Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| [a 74-year-old woman with severe abdominal pain]. | 2005 | 16137479 | |
| [role of obligate anaerobes in infections in hospitalized patients and therapeutic options]. | monitoring of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of strictly anaerobic bacteria, causing infections in hospitalized patients, constitutes a part of a program for prudent use of antibiotics. the aim of the study was to assess prevalence of strictly anaerobic bacteria in patients hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital in 2001-2002 with reference to empiric antibiotic therapy. the most common gram-positive bacteria were clostridium difficile--27.7%, peptostreptococcus spp. and peptoniphilus ... | 2005 | 16134392 |
| pseudomembranous colitis associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil. | pseudomembranous colitis is frequently associated with antibiotics and more rarely with chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil. the objective of this study is to show that it is possible to confuse this infection with chemotherapy associated toxicity. we present a 54 year old woman who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer and in the first cycle of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil developed pseudomembranous colitis. we detected the toxin b of clostridium difficile in stools and we bega ... | 2005 | 16131450 |
| toxic megacolon complicating escherichia coli o157 infection. | toxic megacolon is a well known complication in inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. the development of toxic megacolon as a complication of infectious colitis is rare. however it is recognised as a complication of enteric infections caused by clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejuni, shigella, salmonella species, cytomegalovirus and amoebae. we describe a case of necrotising haemorrhagic ileo-colitis in a previously fit and healthy young adult female caus ... | 2006 | 16126276 |
| genomics of clostridial pathogens: implication of extrachromosomal elements in pathogenicity. | the recently decoded genomes of the major clostridial toxin-producing pathogens clostridium perfringens, clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum and clostridium difficile have provided a huge amount of new sequence data. recent studies have focused on the identification and investigation of pathogenic determinants and the regulatory events governing their expression. the sequence data revealed also the genomic background of virulence genes, as well as the contribution of extrachromosomal eleme ... | 2005 | 16125440 |
| [comparison of rapid tests of toxin a and glutamate dehydrogenase and culture for detection of clostridium diffcile]. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotics-associated diarrhea (aad), and accounts for 15-20% of all the cases. especially, aad caused by c. difficile is called as c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). diagnosis of cdad is made by identification of c. difficile in the feces obtained from the patients with diarrhea after administration of antibiotics. we herein compared 3 methods, detection of toxin a and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) as well as culture for c. difficile. two hundred ... | 2005 | 16124706 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) causes substantial morbidity and mortality. the pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving altered bowel flora, production of toxins, and impaired host immunity, often in a nosocomial setting. current guidelines recommend treatment with metronidazole; vancomycin is a second-line agent because of its potential effect on the hospital environment. we present the data that led to these recommendations and explore other therapeutic options, including ant ... | 2005 | 16122678 |
| [diagnostic tests: clostridium difficile]. | 2005 | 16111229 | |
| audit is important part of drug safety and regulation. | 2005 | 16110086 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in 200 canadian children. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is a major problem in adults. the present study was conducted to assess risk factors and outcomes in children with c difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2005 | 16107901 |
| clostridium perfringens type a & antibiotic associated diarrhoea. | clostridium perfringens type a (cpa) isolates produce lethal necrotizing antigens and the heat resistant forms of the organism are associated with pathogenic outcome in humans. cpa has also been implicated in antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aad). we therefore undertook this study to investigate the presence of cpa in stool samples of patients with aad in a tertiary care setting in north india. | 2005 | 16106091 |
| preoperative oral antibiotics in colorectal surgery increase the rate of clostridium difficile colitis. | bowel preparation traditionally consists of cathartics, oral antibiotics, and intravenous antibiotics. we hypothesize that the use of oral antibiotics in bowel preparation results in a higher rate of postoperative clostridium difficile colitis. | 2005 | 16103284 |
| luxs/autoinducer-2 quorum sensing molecule regulates transcriptional virulence gene expression in clostridium difficile. | toxigenic clostridium difficile ccug19126 produces the autoinducer-2 (ai-2) quorum sensing molecule that induces bioluminescence in vibrio harveyi bb170 reporter strain. ai-2-containing cell-free supernatants from mid-log phase c. difficile and escherichia coli dh5alpha expressing recombinant luxs(cd) upregulated the transcript levels of tcda (7-10-fold), tcdb (4-6-fold), and tcde (2-3-fold) in early-log c. difficile. in contrast, no induction occurred when cells were exposed to sterile medium o ... | 2005 | 16098481 |
| infectious disease surveillance update. | 2005 | 16094737 | |
| inhibition of rac gtpase triggers a c-jun- and bim-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic cascade in cerebellar granule neurons. | rho gtpases are key transducers of integrin/extracellular matrix and growth factor signaling. although integrin-mediated adhesion and trophic support suppress neuronal apoptosis, the role of rho gtpases in neuronal survival is unclear. here, we have identified rac as a critical pro-survival gtpase in cerebellar granule neurons (cgns) and elucidated a death pathway triggered by its inactivation. gtp-loading of rac1 was maintained in cgns by integrin-mediated (rgd-dependent) cell attachment and tr ... | 2005 | 16092944 |
| reduction in nosocomial transmission of drug-resistant bacteria after introduction of an alcohol-based handrub. | to assess quantitatively the clinical impact of using an alcohol-based handrub (abhr) in the hospital environment, measuring impact as the incidence of new, nosocomial isolates of drug-resistant organisms. | 2005 | 16092747 |
| probiotics for recurrent clostridium difficile disease. | 2005 | 16091446 | |
| eradication of enteric helicobacters in mongolian gerbils is complicated by the occurrence of clostridium difficile enterotoxemia. | outbred mongolian gerbils from a united states commercial source were examined for colonization with naturally occurring enterohepatic helicobacter spp. helicobacter spp. were identified in the cecum and colon by culture and by using genus-specific primers in polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays. nutritionally balanced triple-antibiotic wafers (containing amoxicillin, metronidazole, and bismuth) used previously to eliminate helicobacter infections in mice were administered in an attempt to era ... | 2005 | 16089175 |
| inhibition of clostridium perfringens by a novel strain of bacillus subtilis isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens. | the objectives of this study were to isolate beneficial strains of microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens and to screen them against clostridium perfringens, a causative agent of necrotic enteritis in poultry. one of the bacteria isolated, a strain of bacillus subtilis, was found to possess an anticlostridial factor that could inhibit the c. perfringens atcc 13124 used in this study. the anticlostridial factor produced by b. subtilis pb6 was found to be fully or part ... | 2005 | 16085801 |
| involvement of a small gtp binding protein in hiv-1 release. | there is evidence suggesting that actin binding to hiv-1 encoded proteins, or even actin dynamics themselves, might play a key role in virus budding and/or release from the infected cell. a crucial step in the reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton is the engagement of various different gtp binding proteins. we have thus studied the involvement of gtp-binding proteins in the final steps of the hiv-1 viral replication cycle. | 2005 | 16080789 |
| neutropenic enterocolitis in an advanced epithelial ovarian cancer patient treated with paclitaxel/platinum-based chemotherapy: a case report and review of the literature. | literature data show that neutropenic enterocolitis is a rare but severe complication that can occur in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and especially with taxanes. | 2005 | 16080485 |
| rho gtpases regulate rhabdom morphology in octopus photoreceptors. | in the cephalopod retina, light/dark adaptation is accompanied by a decrease/increase in rhabdom size and redistribution of rhodopsin and retinochrome. rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton probably govern changes in rhabdom size by regulating the degradation/formation of rhabdomere microvilli. photopigment movements may be directed by microtubules present in the outer segment core cytoplasm. we believe that rhodopsin activation by light stimulates rho and rac signaling pathways, affecting th ... | 2005 | 16079005 |
| activity of selected oxidizing microbicides against the spores of clostridium difficile: relevance to environmental control. | clostridium difficile is an increasingly common nosocomial pathogen, and its spores are resistant to common environmental surface disinfectants. many high-level disinfectants (eg, aldehydes) are unsuitable for environmental decontamination because they need several hours of contact to be sporicidal. this study tested the potential of selected oxidative microbicides to inactivate c. difficile spores on hard surfaces in relatively short contact times at room temperature. | 2005 | 16061137 |
| anisomycin induces cox-2 mrna expression through p38(mapk) and creb independent of small gtpases in intestinal epithelial cells. | cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells is associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. cox-2 expression is induced by numerous growth factors and gastrointestinal hormones through multiple protein kinase cascades. here, the role of mitogen activated protein kinases (mapks) and small gtpases in cox-2 expression was investigated. anisomycin and sorbitol induced cox-2 expression in non-transformed, intestinal epithelial iec-18 cells. both anisomycin and sorbitol activated p3 ... | 2005 | 16054711 |
| structural basis for the function of clostridium difficile toxin b. | toxin b is a member of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins which are of great medical importance. its catalytic fragment was crystallized in the presence of udp-glucose and mn2+. the structure was determined at 2.2 a resolution, showing that toxin b belongs to the glycosyltransferase type a family. however, toxin b contains as many as 309 residues in addition to the common chainfold, which most likely contribute to the target specificity. a superposition with other glycosyltransferases sh ... | 2005 | 16054646 |
| effect of antibiotic treatment on growth of and toxin production by clostridium difficile in the cecal contents of mice. | in mice, subcutaneous administration of antibiotics that disrupt the anaerobic microflora (i.e., clindamycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftriaxone) facilitated in vitro growth of and toxin production by clostridium difficile in cecal contents, whereas antibiotics that cause minimal disruption of the anaerobic microflora (i.e., levofloxacin, cefepime, and aztreonam) did not. | 2005 | 16048976 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a induces intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and damage: role of gln and ala-gln in toxin a effects. | the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of clostridium difficile toxin a (txa) on intestinal epithelial cell migration, apoptosis, and transepithelial resistance and to evaluate the effect of glutamine (gln) and its stable derivative, alanyl-glutamine (ala-gln), on txa-induced damage. migration was measured in rat intestinal epithelial cells (iec-6) 6 and 24 hr after a razor scrape of the cell monolayer. cell proliferation was indirectly measured utilizing the tetrazolium salt wst-1. ... | 2005 | 16047471 |
| diarrhea in liver transplant recipients: etiology and management. | diarrhea is common after liver transplantation (lt). the true incidence of diarrhea in liver transplant recipients is unknown but possibly ranges from 10% to 43% based on a few published studies in other solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. infectious etiologies, including cytomegalovirus (cmv), clostridium difficile, and occasional atypical intestinal infections, are the most common causes. diarrhea is also a frequent side effect of immunosuppressive medications. to variable extents, my ... | 2005 | 16035068 |
| can the law help hewitt take mrsa to the cleaners? | 2005 | 16032959 | |
| cytomegalovirus colitis mimicking ischemic colitis in an immunocompetent host. | cytomegalovirus (cmv) causes infections in healthy individuals and compromised hosts. in compromised hosts, cmv may cause encephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, colitis, and so forth. in immunocompetent hosts, cmv mononucleosis is the most common clinical manifestation and cmv colitis is rare. we present a case of an 82-year-old immunocompetent man who presented with community-acquired bloody diarrhea. a computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed pan-colitis. his age and abdominal pains sugge ... | 2005 | 16027652 |
| campylobacter jejuni pancolitis mimicking idiopathic ulcerative colitis. | campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of community-acquired acute bacterial diarrhea. campylobacter diarrhea is usually accompanied by fever and abdominal pain. campylobacter diarrhea is usually watery. nausea, vomiting, headache, and myalgias may also be present. tenesmus is a common feature. the majority of patients with campylobacter diarrhea have some component of segmental colitis, usually beginning in the small bowel and progressing distally to the cecum and colon. c. jejuni is a r ... | 2005 | 16027651 |
| probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review. | the recent increase in the number and severity of cases of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has prompted interest in the use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of this disease. we performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of probiotic therapy. | 2005 | 16027434 |
| uk launches inquiry into clostridium difficile outbreak. | 2005 | 16027424 | |
| [viral gastroenteritis in children]. | purpose of the trial: to establish the involvement of viruses in the aetiology of diarrhoeal disorders in children, the incidence of individual viruses in various age groups and in different seasons, the impact of the aetiological agent on the clinical picture, the severity of the disorder, therapy and duration of hospital stay. the significance of intestinal viruses as nosocomial pathogens,a comparison of the sensitivity of latex agglutination and electron microscopy in the diagnosis of rotavir ... | 2005 | 16025426 |
| [lyophilized saccharomyces boulardii: example of a probiotic medicine]. | saccharomyces boulardii is a natural yeast without genetic modification isolated from the bark of the litchi tree in indochina. in its lyophilized form is an example of the called probiotic medicine. the probiotic denomination is in relation to that itself assets in the gastrointestinal tract in interrelation to that biologic environment. and is labelled as medicine because the lyophilized form has a clinical and pharmaceutical expedient included in the regulation of medicinal products in almost ... | 2005 | 16021204 |
| association of pseudomembranous colitis with henoch-schönlein purpura. | a 79-year-old man was admitted because of cholecystitis that occurred about 40 days after sigmoidectomy had been performed for colonic cancer. though antibiotics improved his condition, the patient had hematochezia, diarrhea, and left lower abdominal pain. colonoscopic findings showed multiple ring-like areas of redness and petechiae in the rectosigmoid colon and marked edema from the descending to the transverse colon. the patient then developed purpura on the extensor surfaces of the legs and ... | 2005 | 16007399 |
| use of nitazoxanide as a new therapeutic option for persistent diarrhea: a pediatric perspective. | despite advances in the management of diarrheal disorders, diarrhea is the second most frequent illness in the world. persistent diarrhea, common in community pediatrics, is often caused by organisms such as giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum and, less frequently, cyclospora, isospora belli, and clostridium difficile. identifying the causative organism is often challenging, and diagnostic tests may be inaccurate and expensive and, thus, of limited benefit. consequently, carefully chosen emp ... | 2005 | 16004666 |
| [study on the diarrhea in patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy--influence of clostridium difficile on the diarrhea]. | 2005 | 16004356 | |
| a modified pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) protocol for subtyping previously non-pfge typeable isolates of clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 001. | a modified pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) protocol was developed and applied to 50 isolates of the uk epidemic strain of clostridium difficile, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 001, to develop a pfge-based subtyping scheme. this protocol overcame the inherent dna degradation problems associated with typing this strain of c. difficile by this method, and whole genomic digestion with smai restriction enzyme yielded seven distinct and reproducible pfge banding patterns. modified pf ... | 2005 | 16002184 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of polymerase chain reaction ribotypes of clostridium difficile commonly isolated from symptomatic hospital patients in the uk. | two hundred and seventy-one clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, including the six most common polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes isolated from symptomatic patients in uk hospitals, were tested against nine antibiotics (imipenem, erythromycin, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, co-amoxiclav, cefotaxime, amoxicillin and clindamycin). all 271 strains were susceptible to co-amoxiclav, piperacillin/tazobactam and amoxicillin, and resistant to cefotaxime and ciproflox ... | 2005 | 16002183 |
| lansoprazole-associated collagenous colitis: a case report. | a 57-year-old man developed chronic, watery diarrhea four weeks after helicobacter pylori eradication therapy including lansoprazole followed by lansoprazole monotherapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. four weeks later the patient was admitted to our hospital. by repeated testing other causes of diarrhea, e. g., infectious diarrhea including clostridium difficile colitis were excluded. endoscopy showed a normal colon, histopathology of random biopsies of all sections of the colon demonstrat ... | 2005 | 16001348 |
| acd, a peptidoglycan hydrolase of clostridium difficile with n-acetylglucosaminidase activity. | a gene encoding a putative peptidoglycan hydrolase was identified by sequence similarity searching in the clostridium difficile 630 genome sequence, and the corresponding protein, named acd (autolysin of c. difficile) was expressed in escherichia coli. the deduced amino acid sequence of acd shows a modular structure with two main domains: an n-terminal domain exhibiting repeated sequences and a c-terminal catalytic domain. the c-terminal domain exhibits sequence similarity with the glucosaminida ... | 2005 | 16000724 |
| clinical manifestations, treatment and control of infections caused by clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile should be suspected in patients who present with nosocomial diarrhoea. it is more common in the elderly or in patients with a debilitating underlying condition who have received antimicrobial agents, and up to 20-25% of patients may experience a relapse. the reference method for diagnosis is the cell culture cytotoxin test which detects the presence of toxin b in a cellular culture of human fibroblasts, but recovering c. difficile in culture allows the performance of a ''se ... | 2005 | 15997485 |
| rational antibiotic treatment of outpatient genitourinary infections in a changing environment. | in the outpatient setting, genitourinary infections (guis) remain costly to treat and are a significant cause of morbidity. recent evidence supports more substantial roles for pathogens other than escherichia coli, particularly gram-positive pathogens, in the pathogenesis of guis. broad-spectrum agents should be considered in order to address this etiologic change appropriately. criteria for antimicrobial selection set forth by the council for appropriate and rational antibiotic therapy (carat) ... | 2005 | 15993672 |
| the emergence of clostridium difficile as a pathogen of food animals. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis in humans, usually after disruption of the bowel flora by antibiotic therapy. factors mediating the frank disease include the dose and toxigenicity of the colonizing strain, its ability to adhere to colonic epithelium, the concurrent presence of organisms that affect multiplication and toxin production or activity, and the susceptibility of the host. toxins a (an enterotoxin) and b (a cytotoxin) play the major role in pathogenesis and the det ... | 2004 | 15984348 |
| acute renal failure in a renal allograft: an unusual infectious cause of thrombotic microangiopathy. | 2005 | 15983970 | |
| [reactive arthritis due to clostridium difficile]. | extracolonic manifestations of clostridium difficile infections have rarely been reported as a cause of reactive arthritis. we report the case of a monoarticular arthritis following pseudomembranous colitis. a 45 year-old man was admitted for fever and monoarthritis of the left knee, 8 days after the onset of a c. difficile enterocolitis associated with urethritis. samples obtained from the knee, urine, and blood cultures remained sterile. bone scintigraphy revealed a left knee and forefoot hype ... | 2005 | 15982847 |
| pseudomembranous colitis. | 2005 | 15978456 | |
| [study on clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea suspected as nosocomial infection in urology ward]. | between june 2000 and january 2001, 11 patients were diagnosed with clostridium diffcile (c. difficile)-associated diarrhea in the ward of urology at the kakegawa municipal hospital. of these 11 patients, 10 had exposure to antimicrobial agents, before the onset of diarrhea. all patients' stools were positive for c. difficile toxin a. after discotinuing antimicrobial agents with or without administering vancomycin, they recovered from c. difficile-associated diarrhea. between january 2001 and se ... | 2005 | 15977595 |
| analysis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among patients hospitalized in tertiary care academic hospital. | the frequency of clostridium difficile strains in stool samples of patients with diarrhea hospitalized in the hematology/oncology, surgery, orthopedics, transplantology ward, and emergency room of davis medical center was analyzed. a total of 786 stool samples collected from patients with diarrhea and 180 samples taken from the hospital environment were cultured for c. difficile by routine methods. there were 119 strains of c. difficile isolated: 97 (12.3%) strains from patients' stools (no ente ... | 2005 | 15964504 |
| limited clinical utility of clostridium difficile toxin testing in infants in a pediatric hospital. | previous studies have shown high rates of asymptomatic carriage of toxin-producing clostridium difficile in infants. we performed a retrospective case control study comparing infants younger than 1 year old with diarrhea and c. difficile toxin (cdt) in the stool, to age-matched controls with diarrhea lacking cdt in the stool. we found no difference in clinical characteristics including fever, vomiting, or hematochezia. treatment with metronidazole had no significant effect on the clinical outcom ... | 2005 | 15964495 |
| frequency of sample submission for optimal utilization of the cell culture cytotoxicity assay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. | we reviewed the results of repeated sample submissions within a 7-day time frame for clostridium difficile toxin testing. a total of 2,940 samples were tested during a 3-month period using a cell culture cytotoxicity assay (ccca). the results from all second samples (n = 1,101) were concordant with the original test result. in only two cases (0.8%; n = 247) was a third sample positive when the first two samples were negative. in this study, submission of multiple samples for ccca did not increas ... | 2005 | 15956442 |
| molecular epidemiology of endemic clostridium difficile infection and the significance of subtypes of the united kingdom epidemic strain (pcr ribotype 1). | we previously identified two subtypes of the epidemic strain clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 1, one clindamycin-sensitive strain (arbitrarily primed pcr [ap-pcr] type ia) and a closely related clindamycin-resistant strain (ap-pcr type ib) in our institution. we have now carried out prospective epidemiological surveillance for 4 years, immediately following the relocation of two acute medicine wards for elderly patients (wards a and b), to determine the clinical epidemiology of subtypes of the ... | 2005 | 15956384 |
| quebec reports c. difficile mortality statistics. | 2005 | 15956018 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2005 | 15954540 | |
| parasites in nosocomial diarrhoea: are they underestimated? | nosocomial diarrhoea, defined as diarrhoea occurring more than 72 h after hospital admission, is reported to account for <1% of endemic nosocomial infections and 17% of epidemic nosocomial infections. the yield of diagnoses from stool cultures in nosocomial diarrhoea is low, and information regarding the role of parasites is limited. we conducted a study to determine the responsible bacterial and parasitological pathogens from nosocomial diarrhoea cases in our 2000-bed tertiary care facility ove ... | 2005 | 15949620 |
| screening of yeasts as probiotic based on capacities to colonize the gastrointestinal tract and to protect against enteropathogen challenge in mice. | probiotics are defined as viable microorganisms that exhibit a beneficial effect on the host's health when they are ingested. two important criteria are used for selection of probiotic microorganisms: they must be able to survive in the gastrointestinal environment and to present at least one beneficial function (colonization resistance, immunomodulation or nutritional contribution). generally, in vitro assays demonstrating these properties were used to select probiotics but it is unclear if the ... | 2005 | 15942869 |
| linezolid contributed to clostridium difficile colitis with fatal outcome. | linezolid, the first of a new class of antibacterial drugs, the oxazolidinones, has inhibitory activity against a broad range of gram-positive aerobic cocci and also against certain anaerobes. although diarrhea is one of the most frequently encountered adverse effects of linezolid, clostridium difficile-related complications are very uncommon. one case of fatal c. difficile colitis in a patient with spondylodiscitis, who had received a long-term course of linezolid therapy, is presented. colitis ... | 2005 | 15940418 |
| pathogenesis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | this paper reviews the pathogenesis and management of clostridium difficile diarrhoea, in particular the management of recurrent episodes. | 2005 | 15937201 |
| distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure secondary to clostridium difficile colitis. | distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction is typically associated with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) infection, fluid pseudocysts, bowel obstruction, bowel perforation, or improper shunt placement in the abdomen. we describe a unique etiology for distal shunt obstruction secondary to clostridium difficile pancolitis that occurred because of inflammation and ascites, which led to incomplete drainage and absorption of csf. this case illustrates the importance of considering distal shunt obstructio ... | 2005 | 15931467 |
| rifaximin: a nonabsorbable rifamycin antibiotic for use in nonsystemic gastrointestinal infections. | rifaximin is a poorly water-soluble and minimally absorbed (<0.4%) rifamycin with in vitro activity against enteric gram-negative bacteria including enteric pathogens. fecal levels of the drug after 3 days' oral therapy exceed 8000 microg/g. rifaximin is effective in the treatment and prevention of travelers' diarrhea due to escherichia coli-predominant bacterial pathogens. it shows lower activity against dysenteric forms of bacterial diarrhea. the drug may be useful in other enteric infectious ... | 2005 | 15918778 |
| ermb determinants and tn916-like elements in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | erythromycin and tetracycline resistance was analyzed in 37 clostridium difficile clinical isolates. strains of different clonal origins showed different erythromycin and tetracycline resistance determinants and different genetic arrangements of the elements. in strains of recent isolation, the presence of tn916-like elements, never found before in c. difficile clinical isolates, has been demonstrated. | 2005 | 15917571 |
| [risk of superinfection related to antibiotic use. are all antibiotics the same?]. | the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of using different antibiotics on the risk of acquiring a bacterial or fungal superinfection in hospital-acquired infections. a systematic review of the literature using the pubmed (medline) database from january 1990 to december 2003 was performed. we selected only those studies with at least 25 patients in each arm in which the clinical efficacy of several antibiotics (third generation cephalosporins, fluorquinolones, piperacillin-tazobactam and ... | 2005 | 15915231 |
| the role of antibiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. | broad-spectrum antibiotics are the mainstay of therapy for patients with crohn's disease (cd) who present with localized peritonitis due to a microperforation bacterial overgrowth secondary to chronic strictures. they are essential adjuncts to drainage therapy for cd-associated abscesses and for complicated perineal disease. the lack of well-designed, placebo-controlled trials has led to much skepticism about the efficacy of antibiotics as primary therapy for cd. however, a careful review of the ... | 2005 | 15913511 |
| clostridium difficile toxin assay in psoriatic patients. | chemotherapy-induced pseudomembranous colitis is most commonly associated with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. methotrexate and mesalazine have also been used for the treatment of psoriasis but the effect of these therapies on the clostridium difficile carriage in the stool of psoriatic patients has not been studied. our aim was to detect the presence of c. difficile toxin in patients with psoriasis hospitalized for systemic therapy and in those receiving methotrexate and mesalazine. a total of ... | 2004 | 15912974 |
| gi complications in pediatric patients post-bmt. | this retrospective study comprehensively examined hepatic and gastrointestinal complications post-bone marrow transplant (bmt) in a heterogeneous group of 132 pediatric patients that underwent 142 transplants. hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 28% of this population with clinically evident jaundice in 16%. acute graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) occurred in 46% of the population, with liver involvement in 39% and intestinal involvement in 60% of those with acute gvhd. veno-occlusive disease (vod) oc ... | 2005 | 15908980 |
| colonization by clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day-care facilities of kanazawa, japan. | the intestinal-carriage rates of clostridium difficile in neonates hospitalized in the university hospital's center for perinatal and reproductive health and in infants and children enrolled in two day-nurseries and a kindergarten were examined. swab samples from the floors of these facilities were also analyzed to determine the extent of environmental contamination by this organism. c. difficile was found in the stool of only one of 40 neonates during the normal 1-week stay in the hospital afte ... | 2005 | 15906260 |
| passive immunisation of hamsters against clostridium difficile infection using antibodies to surface layer proteins. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and the primary cause of pseudomembraneous colitis in hospitalised patients. we assessed the protective effect of anti-surface layer protein (slp) antibodies on c. difficile infection in a lethal hamster challenge model. post-challenge survival was significantly prolonged in the anti-slp treated group compared with control groups (p=0.0281 and p=0.0283). the potential mechanism of action of the antiserum was shown to be th ... | 2005 | 15899406 |
| angiotensin ii subtype 1 receptor blockade inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a-induced intestinal secretion in a rabbit model. | angiotensin ii (ang ii) has been described in the regulation of intestinal secretion and absorption via angiotensin subtype 1 (at(1)) and at(2) receptors, respectively, in rats. we investigated the role that ang ii plays in the rabbit ileal-loop model of clostridium difficile infection. expression of at(1), the more abundant ang ii receptor, was demonstrated in ileal loops, and an at(1) receptor blocker, losartan, inhibited hypersecretion induced by c. difficile toxin a (mean volume : length rat ... | 2005 | 15897995 |
| the microbial etiologies of diarrhea in hospitalized patients from the puerto rico medical center hospitals. | the development of diarrhea in hospitalized patients is a frequently encountered clinical problem, which may be due to infectious or non-infectious causes. the purpose of this study was to identify which common community enteric pathogens, if any, are responsible for diarrheal episodes in hospitalized patients. stool samples from 76 consecutive, hospitalized patients were analyzed utilizing routine bacterial cultures, smears for identification of ova and parasites and enzyme-link immunoadsorbent ... | 2005 | 15895876 |
| saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. | saccharomyces cerevisiae is well known in the baking and brewing industry and is also used as a probiotic in humans. however, it is a very uncommon cause of infection in humans. | 2005 | 15889360 |
| metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated disease: is it okay for mom? | 2005 | 15889356 | |
| increasing risk of relapse after treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in quebec, canada. | clinicians who treat patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in quebec, canada, have noted an apparent increase in the proportion of patients who experience relapse. | 2005 | 15889355 |
| relatively poor outcome after treatment of clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. | clostridium difficile is a frequent cause of serious nosocomial infection. earlier reports have suggested that treatment with metronidazole cured nearly 90% of patients, with only a modest rate of recurrence of infection. in recent years, the rate of response to treatment with this drug has appeared to be much lower. | 2005 | 15889354 |
| subtyping of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 001 by rep-pcr and pfge. | the rep-pcr (repetitive sequence-based pcr using repetitive extragenic palindromic primers) typing method and a modified pfge method were applied to isolates of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 001 with the aim of comparing their performance as methods of subtyping this organism. of 200 isolates from 60 hospitals tested by rep-pcr, eight subtypes were identified and labelled as rep-pcr subtypes 001-008. the predominant subtype, rep-pcr subtype 003, accounted for 47% of the total. fifty-two of ... | 2005 | 15888462 |
| proteomic analysis of cell surface proteins from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes disease of the large intestine, particularly after treatment with antibiotics. the bacterium produces two toxins (a and b) that are responsible for the pathology of the disease. in addition, a number of bacterial virulence factors associated with adhesion to the gut have previously been identified, including the cell wall protein cwp66, the high-molecular weight surface layer protein (hmw-slp) and the flagella. as the genome sequence predicts many ... | 2005 | 15887182 |
| the role of leukotriene b4 in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced ileitis in rats. | clostridium difficile toxin a is a potent intestinal inflammatory agent that has been shown to act at least partially by neurogenic mechanisms involving activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (trpv1) (capsaicin) receptor. we tested the hypothesis that leukotriene b4 (ltb4) mediates the effects of toxin a via activation of the trpv1 receptor. | 2005 | 15887113 |
| c. difficile strain 20 times more virulent. | 2005 | 15883397 | |
| novel cd47-dependent intercellular adhesion modulates cell migration. | cd47 is a ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane protein, also known as integrin associated protein, that modulates cell adhesion both through alteration of the avidity of integrin binding and through interaction with its own ligands, the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin (tsp) and the plasma membrane response regulator sirpalpha1. we now show that cd47 expression on fibroblasts can induce intercellular adhesion resulting in cell aggregation in the absence of active integrins, sirpalph ... | 2005 | 15880429 |
| effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomized, controlled study. | ten percent to 20% of patients relapse after successful treatment of their clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea. we set out to determine if the prebiotic oligofructose could alter the fecal bacterial flora and, in addition to antibiotic treatment, reduce the rate of relapse from c difficile infection. | 2005 | 15880313 |
| albumin, length of stay, and proton pump inhibitors: key factors in clostridium difficile-associated disease in nursing home patients. | to identify risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in nursing home patients. | 2005 | 15871884 |
| the importance of microbiological investigations, medications and artificial feeding in diarrhoea evaluation. | diarrhoea in hospitalised patients is usually attributed to medications especially antibiotics, enteral tube feeding or enteropathogenic bacteria particularly clostridium difficile. | 2005 | 15868885 |
| diarrhoea developing in hospital patients. | 2005 | 15868883 | |
| statins potentiate the ifn-gamma-induced upregulation of group iia phospholipase a2 in human aortic smooth muscle cells and hepg2 hepatoma cells. | the present study shows that the incubation of human aortic smooth muscle cells (hasmc) and hepg2 cells with atorvastatin and mevastatin as hmg-coa reductase inhibitors potentiated the interferon-gamma (inf-gamma)-induced group iia phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)-iia) expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. the effect of statins on spla(2)-iia expression was reduced by mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. inversely, inhibitors of the farnesyl transferase and ... | 2005 | 15863363 |
| statins decrease toll-like receptor 4 expression and downstream signaling in human cd14+ monocytes. | anti-inflammatory effects of statins contribute to their clinical benefit. molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have not been well explored. because statins attenuate lipopolysaccharide (lps) responsiveness, we hypothesized that part of the pleiotropic effects are mediated through innate immunity. | 2005 | 15860745 |
| effects of piperacillin/tazobactam on clostridium difficile growth and toxin production in a human gut model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major cause of morbidity in the nosocomial environment. antimicrobial agents such as the third-generation cephalosporins, lincosamides and aminopenicillins are well known for their propensity to induce cdi, but the definitive reasons why remain to be elucidated. despite their broad spectrum of activity against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, the ureidopenicillins remain a class of antimicrobials infrequently associated with the development of cdi. | 2005 | 15860551 |
| depolarization induces rho-rho kinase-mediated myosin light chain phosphorylation in kidney tubular cells. | myosin-based contractility plays important roles in the regulation of epithelial functions, particularly paracellular permeability. however, the triggering factors and the signaling pathways that control epithelial myosin light chain (mlc) phosphorylation have not been elucidated. herein we show that plasma membrane depolarization provoked by distinct means, including high extracellular k(+), the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium, or the ionophore nystatin, induced strong diphosphorylatio ... | 2005 | 15857905 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis: are they less common with poorly absorbed antimicrobials? | diarrhea is a well-known complication of antibiotic therapy. rates of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) vary from 5 to 25%. some antibiotics are more likely to cause diarrhea than others, specifically, those that are broad spectrum and those that target anaerobic flora. this paper reviews the effects of antibiotics on the fecal flora as well as host factors which contribute to aad. clinical features and treatment of aad are also described. prevention of aad rests on wise antibiotic policies, ... | 2005 | 15855751 |
| rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antibiotic: pharmacology and clinical potential. | rifaximin (4-deoxy-4'-methylpyrido[1',2'-1,2]imidazo- [5,4-c]-rifamycin sv) is a synthetic antibiotic designed to modify the parent compound, rifamycin, in order to achieve low gastrointestinal (gi) absorption while retaining good antibacterial activity. both experimental and clinical pharmacology clearly show that this compound is a nonsystemic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antibacterial action covering gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, both aerobes and anaerobes. being virtually ... | 2005 | 15855748 |
| multidrug resistance in staphylococcus aureus due to overexpression of a novel multidrug and toxin extrusion (mate) transport protein. | efflux is an important mechanism of multidrug resistance (mdr) in bacteria. the multidrug and toxin extrusion (mate) family is the most recently described group of mdr efflux proteins, none of which have previously been identified in staphylococcus aureus. two independently derived s. aureus mutants having efflux-related mdr phenotypes were studied using microarray technology and a marked overexpression of an open reading frame (orf; mepa) encoding a protein homologous with mate family proteins ... | 2005 | 15855507 |
| potential elevation of tacrolimus trough concentrations with concomitant metronidazole therapy. | to report the occurrence of a potential tacrolimus elevation in a renal transplant recipient after adding metronidazole to the medication regimen. | 2005 | 15855244 |
| protecting against clostridium difficile illness. | 2005 | 15851708 | |
| c. difficile: will lessons be learned? | 2005 | 15851697 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis presenting as acute colonic obstruction without diarrhea in a patient with gastric burkitt lymphoma. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) usually manifests as fever and diarrhea in hospitalized patients treated with systemic antibiotics. we described a case of pmc with intestinal obstruction but without diarrhea. a 60-year-old man was hospitalized for chemotherapy for the treatment of burkitt lymphoma of the stomach. the patient became febrile and complained of crampy abdominal pain during the post-chemotherapy nadir. plain abdominal radiography showed some intestinal gas and niveau. because stool cy ... | 2005 | 15849835 |
| [reactive arthritis induced by clostridium difficile enteritis]. | this article reports the case of an acute monoarthritis of the ankle occurring in a hla-b27 positive female patient who presented with diarrhea and fever. we retained the hypothesis of a clostridium difficile colitis, as she had previously received an antibiotic treatment. the culture of the synovial fluid remained sterile, which postulated that this arthritis was reactive. the diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of toxins a and b in the stool and positive culture. the outcome was satisfacto ... | 2005 | 15846952 |
| prevalence of the ermb gene in clostridium difficile strains isolated at a university teaching hospital from 1987 through 1998. | we analyzed 226 strains of clostridium difficile for the presence of erythromycin ribosomal methylase b (ermb) genes. forty-four strains (19.4%) carried ermb genes and were resistant to erythromycin. toxin a and toxin b gene sequences were identified in 81.9% of these 44 strains. strains of c. difficile that carry ermb genes are common etiologic agents of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2005 | 15844079 |
| the open anterior paramedian retroperitoneal approach for spine procedures. | with the advent of anterior lumbar interbody fusion and artificial disk replacement as common procedures for the treatment of many spinal problems, anterior exposure has become an increasingly popular procedure for general, thoracic, urologic, and vascular surgeons. despite this, the body of literature describing this procedure, especially the general and vascular surgery literature, is lacking. | 2005 | 15837883 |
| clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. | as the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, clostridium difficile colonizes the large bowel of patients undergoing antibiotic therapy and produces two toxins, which cause notable disease pathologies. these two toxins, tcda and tcdb, are encoded on a pathogenicity locus along with negative and positive regulators of their expression. following expression and release from the bacterium, tcda and tcdb translocate to the cytosol of target cells and inactivate small gtp-binding proteins, whic ... | 2005 | 15831824 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea in a turkish outpatient population: investigation of 288 cases. | oral antibiotics are often prescribed, especially for respiratory tract infections in the community. the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics causes an increased incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). although aad has been studied in hospitalized patients, there is little available information concerning the characteristics of aad in outpatient populations. the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and laboratory findings of adult patients with community-acquired ... | 2005 | 15828448 |
| [impact of a non-compulsory antibiotic control program (pacta): cost reductions and decreases in some nosocomial infections]. | antibiotics account for 30% of hospital pharmacy expenses. more than 50% of the prescriptions are considered inappropriate; hence, programs devoted to optimizing the prescription of antibiotics should be developed. we present the results of a non-compulsory program for the assessment and control of antibiotic treatment in the university hospital 12 de octubre in madrid. | 2005 | 15826540 |