Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| large conjugative plasmids from clinical strains of salmonella enterica serovar virchow contain a class 2 integron in addition to class 1 integrons and several non-integron-associated drug resistance determinants. | two large conjugative resistance (r) plasmids from clinical strains of salmonella enterica serovar virchow carried a class 2 integron with the 5' conserved sequence (5'cs)-dfra1-sat1-aada1-3'cs gene array, which is associated with defective tn7 transposons. in addition, each contained a different class 1 integron (with 5'cs-aada1-3'cs or 5'cs-sat-smr-aada1-3'cs gene arrays) linked to tn21-tn9 sequences, and several non-integron-associated r determinants. an intact copy of tn7 (including the clas ... | 2006 | 16569896 |
| variability in the region downstream of the blacmy-2 beta-lactamase gene in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica plasmids. | we used sequencing and pcr mapping to investigate the regions flanking the blacmy-2 beta-lactamase gene carried by plasmids from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. results revealed genetic heterogeneity in the region downstream from blacmy-2 and identified a putative transposable element bearing blacmy-2. | 2006 | 16569893 |
| organization of tn2610 containing two transposition modules. | transposon tn2610, found in a conjugative plasmid from an escherichia coli isolate recovered at a hospital in chiba, japan, in 1975, was completely sequenced. tn2610 is 23,883 bp long and is bracketed by two transposition modules, a tn1721-like module and a tn21-derived module, which correspond, respectively, to the long inverted repeats ira and irb previously described for this transposon. although both tnpa genes are intact, only that in the tn21-derived module (irb) functions in the transposi ... | 2006 | 16569822 |
| evaluation of isopathic treatment of salmonella enteritidis in poultry. | salmonellosis is a common problem worldwide in commercially reared poultry. it is associated with human salmonellosis. no fully satisfactory method of control is available. | 2006 | 16569625 |
| bacteraemia due to ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis in adult patients at a university hospital in taiwan, 1996-2004. | eighty-one adult patients with salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) bacteraemia treated at a university hospital from 1996 to 2004 were evaluated. multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model was used to characterize risk factors for primary bacteraemia and mycotic aneurysm and to determine the association of clinical characteristics of patients based on ciprofloxacin susceptibility of the causative organism. the incidence per 100,000 discharges was 0.76 in 1996 ... | 2006 | 16569283 |
| changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media. | major active compounds from essential oils are well-known to possess antimicrobial activity against both pathogen and spoilage microorganisms. the aim of this work was to determine the alteration of the membrane fatty acid profile as an adaptive mechanism of the cells in the presence of a sublethal concentration of antimicrobial compound in response to a stress condition. methanolic solutions of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol were added into growth media of escherichia ... | 2006 | 16569070 |
| prevalence & phenotypic expression of sopb gene among clinical isolates of salmonella enterica. | salmonella induced enteritis is a complex phenomenon involving a number of pathogenic factors. type iii secretions play a central role in the development of salmonella induced enteritis. one such type iii secretion protein is salmonella outer proteinb (sopb). reports on the prevalence of this gene among different serovars of salmonella of indian origin appears to be lacking. the present investigation reports on the prevalence of sopb gene and its phenotypic expression (sopb protein) among differ ... | 2006 | 16567873 |
| salmonella serovar give: an unusual pathogen causing splenic abscess. | 2006 | 16565825 | |
| invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis in immunocompetent infants and children. | to investigate the extraintestinal manifestations of non-typhoidal salmonellae (nts) infection in immunocompetent infants and children. | 2007 | 16564718 |
| molecular characterization of injr06, a class 1 integron located in a conjugative plasmid of salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium. | the presence of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons was investigated in four pediatric isolates of salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium (s. typhimurium). a class 1 integron was detected in one s. typhimurium strain, the only one that also showed resistance to various aminoglycoside antibiotics. this integron, called injr06, and the aminoglycoside resistance determinants were located in ps06, a large (> or = 55 kb) conjugative plasmid. a single mobile cassette (encoding the aminoglycoside adenylyltransfe ... | 2005 | 16562381 |
| strains of salmonella cholerae-suis producing acetylmethylcarbinol. | 1944 | 16560860 | |
| the pmra/pmrb and rcsc/yojn/rcsb systems control expression of the salmonella o-antigen chain length determinant. | the lipopolysaccharide (lps) is the outermost component of the cell envelope in gram-negative bacteria. it consists of the hydrophobic lipid a, a short non-repeating core oligosaccharide and a distal polysaccharide termed o-antigen. we report here that the pmra/pmrb and rcsc/yojn/rcsb two-component systems of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium independently promote transcription of the wzzst gene, which encodes a protein that determines the chain length of the o-antigen. we show that the re ... | 2006 | 16556219 |
| genetic diversity of multi-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from animals and humans. | in this study, the genetic diversities of multi-resistant salmonella typhimurium (st) isolates were analyzed via the application of both pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis methods, using 6 kinds of primers (rep, eric, sere, box, p-1254 and opb-17). and their discriminative abilities (da) were also compared in order to determine the most effective and reliable analysis method. 118 s. typhimurium isolates, cultured from diverse animals and human pa ... | 2006 | 16554725 |
| the integration host factor (ihf) integrates stationary-phase and virulence gene expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | the integration host factor (ihf) is a dna-binding and -bending protein with roles in local dna structural organization and transcriptional regulation in gram-negative bacteria. this heterodimeric protein is composed of the two highly homologous subunits ihfalpha and ihfbeta. dna microarray analysis was used to define the regulon of genes subject to ihf control in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). the transcription profile of the wild type was compared with those of mutan ... | 2006 | 16553887 |
| characterization of lysine decarboxylase-negative strains of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis disseminated in japan. | salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the leading causes of food-borne diseases in japan. typically, salmonella spp. test positive for lysine-decarboxylase. however, the number of isolates of serovar enteritidis without lysine-decarboxylase activity increased in japan in 2003. among 109 strains from distinct outbreaks, 10 lacked lysine-decarboxylase activity. nine of the ten lysine-decarboxylase-negative strains showed quite similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. their ly ... | 2006 | 16553811 |
| neutrophil influx during non-typhoidal salmonellosis: who is in the driver's seat? | a massive neutrophil influx in the intestine is the histopathological hallmark of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-induced enterocolitis in humans. two major hypotheses on the mechanism leading to neutrophil infiltration in the intestinal mucosa have emerged. one hypothesis suggests that s. enterica serovar typhimurium takes an active role in triggering this host response by injecting proteins, termed effectors, into the host cell cytosol which induce a proinflammatory gene expression pro ... | 2006 | 16553804 |
| a newly developed assay to study the minimum inhibitory concentration of satureja spinosa essential oil. | the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of satureja spinosa essential oil against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, salmonella serovar enteritidis pt4 and bacillus cereus was comparatively assessed with an established optical density method as well as a novel impedimetric method. | 2006 | 16553733 |
| mutation of phosphotransacetylase but not isocitrate lyase reduces the virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in mice. | a phosphotransacetylase (pta) mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was attenuated in mice but survived normally in macrophages. complementation of the pta mutation in trans restored virulence. an isocitrate lyase (acea) mutant was virulent, so the inability to use acetate as a sole carbon source does not explain the phenotype. | 2006 | 16552088 |
| myd88 innate immune function in a zebrafish embryo infection model. | innate immunity signaling mechanisms during vertebrate embryogenesis are largely unknown. to study toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling function in the zebrafish embryo model, we designed an experimental setup for antisense morpholino knockdown under conditions of bacterial infection. clearance of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ra bacteria was significantly impaired after knockdown of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88), a common adaptor protein in tlr and interleukin-1 receptor sig ... | 2006 | 16552074 |
| frequent recombination and low level of clonality within salmonella enterica subspecies i. | the genetic relationship and population structure of salmonella enterica subspecies i strains were analysed using nucleotide sequences of four genes (mgla, prov, torc and spec). fifteen strains from the salmonella reference collection b (sarb), belonging to 13 serovars, were analysed. sequence data of two housekeeping genes, mdh and muts, of the same 15 strains reported by brown et al. (2003) (proc natl acad sci u s a 100, 15676-15681) were also included in the analyses. phylogenetic analysis re ... | 2006 | 16549673 |
| multiple promoters control expression of the yersinia enterocolitica phage-shock-protein a (pspa) operon. | the widely conserved phage-shock-protein a (pspa) operon encodes an extracytoplasmic stress response system that is essential for virulence in yersinia enterocolitica, and has been linked to other important phenotypes in escherichia coli, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri. regulation of pspa operon expression is mediated through a promoter upstream of pspa that depends on sigma factor rpon (sigma(54)) and the enhancer binding protein pspf. pspa, pspb and pspc, encoded within the pspa ope ... | 2006 | 16549664 |
| the cobz gene of methanosarcina mazei go1 encodes the nonorthologous replacement of the alpha-ribazole-5'-phosphate phosphatase (cobc) enzyme of salmonella enterica. | open reading frame (orf) mm2058 of the methanogenic archaeon methanosarcina mazei strain gö1 was shown in vivo and in vitro to encode the nonorthologous replacement of the alpha-ribazole-phosphate phosphatase (cobc; ec 3.1.3.73) enzyme of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2. bioinformatics analysis of sequences available in databases tentatively identified orf mm2058, which was cloned under the control of an inducible promoter and was used to support growth of an s. enterica strain under ... | 2006 | 16547066 |
| altering the length of the lipopolysaccharide o antigen has an impact on the interaction of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with macrophages and complement. | a panel of isogenic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains that vary only in the length of the o antigen was constructed through complementation of a wzz double mutant (displaying unregulated o-antigen length) with one of two homologous (wzzst and wzzfepe) or three heterologous (wzzo139 of vibrio cholerae and wzzsf and wzzphs-2 of shigella flexneri) wzz genes. each gene was functional in the s. enterica serovar typhimurium host and specified production of o-antigen polymers with lengths ... | 2006 | 16547065 |
| the first 45 amino acids of sopa are necessary for invb binding and spi-1 secretion. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium encodes two type iii secretion systems (ttsss) within pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1) and island 2 (spi-2). these type iii protein secretion and translocation systems transport a panel of bacterial effector proteins across both the bacterial and the host cell membranes to promote bacterial entry and subsequent survival inside host cells. effector proteins contain secretion and translocation signals that are often located at their n termini. we have develope ... | 2006 | 16547027 |
| reduction of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis on the surface of raw shelled almonds by exposure to steam. | this study was conducted to investigate the effect of steam treatment on the reduction of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis on the surface of raw almonds. two cultivars, 'nonpareil' and 'mission', were studied. salmonella enteritidis was inoculated on the surface of raw almonds, which were then treated with steam (93 degrees c +/- 1 degrees c) for 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 s. after steam treatment, samples were plated on xylose lysine desoxycholate (xld) and overlay (ov) xld as a selec ... | 2006 | 16541690 |
| inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium dt104, and listeria monocytogenes on inoculated alfalfa seeds with a fatty acid-based sanitizer. | alfalfa seeds were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium dt104, or listeria monocytogenes by immersion to contain approximately 6 to 8 log cfu/g and then treated with a fatty acid-based sanitizer containing 250 ppm of peroxyacid, 1,000 ppm of caprylic and capric acids (emery 658), 1,000 ppm of lactic acid, and 500 ppm of glycerol monolaurate at a reference concentration of 1x. inoculated seeds were immersed at ... | 2006 | 16541689 |
| robust salmonella metabolism limits possibilities for new antimicrobials. | new antibiotics are urgently needed to control infectious diseases. metabolic enzymes could represent attractive targets for such antibiotics, but in vivo target validation is largely lacking. here we have obtained in vivo information about over 700 salmonella enterica enzymes from network analysis of mutant phenotypes, genome comparisons and salmonella proteomes from infected mice. over 400 of these enzymes are non-essential for salmonella virulence, reflecting extensive metabolic redundancies ... | 2006 | 16541065 |
| antibiotic resistance among salmonella enterica isolates in southern european children hospitalized for acute diarrhea. | 2006 | 16534590 | |
| detection of virulence determinants in clinical strains of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and mapping on macrorestriction profiles. | a total of 80 strains of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, causing gastroenteritis (g) or bacteraemia (b), and three control strains (c), were subjected to: (i) detection of 14 chromosomally and 1 plasmid-located virulence genes by pcr, (ii) detection of dna polymorphisms by xbai and blni pfge, and cluster analysis, (iii) mapping of the 15 screened sequences on macrorestriction profiles and (iv) comparison of the screening and mapping results with data available for other salmonella strai ... | 2006 | 16533982 |
| enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) sequences in escherichia coli: evolution and implications for eric-pcr. | enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) sequences are 127-bp imperfect palindromes that occur in multiple copies in the genomes of enteric bacteria and vibrios. here we investigate the distribution of these elements in the complete genome sequences of nine escherichia coli (including shigella species) strains. there is a significant tendency for copies to be adjacent to more highly expressed genes. there is considerable variation among strains with respect to the presence of an el ... | 2006 | 16533821 |
| multidrug resistance among different serotypes of clinical salmonella isolates in taiwan. | of the 798 clinical salmonella isolates collected from multiple hospitals in taiwan, resistance to ampicillin (48.5%), chloramphenicol (55.3%), streptomycin (59.0%), sulfamethoxazole (68.0%), and tetracycline (67.8%) was high, whereas resistance to all 5 antimicrobials (acssut r-type) comprised 327 (41%) and was highly prevalent in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (72.7%, 176/242), the most common serotype. additional resistance to trimethoprim was present in 155 (19.4% overall) of the a ... | 2006 | 16529903 |
| the escherichia coli bara-uvry two-component system is a virulence determinant in the urinary tract. | the salmonella enterica bara-sira, the erwinia carotovora exps-expa, the vibrio cholerae bara-vara and the pseudomonas spp gacs-gaca all belong to the same orthologous family of two-component systems as the escherichia coli bara-uvry. in the first four species it has been demonstrated that disruption of this two-component system leads to a clear reduction in virulence of the bacteria. our aim was to determine if the escherichia coli bara-uvry two-component system is connected with virulence usin ... | 2006 | 16529647 |
| comparative study of antibacterial resistance among clinical isolates of salmonella enterica non-typhi serotypes in southern bulgaria during 1997-1999 and 2002-2004. | 2006 | 16528539 | |
| genome-wide screen for salmonella genes required for long-term systemic infection of the mouse. | a microarray-based negative selection screen was performed to identify salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (serovar typhimurium) genes that contribute to long-term systemic infection in 129x1/svj (nramp1(r)) mice. a high-complexity transposon-mutagenized library was used to infect mice intraperitoneally, and the selective disappearance of mutants was monitored after 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postinfection. one hundred and eighteen genes were identified to contribute to serovar typhimurium infectio ... | 2006 | 16518469 |
| multidrug resistance in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium from humans in france (1993 to 2003). | the aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes (r types), the phage types and xbai-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) types, the genes coding for resistance to beta-lactams and to quinolones, and the class 1 integrons among a representative sample of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates collected from humans in 2002 through the french national reference center for salmonella (nrc-salm) network. the trends in the evolution of a ... | 2006 | 16517842 |
| selective removal of dna from dead cells of mixed bacterial communities by use of ethidium monoazide. | the distinction between viable and dead bacterial cells poses a major challenge in microbial diagnostics. due to the persistence of dna in the environment after cells have lost viability, dna-based quantification methods overestimate the number of viable cells in mixed populations or even lead to false-positive results in the absence of viable cells. on the other hand, rna-based diagnostic methods, which circumvent this problem, are technically demanding and suffer from some drawbacks. a promisi ... | 2006 | 16517648 |
| survival and transmission of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in an outdoor organic pig farming environment. | it was investigated how organic rearing conditions influence the salmonella enterica infection dynamics in pigs and whether salmonella persists in the paddock environment. pigs inoculated with s. enterica serovar typhimurium were grouped with salmonella-negative tracer pigs. bacteriological and serological testing indicated that organic pigs were susceptible to salmonella infections, as 26 of 46 (56%) tracer pigs turned culture positive. an intermittent and mainly low-level excretion of salmonel ... | 2006 | 16517629 |
| ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi in a patient with osteomyelitis of the rib. | salmonella osteomyelitis of the rib is a rare clinical entity. in our case, a muhidrug resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi was isolated from an immuno-competent patient with osteomyclitis of the ribs, who was treated earlier with ciprotloxacin for typhoid fever. the patient was successfully treated for osteomyclitis with intravenous ceftriaxone. | 2005 | 16515126 |
| a sitabcd homologue from an avian pathogenic escherichia coli strain mediates transport of iron and manganese and resistance to hydrogen peroxide. | an operon encoding a member of the family of atp-binding cassette (abc) divalent metal ion transporters, homologous to salmonella enterica sitabcd, has been identified in the avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) strain chi7122. the sitabcd genes were located on the virulence plasmid papec-1, and were highly similar at the nucleotide level to the chromosomally encoded sitabcd genes present in shigella spp. a cloned copy of sitabcd conferred increased growth upon a siderophore-deficient e. col ... | 2006 | 16514154 |
| identification of new flagellar genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | rna levels of flagellar genes in eight different genetic backgrounds were compared to that of the wild type by dna microarray analysis. cluster analysis identified new, potential flagellar genes, three putative methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, stm3138 (mcpa), stm3152 (mcpb), and stm3216(mcpc), and a chev homolog, stm2314, in salmonella, that are not found in escherichia coli. isolation and characterization of mud-lac insertions in chev, mcpb, mcpc, and the previously uncharacterized aer loc ... | 2006 | 16513753 |
| cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to a virulent plasmid-cured mutant strain of salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum in broiler chickens. | one-week-old salmonella-free broiler chicks were subcutaneously immunized and subsequently boosted two weeks later with 2x10(7)cfu 0.5ml(-1) of an 85-kb virulent plasmid-cured spectinomycin-resistant mutant strain (sg9vp(-)spc(r)) of salmonella gallinarum 9 (s. enterica serotype gallinarum 9) along with a control group of mock-immunized chickens. the chicks were subcutaneously challenged at 5 weeks of age with 5x10(10)cfu 0.5ml(-1) (5xld(50)) of wild-type s. gallinarum var. duisburg (s. enterica ... | 2006 | 16510254 |
| kmra multidrug efflux pump from klebsiella pneumoniae. | we cloned a gene responsible for multidrug resistance from the chromosomal dna of klebsiella pneumoniae mgh78578 that showed multidrug resistance. we designated the gene kmra. the deduced amino acid sequence of kmra was similar to that of smva that is responsible for methyl viologen-resistance in salmonella enterica sv. typhi and typhimurium. introduction of the cloned kmra gene into drug-hypersensitive escherichia coli kam32 cells made them resistant to acriflavine, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol ... | 2006 | 16508165 |
| changing trends in the antibiograms of salmonella isolates at a tertiary care hospital in hyderabad. | the present study was undertaken to compare the changing trends of antibiograms of salmonella enterica serovar typhi and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a isolates. a total of 80 isolates of salmonella obtained from blood cultures between 2001-2004 were included in the study. identification and antibiotic sensitivities of the isolates were performed by using mini api (bio merieux, france). sixty isolates were identified as salmonella enterica serovar typhi and 20 were identified as salmone ... | 2006 | 16505555 |
| typhoid fever as a cause of opportunistic infection: case report. | typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhi, which is acquired by ingestion of contaminated food and water. each year the disease affects at least 16 million persons world-wide, most of whom reside in the developing countries of southeast asia and africa. in italy the disease is uncommon with a greater number of cases in southern regions than in northern ones. | 2006 | 16504150 |
| functional annotation and kinetic characterization of phno from salmonella enterica. | phosphorus is an essential nutrient for all living organisms. under conditions of inorganic phosphate starvation, genes from the pho regulon are induced, allowing microorganisms to use phosphonates as a source of phosphorus. the phno gene was previously annotated as a transcriptional regulator of unknown function due to sequence homology with members of the gcn5-related n-acyltransferase family (gnat). phno can now be functionally annotated as an aminoalkylphosphonic acid n-acetyltransferase whi ... | 2006 | 16503658 |
| high-level resistance to mecillinam produced by inactivation of soluble lytic transglycosylase in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | by screening for high-level mecillinam resistant derivatives of a low-level resistant strain (cysb403 gale1922 rela21::tn10) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, a mudj insertion in the gene for soluble lytic transglycosylase (slt) was isolated. this insertion (slt-1::mudj) increased the resistance to mecillinam of cysb and cyse strains (mic: about 20-40 microg ml(-1)) to a strikingly high level (mic: 160 microg ml(-1)). as in escherichia coli k-12, the slt mutation slightly increased the ... | 2006 | 16499622 |
| serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica from patients with gastroenteritis in crete, greece. | the aim of the present study was to determine the serotype distribution and the evolution of antimicrobial resistance among salmonella enterica strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in crete, greece, during a 5-year period (2000-2004). among the 401 s. enterica isolates recovered, serotype enteritidis was the most prevalent (66.6%), followed by serotype typhimurium (14.2%). the rates of resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalid ... | 2006 | 16498523 |
| multistate outbreak of salmonella typhimurium infections associated with eating ground beef--united states, 2004. | salmonella infections cause an estimated 1.4 million human illnesses and 400 deaths annually in the united states. although the incidence of several other foodborne bacterial infections decreased substantially during 1996-2004, the incidence of salmonella infections declined modestly. in september 2004, the new mexico department of health received reports from the new mexico scientific laboratory division of eight salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates that had indistinguishable pulse ... | 2006 | 16498383 |
| characterization of the outbreak-derived salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains with atypical triple sugar iron and simmons citrate reactions. | 2006 | 16495642 | |
| characterization of salmonella isolated in okinawa, japan. | salmonella enterica strains isolated in okinawa between 1995 and 2005 were analyzed with respect to their serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was used to examine their digestion patterns. a total of 1,071 isolates, including 610 from humans, 358 from animal rectal swabs and 103 from meat obtained at grocery stores, were examined. the first 3 most frequent serovars in human isolates were enteritidis, weltevreden and bareilly, together accounting ... | 2006 | 16495628 |
| hypophysectomy and neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy reduce serum immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg and intestinal iga responses to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in rats. | the influence of anterior pituitary hormones on the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals has been reported. hypophysectomy (hypox) in the rat causes atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, reduction of gastric secretion and intestinal absorption, and increased susceptibility to infections. to our knowledge, there are no studies on the humoral immune response of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue after hypox. we have reported that decreased secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin due to neurointe ... | 2006 | 16495563 |
| induction of a novel chicken toll-like receptor following salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a group of highly conserved molecules that initiate the innate immune response to pathogens by recognizing structural motifs expressed by microbes. we have identified a novel tlr, tlr15, by bioinformatic analysis of the chicken genome, which is distinct from any known vertebrate tlr and thus appears to be avian specific. the gene for tlr15 was sequenced and is found on chromosome 3, and it has archetypal tir and transmembrane domains and a distinctive arrangement o ... | 2006 | 16495540 |
| salmonella enterica highly expressed genes are disease specific. | during in vitro broth culture, bacterial gene expression is typically dominated by highly expressed factors involved in protein biosynthesis, maturation, and folding, but it is unclear if this also applies to conditions in natural environments. here, we used a promoter trap strategy with an unstable green fluorescent protein reporter that can be detected in infected mouse tissues to identify 21 salmonella enterica promoters with high levels of activity in a mouse enteritis model. we then measure ... | 2006 | 16495536 |
| the outer core lipopolysaccharide of salmonella enterica serovar typhi is required for bacterial entry into epithelial cells. | salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes typhoid fever in humans. central to the pathogenicity of serovar typhi is its capacity to invade intestinal epithelial cells. the role of lipopolysaccharide (lps) in the invasion process of serovar typhi is unclear. in this work, we constructed a series of mutants with defined deletions in genes for the synthesis and polymerization of the o antigen (wbap, wzy, and wzz) and the assembly of the outer core (waak, waaj, waai, waab, and waag). the abilities of ... | 2006 | 16495526 |
| autophagy controls salmonella infection in response to damage to the salmonella-containing vacuole. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes disease in a variety of hosts. s. typhimurium actively invade host cells and typically reside within a membrane-bound compartment called the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv). the bacteria modify the fate of the scv using two independent type iii secretion systems (ttss). ttss are known to damage eukaryotic cell membranes and s. typhimurium has been suggested to damage the scv using its ... | 2006 | 16495224 |
| overexpression of mara, soxs and acrb in veterinary isolates of salmonella enterica rarely correlates with cyclohexane tolerance. | to determine the contribution of the acrab efflux system to cyclohexane tolerance in salmonella enterica. | 2006 | 16492722 |
| emergence of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in bangladesh. | during 1989-2002, we studied the antimicrobial resistance of 3928 blood culture isolates of salmonella enterica serotype typhi (s. typhi) in dhaka, bangladesh. overall 32% (1270) of the strains were multidrug-resistant (mdr, resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole); first detected in 1990 (rate of 8%), increased in 1994 (44%), declined in 1996 (22%, p<0.01 compared to 1994) and re-emerged in 2001 (36%) and 2002 (42%, p<0.01 compared to 1996). an increased mic ... | 2006 | 16490150 |
| the cotranscribed salmonella enterica sv. typhi tsx and impx genes encode opposing nucleoside-specific import and export proteins. | the salmonella enterica tsx gene encodes a nucleoside-specific outer membrane channel. the tsx porin is essential for the prototrophic growth of s. enterica sv. typhi in the absence of nucleosides. rt-pcr analysis shows that the tsx gene is cotranscribed with an open reading frame unique to s. enterica, impx (sty0450), which encodes an inner membrane protein 108 amino acids in length, which is predicted to have only two transmembrane alpha-helices. fusions of the lacz gene to both tsx and impx r ... | 2006 | 16489221 |
| resistant salmonella virchow in quail products. | 2005 | 16485503 | |
| antimicrobial-drug susceptibility of human and animal salmonella typhimurium, minnesota, 1997-2003. | we compared antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) subtypes of 1,028 human and 716 animal salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from minnesota from 1997 to 2003. overall, 29% of human isolates were multidrug resistant. predominant phenotypes included resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol or kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline (acssut or akssut). most human multidrug-resistant isolates belonged to pfge clonal group a, c ... | 2005 | 16485477 |
| [27-year-old man with high fever and septic shock after returning from vacation]. | a 27-year-old man was admitted with high fever and shivers eleven days after returning from vacation in indonesia. physical examination, laboratory values, abdominal ultrasound, and chest x-ray were not conclusive. all blood cultures yielded growth of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, and typhoid fever was diagnosed. subsequently, the patient developed septic shock and pulmonary edema. in this case report epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of typhoid fever are discussed with spe ... | 2006 | 16485096 |
| plasmid-mediated high-level ceftriaxone resistance in a salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolate. | to present the first documented case of acute infectious gastroenteritis caused by high-level ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in kuwait. | 2006 | 16484843 |
| development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting equine serum antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide of salmonella abortusequi. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) was developed for the detection of equine serum antibodies to lipopolysaccharide of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi (lps), a causative organism of equine paratyphoid. the data presented demonstrates that horses immunized with s. abortusequi lps developed antibodies detectable by the ielisa. by comparison, the tube agglutination test (tat) did not detect antibody to s. abortusequi lps as consistently as the ielisa. the ... | 2006 | 16483621 |
| regulation of bacterial virulence by two-component systems. | in bacteria, two-component systems (tcs) are widely used signal transduction devices which are engaged in a multitude of gene regulatory systems that respond to changing growth conditions. many pathogenic bacteria encounter different microenvironments during their infectious cycle and their ability to efficiently adapt to different niches inside and outside of their host organisms is frequently mediated by tcss, which can, therefore, be considered as an essential prerequisite for their pathogeni ... | 2006 | 16481212 |
| differentiation of outer membrane proteins from salmonellaenterica serotypes using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. | to differentiate between outer membrane proteins (omps) from six salmonellaenterica serotypes using a fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy method and chemometrics. | 2006 | 16478509 |
| long-term persistence of multi-drug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar newport in two dairy herds. | to evaluate the association between maintaining joint hospital and maternity pens and persistence of multi-drug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica serovar newport on 2 dairy farms. | 2006 | 16478439 |
| evaluation of bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs. | to evaluate bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs. | 2006 | 16478425 |
| outbreak of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium definitive type 104 infection linked to commercial ground beef, northeastern united states, 2003-2004. | multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium definitive type 104 (dt104) emerged in the 1990s and is associated with greater clinical severity than pansusceptible s. typhimurium. although infection with dt104 is common in the united states, it is rarely associated with outbreaks. from october to december 2003, a cluster of dt104 infections with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns was identified in the northeastern united states. | 2006 | 16477547 |
| monoclonal antibodies binding to the cell surface of listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b. | serotype 4b strains of the food-borne pathogen listeria monocytogenes are responsible for a large portion of sporadic listeric infections and all major food-borne listeriosis outbreaks in humans. hybridomas were produced from three fusions with lymphocytes of nd4 mice immunized either with the insoluble antigens of l. monocytogenes serotype 4b or with formalin-killed bacterial cells and screened for monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive to l. monocytogenes serotype 4b. a set of 35 mabs was ident ... | 2006 | 16476793 |
| direct immunofluorescence assay for rapid environmental detection of vibrio cholerae o1. | an immunofluorescence assay for direct detection of v. cholerae o1 was developed using polyclonal antibodies raised against outer membrane proteins (omps) of v. cholerae o1. production of omps varied with growth media used; maximum production was found in tryptic soy broth. the detection system was specific because no cross-reactivity was observed with other bacteria including v. cholerae o139, e. coli, s. dysenteriae and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi. the technique was able ... | 2005 | 16475506 |
| high hydrostatic pressure treatment impairs acrab-tolc pump resulting in differential loss of deoxycholate tolerance in escherichia coli. | we reported previously that high hydrostatic pressure-injured stationary phase cells of escherichia coli k-12 lost their intrinsic deoxycholate tolerance. the acrab-tolc multi-drug resistance pump driven by proton motive force has been argued to be responsible for the tolerance to deoxycholate. in this report, we tested the sensitivity of the acrab-tolc (three components) pump to high hydrostatic pressure treatment (hpt). e. coli k-12 treated with hpt became sensitive to acrab-tolc-specific drug ... | 2005 | 16473769 |
| effects of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium (st) and choleraesuis (sc) on chemokine and cytokine expression in swine ileum and jejunal epithelial cells. | the gastrointestinal epithelium represents a barrier to potentially invasive enteric pathogens, maintains a role in innate immune surveillance, and is a source of both chemokine and cytokine chemotactic mediators in response to bacterial invasion. in the current study, we evaluated cytokine and chemokine mediators known to regulate movement of macrophages (macrophage migration inhibitory factor; mif), neutrophils (il8), dendritic cells (ccl20), and epithelial remodeling (osteopontin; opn) in res ... | 2006 | 16473412 |
| distinctive mass losses of tryptic peptides generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight. | 2006 | 16470705 | |
| osmoprotection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by ngamma-acetyldiaminobutyrate, the precursor of the compatible solute ectoine. | n(gamma)-acetyl-2,4-diaminobutyrate (nada), the precursor of the compatible solute ectoine, was shown to function as an osmoprotectant for the non-halophilic bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the addition of nada-containing extracts of an ectoine synthase mutant of the broad salt-growing halophile chromohalobacter salexigens dsm 3043(t) could alleviate the inhibitory effects of high salinity in s. enterica, which lacks the ectoine biosynthetic pathway. nada, purified from extrac ... | 2006 | 16469465 |
| pspb and pspc of yersinia enterocolitica are dual function proteins: regulators and effectors of the phage-shock-protein response. | the phage-shock-protein (psp) stress-response system is conserved in many bacteria and has been linked to important phenotypes in escherichia coli, salmonella enterica and also yersinia enterocolitica, where it is essential for virulence. it is activated by specific extracytoplasmic stress events such as the mislocalization of secretin proteins. from studies of the psp system in e. coli, the cytoplasmic membrane proteins pspb and pspc have only been proposed to act as positive regulators of psp ... | 2006 | 16468999 |
| [salmonella choleraesuis c500 delivering dna immunization against classical swine fever virus]. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) e2 protein eukaryotic expression plasmid pvaxe2 was constructed. the plasmid pvaxe2 was transformed into salmonella choleraesuis c500 (s. c500) attenuated vaccine strain by electroporation to generate salmonella choleraesuis engineering strain s. c500/pvaxe2. the characterization of s. c500/pvaxe2 in morphology, growth, biochemistry and serology indicated that it retained the same properties as its original strain s. c500 with exception of kanamycin resistance ... | 2005 | 16468338 |
| decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and gyra gene mutation in the salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a isolated in katmandu, nepal, in 2003. | typhoid fever is the most common clinical diagnosis among febrile patients presenting to hospital in katmandu. salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. enterica serovar typhi) and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a (s. enterica serovar paratyphi a) with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and resistance to nalidixic acid are common in recent years. in the present study, we examined the in vitro susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and the presence of gyra gene mutations in 30 clinical s ... | 2006 | 16466897 |
| biocontrol of the food-borne pathogens listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar poona on fresh-cut apples with naturally occurring bacterial and yeast antagonists. | fresh-cut apples contaminated with either listeria monocytogenes or salmonella enterica serovar poona, using strains implicated in outbreaks, were treated with one of 17 antagonists originally selected for their ability to inhibit fungal postharvest decay on fruit. while most of the antagonists increased the growth of the food-borne pathogens, four of them, including gluconobacter asaii (t1-d1), a candida sp. (t4-e4), discosphaerina fagi (st1-c9), and metschnikowia pulcherrima (t1-e2), proved ef ... | 2006 | 16461659 |
| identification of genes associated with survival of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in chicken egg albumen. | salmonella enterica consists of over 2,000 serovars that are major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with contaminated food. despite similarities among serovars of salmonella enterica, many demonstrate unique host specificities, epidemiological characteristics, and clinical manifestations. one of the unique epidemiological characteristics of the serovar enteritidis is that it is the only bacterium routinely transmitted to humans through intact chicken eggs. therefore, salmonella enter ... | 2006 | 16461649 |
| differential gene expression of pathogens inside infected hosts. | dna microarray is a useful technology for studying differential gene expression in the context of microbe-host interactions. this review concentrates on recent findings of the survival strategies of three intracellular pathogens: shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and mycobacterium tuberculosis. | 2006 | 16459132 |
| the malaria and typhoid fever burden in the slums of kolkata, india: data from a prospective community-based study. | recent research has indicated that the malaria burden in asia may have been vastly underestimated. we conducted a prospective community-based study in an impoverished urban site in kolkata, india, to estimate the burden of malaria and typhoid fever and to identify risk factors for these diseases. in a population of 60452 people, 3605 fever episodes were detected over a 12-month period. the blood films of 93 febrile patients contained plasmodium (90 p. vivax, 2 p. falciparum and 1 p. malariae). b ... | 2006 | 16455118 |
| lethal mutations in the isoprenoid pathway of salmonella enterica. | essential isoprenoid compounds are synthesized using the 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (mep) pathway in many gram-negative bacteria, some gram-positive bacteria, some apicomplexan parasites, and plant chloroplasts. the alternative mevalonate pathway is found in archaea and eukaryotes, including cytosolic biosynthesis in plants. the existence of orthogonal essential pathways in eukaryotes and bacteria makes the mep pathway an attractive target for the development of antimicrobial agents. a ... | 2006 | 16452427 |
| characterisation of the first ctx-m-10-producing isolate of salmonella enterica serotype virchow. | microbiological analysis of a urine sample from an outpatient with symptoms of urinary infection detected >10(5) cfu/ml urine of salmonella enterica serotype virchow with resistance to cefotaxime. molecular analysis demonstrated the presence of the gene encoding ctx-m-10 beta-lactamase in this clinical isolate. this is the first report of this enzyme in salmonella spp. | 2006 | 16451417 |
| involvement of salmonella enterica serovar typhi rpos in resistance to no-mediated host defense against serovar typhi infection. | the involvement of nitric oxide (no) in host defense and cytoprotective functions in murine salmonellosis has been reported. salmonella mutants with the altered sigma factor rpos (sigmas) are less virulent and are susceptible to various stresses. this study investigated the role of the rpos gene of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in no-dependent host defense in vitro and in vivo. wild-type mice and mice deficient in inducible no synthase (inos) were infected intraperitoneally or orally with se ... | 2006 | 16448800 |
| transcriptome of salmonella enterica serovar typhi within macrophages revealed through the selective capture of transcribed sequences. | the cdna obtained by selective capture of transcribed sequences is a complex mixture that can be used in conjunction with microarrays to determine global gene expression by a pathogen during infection. we used this method to study genes expressed by salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid fever, within human macrophages. global expression profiles of typhi grown in vitro and within macrophages at different time points were obtained and compared. known virulence factor ... | 2006 | 16443683 |
| crucial roles of both flanking sequences in silencing of the hila promoter in salmonella enterica. | the hila gene on the salmonella enterica pathogenicity island-1 encodes the key transcriptional regulator of host cell invasion. transcription of hila is regulated by numerous physiological signals, including repression under low osmolarity conditions. to investigate the osmotic control of hila transcription, promoter truncations that remove sequences flanking the hila promoter were examined. expression of the minimal hila core promoter (-55 to +90, relative to the transcription start site) was ... | 2006 | 16443238 |
| detection of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) by selective amplification of inva, viab, flic-d and prt genes by polymerase chain reaction in mutiplex format. | development of a pcr assay that can target multiple genes for rapid detection of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) from water and food samples. | 2006 | 16441380 |
| new tem-derived extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and its genomic context in plasmids from salmonella enterica serovar derby isolates from uruguay. | a small (8.2-kb) cole1 plasmid encoding tem-144 (a new beta-lactamase with a ceftazidimase profile) was sequenced by a gene-walking strategy. the bla(tem) allele was carried on a tn2 element, disrupting a rom protein gene. tem-144 differs from tem-1 by two mutations (r164c and e240k) and from the ceftazidime-hydrolyzing tem-91 by one mutation (t182m). | 2006 | 16436745 |
| cmy-16, a novel acquired ampc-type beta-lactamase of the cmy/lat lineage in multifocal monophyletic isolates of proteus mirabilis from northern italy. | we report multifocal detection (four different cities in northern italy) of proteus mirabilis isolates resistant to both oxyimino- and 7-alpha-methoxy-cephalosporins and producing a novel acquired ampc-like beta-lactamase. the enzyme, named cmy-16, is a variant of the cmy/lat lineage, which differs from the closest homologues, cmy-4 and cmy-12, by a single amino acid substitution (a171s or n363s, respectively) and from cmy-2 by two substitutions (a171s and w221r). expression of the cloned bla(cm ... | 2006 | 16436718 |
| emergence of dha-1-producing klebsiella spp. in the parisian region: genetic organization of the ampc and ampr genes originating from morganella morganii. | eleven klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates and one klebsiella oxytoca clinical isolate showing various pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types and producing an inducible dha-1 class c beta-lactamase were isolated in the parisian region between 1998 and 2003. the aim of this study was to compare the genetic organization of the bla(dha-1) genes in this collection of clinical isolates. in four isolates, the morganella morganii-derived genomic region containing bla(dha-1) was inserted in an entir ... | 2006 | 16436717 |
| reduction in fluoroquinolone susceptibility among non-typhoidal strains of salmonella enterica isolated from finnish patients. | the proportion of salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones has increased during recent years in many countries, especially in south-east asia. the present study was performed to evaluate the incidence of and changes in quinolone resistance in salmonella isolates of either foreign or domestic origin in finland. | 2006 | 16436543 |
| distribution of molecular subtypes within salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis phage type 4 and s. typhimurium definitive phage type 104 in nine european countries, 2000-2004: results of an international multi-centre study. | this study investigates the distribution of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) profiles within salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis phage type (pt) 4 and s. typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 104, from cases of human infection in nine european countries from 2000 to 2004. isolates were subtyped using standardized methods and gel images submitted by each participating country to the coordinating centre (health protection agency centre for infections, london, uk), where they were ente ... | 2006 | 16436221 |
| analysis of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolated from human and chickens by repetitive sequence-pcr fingerprinting, antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles. | a total of 22 salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) strains isolated from human and chicken were subjected to dna fingerprinting by repetitive sequence pcr using eric and box primers, antibiotic resistance and plasmid patterns. both eric and box pcr amplification data revealed a highly genetic homogeneity between isolates from human and chicken except one isolate, which originated from chicken and showed a different dna band pattern from others. eleven of 22 s. enteritidis is ... | 2006 | 16434847 |
| postcholecystectomy surgical site infection by salmonella enterica var. weltevreden. | surgical site infections (ssi) are the most common complication of gastrointestinal surgery. the most common endogenous organisms encountered are the enteric pathogens. | 2005 | 16433609 |
| [clostridium difficile toxin a and other enteropathogens in stool specimens of children hospitalized due to acute diarrhoea]. | a total of 74 fresh stool specimens obtained from children with acute diarrhoea (43) and without diarrhoea (31) were examined simultaneously for bacteria pathogens (culture methods) and for clostridium difficile toxin a (oxoid toxin a kits) and enteric viruses (only diarrhoeal samples) (slidex rota-adeno kits; biomçrieux). one (49%) or dual with c. difficile (23%) enteric pathogens associated with community-acquired diarrhoea (58% bacteria and 14% viruses) in 31 (72%) children were recognized. c ... | 2005 | 16433313 |
| salmonella enterica spvb adp-ribosylates actin at position arginine-177-characterization of the catalytic domain within the spvb protein and a comparison to binary clostridial actin-adp-ribosylating toxins. | the spvb protein from salmonella enterica was recently discovered as an actin-adp-ribosylating toxin. spvb is most likely delivered via a type-iii secretion system into eukaryotic cells and does not have a binding/translocation component. this is in contrast to the family of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins from various bacillus and clostridium species. however, there are homologies in amino acid sequences between the c-terminal domain of spvb and the catalytic domains of the actin-adp-ribos ... | 2006 | 16430223 |
| clearance of enteric salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in chickens is independent of b-cell function. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium colonizes the gut of chickens and is cleared from the intestine within about 3 weeks. infection induces high levels of specific antibody, but b cells do not play an essential role in clearance of primary infection or in the enhanced clearance after secondary challenge. | 2006 | 16428801 |
| macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokines and chemokines following salmonella enterica challenge. | macrophages from inbred chickens that are resistant to salmonellosis show greater and more rapid expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including the key th1-inducing cytokine interleukin-18, upon salmonella challenge than those from susceptible birds. this suggests the possibility that salmonellosis resistant-line macrophages signal more effectively and rapidly and are more able to induce protective th1 adaptive responses. | 2006 | 16428798 |
| salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium omps1 and omps2 mutants are attenuated for virulence in mice. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mutants with mutations in the omps1 and omps2 genes, which code for quiescent porins, were nevertheless highly attenuated for virulence in a mouse model, indicating a role in pathogenesis. similarly, a strain with a mutation in the gene coding for leuo, a positive regulator of omps2, was also attenuated. | 2006 | 16428792 |
| polynucleotide phosphorylase negatively controls spv virulence gene expression in salmonella enterica. | mutational inactivation of the cold-shock-associated exoribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase; encoded by the pnp gene) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was previously shown to enable the bacteria to cause chronic infection and to affect the bacterial replication in balb/c mice (m. o. clements et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 99:8784-8789, 2002). here, we report that pnpase deficiency results in increased expression of salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes under in vit ... | 2006 | 16428774 |