Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| poor infection control, not fluoroquinolones, likely to be primary cause of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea outbreaks in quebec. | 2006 | 16447121 | |
| rapid diagnosis of toxinogenic clostridium difficile in faecal samples with internally controlled real-time pcr. | a real-time pcr assay for clostridium difficile was developed, based on the tcdb gene, which detected all known toxinogenic reference strains (n = 45), within 30 serogroups and 24 toxinotypes. the analytical sensitivity was 1 x 10(3) cfu/ml, and the detection limit in faeces was 1 x 10(5) cfu/g. the optimal protocol for dna extraction from faecal samples involved use of the magnapure system with a stool transport and recovery (star) buffer pre-treatment. in a 1-month prospective study of 85 pati ... | 2006 | 16441459 |
| management of clostridium difficile in nhs trusts. | 2006 | 16439419 | |
| regulation of toxin and bacteriocin synthesis in clostridium species by a new subgroup of rna polymerase sigma-factors. | many clostridium species are pathogenic for humans and animals, and most of the resulting diseases, such as tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene and pseudomembranous colitis, are due to the production of potent extracellular toxins. the biochemical mechanisms of action of clostridium toxins have been extensively studied in the past ten years. however, detailed information about the regulation of toxin gene expression has only recently emerged. tcdr, botr, tetr and uvia are now known to be related alt ... | 2006 | 16439101 |
| incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea before and after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for lymphoma and multiple myeloma. | diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and discomfort for patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (apbsct). there are multiple causes of diarrhea in patients undergoing transplantation including antineoplastic chemotherapy, antimicrobials and infection, including clostridium difficile as the most common pathogen involved. the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) 1 week before a ... | 2006 | 16435018 |
| prevalence and association of pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile isolated from symptomatic patients from warsaw with macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mlsb) type resistance. | isolates (79 in total) of clostridium difficile obtained over a 2 year period from 785 patients suspected of having c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and being hospitalized in the university hospital in warsaw were characterized by toxigenicity profile and pcr ribotyping. furthermore, their susceptibility to clindamycin and erythromycin was determined. among the 79 c. difficile isolates, 35 were classified as (a+)b+, 1 as (a+)(b+)cdt+, 36 as (a-)b+ and 7 as (a-)b-. a total of 21 different ... | 2006 | 16434714 |
| [clostridium difficile toxin a and other enteropathogens in stool specimens of children hospitalized due to acute diarrhoea]. | a total of 74 fresh stool specimens obtained from children with acute diarrhoea (43) and without diarrhoea (31) were examined simultaneously for bacteria pathogens (culture methods) and for clostridium difficile toxin a (oxoid toxin a kits) and enteric viruses (only diarrhoeal samples) (slidex rota-adeno kits; biomçrieux). one (49%) or dual with c. difficile (23%) enteric pathogens associated with community-acquired diarrhoea (58% bacteria and 14% viruses) in 31 (72%) children were recognized. c ... | 2005 | 16433313 |
| colitis due to clostridium difficile toxins: underdiagnosed, highly virulent, and nosocomial. | clostridium difficile colitis is a major complication of antibiotic therapy. antibiotics cause a reduction in bacteria that normally reside in the colon. if an antibiotic-treated patient ingests c. difficile bacteria, this organism may proliferate in the colon because it is resistant to most antibiotics and because it does not have to compete with the normal bacteria for nutrients. if the c. difficile organism has the gene for toxin production, the toxin can produce a colitis. in addition to ant ... | 2006 | 16424922 |
| suspected clostridium difficile-associated hemorrhagic diarrhea in a 1-week-old elk calf. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was suspected in a 1-week-old elk (cervus elaphus) calf. the isolation of a toxigenic strain of c. difficile from a diarrheic fecal sample, along with exclusion of other enteropathogens, formed the basis of this presumptive diagnosis. further study is indicated to evaluate the role of c. difficile in neonatal diarrhea in elk. | 2005 | 16422066 |
| erythromycin for prokinesis: imprudent prescribing? | problems with antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasing in the hospital and particularly in the intensive care unit. methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, acinetobacter baumanii and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacilli constitute a therapeutic and infection control challenge. early enteral feeding improves survival in patients in the intensive care unit. prokinetic agents are routinely used in patients with inappropriate gastrointestinal motility. the use of ... | 2006 | 16420656 |
| ileal perforation secondary to clostridium difficile enteritis: report of 2 cases. | two cases of small-bowel perforation secondary to clostridium difficile enteritis are described and compared with the 8 cases of c difficile enteritis reported in the medical literature. the cause of small-bowel involvement with c difficile is unknown, but prior antibiotic use, prior colectomy, chronic alterations in small-bowel flora, and other host factors are discussed. | 2006 | 16415419 |
| use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated disease. | recent reports suggest an increasing occurrence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease. we assessed whether the use of gastric acid-suppressive agents is associated with an increased risk in the community. | 2005 | 16414946 |
| the outcome of surgery in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | the clinical presentation of clostridium difficile infection ranges from asymptomatic carriage, colitis with or without pseudomembranes, to fulminant colitis. although not common, fulminant c. difficile colitis can result in bowel perforation and peritonitis with a high mortality rate. colectomy is often indicated in these cases. | 2006 | 16412077 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: an overlooked aetiology? | sixty-three faeces samples from hospital in-patients with probable antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) are investigated. all samples are examined for routine bacterial enteric pathogens, pus cells, red blood cells and parasites. the samples are also screened for clostridium difficile cytotoxin b (cdt), c. perfringens enterotoxin and candida spp. (by microscopy and quantitative culture). faecal samples from two control groups (healthy volunteers and community samples from gp patients) are also ... | 2005 | 16411375 |
| progressive proliferative and dysplastic typhlocolitis in aging syrian hamsters naturally infected with helicobacter spp.: a spontaneous model of inflammatory bowel disease. | helicobacter spp. have been implicated in a variety of gastrointestinal tract diseases, including peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), in humans and animals. although most models of ibd are experimentally induced, spontaneous or natural models of ibd are rare. herein, we describe a long-term study of chronic, progressive lesions that develop in the distal portion of the large bowel of unmanipulated syrian hamsters naturally infected with helicobacter spp. t ... | 2006 | 16407482 |
| antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile isolates in a tertiary medical center, israel. | the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 49 clostridium difficile isolates obtained from patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea to metronidazole, vancomycin, rifampicin, fusidic acid, doxycycline, and linezolid were determined by the disc diffusion and etest (biodisk, solna, sweden). random amplification of polymorphic dna-pcr amplification assay was performed for studying clonality of isolates. resistance to metronidazole was found in 2% (1/49 isolates; mic > or = 256 microg/ml) of isolate ... | 2006 | 16406180 |
| piperacillin/tazobactam vs ceftazidime in the treatment of neutropenic fever in patients with acute leukemia or following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a prospective randomized trial. | piperacillin/tazobactam was compared with ceftazidime for the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia in patients with acute leukemia or following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. owing to inclusion criteria, it was possible for the same patient to be randomized several times. a total of 219 individual patients were admitted to a prospective randomized clinical study: 24 patients were included twice. patients (23.5%) remained afebrile. patients who developed febrile neut ... | 2006 | 16400334 |
| clostridium difficile associated severe enterocolitis: a feature of hirschsprung's disease in a neonate presenting late. | we report a case of hirschsprung's disease presenting late in the newborn period with severe enterocolitis and clostridium difficile toxin detectable in the stool. enterocolitis associated with hirschsprung's disease is a potentially fatal complication that may occur at presentation or later in the life of an affected child. its association with toxin-producing clostridium difficile growth in the bowel may be under recognized, especially in newborns. | 2005 | 16398878 |
| [antibiotic associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in the elderly]. | antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) is a common complication when antibiotics are used and is frequent in the elderly. it has an impact on the length of hospital stay and increases the comorbidity. together with the type of antibiotic that is given, the length of antibiotical treatment and the combination of antibiotics is more predictive for the evolution of diarrhea when compared to the total given dose. mostly aad is benign, but an infection with c. difficile should always be excluded. c. di ... | 2005 | 16398159 |
| diarrhea in american infants and young children in the community setting: incidence, clinical presentation and microbiology. | the characteristics and microbiology of the full spectrum of pediatric diarrhea occurring in the u.s. community setting are not well-understood. | 2006 | 16395094 |
| biopeptides and immune exclusion. | 2006 | 16389242 | |
| sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the gene for surface layer protein, slpa, from 14 pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, with the hospitalized elderly being at particular risk. the organism makes a crystalline surface protein layer (s-layer), encoded by the slpa gene, the product of which is cleaved to give two mature peptides which associate to form the layer. the larger peptide (high molecular weight; hmw), derived from the c-terminal portion of the precursor, is relatively conserved, whereas the smaller peptide (low molecular weigh ... | 2006 | 16388033 |
| small gtp-binding protein rhob is expressed in glial müller cells in the vertebrate retina. | among several small rho gtpases observed in the chick retina, rhob was transiently expressed during development and mainly present in glial müller cells in the adult. the aim of this study was to compare the distribution of rhob in the chick and mouse adult retinas and to study its potential role in the maintenance of cell morphology. the distribution of rhob was studied in situ and pure müller cell cultures were submitted to clostridium difficile toxin a and lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) treatmen ... | 2006 | 16385489 |
| intestinal pseudomembranes: staphylococcus aureus or clostridium difficile or both? | 2005 | 16369220 | |
| caspase and bid involvement in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced apoptosis and modulation of toxin a effects by glutamine and alanyl-glutamine in vivo and in vitro. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial bacterial diarrhea. glutamine and its stable and highly soluble derivative alanyl-glutamine, have been beneficial in models of intestinal injury. in this study, we extend our work on the mechanisms of clostridium difficile toxin a (txa)-induced apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial t84 cells and evaluate the effects of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on txa-induced apoptosis in vitro and disruption of ileal mucosa in vivo. t84 cells were ... | 2006 | 16368960 |
| [a case of clostridium difficile colitis associated with paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy for lung cancer]. | a 41-year-old man admitted complaining of dyspnea was found to have lung adenocarcinoma (t4n3m1, stage iv) originating from s1+2. he underwent chemotherapy with carboplatin (cbdca) and paclitaxel (ptx) and partial remission was obtained. however, on the 11th day of the fourth course of chemotherapy, he developed lower abdominal pain, grade 3 bloody diarrhea and grade 2 vomiting. the stool contained clostridium difficile (cd) toxin and stool culture revealed c. difficile growth. we diagnosed cd c ... | 2005 | 16366365 |
| is campylobacter involved in antibiotic associated diarrhoea? | campylobacter jejuni is an important cause of acute bacterial diarrhoea. in developing countries like india, children gain immunity early during infancy. however, the incidence is higher in non-immune hosts. antibiotic use destabilizes the gut flora and can inhibit the local immune responses, thereby compromising resistance to a variety of infections. it is not yet known whether antibiotic intake can also precipitate c. jejuni enteritis as the infectious dose is low and attack rates are high. we ... | 2005 | 16366118 |
| adhesion of selected bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion. | the ability of potential probiotic strains to adhere to the intestinal mucosa and exclude and displace pathogens is of utmost importance for therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microbiota. the ability of seven selected human bifidobacterial strains and five human enteropathogenic strains to adhere to human intestinal mucus was analyzed and compared with that of four strains isolated from chicken intestines. the adhesion of the bifidobacterial strains ranged from 3 to 16% depending on the str ... | 2005 | 16355841 |
| trends in antimicrobial resistance in health care-associated pathogens and effect on treatment. | antimicrobial resistance in health care-associated pathogens is a growing concern for health care and for public health. a recent shift in the epidemiological profile of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus has resulted not only in health care-associated infections but now, also, in community-associated infections. reports have described s. aureus exhibiting decreased susceptibility and, even, resistance to vancomycin. the rate of vancomycin resistance among enterococci may be leveling; h ... | 2006 | 16355319 |
| isolation of rna polymerase from clostridium difficile and characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase and rrna gene promoters in vitro and in vivo. | clostridium difficile is the primary causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease. to facilitate molecular genetic analysis of gene expression in this organism, methods were developed to study transcriptional regulation in vitro and in vivo. that is, c. difficile rna polymerase was partially purified and shown to bind to and initiate transcription in vitro from bona fide c. difficile promoters for rrna and glutamate dehydrogenase genes. in addition, primer extension analyses and a ... | 2006 | 16352825 |
| [acute infectious (not clostridium difficile-associated) diarrhea in the elderly]. | acute diarrhoea, non-antibiotic associated, is a common problem and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in old age. in most cases diarrhoea has an infectious etiology. a number of different micro organisms can cause infectious diarrhoea. most frequent are viral infections with a benign evolution. rehydration is the only important therapeutic measure. infections with bacteria are less common, antibiotics should be prescribed only in severe cases, and when there is suspicion of invasive ... | 2005 | 16350530 |
| crystal structure of receptor-binding c-terminal repeats from clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen that produces two large protein toxins [toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb)] capable of disrupting intestinal epithelial cells. both belong to the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, which are characterized by the presence of a repetitive c-terminal repetitive domain (crd). in tcda, the crd is composed of 39 repeats that are responsible for binding to cell surface carbohydrates. to understand the molecular structural basis of cell binding by ... | 2005 | 16344467 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a-induced colonocyte apoptosis involves p53-dependent p21(waf1/cip1) induction via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes marked apoptosis of colonocytes in vivo and in vitro, which contributes to the formation of ulcers and pseudomembranes. we investigated the role of p53-dependent pathways and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in toxin a-induced colonocyte apoptosis. | 2005 | 16344056 |
| epidemiology, risk factors and outcome of nosocomial infections in a respiratory intensive care unit in north india. | to determine the epidemiology, risk factors and outcome of infections in a respiratory intensive care unit (ricu) of a tertiary care institute in northern india. | 2006 | 16343637 |
| continuation of antibiotics is associated with failure of metronidazole for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | metronidazole is first-line therapy for c. difficile-associated diarrhea primarily because of its low cost relative to vancomycin. currently, it is unknown which patients will fail metronidazole therapy. our goal was to prospectively evaluate risk factors for metronidazole failure. | 2006 | 16340634 |
| an active surveillance study of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in queen elizabeth hospital, hong kong. | to assess the rate of faecal vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonisation in high-risk patients in a regional hospital. | 2005 | 16340023 |
| images in clinical medicine. pseudomembranous colitis associated with clostridium difficile. | 2005 | 16339097 | |
| rapid and simple method for detecting the toxin b gene of clostridium difficile in stool specimens by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | we applied the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay to the detection of the toxin b gene (tcdb) of clostridium difficile for identification of toxin b (tcdb)-positive c. difficile strains and detection of tcdb in stool specimens. tcdb was detected in all toxin a (tcda)-positive, tcdb-positive (a(+)b(+)) and tcda-negative, tcdb-positive (a(-)b(+)) c. difficile strains but not from tcda-negative, tcdb-negative strains. of the 74 stool specimens examined, a(+)b(+) or a(-)b(+) c. diff ... | 2005 | 16333105 |
| frequency and possible infection control implications of gastrointestinal colonization with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a major cause of health care-associated infections. multiple factors, including transmission from unrecognized reservoirs of mrsa, are responsible for failure to control the spread of mrsa. we conducted prospective surveillance to determine the frequency of gastrointestinal colonization with mrsa among patients and its possible impact on nosocomial transmission of mrsa. stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile toxin a/b assays were ... | 2005 | 16333087 |
| role of cdc42 in neurite outgrowth of pc12 cells and cerebellar granule neurons. | inactivation of rho gtpases inhibited the neurite outgrowth of pc12 cells. the role of cdc42 in neurite outgrowth was then studied by selective inhibition of cdc42 signals. overexpression of ack42, cdc42 binding domain of ack-1, inhibited ngf-induced neurite outgrowth in pc12 cells. ack42 also inhibited the neurite outgrowth of pc12 cells induced by constitutively activated mutant of cdc42, but not rac. these results suggest that cdc42 plays an important role in mediating ngf-induced neurite out ... | 2006 | 16328953 |
| the new clostridium difficile--what does it mean? | 2005 | 16322604 | |
| an epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of clostridium difficile. | recent reports suggest that the rate and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease in the united states are increasing and that the increase may be associated with the emergence of a new strain of c. difficile with increased virulence, resistance, or both. | 2005 | 16322603 |
| a predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. | in march 2003, several hospitals in quebec, canada, noted a marked increase in the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2005 | 16322602 |
| severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, gram-positive bacillus that produces exotoxins that are pathogenic to humans. c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) ranges in severity from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis and death. antimicrobial use is the primary risk factor for development of cdad because it disrupts normal bowel flora and promotes c. difficile overgrowth. c. difficile typically has affected older or severely ill patients who are hospital inpatients or residents of long-term-care ... | 2005 | 16319813 |
| antibacterial activity of rifaximin against clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejunii and yersinia spp. | 1989 | 16312377 | |
| efficacy of daptomycin compared to teicoplanin in the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in hamsters. | 1989 | 16312372 | |
| human mucosa/submucosa interactions during intestinal inflammation: involvement of the enteric nervous system in interleukin-8 secretion. | interleukin-8 (il-8) is a key chemokine upregulated in various forms of intestinal inflammation, especially those induced by bacteria such as clostridium difficile (c. difficile). although interactions between different mucosal and submucosal cellular components have been reported, whether such interactions are involved in the regulation of il-8 secretion during c. difficile infection is unknown. moreover, whether the enteric nervous system, a major component of the submucosa, is involved in il- ... | 2005 | 16309465 |
| horizontal transfer of erythromycin resistance from clostridium difficile to butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. | this study demonstrates for the first time the in vitro transfer of the erythromycin resistance gene erm(b) between two obligate anaerobes, the human spore-forming pathogen clostridium difficile and the rumen commensal butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, suggesting that this event might occur also in the natural environment. | 2005 | 16304188 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin for resistant clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile (cd)-associated diarrhoea and colitis may relapse in up to 20% of treated patients. we present a patient who failed to respond over a 6-month period to treatment either singly or in combination with metronidazole, vancomycin, rifampicin, cholestyramine and probiotics. her diarrhoea rapidly resolved after a 3-day course of intravenous immunoglobulin. this treatment may compensate for a failed immune response to cd toxin and should be considered for relapsing cd-associated di ... | 2006 | 16303776 |
| detection and quantification of four species of the genus clostridium in infant feces. | to determine the composition of clostridium in the feces of infants approximately 30 days old, we have developed a detection and quantification method of clostridium paraputrificum, clostridium perfringens, clostridium tertium, and clostridium difficile by species-specific primers. c. perfringens and c. difficile were detected in four fecal samples from 22 infants (18.2%), whereas c. paraputrificum was detected in three samples (16.7%). c. tertium was detected in two samples (9.1%). moreover, th ... | 2005 | 16301809 |
| quebec's official numbers: 409 c. difficile deaths. | 2005 | 16301691 | |
| viral etiology and incidence of acute gastroenteritis in young children attending day-care centers. | the purpose of the study was to investigate the frequency, morbidity and cause of acute gastroenteritis in children attending day-care centers in denmark. | 2005 | 16282929 |
| [relapsing infections with clostridium difficile]. | two women, aged 78 and 85 years, presented with watery diarrhoea and fever after a course of antibiotic therapy. pseudo-membranous colitis was diagnosed, which was adequately treated. in both patients the c. difficile colitis relapsed, which was successfully treated with a pulse and tapering scheme of vancomycin. c. difficile infection is a frequent cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. clinical presentation can vary in severity. cytotoxin testing, immunoassay and endoscopy are important too ... | 2005 | 16277125 |
| increased rate of dna recovery from united kingdom epidemic clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 1 strains stored cryogenically. | we noted that some clostridium difficile isolates are nonrecoverable after frozen storage and so used molecular typing analysis to characterize dna from these strains. the recovery rate of c. difficile pcr ribotype 1 was statistically significantly greater than that of other strains. this observation has implications for c. difficile epidemiological studies. | 2005 | 16272523 |
| bacterial diarrhea in hiv-infected patients: why clostridium difficile, and why now? | 2005 | 16267736 | |
| bacterial diarrhea in persons with hiv infection, united states, 1992-2002. | to describe trends in bacterial diarrhea among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons during 1992-2002, we examined data from a longitudinal record review study of persons with hiv infection who were receiving medical care in >100 medical facilities in 9 major united states cities. | 2005 | 16267735 |
| treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease. | recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease (rcdad) is a difficult treatment problem--once a patient has one recurrence of the disease the likelihood of further recurrences is markedly increased. repeat antibiotics are usually indicated, either metronidazole or vancomycin. tapering and pulsing the antibiotic dose after a 10-day standard course decreases the incidence of recurrences compared with abruptly stopping antibiotics after a simple 10-day course. if recurrences continue after two ... | 2004 | 16265042 |
| beating the bugs. | 2005 | 16259465 | |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile toxins a and b and clostridium perfringens enterotoxin a in stool samples of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is a major nosocomial as well as a community health problem. clostridium difficile toxins (cdt) can be detected in only 10-25% of patients with aad. the role of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin a (cpent) as a cause of aad remains to be elucidated. we, therefore, prospectively investigated the prevalences of both cpent and cdt in stool samples of patients with aad. | 2005 | 16258864 |
| how should we respond to the highly toxogenic nap1/ribotype 027 strain of clostridium difficile? | 2005 | 16247100 | |
| fulminant pseudomembranous colitis of the left colon successfully treated by surgical resection. | pseudomembranous colitis is the classical and most dramatic manifestation of clostridium difficile infection. surgery is required for patients with perforation and for those who fail to respond to medical treatment. this is a report of a patient with severe pseudomembranous inflammation confined to the left colon, which was successfully treated by surgical resection. | 2005 | 16245233 |
| inhibition of hippocampal synaptic transmission by impairment of ral function. | large clostridial cytotoxins and protein overexpression were used to probe for involvement of ras-related gtpases (guanosine triphosphate) in synaptic transmission in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. the toxins tcda-10463 (inactivates rho, rac, cdc42, rap) and tcsl-1522 (inactivates ral, rac, ras, r-ras, rap) both inhibited autaptic responses. in a proportion of the neurons (25%, tcda-10463; 54%, tcsl-1522), the inhibition was associated with a shift from activity-dependent depression to facili ... | 2005 | 16237331 |
| glutamine depletion potentiates leucocyte-dependent inflammatory events induced by carrageenan or clostridium difficile toxin a in rats. | this research investigated the effect of glutamine (gln) depletion on leucocyte-dependent inflammatory events. rats were treated intraperitoneally, 16 hr prior to the peak of every parameter evaluated, with either 0.9% nacl, methionine-sulphoximine (mso, an inhibitor of endogenous gln synthesis, 25 mg/kg) or with mso + gln (mso as above plus gln 3 g/kg in three doses). mso-induced gln depletion increased paw oedema induced both by carrageenan (cg) and by clostridium difficile toxin a (txa) (66.2 ... | 2005 | 16236122 |
| interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. | up to 50% of antibiotic usage in hospitals is inappropriate. in hospitals infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are associated with higher mortality, morbidity and prolonged hospital stay compared with infections caused by antibiotic-susceptible bacteria. clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) is a hospital acquired infection that is caused by antibiotic prescribing. | 2005 | 16235326 |
| the association between rhob and caspase-2: changes with lovastatin-induced apoptosis. | because cytoskeletal actin is regulated, in part, by rho, and because rho and caspases are involved in apoptosis, we sought to determine whether there was an association between rhob and caspase-2. a rhob-caspase-2 association was consistently demonstrated in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes with western blotting, either after immunoprecipitation with rhob followed by immunoblotting with caspase-2, or in reciprocal experiments after immuno precipitation with caspase-2 and immunoblotting with rhob ( ... | 2005 | 16234849 |
| a staff nurse's perspective of infection control problems. | earlier this month astonishing figures causing major concern were released from the department of health (doh) showing the number of cases of clostridium difficile in the over 65s in hospitals in england. this article focuses upon what is already known about infection control and concludes that a greater collaborative approach to infection control is needed, with a prudent use of broad spectrum antibiotics and a greater use of precautionary isolation measures based on patient symptoms, if infect ... | 2005 | 16224329 |
| synbiotics and the mucosal barrier in critically ill patients. | outcome in severe and critical illnesses is strongly related to premorbid conditions: the strength of the mucosal barriers, the innate immune system, and the built-in resistance to disease. early risk factors and determinants of poor outcome are factors such advanced age; impaired premorbid health status, especially diabetes and high body mass index (obesity); and immunosuppressive treatments. combined supplementation of bioactive fibers and lactic acid bacteria (synbiotics) directly and indirec ... | 2005 | 16220051 |
| infections caused by clostridium difficile in kidney or liver graft recipients. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea is defined as otherwise unexplained diarrhea which occurs in association with the administration of antibiotics. the incidence of this diagnosis increases worldwide due to augmentative usage of broad spectrum antibiotics. clostridium difficile is the most common identifiable pathogen, leading to antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the aim of the article was to describe our own experience in diagnostics and treatment of infections caused by c. difficile in solid organs ... | 2005 | 16218037 |
| specific risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a prospective, multicenter, case control evaluation. | clostridium difficile is a toxin-producing bacterium that is responsible for toxicity to the colonic mucosa, causing inflammation, necrosis, and, in some extreme cases, intestinal dilation and perforation. c difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) occurs when patients have a reduction in their natural gastrointestinal flora that allows for the proliferation of and toxin production by c difficile. | 2005 | 16216661 |
| postoperative methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus enteritis following hysterectomy: a case report and review of the literature. | following a hysterectomy a 43-year-old woman developed colicky abdominal pain and profuse postoperative diarrhoea. examination was unremarkable and initial investigations revealed a normal plain abdominal x-ray initially, but later there was some small bowel dilatation and evidence of raised inflammatory markers. no cause was identified at exploratory laparotomy 2 days post operation. flexible sigmoidoscopy was normal. the patient was empirically treated with oral vancomycin for presumed clostri ... | 2005 | 16215435 |
| increase of faecal bifidobacteria due to dietary oligosaccharides induces a reduction of clinically relevant pathogen germs in the faeces of formula-fed preterm infants. | in a previous study on formula-fed preterm infants, we were able to demonstrate that dietary oligosaccharides (a mixture of 90% galacto-oligosaccharides and 10% fructo-oligosaccharides in a concentration of 1 g/dl) stimulate the growth of faecal bifidobacteria. in the present explorative analysis of this study, we focus on the effect of the dominance of bifidobacteria on the presence of clinically relevant pathogens (staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus haemolyticus, ... | 2005 | 16214763 |
| probiotics and nutraceuticals: non-medicinal treatments of gastrointestinal diseases. | the demonstration that immune and epithelial cells can discriminate between different microbial and bioactive plant species has extended the known mechanism(s) of action of nutraceuticals and probiotics beyond simple nutrition and/or antimicrobial effects. the progressive unravelling of these plant and bacterial effects on systemic immune and intestinal epithelial cell function has led to new credence for the use of probiotics and nutraceuticals in clinical medicine. level i evidence now exists ... | 2005 | 16214413 |
| detection of clostridium difficile and its toxin a (tcda) in stool specimens from hospitalised patients. | the study has been carried out to determine the frequency of c. difficile recovery in stool cultures and the rate of c. difficile toxin a detection in faecal specimens of patients with nosocomial diarrhoea. clinical specimens comprised 4414 stool samples collected from 1998 to 2002 from adult patients hospitalised in different wards of a university-affiliated hospital (1200 beds) and suspected of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). there have been 1308 (29.6%) specimens positive for c. diffi ... | 2005 | 16209104 |
| use of a selective enrichment broth to recover clostridium difficile from stool swabs stored under different conditions. | the recovery of clostridium difficile from the stools of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea was evaluated by use of an enrichment broth (cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth supplemented with 0.1% sodium taurocholate [tccfb]) and was compared to that from selective agar (cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar [ccfa]) and alcohol shock followed by inoculation onto blood agar (as-ba). tccfb was superior to ccfa and as-ba, and neither the storage time nor the storage temperature affected t ... | 2005 | 16208013 |
| prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time pcr for rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | in a prospective multicenter study, 367 fecal samples from 300 patients with diarrhea were tested for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) with a new immunochromatography assay for toxins a and b (ictab), a real-time pcr on the toxin b gene, and the cell cytotoxicity assay. twenty-three (6.2%) of the 367 fecal samples were positive by the cell cytotoxicity assay. with the cell cytotoxicity assay as the "gold standard," the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and nega ... | 2005 | 16208012 |
| variability of clostridium difficile surface proteins and specific serum antibody response in patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease. | pathogen attachment is a crucial early step in mucosal infections. this step is mediated by important virulence factors, such as surface proteins. clostridium difficile surface proteins have been identified as (i) adhesins (the flagellar cap protein flid; the flagellin flic; and the cell wall protein cwp 66 with a two domain-structure [cw 66 n-terminal and cwp 66 c-terminal domains]) and (ii) protease (the cwp 84 protein). to address the roles of these proteins in the pathogenesis of clostridium ... | 2005 | 16207956 |
| multilocus sequence analysis and comparative evolution of virulence-associated genes and housekeeping genes of clostridium difficile. | a multilocus sequence analysis of ten virulence-associated genes was performed to study the genetic relationships between 29 clostridium difficile isolates of various origins, hosts and clinical presentations, and selected from the main lineages previously defined by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) of housekeeping genes. colonization-factor-encoding genes (cwp66, cwp84, fbp68, flic, flid, groel and slpa), toxin a and b genes (tcda and tcdb), and the toxin a and b positive regulator gene (tcdd) ... | 2005 | 16207902 |
| emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in quebec. | since 2002, an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated-diarrhea (cdad) associated with a high case-fatality rate has involved >30 hospitals in the province of quebec, canada. in 2003, a total of 55% of patients with cdad at our hospital had received fluoroquinolones in the preceding 2 months. it has been suggested that massive use of proton pump inhibitors might have facilitated this epidemic. | 2005 | 16206099 |
| [clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype iii in the netherlands]. | recently, two dutch hospitals reported outbreaks of clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype iii. this strain, which was seen earlier in the united states, canada and the united kingdom, produces large amounts of toxins due to a defect in the toxin-regulating gene and causes severe diarrhoea. antibiotic use, especially use of fluoroquinolones, is a risk factor. control of outbreaks is hampered by the fact that clostridium forms spores that can survive for a very long time in the environmen ... | 2005 | 16201596 |
| [life-threatening infections with a new strain of clostridium difficile]. | three men, aged 39, 73, and 66 years, respectively, developed an infection with a new strain ofclostridium difficile, ribotype 027.c.difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) occurred in two patients after multiple abdominal surgery and in the third patient one week after autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation. within a few days, despite antibiotic therapy, all three patients developed severe (pseudomembranous) colitis with sepsis for which admission to the intensive care unit was required. ... | 2005 | 16201595 |
| activation of protein kinase d3 by signaling through rac and the alpha subunits of the heterotrimeric g proteins g12 and g13. | pkd is the founding member of a novel protein kinase family that also includes pkd2 and pkd3. pkd has been the focus of most studies up to date, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate pkd3 activation. here, we show that addition of aluminum fluoride to cos-7 cells cotransfected with pkd3 and galpha13 or galpha12 induced pkd3 activation, which was associated with a transient plasma membrane translocation of cytosolic pkd3. treatment with clostridium difficile toxin b blocked pkd3 a ... | 2006 | 16198087 |
| surveillance for resistance to metronidazole and vancomycin in genotypically distinct and uk epidemic clostridium difficile isolates in a large teaching hospital. | 2005 | 16195254 | |
| evidence for clostridial implication in necrotizing enterocolitis through bacterial fermentation in a gnotobiotic quail model. | despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) remains elusive. the aim of our work was to investigate the role of bacterial strains involved in nec in gnotobiotic quails as experimental model. six groups of germ-free quails that were fed a lactose diet were associated with klebsiella pneumoniae, clostridium perfringens, c. difficile, c. paraputrificum, or c. butyricum (two strains). implantation level, incidence of cecal lesions, production of short-cha ... | 2005 | 16189185 |
| in vitro activities of doripenem and comparator agents against 364 anaerobic clinical isolates. | the in vitro activities of doripenem against 364 anaerobic isolates were measured and compared to those of ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin. all of the carbapenems were active against nearly all bacteroides fragilis group isolates. doripenem was either comparable to or slightly less active than imipenem and meropenem against most isolates but more active than the other penems against clostridium difficile. doripenem appears to have excellent activity against a broad ... | 2005 | 16189137 |
| toxigenic c. difficile induced inflammatory marker expression by human intestinal epithelial cells is asymmetrical. | clostridium difficile infection of the intestinal epithelium and consequent pseudomembranous colitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. pathogenesis has been ascribed exclusively to toxin production. using in vitro models of human intestinal epithelial layers, we show that exposure to toxigenic c. difficile upregulates epithelial expression of il-8 and icam-1, two molecules important in neutrophil chemoattraction and adhesion and subsequent inflammation. il-8 production was also s ... | 2006 | 16185718 |
| gastrointestinal bacteria generate nitric oxide from nitrate and nitrite. | denitrifying bacteria in soil generate nitric oxide (no) from nitrite as a part of the nitrogen cycle, but little is known about no production by commensal bacteria. we used a chemiluminescence assay to explore if human faeces and different representative gut bacteria are able to generate no. bacteria were incubated anaerobically in gas-tight bags, with or without nitrate or nitrite in the growth medium. in addition, luminal no levels were measured in vivo in the intestines in germ-free and conv ... | 2005 | 16183308 |
| toxin production by an emerging strain of clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in north america and europe. | toxins a and b are the primary virulence factors of clostridium difficile. since 2002, an epidemic of c difficile-associated disease with increased morbidity and mortality has been present in quebec province, canada. we characterised the dominant strain of this epidemic to determine whether it produces higher amounts of toxins a and b than those produced by non-epidemic strains. | 2005 | 16182895 |
| outbreak from a high-toxin intruder: clostridium difficile. | 2005 | 16182878 | |
| mortality attributable to nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in quebec. | since 2002 an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) caused by a hypervirulent toxinotype iii ribotype 027 strain has spread to many hospitals in quebec. the strain has also been found in the united states, the united kingdom and the netherlands. the effects of this epidemic on mortality and duration of hospital stay remain unknown. we measured these effects among patients admitted to a hospital in quebec during 2003 and 2004. | 2005 | 16179431 |
| c. difficile may have killed 2000 in quebec: study. | 2005 | 16179430 | |
| change of the donor substrate specificity of clostridium difficile toxin b by site-directed mutagenesis. | the large cytotoxins of clostridia species glycosylate and thereby inactivate small gtpases of the rho family. clostridium difficile toxins a and b and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin use udp-glucose as the donor for glucosylation of rho/ras gtpases. in contrast, alpha-toxin from clostridium novyi n-acetylglucosaminylates rho gtpases by using udp-n-acetylglucosamine as a donor substrate. based on the crystal structure of c. difficile toxin b, we studied the sugar donor specificity of the toxi ... | 2005 | 16157585 |
| spatial and temporal analysis of clostridium difficile infection in patients at a pediatric hospital in california. | to examine the usefulness of temporal and spatial analysis in identifying nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile among pediatric patients hospitalized on four wards at the children's hospital of central california from september 8, 1998, to january 16, 1999. | 2005 | 16156325 |
| clostridium difficile among hospitalized patients receiving antibiotics: a case-control study. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea and can be found in up to 30% of asymptomatic hospitalized patients. our primary aim was to compare the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients who received antibiotics and developed c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) with those of hospitalized patients who received antibiotics and did not develop the disease. | 2005 | 16156324 |
| risk factors for acquisition of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among outpatients at a cancer hospital. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is an important infection in hospital settings. its impact on outpatient care has not been well defined. | 2005 | 16156323 |
| varying rates of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea at prevention epicenter hospitals. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) causes substantial healthcare-associated morbidity. unlike other common healthcare-associated pathogens, little comparative information is available about cdad rates in hospitalized patients. | 2005 | 16156322 |
| clostridium difficile: responding to a new threat from an old enemy. | 2005 | 16156321 | |
| clostridium difficile--a new threat to public health? | 2005 | 16156003 | |
| molecular analysis of colonized bacteria in a human newborn infant gut. | the complex ecosystem of intestinal microflora is estimated to harbor approximately 400 different microbial species, mostly bacteria. however, studies on bacterial colonization have mostly been based on culturing methods, which only detect a small fraction of the whole microbiotic ecosystem of the gut. to clarify the initial acquisition and subsequent colonization of bacteria in an infant within the few days after birth, phylogenetic analysis was performed using 16s rdna sequences from the dna i ... | 2005 | 16145549 |
| comparison of the efficacy of ramoplanin and vancomycin in both in vitro and in vivo models of clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile infection. | treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is limited primarily to either metronidazole or vancomycin. we compared vancomycin and a novel glycolipodepsipeptide, ramoplanin, in both hamster and in vitro gut models of clindamycin-induced cdi. | 2005 | 16143709 |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: diagnosis and treatment. | 2005 | 16141157 |