistic activity of 50 intestinal lactobacillus spp. strains against 23 pathogenic c. difficile strains was determined. phenotypic properties of c. difficile strains [production of short-chain fatty acids (scfas) and toxin a, and antimicrobial susceptibility] and lactobacilli (production o ... | 2004 | 15150337 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | with the introduction of broad-spectrum antibiotics into clinical practice, clostridium difficile infection has become the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. although mild cases may resolve by discontinuing antibiotics, thus allowing re-establishment of colonic microflora, oral metronidazole or vancomycin is indicated if the process is more severe. metronidazole may be given intravenously, with intracolonic therapeutic levels achieved by excretion of drug into bil ... | 2004 | 15149585 |
| cytosol-derived proteins are sufficient for arp2/3 recruitment and arf/coatomer-dependent actin polymerization on golgi membranes. | the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in protein trafficking at the golgi apparatus and in golgi orientation and morphology. actin dynamics at the golgi are regulated in part by recruiting cdc42 or rac to the membrane through a binding interaction with the coatomer-coated (copi)-vesicle coat protein, coatomer. this leads to actin polymerization through the effector, n-wasp and the arp2/3 complex. here, we have used reconstitution of vesicle budding to test whether arp2/3 is recruited to mem ... | 2004 | 15147909 |
| differential effects of varying concentrations of clostridium difficile toxin a on epithelial barrier function and expression of cytokines. | presentation after clostridium difficile infection may depend on the level of epithelial exposure to toxins. we investigated epithelial barrier function and expression of interleukin (il)-8 and transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta in response to varying concentrations of c. difficile toxin a. | 2004 | 15143480 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of equine and environmental isolates of clostridium difficile. | the antimicrobial susceptibility of 50 clostridium difficile isolates, 36 of them from horse feces and 14 from environmental sites, was determined by broth microdilution. the antimicrobial agents tested were avilamycin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, oxacillin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, spiramycin, streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, and virginiamycin. all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (mic </=1 microg/ml). the mic ... | 2004 | 15140395 |
| microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. | drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. gastrointestinal disease outcomes are also more severe, due to under-nutrition and lack of intervention strategies in these regions. poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide (3.1% of all deaths and 3.7% of all daly's), mainly through infectious diarrhoea. nine out of 10 such deat ... | 2004 | 15138046 |
| attenuation regulation of amino acid biosynthetic operons in proteobacteria: comparative genomics analysis. | candidate attenuators were identified that regulate operons responsible for biosynthesis of branched amino acids, histidine, threonine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine in gamma- and alpha-proteobacteria, and in some cases in low-gc gram-positive bacteria, thermotogales and bacteroidetes/chlorobi. this allowed us not only to describe the evolutionary dynamics of regulation by attenuation of transcription, but also to annotate a number of hypothetical genes. in particular, orthologs of ygea of esche ... | 2004 | 15135544 |
| getting "c diff" under control. | 2004 | 15132050 | |
| prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase) from clostridium difficile. | in addition to the two large clostridial cytotoxins (tcda and tcdb), some strains of clostridium difficile also produce an actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase, called binary toxin cdt. we used a pcr method and southern blotting for the detection of genes encoding the enzymatic (cdta) and binding (cdtb) components of the binary toxin in 369 strains isolated from patients with suspected c. difficile-associated diarrhea or colitis. twenty-two strains (a prevalence of 6%) harbored both genes. when ... | 2004 | 15131151 |
| national clostridium difficile standards group: report to the department of health. | 2004 | 15129935 | |
| minimizing the threat of c. difficile. | learn the signs and symptoms of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), outline infection control measures to help stop its spread and review treatment regimens. | 2000 | 15127529 |
| "collateral damage" from cephalosporin or quinolone antibiotic therapy. | "collateral damage" is a term used to refer to ecological adverse effects of antibiotic therapy; namely, the selection of drug-resistant organisms and the unwanted development of colonization or infection with multidrug-resistant organisms. the risk of such damage can be assessed for different antibiotic classes by a variety of epidemiologic studies. cephalosporin use has been linked to subsequent infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing klebsie ... | 2004 | 15127367 |
| phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates adipocyte actin dynamics and glut4 vesicle recycling. | to investigate the potential role of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (pi(4,5)p2) in the regulation of actin polymerization and glut4 translocation, the type i phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (pip5ks) were expressed in 3t3l1 adipocytes. in preadipocytes (fibroblasts) pip5k expression promoted actin polymerization on membrane-bound vesicles to form motile actin comets. in contrast, expression of pip5k in differentiated 3t3l1 adipocytes resulted in the formation of enlarged vacuol ... | 2004 | 15123724 |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. mucosal immune responses. | the host gastrointestinal tract is exposed to countless numbers of foreign antigens and has embedded a unique and complex network of immunological and non-immunological mechanisms, often termed the gastrointestinal 'mucosal barrier', to protect the host from potentially harmful pathogens while at the same time 'tolerating' other resident microbes to allow absorption and utilization of nutrients. of the many important roles of this barrier, it is the distinct responsibility of the mucosal immune ... | 2004 | 15123077 |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) are directly or indirectly due to the alteration of gut microflora by antibiotics. 'functional' diarrhoea, usually limited to a mild and brief change in stool frequency, is considered as the most frequent pattern of aad. reduced carbohydrate fermentation and impaired metabolism of bile acids have been claimed as the potential causes of this transient digestive discomfort but a critical analysis of the data supporting these theories is necessary ... | 2004 | 15123074 |
| secular trends in hospital-acquired clostridium difficile disease in the united states, 1987-2001. | we reviewed clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) data from the intensive care unit (icu) and hospital-wide surveillance components of the national nosocomial infections surveillance system hospitals during 1987-2001. icu cdad rates increased significantly only in hospitals with >500 beds (p<.01) and correlated with the duration of icu stay (r=0.82; p<.05). hospital-wide (non-icu) rates increased only in hospitals with <250 beds (p<.01) and in general medicine patients versus surgery p ... | 2004 | 15116293 |
| clinical manifestations and outcome of pseudomembranous colitis in an elderly population in israel. | pseudomembranous colitis is a well-recognized cause of diarrhea in patients receiving antibiotics and has significant consequences in terms of morbidity, mortality and cost. clostridium difficile infection is the single most important infectious cause of pmc. pmc is frequently nosocomial, with an increased risk of spread among institutionalized patients, both in hospitals and nursing homes. | 2004 | 15115256 |
| provision of alcohol hand rub at the hospital bedside: a case study. | a pilot study was performed on a 28-bed acute hospital ward, promoting hand disinfection by providing sterillium alcohol hand rub at the bedside. bottles of sterillium with pump dispensers were attached to the end of each patient's bed, next to the observation charts. posters promoting the use of the product were prominently displayed and several ward staff attended a presentation on the effectiveness of sterillium. although this was a small study, alert organism rates during the three-month tri ... | 2004 | 15110116 |
| leukemoid reaction due to clostridium dificile infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: two case reports and a review of the literature. | the clinical presentation of colitis associated with clostridium difficile infection in immunosuppressed patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has not been completely characterized. previous reports suggest that these patients present with low blood leukocyte counts, consistent with the impaired myelopoiesis that can occur with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. in contrast, we describe the cases of two patients with colitis associated with c difficile infection who ... | 2004 | 15108834 |
| the host cell chaperone hsp90 is necessary for cytotoxic action of the binary iota-like toxins. | the heat shock protein hsp90 is essential for uptake of the binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and clostridium difficile transferase into eukaryotic cells. inhibition of hsp90 by its specific inhibitor radicicol delayed intoxication of vero cells by these toxins. a common hsp90-dependent mechanism for their translocation is discussed. | 2004 | 15102823 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a carboxyl-terminus peptide lacking adp-ribosyltransferase activity acts as a mucosal adjuvant. | the receptor binding domains of the most potent mucosal adjuvants, bacterial toxins and plant lectins, are organized in repeat units to recognize specific sugar residues. the lectin-like structure of the c-terminal region of clostridium difficile toxin a prompted us to investigate the mucosal adjuvant properties of a nontoxigenic peptide corresponding to amino acids 2394 to 2706 (txa(c314)). we compared txa(c314) adjuvant activity to those of cholera toxin (ct) and escherichia coli heat-labile e ... | 2004 | 15102793 |
| factors associated with failure of metronidazole in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | to identify patients likely to fail metronidazole as initial treatment of c. difficile infection. | 2004 | 15100520 |
| radiology quiz case 2. cervical necrotizing fasciitis (cnf), odontogenic origin. | 2004 | 15096437 | |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients: onset in the community and hospital and role of flexible sigmoidoscopy. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) is a hospital acquired infection in which optimal methods for diagnosis and the scale of the problem in the community remain to be determined. in hospitalised patients with cdad, we aimed to (i) study patients in whom the onset of diarrhoea was in the community and (ii) investigate the role of bedside flexible sigmoidoscopy in diagnosis. | 2004 | 15082585 |
| inhibition and redistribution of nhe3, the apical na+/h+ exchanger, by clostridium difficile toxin b. | nhe3, the apical isoform of the na(+)/h(+) exchanger, is central to the absorption of salt and water across the intestinal epithelium. we report that treatment of epithelial cells with toxin b of clostridium difficile, a diarrheal pathogen, causes a pronounced inhibition of nhe3 activity, with little effect on the basolateral nhe1 isoform. depression of nhe3 activity is accompanied by the translocation of apical exchangers to a subapical endomembrane compartment. treatment of cells with toxin b ... | 2004 | 15078917 |
| descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile diarrhoea (cdd) cases treated with intravenous immunoglobulin during a 2 year period were reviewed to determine disease severity and response to treatment. | 2004 | 15073160 |
| detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning and clostridium difficile infection. | 2004 | 15066750 | |
| the rac/cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor beta1pix enhances mastoparan-activated gi-dependent pathway in mast cells. | carbachol stimulates granule exocytosis, phospholipase c (plc), and phospholipase d (pld) in rbl-2h3hm1 mast cells by a mechanism that involves galphaq. however, mastoparan stimulates the same responses through gi protein. both gi and galphaq pathways are suppressed by clostridium difficile toxin b, suggesting that rac and cdc42 small gtpases are also involved. over-expression of beta1pix, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for rac and cdc42, enhances mastoparan-but not carbachol-induced hexos ... | 2004 | 15063769 |
| index of suspicion. | 2004 | 15060182 | |
| clostridium difficile istron cdist1: discovery of a variant encoding two complete transposase-like proteins. | screening a clostridium difficile strain collection for the chimeric element cdist1, we identified two additional variants, designated cdist1-0 and cdist1-iii. in in vitro assays, we could prove the self-splicing ribozyme activity of these variants. structural comparison of all known cdist1 variants led us to define four types of istrons that we designated cdist1-0 through cdist1-iii. since cdist1-0 encodes two complete transposase-like proteins (tlpa and tlpb), we suggest that it represents the ... | 2004 | 15060058 |
| infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation: incidence, timing, and outcome. | to review the incidence, timing, and outcome of infectious enteritis after intestinal transplantation (it). | 2004 | 15050165 |
| phospholipid analogue profiles of peptostreptococcus, micromonas, and finegoldia species analysed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. | species of peptostreptococcus cause a variety of infections, primarily abscesses of soft tissues, joints, and mucous membranes. the aim of this study was to compare the phospholipid analogue profiles of peptostreptococcus species, represented by p. anaerobius, p. asaccharolyticus, p. indolicus, p. lacrimalis, and p. prevotii; micromonas micros (p. micros) and finegoldia magna (p. magnus). after anaerobic growth on blood-faa, lipids extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v) were purified, then a ... | 2001 | 15049457 |
| alpha c protein of group b streptococcus binds host cell surface glycosaminoglycan and enters cells by an actin-dependent mechanism. | group b streptococcus (gbs) colonizes mucosal surfaces of the human gastrointestinal and gynecological tracts and causes disease in a wide range of patients. invasive illness occurs after organisms traverse an epithelial boundary and enter deeper tissues. previously we have reported that the alpha c protein (acp) on the surface of gbs mediates gbs entry into me180 cervical epithelial cells and gbs translocation across layers of these cells. we now demonstrate that acp interacts with host cell gl ... | 2004 | 15044471 |
| active and passive immunization against clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive bacterium, is the major cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea and colitis in industrialized nations. c. difficile colonization results from antibiotic administration and subsequent loss of protection provided by intestinal flora. c. difficile induced-colitis is caused by the release of two exotoxins, toxin a and b. host factors including advanced age, pre-existing severe illness and weakened immune defenses predispose individuals to symptomatic inf ... | 2004 | 15040937 |
| study of faecal shedding of clostridium difficile in horses treated with penicillin. | 2004 | 15038443 | |
| gp91phox-containing nadph oxidase mediates endothelial dysfunction in renovascular hypertension. | isoforms of the nadph oxidase contribute to vascular superoxide anion (*o2-) formation and limit no bioavailability. we hypothesized that the endothelial gp91phox-containing nadph oxidase is predominant in generating the o2- to scavenge endothelial no and thus is responsible for the development of endothelial dysfunction. | 2004 | 15037533 |
| [characteristics of post antibiotic clostridium difficile and staphylococcus aureus diarrhoea]. | 2004 | 15029014 | |
| clostridium difficile-the next step in mandatory reporting. | 2004 | 15019217 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with valaciclovir. | to report a case of clostridium difficile colitis associated with valaciclovir treatment. | 2004 | 15018252 |
| klebsiella oxytoca as an agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. | klebsiella oxytoca has been isolated from stools and colonic biopsy specimens of patients with clostridium difficile-negative antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (aahc), but the pathogenic role of the germ has not been established. the purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of k. oxytoca in patients with aahc from a prospective cohort of patients with acute colitis, and to test the cytotoxicity on hep-2 cells of k. oxytoca strains from patients with aahc and healthy carriers ... | 2003 | 15017655 |
| rectal nitric oxide gas and stool cytokine levels during the course of infectious gastroenteritis. | nitric oxide (no) is known to be an important inflammatory mediator with a potential role in gastrointestinal diseases. we prospectively studied the luminal no levels in 51 patients with infectious gastroenteritis, 35 patients with nonenteric bacterial infections, and 11 healthy control subjects. the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were simultaneously measured in the stools of patients with gastroenteritis. rectal gas was sampled with balloon catheters made of silicone and was analyzed for n ... | 2004 | 15013971 |
| the large resolvase tnpx is the only transposon-encoded protein required for transposition of the tn4451/3 family of integrative mobilizable elements. | chloramphenicol resistance in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile is often encoded by catp genes located within the 6.3 kb integrative mobilizable elements tn4451 and tn4453 respectively. this family of transposons is capable of being mobilized into a recipient cell in the presence of another conjugative element. transposition is mediated by the large resolvase tnpx, which excises the element to produce a circular molecule that is the integrative intermediate. in this study, in viv ... | 2004 | 15009902 |
| performance assessment of the fecal leukocyte test for inpatients. | traditionally, fecal leukocyte testing detects large bowel inflammation or disruption, conditions that allow leukocytes into the stool. however, test usefulness with inpatients is unclear. two hundred five inpatients who had undergone one to three tests were identified, and their flt results were compared to their gastrointestinal disease diagnoses at time of discharge. a specificity of 92% for detecting intact colonic mucosae in inpatients was found. | 2004 | 15004086 |
| characterization of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and pcr ribotyping. | clinical clostridium difficile isolates of patients with diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis usually produce both toxin a and toxin b, but an increasing number of reports mention infections due to toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a(-)/b(+)) strains. thirty-nine clinical toxin a(-)/b(+) isolates, and 12 other unrelated isolates were obtained from canada, the united states, poland, the united kingdom, france, japan, and the netherlands. the isolates were investigated by high-resolution genetic ... | 2004 | 15004050 |
| images in clinical medicine. nodular clostridium difficile colitis. | 2004 | 14999125 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis in children with cystic fibrosis. | 2004 | 14992445 | |
| successful treatment with rifampin for fulminant antibiotics-associated colitis in a patient with non-hodgkin's lymphoma. | a 74-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of chemotherapy for relapsed non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl). the patient became febrile and experienced diarrhea after chemotherapy. although ceftazidime and amikacin sulfate were administered as empiric therapy, diarrhea was continued. after several days, stool cytotoxin assay for clostridium difficile (c. difficile) was positive and he was diagnosed as having antibiotics-associated colitis (aac). although antibiotics were discontinued and bo ... | 2004 | 14991957 |
| phase i and pharmacokinetic study of topotecan administered orally once daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks to pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. | we conducted a phase i trial of the injectable formulation of topotecan given orally once daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks (qd x 5 x 2) in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. | 2004 | 14990638 |
| ionizing radiation-induced e-selectin gene expression and tumor cell adhesion is inhibited by lovastatin and all-trans retinoic acid. | e-selectin mediated tumor cell adhesion plays an important role in metastasis. here we show that ionizing radiation (ir) induces e-selectin gene and protein expression in human endothelial cells at therapeutically relevant dose level. e-selectin expression is accompanied by an increase in the adhesion of human colon carcinoma cells to primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec). the hmg-coa reductase inhibitor lovastatin impairs ir-stimulated e-selectin expression as analyzed at the l ... | 2004 | 14988223 |
| clindamycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: this is an antimicrobial resistance problem. | 2004 | 14986247 | |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: association with gatifloxacin use. | to determine the cause of an increase in the rate of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a long-term care facility (ltcf), we analyzed cdad cases among ltcf patients from october 2001 through june 2002. cdad cases were identified from review of all enzyme immunoassays positive for c. difficile toxin a. the increase coincided with a formulary change from levofloxacin to gatifloxacin. we performed a case-control study in which we randomly selected control subjects from 612 ltcf adm ... | 2004 | 14986246 |
| isolated gastrointestinal histoplasmosis: case report and review of the literature. | the usual manifestation of histoplasmosis is in the form of respiratory illness. we report the case of a 67-year-old man who presented with chronic diarrhea and did not respond to the conventional treatment, including that for clostridium difficile. he was found to have isolated colonic histoplasmosis infection, which was treated with itraconazole. there was no evidence of any disseminated disease. his only immunocompromised state was end-stage renal disease, for which he was on chronic hemodial ... | 2004 | 14982268 |
| essential involvement of ifn-gamma in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. | clostridium difficile has emerged as the important causative agent of antibiotics-associated pseudomembranous colitis; especially its toxin a is presumed to be responsible for the colitis. we examined the pathophysiological roles of ifn-gamma in toxin a-induced enteritis using ifn-gamma knockout (ko) mice. when toxin a of c. difficile was injected into the ileal loops of balb/c wild-type (wt) mice, massive fluid secretion, disruption of intestinal epithelial structure, and massive neutrophil inf ... | 2004 | 14978106 |
| immunological detection and cytotoxic properties of toxins from toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile variants. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen and a causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. pcr analysis of the toxin a and b genes of this bacterium has revealed 20 variant types (toxinotypes i-xx), many of which can cause human disease. strains comprising the 15 toxin a-positive, toxin b-positive toxinotypes are not usually differentiated from non-variant strains by routine laboratories that do not utilize pcr tests. consequently, the toxins from ... | 2004 | 14970244 |
| increase in the rate of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during shortages of piperacillin-tazobactam and piperacillin. | 2004 | 14963072 | |
| coinfection with giardia lamblia and clostridium difficile after use of ranitidine. | a 49-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of vomiting and diarrhea. he reported foamy stools but no blood or melena and had crampy epigastric pain. he denied usage of antibiotics. he had been taking ranitidine for intermittent epigastric pain for the last few months and noted an 11-pound weight loss during the 3 weeks before admission. stool was positive for clostridium difficile toxin and giardia lamblia antigen. cultures and occult blood tests were negative. oral metronidazole, 500 mg ... | 2004 | 14770026 |
| role of phospholipase d1 in the regulation of mtor activity by lysophosphatidic acid. | mitogens activate protein translation through phosphorylation of p7s6 kinase (p70(s6k)) and eif4e binding protein 1 (4e-bp1) mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (pi3k). a recent report (science 294, 1942, 2001) has implicated phospholipase d (pld) in mtor signaling. we studied the role of pld in the phosphorylation of p70(s6k) and 4e-bp1 induced by lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) and platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) using fibroblasts deficient in pl ... | 2004 | 14769825 |
| clostridium difficile-associated reactive arthritis in two children. | in adults, reactive arthritis (rea) following clostridium difficile-enterocolitis has been documented. in children, only one case of c. difficile-associated rea has been reported. we now describe two other cases of rea associated with c. difficile in children. the characteristics of rea due to c. difficile appear to be similar in adults and children. both children show polyarthritis after an episode of diarrhoea with positive stool cultures for c. difficile. arthritis is asymmetrical with a self ... | 2004 | 14769523 |
| the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea. | bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ... | 2003 | 14757199 |
| cases from the osler medical service at johns hopkins university. | a 47-year-old white woman with a history of stage iii squamous cell carcinoma of the anus was transferred to johns hopkins hospital for further evaluation of renal failure, hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. the patient was first diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus 1 year before admission. she was treated with external beam radiation of the pelvis and two cycles of mitomycin c-based chemotherapy (a cumulative dose, 34 mg/m(2)). her clinical course was complicated by clostridi ... | 2004 | 14749166 |
| [sudden death of twins: botulism because of contamination by pap vegetables]. | botulism is caused by the blockage of the neural transmission in the cholinergic synapses by botulinum neurotoxin (bont) which is produced by clostridium botulinum or other clostridia. the classic form of botulism occurs after the ingestion of food contaminated by bont. the course of the infection can be asymptomatic, mild with subtle paralysis ("failure to thrive") oder severe with generalized paralysis ("floppy infant"). infected infants can also die sudden and unexpectedly. these deaths often ... | 2004 | 14747969 |
| outpatient total laparoscopic hysterectomy. | to assess the safety of and patient satisfaction with total laparoscopic hysterectomy as an outpatient procedure. | 2003 | 14738633 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the elderly]. | purpose: most of the antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) cases result from a transient disturbance in the function of the normal intestinal flora and are spontaneously solved when discontinuing the antibacterial therapy. however, a mild diarrhea lasting several days may induce a dehydration or worsen a denutrition in frail elderly people. current knowledge and key points: the incidence of aad varies between 5 and 25% depending on the concerned antibiotic. only 10-20% of all aad cases are caused ... | 2004 | 14736560 |
| atypical protein kinase c (pkczeta/lambda) is a convergent downstream target of the insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and tc10 signaling pathways. | insulin stimulation of adipocytes resulted in the recruitment of atypical pkc (pkczeta/lambda) to plasma membrane lipid raft microdomains. this redistribution of pkczeta/lambda was prevented by clostridium difficile toxin b and by cholesterol depletion, but was unaffected by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (pi) 3-kinase activity. expression of the constitutively active gtp-bound form of tc10 (tc10q/75l), but not the inactive gdp-bound mutant (tc10/t31n), targeted pkczeta/lambda to the plasma ... | 2004 | 14734537 |
| clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults: transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the colonization status of clostridium difficile in healthy individuals. in total, 139 healthy adults from two study groups were examined at intervals of 3 months. among the 18 positive subjects, the number of subjects from whom c. difficile was isolated once, twice, three times or four times was 10 (55.6%), three (16.7%), two (11.1%) and three (16.7%), respectively. in the student group, different subjects were colonized by different pcr ribotype/ ... | 2004 | 14729940 |
| prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal complications in patients on mechanical ventilation. | there exists a complex, dynamic interaction between mechanical ventilation and the splanchnic vasculature that contributes to a myriad of gastrointestinal tract complications that arise during critical illness. positive pressure-induced splanchnic hypoperfusion appears to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these complications, the most prevalent of which are stress-related mucosal damage, gastrointestinal hypomotility and diarrhea. furthermore, characteristics of the splanchnic vasculatu ... | 2003 | 14719992 |
| mechanisms of internalization and recycling of the chemokine receptor, ccr5. | ccr5 is a g protein-coupled receptor that binds several natural chemokines but it is also a coreceptor for the entry of m tropic strains of hiv-1 into cells. levels of ccr5 on the cell surface are important for the rate of hiv-1 infection and are determined by a number of factors including the rates of ccr5 internalization and recycling. here we investigated the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in the control of ligand-induced internalization and recycling of ccr5. cytochalasin d, an actin ... | 2004 | 14717692 |
| clostridium difficile: towards a standard operating procedure. | 2003 | 14708280 | |
| detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning and clostridium difficile infection. | 2004 | 14706280 | |
| how do we assess hospital cleaning? a proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. | increasing numbers of hospital-acquired infections have generated much attention over the last decade. the public has linked the so-called 'superbugs' with their experience of dirty hospitals, but the precise role of cleaning in the control of these organisms in unknown. hence the importance of a clean environment is likely to remain speculative unless it becomes an evidence-based science. this proposal is a call for bacteriological standards with which to assess clinical surface hygiene in hosp ... | 2004 | 14706265 |
| [assessment of susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin of clostridium difficile strains isolated between 1998-2002]. | the drugs of choice used to treat c. diffcile associated diarrhoea (cdad) are metronidazole and vancomycin. c. difficile strains isolated in most laboratories are susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. communication about emergence of antimicrobial resistance among c. difficile strains in some countries to metronidazole and intermediate resistance to vancomycin are alarming. this study was performed to determine the susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin of 140 c. difficile strains ... | 2003 | 14702667 |
| pseudomembranous colitis caused by toxin a-negative/toxin b-positive variant strain of clostridium difficile. | we report the first case of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) due to a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain (toxin a variant strain) of clostridium difficile in japan. the toxin a variant strain of c. difficile is capable of causing pmc and is undetectable in clinical laboratories that use only toxin a immunoassays for c. difficile testing. if c. difficile-associated diarrhea is clinically suspected and toxin a is not detected, then the possibility of a toxin a variant strain should be conside ... | 2003 | 14691659 |
| the role of rho and rho-dependent kinase in serotonin-induced contraction observed in bovine middle cerebral artery. | the current study was designed to characterize the role of rho and rho-dependent kinase (rho-kinase) in isometric contractile responses induced by serotonin (5-ht) and a solution containing 40 mm k(+) (high k(+)) in ring preparations of the middle cerebral artery of bovine. application of w-7, a ca(2+)-calmodulin inhibitor, reversibly and equally attenuated the amplitudes of contractions produced by both 5-ht and high k(+). similar effects were observed with ml-7, an inhibitor of myosin light ch ... | 2003 | 14690016 |
| the small gtp-binding protein rhoa regulates serotonin-induced na+-current response in the neurons of aplysia. | application of serotonin (5-ht) induces a slow inward current response in identified neurons of aplysia ganglia under voltage clamp. the 5-ht-induced current response was depressed in na+-free media, but augmented in ca2+-free media, and unaffected by a change in external k+. the 5-ht-induced response was markedly blocked by intracellular injection of guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) (gdpbetas). after the injection of guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) (gtpgammas), the responses to 5-ht gradu ... | 2004 | 14687879 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis] | objective: to alert about the pseudomembranous colitis in children, a consequence of the use of antibiotics. methods: this report is the result of the clinical follow-up of a patient with chronic diarrhea after the use of several antibiotics. the bibliography was obtained through medline system. results: case report of a girl two years and seven months old, previously healthy, with a clinical picture of chronic diarrhea with dysenteric characteristics after the use of antibiotics, associated wit ... | 1999 | 14685502 |
| a novel method for rapidly diagnosing the causes of diarrhoea. | the microbiological diagnosis of infectious diarrhoea may take several days using conventional techniques. in order to determine whether flatus can be used to make a rapid diagnosis, the volatile organic compounds associated with diarrhoea were analysed. | 2004 | 14684577 |
| [up-to-date clinical and experimental basis for the use of probiotics] | objective: to evaluate the potential of probiotics or biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and/or treatment of selected intestinal infections. methods: medline database was searched for all relevant articles between 1990 and february 1998. bibliographies of articles were also used. all animal experiments and placebo-controlled human studies were reviewed in order to provide information on the mechanisms of action, potential efficacy, or adverse effects of these biotherapeutic agents. results ... | 2000 | 14676925 |
| prevention of fatal clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) due to toxigenic strains is prevented in hamsters by colonization by nontoxigenic c. difficile after administration of clindamycin (cm). to prevent cdad during treatment with antibiotics, we gave a cm-resistant nontoxigenic c. difficile strain, m13 (minimal inhibitory concentration [mic], >256 microg/ml), and a cm-susceptible strain, m3 (mic, 0.5 microg/ml), to hamsters receiving cm daily for days 1-5. either m13 or m3 was given orogastrically (1 x ... | 2003 | 14673773 |
| gene transfer into clostridium difficile cd630 and characterisation of its methylase genes. | ignorance of pathogenesis in clostridium difficile may be attributable to a lack of effective genetic tools. we have now shown that orit-based shuttle vectors may be conjugated from escherichia coli donors to the c. difficile strain cd630, at frequencies of around 10(-6) transconjugants per donor cell. transfer is unaffected by either sequences present on the vector or its methylation status. whilst the genome of this strain carries five methylase genes, there is no in silico or experimental evi ... | 2003 | 14659549 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital. | an apparent outbreak of enteric disease occurred in dogs and cats at a veterinary teaching hospital. clostridium difficile toxin a or b or both were identified in 1 or more fecal samples from 48 of 93 (52%) dogs over a 5-month period, 30 of which were identified in the 1st 26 days, after which strict infection control measures, including closure to elective cases, were implemented. affected animals included in-patients, out-patients that were housed temporarily in the wards, and resident blood d ... | 2003 | 14658717 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin a and b genes from stool samples of thai diarrheal patients by polymerase chain reaction technique. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile isolated from stools of thai adult patients with suspected antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) was 18.64 per cent. the recovery rate of toxin genes (tcda and tcdb) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from stool samples yielded almost the same compared to the recovery rate of the toxin detection by enzyme immunoassay (eia), which were 44.9 per cent and 46.7 per cent, respectively. correlation of toxin gene detection by pcr and toxin detection by eia was 90. ... | 2003 | 14650710 |
| evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth. | clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia of intestinal origin are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. intestinal adsorbents are available for treatment of these conditions; however, little information exists supporting their use. | 2003 | 14649353 |
| [fungemia after oral treatment with saccharomyces boulardii in a patient with multiple comorbidities]. | a 48-year-old diabetic with multiple co-morbidities presented with generalized micro- and macroangiopathy including peripheral artery disease stage iv with necroses in several digits of both feet. he was admitted to the department of surgery for the insertion of femoropopliteal bypasses. | 2003 | 14648435 |
| activation of nf-kappab and il-8 by yersinia enterocolitica invasin protein is conferred by engagement of rac1 and map kinase cascades. | yersinia enterocolitica triggers activation of the nuclear factor (nf)-kappab and production of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin (il)-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. this activation is due to adhesion of the bacteria via their outer membrane protein invasin to the host cells. using clostridium difficile toxins that specifically inactivate small gtpases, and transfection of inhibitory proteins of the rho-gtpases, we demonstrate that rac1, but not cdc42 or rho, is required for activatio ... | 2003 | 14641180 |
| cyclic phosphatidic acid elicits neurotrophin-like actions in embryonic hippocampal neurons. | cyclic phosphatidic acid (cpa; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-2,3-cyclic phosphate) is an analog of the growth factor-like phospholipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (lpa). as brain tissue is the richest source of cpa we tested its effects on hippocampal neurons from day 16/17 embryonic rat cultured in a serum-free medium. nanomolar concentrations of cpa elicited a neurotrophic effect and promoted neurite outgrowth that exceeded that of 50 ng/ml nerve growth factor (ngf). pertussis toxin, the lpa1/lpa3 rec ... | 2003 | 14622107 |
| moxifloxacin-induced clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | a 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with pneumonia, urinary tract infection, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis. after receiving moxifloxacin for 5 days, she experienced diarrhea with cramping and abdominal pain. she was diagnosed with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) after c. difficile toxin was identified in a stool specimen. metronidazole was begun, and the cdad resolved with continued moxifloxacin administration. virtually any antibiotic can lead to devel ... | 2003 | 14620398 |
| prolonged ileus as a sole manifestation of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. | pseudomembranous colitis usually manifests as fever and diarrhea in hospitalized patients treated with systemic antibiotics. we present a case that represents a unique variant. | 2004 | 14618347 |
| a european survey of diagnostic methods and testing protocols for clostridium difficile. | to conduct a survey of the methods used in clinical microbiology laboratories in europe to diagnose infection with clostridium difficile. | 2003 | 14616740 |
| clindamycin-resistant, toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strains cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea among children hospitalized in a hematology unit. | 2003 | 14616719 | |
| cholera toxin protects against action by clostridium difficile toxin a. the role of antisecretory factor in intestinal secretion and inflammation in rat. | the protein antisecretory factor (af) inhibits intestinal fluid secretion induced by the cholera toxin (ct) and clostridium difficile toxin a (cda). the present work investigated whether ct-induced af protects against the enterotoxin action by cda. rats were pretreated perorally with ct or buffer as control, whereafter cda-induced fluid secretion and cytotoxicity was tested in vivo in ligated intestinal loops; the mucosal level of af was estimated using the western blot technique. rats given rep ... | 2003 | 14616550 |