Publications

cutaneous anthrax leading to corneal scarring from cicatricial ectropion.	eleven patients with cutaneous anthrax of the eyelids are presented. the complications were cicatricial ectropion (eight patients), resulting in corneal scarring (three patients). the ectropion was corrected by full thickness postauricular skin grafts, with good results. the predilection of this infection for the eyelids of young children and a seasonal variation suggest that a vector may be involved in transmission.	1989	2818989
[anthrax in chad: a zoonosis that still exists today].	an epidemic of human and animal anthrax raged in chad mainly in the department of chari baguirmi from september to december 1988, infesting more than 50% of donkeys and horses. 716 human cases have been reported, with 88 deaths. thanks to a geographical distribution of animal and human prevalence, one sees immediately the interdependency between sanitary state of live-stock and public health. an unusual means of transmission from donkey to donkey by insects as the vector is suggested to explain ...	1989	2811650
anthrax outbreak.		1989	2800274
anthrax vaccination.		1989	2773257
human anthrax.		1989	2768028
anthrax vaccination.		1989	2763440
anthrax in ethiopia.	twenty-seven patients with cutaneous anthrax were identified over a three-year period at gondar college of medical sciences in north central ethiopia. nine patients who delayed seeking medical care presented with severe symptoms and three patients died. eighteen patients were clustered within four families in which an attack rate of 32% occurred. ninety-three percent of patients could trace their disease to exposure to the products of a specific diseased animal. characteristics of anthrax in eth ...	1989	2763354
anthrax.		1989	2651371
infectious diseases of new-world camelids (nwc).	although there are notable infectious conditions that are capable of producing clinical disease in the nwc, overall, these species are quite healthy. of the bacterial diseases, enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens types c and d would be deemed the most significant in north america, while type a also would be regarded as important in south america. other important bacterial infections of potential concern are tuberculosis, johne's disease, anthrax, malignant edema, actinomycosis, tetan ...	1989	2647231
communicable disease report. april to june 1989. the phls communicable disease surveillance centre.		1989	2561354
[the possibility of the germination of spores of pathogenic clostridia and bacilli in soil].	a possibility of germination of clostridia (cl. tetani and cl. perfringens) and bacilli (bac. anthracis, sti vaccine strain) has been studied in model experiments with native soil. mature spores did not germinate upon contact with native soil of deferent agrochemical types. addition of meat-pepton medium and other protein, amino acid, and sugar-containing media led only to "swelling" of spores. the data obtained support the conclusions drawn by many researches that pathogenic clostridia and baci ...	1989	2555404
molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in bacillus anthracis.	by using genetic complementation tests with various in vitro-constructed mutants with mutations in the cap region (which is essential for encapsulation in bacillus anthracis), we identified three cistrons, capb, capc, and capa, in this order of arrangement. minicell analysis revealed that these cistrons produce proteins of 44, 16, and 46 kilodaltons, respectively. the complete nucleotide sequence of 3,244 base pairs covering the whole cap region was determined and revealed the existence of the t ...	1989	2536679
involvement of tn4430 in transfer of bacillus anthracis plasmids mediated by bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pxo12.	the self-transmissible plasmid pxo12 (112.5 kilobases [kb]), originally isolated from strain 4042a of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis, codes for production of the insecticidal crystal protein (cry+). the mechanism of pxo12-mediated plasmid transfer was investigated by monitoring the cotransfer of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pbc16 (4.2 kb) and the bacillus anthracis toxin and capsule plasmids, pxo1 (168 kb) and pxo2 (85.6 kb), respectively. in matings of b. anthracis donors wi ...	1989	2536653
[anthrax].	having dwelled on the etiopathogenetic, pathologic, and clinical features of human infections caused by b. anthracis, the authors review and analyze epidemiological data of the cases of anthrax registered in italy during the last ten years. actual possibilities for prevention are evaluated in view of the fact that enzootic foci still exist in our country which are clearly responsible for the typically occupational occurrence of this type of infection in certain at-risk categories (farmers, husba ...	1989	2529096
[transduction and conjugation transfer of the pxo2 plasmid in bacillus anthracis].	the plasmid pxo2 determining the capsule synthesis has been shown to be transfered into the cells of different strains of bacillus anthracis (sti-1, sterne, km33, km35) by the transducing bacteriophage cp54ant and by mobilization by pam beta 1 replicon with the frequencies, consequently, n.10(-8) and n.10(-7). the optimal parameters for the selection of clones having acquired the pxo2 plasmid have been defined. mobilization for conjugational transfer has been demonstrated for the plasmid pxo1 co ...	1989	2517515
[cryotransformation of bacillus anthracis by the dna of pub110 plasmid].	possibility of cryotransformation of bacillus anthracis cells by the dna of pub110 plasmid has been established. the parameters of cryotransformation process have been optimized permitting one to increase the efficiency of transformation up to 3.1 . 10(2) transformants per 1 mkg of transforming dna. the factors affecting the efficiency of cryotransformation and its reproducibility have been studied including the treatment of recipient cells by glycine, the procedure of freeze-thawing, the compos ...	1989	2517514
successfully treated primary anthrax meningitis.		1989	2517270
[the use of plasmid screening for the differentiation of bacillus anthracis strains from closely related species of soil bacilli].	b. anthracis virulent and vaccine strains differ from the strains of species closely related to b. anthracis, such as b. cereus and b. thuringiensis, in their plasmid spectrum. the use of their plasmid spectrum. the use of the plasmid analysis of the strain is recommended for laboratory practice as the main differential diagnostic test.	1989	2515698
[construction and study of strains of the siberian ulcer pathogen possessing various sets of plasmids].		1989	2515429
[specific intoxication in anthrax infection].	the pathomorphological picture of experimental b. anthracis infection in white rats (strain fisher-344) essentially corresponds to experimental anthracic intoxication with very moderately pronounced morphological manifestation of b. anthracis invasion. this indicates that specific anthracic intoxication is an essential component of the pathological process in b. anthracis infection.	1989	2511710
resistance to the sterne strain of b. anthracis: phagocytic cell responses of resistant and susceptible mice.	inflammatory responses were compared in vivo, and host phagocytic cell functions compared in vitro, of mice resistant (cba/j) and susceptible (a/j) to lethal infection with the sterne strain of bacillus anthracis. polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) and macrophage responses at the initial site of infection were slower in a/j mice than in cba/j mice. whereas in a/j mice, the number of pmn ultimately responding to infection was equal to, or greater than, that in cba/j mice, fewer macrophages accumul ...	1989	2509851
a deleted variant of bacillus anthracis protective antigen is non-toxic and blocks anthrax toxin action in vivo.	anthrax toxin is the only protein secreted by bacillus anthracis that contributes to the virulence of this bacterium. an obligatory step in the action of anthrax toxin on eukaryotic cells is cleavage of the receptor-bound protective antigen (pa) protein (83 kilodaltons) to produce a 63-kilodalton, receptor-bound cooh-terminal fragment. a similar fragment can be obtained by limited treatment with trypsin. this proteolytic processing event exposes a site with high affinity for the other two anthra ...	1989	2509473
nucleotide sequence and analysis of the lethal factor gene (lef) from bacillus anthracis.	the nucleotide sequence of the bacillus anthracis lethal factor (lf) gene (lef) has been determined. lf is part of the tripartite protein exotoxin of b. anthracis along with protective antigen (pa) and edema factor (ef). the apparent atg start codon, which is located immediately upstream from codons which specify the first 16 amino acids (aa) of the mature secreted lf, is preceded by an aaaggag sequence, which is its probable ribosome-binding site. this atg codon begins a continuous 2427-bp open ...	1989	2509294
[immunosuppressive action of the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis in mice].	in experiments on inbred mice infected with b. anthracis capsular strain 71/12 of tsenkovsky's second vaccine b. anthracis lethal toxin introduced in mixture with spores has been shown to aggravate anthrax infection in cba mice susceptible to anthrax, while producing a faint effect on the infectious process in balb mice with hereditary resistance to anthrax. b. anthracis purified edema toxin has been found to produce a weaker aggravating effect with respect to anthrax infection than the lethal t ...	1989	2508379
evaluation of serologic tests for diagnosis of anthrax after an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in paraguay.	an outbreak of at least 21 cases of cutaneous anthrax occurred in rural paraguay. a case-control study revealed that disease was associated with touching the raw meat of an ill cow (odds ration = 16.5, p = .02). serum drawn from 12 cases and 16 colony and 2 noncolony controls 6 w after the outbreak were analyzed by electrophoretic-immunotransblots (eitb) to detect serum antibodies to the protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor components of anthrax toxin. serum was also tested by enzyme-linked ...	1989	2507648
influence of body weight on response of fischer 344 rats to anthrax lethal toxin.	groups of fischer 344 rats were injected intravenously with bacillus anthracis culture supernatant containing crude anthrax toxin. times to death of rats given identical toxin preparations varied directly with the weights of the rats (p = 0.0001). in contrast to previous reports, the data indicate that rat weight must be taken into account during in vivo assays of anthrax lethal toxin activity.	1989	2506815
anthrax vaccination.		1989	2505431
anthrax vaccination.		1989	2505429
adenylate cyclase toxins from bacillus anthracis and bordetella pertussis. different processes for interaction with and entry into target cells.	adenylate cyclase (ac) toxins produced by bacillus anthracis and bordetella pertussis were compared for their ability to interact with and intoxicate chinese hamster ovary cells. at 30 degrees c, anthrax ac toxin exhibited a lag of 10 min for measurable camp accumulation that was not seen with pertussis ac toxin. this finding is consistent with previous data showing inhibition of anthrax ac toxin but not pertussis ac toxin entry by inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis (gordon, v. m., lepp ...	1989	2504710
[the detection of bacillus anthracis protective antigens by enzyme immunoassay (eia) using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies].	an enzyme-immunoassay (eia) for the detection of bacillus anthracis-protective antigen (pa) within one hour was developed. if the rabbit antiserum was used, 15 ng pa/ml could be detected and with the monoclonal antibody, the detection limit was 60 ng pa/ml. with respect to the higher specificity and with regard to the aspects of animalcare, monoclonal antibodies should be used in the test instead of the polyclonal antiserum.	1989	2503957
identification of bacillus anthracis by polyclonal antibodies against extracted vegetative cell antigens.	the extractable protein antigens ea1 and ea2 of bacillus anthracis were prepared from electrophoresis transblots of sds extracts of vegetative bacteria of the sterne strain. hyperimmune guinea-pig antiserum against ea2 failed to react with b. anthracis cells in immunofluorescence (if) tests. guinea-pig antiserum against ea1 (anti-ea1) reacted strongly in if tests with non-encapsulated vegetative cell of 10 of 12 strains of b. anthracis and with cells of strains of b. cereus and b. thuringiensis. ...	1989	2502530
transcriptional regulation of the protective antigen gene of bacillus anthracis.	bicarbonate is required for production of the major virulence factors, the toxins and capsule, of bacillus anthracis. in this study we examined the basis for stimulation of production of protective antigen (pa), a central component of the two anthrax toxins encoded by plasmid pxo1. rna prepared from b. anthracis grown in media with and without added bicarbonate was probed for pa mrna. data showed that bicarbonate was required for increased transcription of the pa gene (pag) in minimal medium. tr ...	1989	2501216
internalization and processing of bacillus anthracis lethal toxin by toxin-sensitive and -resistant cells.	anthrax lethal toxin consists of two separate proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor (lf). certain macrophages and a mouse macrophage-like cell line, j774a.1, are lysed by low concentrations of lethal toxin. in contrast, another macrophage cell line, ic-21, and all other cell types tested were resistant to this toxin. to discover the basis for this difference, each step in the intoxication process was examined. no differences between sensitive and resistant cells were found in receptor b ...	1989	2500434
[plasmid transduction by bacillus anthracis bacteriophage cp54].	possibility of plasmid transduction in bacillus anthracis vaccine strains sterne and sti-1 by bacteriophage cp54ant having an increased ability of adsorbtion and a shortened period of latent development in bacillus anthracis cells has been isolated. the main parameters of plasmid transduction by the bacteriophage have been established for the plasmid ptg141 (tcr). they include the effect of multiplicity of infection, the level of uv-inactivation of bacteriophage, the presence of antiphage serum ...	1989	2499772
bacillus cereus septicemia associated with rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure.	a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia (aml) developed septicemia due to bacillus cereus with subsequent rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure. he died despite intensive care. postmortem examination revealed diffuse muscle necrosis with infiltration of gram-positive bacilli and widespread bacterial microthrombi in various organs. septicemia associated with rhabdomyolysis has been described in 12 cases. this case represents the first reported case of b. cereus septicemia associated r ...	1989	2499725
calcium is required for the expression of anthrax lethal toxin activity in the macrophagelike cell line j774a.1.	anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two separate proteins, protective antigen (mr, 82,700) and lethal factor (mr, approximately 83,000), is cytotoxic to the macrophagelike cell line j774a.1. removal of calcium from the culture medium protected cells against the action of lethal toxin. calcium depletion during the binding phase of intoxication afforded only partial protection. further analysis showed that calcium removal caused some inhibition of protective antigen binding but that it had min ...	1989	2499545
defence/research. microbiologist butt of protests.		1989	2497350
[effect of the lethal bacillus anthracis toxin on phagocytosis and the dynamics of the change in the enzyme activity of the antioxidative system of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes in mice with differing hereditary immunity to anthrax].	it was demonstrated, that the lethal in vitro suppressed the phagocytic activity of peritoneal mononuclear phagocyte (mph) and enhanced the level activity of glutathione peroxidase to h2o2 (gp-h2o2) in mph of resistant to anthrax balb mice. in mph balb the authors observed dependent-dose enhancement of gp-h2o2 activity and reduction of the ratio of level glutathione reductase (gr) to gp-h2o2 (gr/gp-h2o2). the enhancement of activity gr-h2o2 in mph cba was not dependent on the doses of toxin. the ...	1989	2496765
monoclonal antibodies against spore antigens of bacillus anthracis.	a murine monoclonal antibody produced against heat inactivated spores of bacillus anthracis ames, reacted with live or inactivated spores of several anthrax strains in indirect immunofluorescence (if) tests. the reactive anthrax strain gave only a moderate degree of reaction. no staining of anthrax vegetative cells was observed. the monoclonal did not react with spores of non-anthrax bacillus strains that gave cross reactions with mouse hyperimmune antiserum raised against ames spores. the stain ...	1988	2483677
[the detection of specific antigens in experimental anthrax].	the dynamics of various specific antigens was studied in guinea pigs infected with strain 72/12 of tsenkovskiĭ's second vaccine. the study showed that at the acute stage of the disease toxin antigens prevailed over the levels of somatic antigens and nonprotective protein with a molecular weight of 79 kd. the enzyme immunoassay system for the detection of the lethal toxin factor permitted the detection of the antigen in the blood sera of 100% of infected animals at the prodromal period and the ac ...	1989	2483482
[anthrax toxin dynamics in the body].	anthrax toxin introduced subcutaneously into white rats fisher-344 caused specific intoxication accompanied by characteristic pathomorphological changes and, when studied by the immunoperoxidase method in histological sections, could be detected in the blood stream (in plasma) and in the cytoplasm of macrophages (in the lungs and the spleen). the content of the preparation introduced into the animals in the blood stream is directly related to its toxicity, being probably indicative of the relati ...	1989	2472713
identification of a common domain in calmodulin-activated eukaryotic and bacterial adenylate cyclases.	bordetella pertussis and bacillus anthracis, two taxonomically distinct bacteria, secrete adenylate cyclase toxins that are activated by the eukaryotic protein calmodulin. the two enzymes contain a well-conserved stretch of 24 amino acid residues [escuyer et al. (1988) gene 71, 293-298]. antibodies have been obtained against two synthetic heptadecapeptides, covering part of the conserved sequences. the anti-peptide antibodies specifically reacted in western blots with the rat brain adenylate cyc ...	1989	2470405
anthrax toxin: channel-forming activity of protective antigen in planar phospholipid bilayers.	the three separate proteins that make up anthrax toxin--protective antigen (pa), edema factor (ef), and lethal factor (lf)--act in binary combinations to produce two distinct reactions in experimental animals: edema (pa + ef) and death (pa + lf). pa is believed to interact with a membrane receptor, and after proteolytic processing, to mediate endocytosis and subsequent translocation of ef or lf into the cytosol. pa can be separated, after mild trypsinolysis, into two fragments, pa65 (65 kda) and ...	1989	2467303
[evaluation of culture media for cultivating test microorganisms used in the control of the efficacy of sterilization in autoclaves].		1988	2463424
cloning and co2-dependent expression of the genetic region for encapsulation from bacillus anthracis.	the capsule of bacillus anthracis is an important virulence factor consisting of poly-d-glutamic acid. the genetic region required for the encapsulation was cloned in escherichia coli from the capsule plasmid pte702, using a selection procedure based on an immunodiffusion assay. the cloned region directed synthesis of the capsule both in e. coli and b. anthracis. capsule synthesis from these clones, as in the wild type, was dependent upon the presence of co2. however, encapsulation directed by t ...	1988	2456447
[use of immunological adsorption in heterogeneous immunoenzyme analysis in determining antibodies to the protective determinants of bacillus anthracis].	in a heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay system involving the use of polystyrene assay plates, the method of immunological adsorption has been used for studying the spectrum of specific antibodies to individual chromatographically pure fractions of b. anthracis toxin. the relationship between the characteristics of acquired stability and the level of serum antibodies to individual biologically active and biologically inactive toxin antigens in guinea pigs, immunized with live vaccines in a single i ...	1987	2448978
limitations of flow cytometry for the specific detection of bacteria in mixed populations.	flow immunofluorescence (fif) techniques were established for the specific detection of the bacteria escherichia coli, legionella pneumophila and bacillus anthracis spores after staining with fluorescein-conjugated antibacterial antibody. for each bacterial type, a comparison was made of gating on narrow forward angle (nfa) light scatter and on the red fluorescence (red flu) signal available from staining with the nucleic acid dye propidium iodide. no universal gating method was found, since bac ...	1988	2448382
[experimental characteristics of anthrax intoxication].	in experimental anthrax intoxication, a highly important stage of its pathogenesis consists in microcirculatory disturbances with the phenomena of blood sludge, accompanied by the increased permeability of blood vessels not only for plasma, but also for red blood cells. these disturbances result in perivascular hemorrhages, hemorrhagic infiltrations, edema and cavitary transudates. pulmonary edema and, as a consequence, the accumulation of fluid in pulmonary alveoli and the respiratory tract are ...	1987	2446450
[can debrisan pate be used in phlegmons, anthrax...?].		1987	2440114
photoreactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated, plasmid-bearing, and plasmid-free strains of bacillus anthracis.	the effects of toxin- and capsule-encoding plasmids on the kinetics of uv inactivation of various strains of bacillus anthracis were investigated. plasmids pxo1 and pxo2 had no effect on bacterial uv sensitivity or photoreactivation. vegetative cells were capable of photoreactivation, but photo-induced repair of uv damage was absent in b. anthracis sterne spores.	1986	2429617
[a case of anthrax as a surgical problem].		1990	2398700
anthrax in cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) in namibia.	bacillus anthracis caused the death of five cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) on a farm in the gobabis district in namibia. the mode of infection was believed to be a freshly shot baboon (papio ursinus) with a cutaneous anthrax lesion.	1990	2388367
presumed anthrax in a camel.		1990	2267721
outbreak of anthrax in pigs.		1990	2260258
an outbreak of anthrax in pigs: a practitioner's account.	an outbreak of anthrax occurred in a 500 sow unit at singret farm, llay, during the summer of 1989. this paper describes the sequence of events leading up to the depopulation of the farm, as seen and recorded by a veterinary surgeon in the practice involved. some of the problems encountered and their significance for the future are discussed.	1990	2256239
us army veterinarians stationed in thailand.		1990	2243050
anthrax of the eyelid.	anthrax is a rare infection that is transmitted to humans from animals or animal products. in its cutaneous form it may produce lesions of the eyelids which can lead to cicatricization and ectropion. exophthalmos, optic atrophy and panophthalmitis have also been reported. a case of anthrax affecting the eyelid of a patient seen by the author in kabul, afghanistan, is presented.	1990	2216480
feeding habits and flight range of blow-flies (chrysomyia spp.) in relation to anthrax transmission in the kruger national park, south africa.	carrion-frequenting blow-flies (chrysomyia albiceps and c. marginalis) were allowed 4 days of feeding on 32p-orthophosphate-labelled blood or an impala carcass (aepyceros melampus) in the northern kruger national park, south africa. the dispersal and density of fly faecal and discard droplets were then established using a geiger-counter, indicating that most droplets occurred between a height of 1 and 3 m on nearby leaves and twigs. this coincides with the preferred feeding height of kudu (trage ...	1990	2216348
gordon memorial lecture. vaccines and vaccination--past, present and future.	1. immunisation was first practised as early as the 10th century when small doses of smallpox material administered by unusual routes were used to immunise against smallpox. the procedure was introduced into england in the early part of the 18th century. 2. the next major development was the use by jenner of cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox in the late 18th century. 3. some eighty years later came the classic studies of pasteur developing vaccines for fowl cholera, anthrax and rabies. 4. the ...	1990	2191755
binding of 3'-anthraniloyl-2'-deoxy-atp to calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase from bordetella pertussis and bacillus anthracis.	3'-anthraniloyl-2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (ant-datp), a fluorescent analogue of atp, was tested as a probe for the nucleotide-binding site of calmodulin (cam)-activated adenylate cyclases from bordetella pertussis (bpcya47) and bacillus anthracis (bacya62). ant-datp competitively inhibited both bacterial enzymes expressed in escherichia coli (ki approximately 10 microm). binding of the analogue to adenylate cyclase was monitored by equilibrium dialysis and by an increase in its fluoresce ...	1990	2172237
[the effect of lethal anthrax toxin on the functional activity of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in mice].	the mixture of purified protective antigen (pa) and the lethal factor (lf) of b. anthracis exotoxin in a dose incapable of causing cell damage inhibited the zymosan-stimulated luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of mononuclear phagocytes (mp) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) in cba mice and enhanced the chemiluminescence of pmn in balb/c, cc57w and a/sn mice. the conclusion is made that the capacity of mixture of pa and lf for the in vitro inhibition of stimulated production of active for ...	1990	2160768
[the prediction of the activity of anthrax foci in voronezh province].	during the period of 1959-1985 the activity of the foci of anthrax in voronezh province was found to be related to the state of some meteorological factors in the previous year and the number of murine [correction of myomorphous] rodents in hayricks and stacks of straw in early spring of the current year, this relationship being stable and statistically significant. multiple regression equations permitting the annual quantitative prognostication of the intensity of the epizootic and epidemic sit ...	1990	2151554
[postinfection and postvaccinal antianthrax immunity in human subjects].	antibodies to bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa) and to the lethal factor (lf) of b. anthracis exotoxin in the blood sera of anthrax patients and of subjects with a history of the disease, as well as of persons immunized with sti live vaccine, were studied by the heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay. in 1-6 years after convalescence the levels of anti-pa and anti-lf antibodies (at 75% and 96% detection rates respectively) were higher than on weeks 1-4 from the onset of the disease. in person ...	1990	2145719
[the assessment of antitoxic anti-anthrax immunity].	in experiments on guinea pigs immunized with avirulent noncapsular strains sti, sterne (34f2) and the avirulent mutant of bacillus anthracis strain 228/8 the relationship between the titers of serum antibodies to the preparations of purified protective antigens (pa) and purified lethal factor (lf) of b. anthracis toxin and the level of the antitoxic activity (ata) of blood sera, as well as acquired resistance, was analyzed. the ata of sera was evaluated in the primary culture of peritoneal macro ...	1990	2129149
[the status of natural immunity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia evaluated by long-term monitoring of complement-dependent bacteriocidal antibodies against b. anthracis and its relation to prognosis].	the authors investigated the function of the time factor as regards changes of bacteriocidity levels of serum against b. anthracis. due to the fact that anthrax has not occurred in this country for several decades, we can speak of an investigation of natural immunity in the wider sense of the word. in the course of 15 years the authors collected repeatedly blood specimens from 53 children with all before, during and after treatment. active sera were examined by quantitative titration by means of ...	1990	2128739
[molecular genetic studies on the capsule plasmid of bacillus anthracis].		1990	2125085
cutaneous anthrax.	in this report we present two children with cutaneous anthrax which is rarely seen in developing countries. there is usually a history of contact with animals. one of our patients did not have such a contact.	1990	2124398
outbreak of anthrax in thailand.	an outbreak of anthrax occurred among 14 persons exposed to the meat of two water buffalo which had died from anthrax, in two neighbouring villages in the northeastern region of thailand. all but one case had typical eschars or blisters. three had eaten raw meat; one of them died from gastric anthrax with severe haematemesis. all the others were successfully treated with penicillin. the incubation period varied between two and 11 days. sporadic outbreaks of human and animal anthrax still occur i ...	1990	2124098
construction and characterization of a protective antigen-deficient bacillus anthracis strain.	the pag gene coding for protective antigen (pa), one of the three toxin components of bacillus anthracis, has been cloned into the mobilizable shuttle vector pat187 and transferred by conjugation from escherichia coli to b. anthracis. using this strategy, an insertionally mutated pag gene constructed and characterized in e. coli, was introduced into b. anthracis sterne strain. this transconjugant was used to select a recombinant clone (rp8) carrying the inactivated pag gene on the toxin-encoding ...	1990	2122174
glycine-induced cryotransformation of plasmids into bacillus anthracis.	different cloning vectors (pc194, pbc16, pub110, pbd10, pbd8, pam beta 1) and bacillus anthracis plasmid px02 were introduced into b. anthracis by a transformation method. to induce an artificial competence state for uptake of isolated plasmid dna, the cultures were treated with glycine, to reduce cross-linking of peptidoglycan, followed by freezing and thawing. the procedure is extremely rapid and relatively efficient (maximum transformation efficiency about 10(3) c.f.u. per micrograms dna) and ...	1990	2121897
transformation of vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis with plasmid dna.	methods have been developed for chemical transformation and electro-transformation (electroporation) of vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis with supercoiled plasmid dna. chemical transformation was dependent on incubation in tris/hcl with osmotic support and transformation with plasmid dna was effected by treatment with polyethylene glycol 3350. maximum transformation frequencies were 3.8 x 10(-5) transformant c.f.u. per viable c.f.u. (1 x 10(3) c.f.u. per micrograms dna). optimal frequencies ...	1990	2121896
inhibition of bordetella pertussis and bacillus anthracis adenylyl cyclases by polyadenylate and "p"-site agonists.	inhibition of adenylyl cyclases from bacillus anthrasis and bordetella pertussis by polyadenylate and by the most potent "p"-site agonists was investigated. these bacterial adenylyl cyclases differed in their sensitivity to inhibition by nominal "p"-site agents and in the effect of divalent cations on this inhibition. the enzyme from bordetella pertussis was relatively insensitive to inhibition by "p"-site agonists, exhibiting a rank order of potency of 2'd3'amp greater than 3'-amp greater than ...	1990	2121733
[experimental anthrax infection in laboratory animals with differing species susceptibility to the causative agent].	in guinea pigs and noninbred white mice, infected subcutaneously with anthrax which resulted in their death, characteristic generalized infection with the hematogenic contamination of their organs and the signs of intoxication and shock could be observed. in inbred white rats (fisher 344) the invasion and dissemination of b. anthracis are relatively slightly pronounced, the phenomena of intoxication and shock being clearly prevalent.	1990	2120875
[the effect of the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis on the formation of immunity under the action of live anthrax vaccines].	the preparation of low-molecular protective antigen (pa) isolated from strain 34f2 (sterne) and having a molecular weight of 34 and 51 kd, unlike the preparation of high-molecular pa with a molecular weight of 87 kd, suppressed the formation of acquired resistance to anthrax when introduced into guinea pigs in mixture with live spores of strains of sti, 34f2 and new vaccine strain 228/8; this phenomenon was mainly accompanied by a decrease in the level of antibodies to lethal factor (lf) nad in ...	1990	2117320
immunosuppression in caprine trypanosomiasis: effects of acute trypanosoma congolense infection on antibody response to anthrax spore vaccine.	trypanosoma congolense infected goats were vaccinated with bacillus anthracis spore vaccine to determine the effect of such infection on the humoral immune response to the vaccine. the anti-anthrax antibody levels were severely depressed in infected goats. when trypanocidal therapy was administered to t. congolense infected goats 14 days after infection they developed antibody levels against bacillus anthracis similar to uninfected controls.	1990	2115214
[conjugation transfer of the pambeta1 plasmid to bacillus anthracis].	the possibility of conjugational transfer of the plasmid pam beta 1 in the cells of different strains of bacillus anthracis has been established. the efficiency of the plasmid replicon transfer in interspecies transfer b. thuringiensis x b. anthracis was n.10(-7), while in interspecies transfer it was n.10(-6). the capability of mobilization of extrachromosomal replicon ptg141 for conjugational transfer has been demonstrated. bacillus anthracis transconjugants harbouring the pam beta 1 plasmid h ...	1990	2114531
characterization of atp and calmodulin-binding properties of a truncated form of bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase.	the bacillus anthracis cya gene encodes a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. a deletion cya gene product obtained by removing 261 codons at the 5' end was expressed in a protease-deficient lon- e. coli strain and purified to homogeneity. this truncated enzyme (cya 62) exhibits catalytic and calmodulin-binding properties similar to the properties of wild-type adenylate cyclase from b. anthracis culture supernatants, i.e., a kcat of 1100 s-1 at 30 degrees c and ph 8, an apparent km for atp of ...	1990	2114169
[study on the discrimination of bacteria by gas chromatographic profiles of cellular monosaccharides].	a procedure for obtaining gas chromatographic (gc) profiles of bacterial cellular monosaccharides was described. some of the unknown component peaks in these profiles were identified. and, based on the complete linkage cluster analysis with the euclidean distance coefficient, the interpretation of the resulting cellular monosaccharides of bacteria were performed by mini-computer. by means of this method, the discrimination of 5 species (24 strains) of aerobic endospore-forming bacteria. the resu ...	1990	2111604
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the lethal factor component of bacillus anthracis lethal toxin.	the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis consists of two components, protective antigen and lethal factor. protective antigen is cleaved after binding to cell receptors, yielding a receptor-bound fragment that binds lethal factor. sixty-one monoclonal antibodies to the lethal factor protein have been characterized for specificity, antibody subtype, and ability to neutralize lethal toxin. three monoclonal antibodies (10g3, 2e7, and 3f6) neutralized lethal toxin in fisher 344 rats. however, in a mac ...	1990	2111283
[the epidemiology and prevention of anthrax].		1990	2111250
biological warfare. gruinard island handed back.		1990	2109833
a-type atp binding consensus sequences are critical for the catalytic activity of the calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase from bacillus anthracis.	analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of bacillus anthracis adenylyl cyclase revealed sequences with homology to consensus sequences for a- and b-type atp binding domains found in many atp binding proteins. based on the analysis of nucleotide binding proteins, a conserved basic amino acid residue in the a-type consensus sequence and a conserved acidic amino acid residue in the b-type consensus sequence have been implicated in the binding of atp. the putative atp binding sequences in the ...	1990	2108958
identification of bacillus anthracis by using monoclonal antibody to cell wall galactose-n-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide.	guanidine extracts of crude bacillus anthracis cell wall were used to vaccinate balb/c mice and to develop monoclonal antibody (mab) to vegetative cell surface antigens. two hybridomas selected during this study produced immunoglobulin m immunoglobulins, which appear to be directed to an epitope associated with the galactose-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine polysaccharide. both demonstrated specificity in their binding to purified b. anthracis cell wall, o-stearoyl-polysaccharide conjugates, and intact, n ...	1990	2107201
[effect of peroxyacetic acid disinfection using an aerosol spray method].		1990	2107035
expression of the bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene by baculovirus and vaccinia virus recombinants.	the gene encoding bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa) was modified by site-directed mutagenesis, subcloned into baculovirus and vaccinia virus plasmid transfer vectors (pacym1 and psc-11, respectively), and inserted via homologous recombinations into baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus or vaccinia virus (strains wr and connaught). expression of pa was detected in both systems by immunofluorescence assays with antisera from rabbits immunized with b. anthracis pa. ...	1990	2105271
immunization against anthrax with aromatic compound-dependent (aro-) mutants of bacillus anthracis and with recombinant strains of bacillus subtilis that produce anthrax protective antigen.	the safety and efficacy of five prototype, live anthrax vaccines were studied in hartley guinea pigs and cba/j and a/j mice. two of the strains, bacillus anthracis fd111 and fd112, are aro- mutants derived by tn916 mutagenesis of b. anthracis um23-1. bacillus subtilis pa1 and pa2 contain a recombinant plasmid, ppa101 or ppa102, respectively, that carries the gene from b. anthracis encoding synthesis of protective antigen (pa). the final strain, b. subtilis pa7, was isolated in this study from b. ...	1990	2105269
outbreak of human anthrax in ramabhadrapuram village of chittoor district in andhra pradesh.	thirty human anthrax cases were reported from ramabhadrapuram village of chittoor district in andhra pradesh during november-december, 1989. these cases occurred following an epizootic of anthrax among cattle and sheep of the village and ingestion of contaminated meat by the villagers. the overall attack rate was 24.39 per cent with a case fatality of 16.67 per cent. all age groups and both sexes were affected. ten cases were of cutaneous form with typical black eschar formation which were confi ...	1990	2091991
biological warfare and infection control.	though many agents have been proposed as potential biological weapons, the feasibility of biological warfare is largely a matter of conjecture. the unpredictable and indiscriminate devastation caused by natural epidemics during wartime should warn us of the dangers of employing microbes as weapons.	1991	2071880
anthrax in a farmer's family.		1991	2056177
functional consequences of single amino acid substitutions in calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase of bordetella pertussis.	calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase of bordetella pertussis and bacillus anthracis are two cognate bacterial toxins. three short regions of 13-24 amino acid residues in these proteins exhibit between 66 and 80% identity. site-directed mutagenesis of four residues in b. pertussis adenylate cyclase situated in the second (asp188, asp190) and third (his298, glu301) segments of identity were accompanied by important decrease, or total loss, of enzyme activity. the calmodulin-binding properties of ...	1991	2050107
the genetic basis of host resistance to bacillus anthracis in inbred mice.	inbred mice of the c3h/he (resistant) and c57bl/6 (susceptible) strains and their hybrids were used in experiments to investigate the genetic regulation of host resistance to b. anthracis. the susceptibility of f1 mice to a standard spore suspension was similar to that of the resistant parent and not intermediate between values for the parent strains. there were no differences in mortality rate between f1 and reciprocal cross mice. analysis of the results indicated that resistance of mice to b. ...	1991	2024449
u.s. bio-defenses faulted by gao.		1991	1990425
respiratory infections transmitted from animals.	the physician's approach to the differential diagnosis of obscure, atypical pneumonias has changed. the physician needs to expand the diagnostic search when confronted with a perplexing, progressive atypical pneumonia. diseases examined in this article include anthrax, psittacosis, q fever, tularemia, pasteurellosis, melioidosis, rocky mountain spotted fever, and the plague.	1991	1955704
location of receptor-binding region of protective antigen from bacillus anthracis.	the pag gene, which codes for protective antigen (pa), a common component of the lethal and edema toxins of bacillus anthracis, was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. nested deletions of pag were generated into the c-terminus coding region. recombinant proteins were analyzed by western blot with either an anti-pa polyclonal antisera or two monoclonal antibodies that neutralized lethal toxin and edema toxin activities by inhibiting the binding of pa to cell receptors. localization of the r ...	1991	1953724
[comparative multifactorial analysis of combined administration of injection and peroral forms of an antibiotic with a microbial immunomodulator in experimental anthrax].	comparative efficacy of the use of injection and oral dosage forms of rifampicin in the subtherapeutic doses in combination with peptidoglycan , an immunomodulator of microbial origin, was studied in respect to experimental anthracic infection with application of multifactorial analysis. it was shown that the antibiotic and immunomodulator had a pronounced synergistic effect. polynomial statistic models were developed and nomograms or equal level curves defining the survival rate and average lif ...	1991	1953183
functional mapping of anthrax toxin lethal factor by in-frame insertion mutagenesis.	linker insertion mutagenesis was employed to create structural disruptions of the lethal factor (lf) protein of anthrax toxin to map functional domains. a dodecameric linker was inserted at 17 blunt end restriction enzyme sites throughout the gene. paired mlui restriction sites within the linker allowed the inserts to be reduced from four to two amino acids. shuttle vectors containing the mutated genes were transformed into the avirulent bacillus anthracis um23c1-1 for expression and secretion o ...	1991	1939073
anthrax.		1991	1935234
anthrax. human cutaneous anthrax--a case report.		1991	1911169
re-examination of the mineral supplement associated with a 1972 anthrax outbreak.		1991	1910219
contribution of individual toxin components to virulence of bacillus anthracis.	three proteins, protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef; a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase), compose the lethal (pa + lf) and edema (pa + ef) toxins secreted by bacillus anthracis. mutant strains, each deficient in the production of one toxin component, were constructed, and their virulence was then studied. a kanamycin resistance cassette was inserted in each cya (encoding ef) and lef (encoding lf) gene, and the constructs were separately introduced into b. anth ...	1991	1910002