Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile in emergency room. | clostridium difficile strains are known as etiological agents of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aac) and colitis (aac) and hospital-acquired infections. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of c. difficile infection among patients in the emergency room and to compare isolated strains by phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. during a period of 11 months, 56 stool samples taken from diarrheic patients hospitalized in the emergency room of the me ... | 2005 | 16701581 |
| a survey of metronidazole and vancomycin resistance in strains of clostridium difficile isolated in warsaw, poland. | the drug of choice used to treat clostridium difficile-associated diarroea (cdad) are metronidazole and vancomycin. information about emergence of antimicrobial resistance among c. difficile strains to metronidazole and intermediate resistance to vancomycin in some countries are alarming. this study was performed to determine the susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin of 193 c. difficile strains isolated in our diagnostic laboratory between year 1998 and 2003 from patients adults and chi ... | 2005 | 16701568 |
| cytotoxicity and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolated from hospitalized children with acute diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is an important pathogen associated with outbreaks of pseudomembranous colitis and other intestinal disorders such as diarrhea. in this study, 181 stool samples from children with and without acute diarrhea were analysed. eighteen children with acute diarrhea were positive to c. ramosum, c. difficile, c. limosum, c. clostridioforme, c. septicum, c. butyricum, c. innocuum and clostridium sp. nineteen children without diarrhea harbored c. ramosum, c. septicum, c. barattii, c. ... | 2004 | 16701515 |
| the istron cdist1 of clostridium difficile: molecular symbiosis of a group i intron and an insertion element. | the istron cdist1 was first discovered as an insertion into the tcda gene of the clinical isolate c34. it combines structural and functional properties of a group i intron at its 5'-end with those of an insertion element at its 3'-end. up to date four different types could be found, mainly differing in their is-element portions. contrasting classical group i introns, cdist1 is always integrated in orfs encoding bacterial protein. in case cdist1 had only the is-element function such insertion wou ... | 2004 | 16701504 |
| the development of clostridium difficile genetic systems. | clostridum difficile is a major cause of healthcare-associated disease in the western world, and is particularly prominent in the elderly. its incidence is rising concomitant with increasing longevity. more effective countermeasures are required. however, the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection is poorly understood. the lack of effective genetic tools is a principal reason for this ignorance. for many years, the only tools available for the transfer of genes into c. difficile have been conjug ... | 2004 | 16701503 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolated from neonatal pigs with enteritis. | the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of eight antimicrobial agents was determined by the agar dilution method for 80 isolates of clostridium difficile from neonatal pigs with enteritis. mics(50) for erythromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin were relatively low (0.25-0.50 microg/ml), but mics(90) (64 or > or =256 microg/ml) suggest in vivo resistance of a proportion of isolates. susceptibility to tetracycline varied widely, with mic(50) and mic(90) of 8 and 32 microg/ml, respectively. the mics( ... | 2004 | 16701500 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: resurgence with a vengeance. | there has been a significant increase in the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in the past several years, including outbreaks in multiple states and provinces in the united states and canada, as well as in the united kingdom. a new, highly virulent strain of c. difficile has appeared that is less responsive to standard therapy and associated with a high rate of recurrence. along with nosocomially acquired infections there has been a rise in the number of ... | 2006 | 16699477 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in zimbabwe. | clostridium difficile has been shown to be a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalised patients, but very little is known about its prevalence outside the hospital environment. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of c. difficile in faeces of domestic animals, soil and drinking water in a rural community. water, animal faeces and soil were collected from homesteads in a rural community and the samples were cultured for c. difficil ... | 2006 | 16698054 |
| prospective evaluation of hospital isolation room capacity. | risk assessment is used to determine the need for isolation in single rooms. limited availability of isolation rooms and/or operational needs may compromise this process. this article reports the results of a 12-month prospective observational study of every infection control request for isolation in a 1100-bed teaching hospital. in addition, four point-prevalence surveys of the usage of single rooms were carried out. data were collected on the incidence of new clinical meticillin-resistant stap ... | 2006 | 16697305 |
| antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero- and uropathogens. | to develop in vitro assays for comparing the antagonistic properties and anti-oxidative activity of probiotic lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains against various entero- and urinary pathogens. | 2006 | 16696680 |
| rho family gtpase inhibition reveals opposing effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascades on neuronal survival. | rho family gtpases promote the survival of certain neuronal populations. however, pro-survival and pro-death signaling pathways regulated downstream of rho gtpases are largely unknown. cerebellar granule neurons (cgns) exposed to clostridium difficile toxin b (toxb), a monoglucosyltransferase that specifically inhibits rho gtpases, die by a mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. using a high-throughput immunoblotting screen (bd powerblot), we found that toxb markedly reduced the expression of rac1 and ... | 2006 | 16686690 |
| prevalence of diarrhea at a university hospital and association with modifiable risk factors. | to assess the prevalence of diarrhea at a university-affiliated medical center and the presence of modifiable risk factors. | 2006 | 16684806 |
| ultrasound diagnosis of clinically undetected clostridium difficile toxin colitis. | 2006 | 16679120 | |
| epidemiologic surveillance of clostridium difficile diarrhea in a freestanding pediatric hospital and a pediatric hospital at a university medical center. | to describe the epidemiology of clostridium difficile in children, we cultured stool specimens from patients at the children's hospital central california, madera, ca (chcc, n = 676) and at the university of california davis medical center pediatric hospital, sacramento, ca (ucdmc-ph, n = 301) for c. difficile, and toxins a and b genes and strain identity of the isolates were determined by polymerase chain reaction assays. a higher percentage of patients from ucdmc-ph were culture positive (148/ ... | 2006 | 16678379 |
| regulation of toxin and bacteriocin gene expression in clostridium by interchangeable rna polymerase sigma factors. | the production of major extracellular toxins by pathogenic strains of clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani and clostridium difficile, and a bacteriocin by clostridium perfringens is dependent on a related group of rna polymerase sigma-factors. these sigma-factors (botr, tetr, tcdr and uvia) were shown to be sufficiently similar that they could substitute for one another in in vitro dna binding and run-off transcription experiments. in cells, however, the sigma-factors fell into two subclass ... | 2006 | 16677313 |
| old foe learns new tricks. | 2006 | 16676406 | |
| [pseudomembraneous colitis caused by a toxin b-positive and a toxin a-negative strain of clostridium difficile]. | we describe a case of pseudomembraneous colitis (pmc) caused by a toxin a- b+ strain of clostridium difficile (cd). in denmark only a few laboratories investigate for toxin production, and if they do, the toxin a enzyme immunoassay (eia) is the test generally used when testing for cd. this toxin a negative but toxin b positive strain thus remains undetectable. if cd-associated diarrhea is clinically suspected and tests for toxin a are negative, infection with a toxin a- b+ strain should be consi ... | 2006 | 16674873 |
| [antibiotic treatment of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in adults. a survey of a cochrane review]. | 2006 | 16674872 | |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea--a changing disease?]. | in recent years an increase in the number of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea cases has been reported worldwide. this is due mainly to the increasing number of elderly patients being admitted to hospitals, changes in hygiene standards and changes in the antibiotics used to combat other diseases. but changes in the virulence of c. difficile strains also seem to play a role. this review presents the current knowledge of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea in the light of these changes in i ... | 2006 | 16674871 |
| [clostridium difficile, an old acquaintance in new clothes]. | 2006 | 16674870 | |
| evidence that clostridium difficile tcdc is a membrane-associated protein. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins, a and b, which act together to cause pseudomembraneous colitis. the genes encoding these toxins, tcda and tcdb, are part of the pathogenicity locus, which also includes tcdc, a putative negative regulator of the toxin genes. in this study, we demonstrate that tcdc is a membrane-associated protein in c. difficile. | 2006 | 16672625 |
| the comparative pathology of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals, but the incidence of disease varies greatly in relation to host species, age, environmental density of spores, administration of antibiotics, and possibly, other factors. lesions vary as well, in severity and distribution within individuals, and in some instances, age groups, of a given species. the cecum and colon are principally affected in most species, but foals and rabbits develop severe jejunal lesions. explanation ... | 2006 | 16672570 |
| lack of association between the increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs. | to determine whether there is an association between the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs (abhrs) and the increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2006 | 16671029 |
| fluoroquinolones and anaerobes. | the usefulness of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections has been investigated since these agents started being used in clinical practice. newer compounds have increased in vitro activity against anaerobes, but clinically relevant susceptibility breakpoints for these bacteria have not been established. pharmacodynamic analyses and corroboration by new data from clinical trials have enhanced our knowledge concerning the use of fluoroquinolones to treat select ... | 2006 | 16652318 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens species detected in infant faecal microbiota using 16s rrna targeted probes. | clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile are pathogenic clostridia potentially associated with gastrointestinal infections and allergy in infants. to enable the molecular detection and quantification of these species in the infant gut, two 16s rrna oligonucleotide probes were developed: cdif198 for c. difficile and cperf191 for c. perfringens. we defined the probes in silico using the rdp sequence database. the probes were then validated using fish combined with flow cytometry and a col ... | 2006 | 16647148 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clostridium difficile and its relation to pcr ribotypes in a swedish university hospital. | all 238 clostridium difficile isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas 84% and 1% were resistant to clindamycin and fusidic acid. etest mics for metronidazole were lower than agar dilution mics (p < 0.01) but without difference in susceptible-intermediate-resistant categorization. no particular pcr ribotype was associated with clindamycin or fusidic acid resistance. | 2006 | 16641471 |
| clostridium difficile: familiar pathogen, changing epidemiology: a virulent strain has been appearing more often, even in patients not taking antibiotics. | 2006 | 16639241 | |
| meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of clostridium difficile disease. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is a common complication of most antibiotics and clostridium difficile disease (cdd), which also is incited by antibiotics, is a leading cause of nosocomial outbreaks of diarrhea and colitis. the use of probiotics for these two related diseases remains controversial. | 2006 | 16635227 |
| probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a common clinical problem occurring in up to 25% of patients, with diarrhea owing to clostridium difficile accounting for up to a quarter of cases. the clinical and economic costs of antibiotic-associated diarrhea are significant and better treatments are needed. probiotics may offer potential effective therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhea by restoring intestinal microbial balance. a number of different probiotics have been evaluated in the prevention and ... | 2006 | 16633131 |
| colonic abnormalities on ct in adult hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. | the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of an abnormal colon on ct in adult inpatients with clostridium difficile colitis, compare the clinical presentation of these patients, and determine whether ct findings predicted the need for surgical treatment. | 2006 | 16632736 |
| acute diarrhea in the adult horse: case example and review. | 2006 | 16627106 | |
| is fecal leukocyte test a good predictor of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea? | fecal leukocyte test (flt) is widely used to screen for invasive diarrheas including c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad), which account for more than 25 % of all antibiotic associated diarrhea. | 2006 | 16623943 |
| carbohydrate recognition by clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile tcda is a large toxin that binds carbohydrates on intestinal epithelial cells. a 2-a resolution cocrystal structure reveals two molecules of alpha-gal-(1,3)-beta-gal-(1,4)-beta-glcnaco(ch(2))(8)co(2)ch(3) binding in an extended conformation to tcda. residues forming key contacts with the trisaccharides are conserved in all seven putative binding sites in tcda, suggesting a mode of multivalent binding that may be exploited for the rational design of novel therapeutics. | 2006 | 16622409 |
| effect of novel a2a adenosine receptor agonist atl 313 on clostridium difficile toxin a-induced murine ileal enteritis. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that releases two main virulence factors: toxins a and b. toxin a plays an important pathogenic role in antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, a condition characterized by intense mucosal inflammation and secretion. agonist activity at a2a adenosine receptors attenuates inflammation and damage in many tissues. this study evaluated the effects of a new selective a2a adenosine receptor agonist (atl 313) ... | 2006 | 16622196 |
| [clostridium difficile: a reemerging pathogen?]. | 2006 | 16619874 | |
| recurrent clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16618421 | |
| evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dogs. | clostridium difficile-associated-diarrhea (cdad) is a nosocomial infection in dogs. diagnosis of this infection is dependent on clinical signs of disease supported by laboratory detection of c. difficile toxins a or b, or both, in fecal specimens via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). unfortunately, to the authors' knowledge, commercially available elisas have not been validated in dogs to date. we evaluated 5 elisas done on 143 canine fecal specimens (100 diarrheic and 43 nondiarrheic d ... | 2006 | 16617699 |
| blood pressure cuffs: friend or foe? | a study to assess the level of bacterial contamination of blood pressure cuffs in use on hospital wards was performed. viable organisms were recovered from all the 24 cuffs sampled at a density of between 1000 and >25 000 colony-forming units/100 cm2. potential pathogens were isolated from 14 cuffs (58%). eleven cuffs grew a single pathogen and three cuffs grew a mixture, yielding a total of 18 isolates. meticillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs, meticillin ... | 2006 | 16616799 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | diarrhoea is a common complication of antimicrobial therapy. the term antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is often considered synonymous with clostridium difficile. in fact, aad can develop through a variety of mechanisms and manifest through a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms. for improved prevention and recognition of aad, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for aad. although clostridium difficile continues to be the most common identifiable pathogen ... | 2006 | 16610966 |
| current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ? | the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is only partially understood. various environmental and host (e.g. genetic-, epithelial-, immune and non-immune) factors are involved. it is a multifactorial polygenic disease with probable genetic heterogeneity. some genes are associated with ibd itself, while others increase the risk of ulcerative colitis (uc) or crohn's disease (cd) or are associated with disease location and/or behaviour. this review addresses recent advances in the geneti ... | 2006 | 16609988 |
| pseudomembranous colitis in four patients with cystic fibrosis following lung transplantation. | pseudomembranous colitis is an uncommon complication in patients with cystic fibrosis, despite the use of multiple high-dose antibiotic regimens and the frequency of hospital admissions. four patients from a total of 137 patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation are described who developed fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. initial presentation was variable and the mortality rate was 50% despite urgent colectomy. in one case the presenting abdominal distension was thought to ... | 2007 | 16601087 |
| co-infection of hamsters with toxin a or toxin b-deficient clostridium difficile strains. | male syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) were used to study interactions between different toxin deficient strains of c. difficile. after sensitization with clindamycin, hamsters were intragastrically co-infected with the appropriate dilutions corresponding to 100, 1000 and 10,000 cells of four (toxin a or b-deficient) c. difficile strains (8864, p-829, w-38 and w-74). in addition, a group of hamsters was infected with c. difficile vpi 10463, a reference toxigenic strain. colonization and mor ... | 2005 | 16599301 |
| probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. | a probiotic is a "live microbial food ingredients that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, exerts health benefits on the consumer". probiotics exert their benefits through several mechanisms; they prevent colonization, cellular adhesion and invasion by pathogenic organisms, they have direct antimicrobial activity and they modulate the host immune response. the strongest evidence for the clinical effectiveness of probiotics has been in their use for the prevention of symptoms of lactose into ... | 2006 | 16597207 |
| potential role of clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses. | duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (dpj) is an idiopathic condition in the horse characterized by inflammation and oedema of the duodenum and proximal jejunum. clinical signs include colic, ileus, depression, fluid accumulation in the small intestine and stomach, and endotoxaemia. the objective of this study was to investigate prospectively the role of clostridium difficile in this idiopathic disease. nasogastric reflux from 10 consecutive cases with dpj and 16 consecutive horses with other causes of ... | 2006 | 16585649 |
| rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination. | rectal bleeding is an alarming symptom and requires additional investigation. in infants it has been explained mainly by hypersensitivity. in addition to dietary antigens, intraluminal microbial agents challenge the immature gut mucosa. although controlled in the mature gut, these antigens may induce inflammation in the developing gastrointestinal tract. the objectives of this study were to evaluate prospectively the clinical course of rectal bleeding and evaluate the impact of cow's milk allerg ... | 2006 | 16585287 |
| genotypic and phenotypic analysis of clostridium difficile correlated with previous antibiotic exposure. | to analyze clostridium difficile susceptibility results and genotypes in relation to antibiotic exposures that precipitated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), we examined 83 nosocomial c. difficile isolates recovered at a tertiary care center in boston, massachusetts. mics were determined by e-test methodology using modified brucella agar. isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis. antibiotic susceptibilities were: ciprofloxacin (0%), clind ... | 2006 | 16584304 |
| is clostridium difficile the leading pathogen in bacterial diarrhea in hiv type 1-infected patients? | 2006 | 16575754 | |
| a common polymorphism in the interleukin 8 gene promoter is associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea. | mucosal interleukin 8 (il-8) and neutrophil recruitment are central to the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile (cd) toxin-induced diarrhea (cdd). we hypothesized that like other inflammatory mucosal infections, susceptibility to cdd would relate to genetically determined variations in the production of il-8. | 2006 | 16573784 |
| prophylactic saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a prospective study. | interest to probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is increasing gradually. the most promising seems to be saccharomyces boulardii . using a double-blind controlled study, we investigated the preventive effect of s. boulardii on the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in patients under antibiotherapy but not requiring intensive care therapy. | 2006 | 16572062 |
| identification of tn5397-like and tn916-like transposons and diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) in enterococci from humans, pigs and poultry. | to analyse the sequence diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) and its location on mobile elements in enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis from humans, pigs and poultry in denmark. | 2006 | 16565159 |
| new variants of the tet(m) gene in clostridium difficile clinical isolates harbouring tn916-like elements. | to detect tn916-like elements in clostridium difficile clinical isolates from different time periods and to analyse the genetic structure of these elements, in particular the tet(m) region. | 2006 | 16565156 |
| lack of value of repeat stool testing for clostridium difficile toxin. | twenty years ago, clostridium difficile was first established as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea.c. difficile diarrhea is a widely recognized problem in the inpatient setting, with potentially significant morbidity and mortality. antibiotics, and some chemotherapy agents, can potentially cause c. difficile colitis/diarrhea. the most commonly implicated agents are ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins. diarrhea during antibiotic therapy is common and m ... | 2006 | 16564786 |
| measurement of toxin production by clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16564352 | |
| 2004 lowbury lecture: the western australian experience with vancomycin-resistant enterococci - from disaster to ongoing control. | the first hospital outbreak of a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) in western australia (wa) started in the royal perth hospital in july 2001 and initially involved the intensive care unit (icu) and the nephrology and dialysis units. the outbreak was caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) of the vanb genotype. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid analysis of the isolates demonstrated a single-strain outbreak. despite the isolation of carriers and implementation ... | 2006 | 16563562 |
| diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile colitis. | to review the risk factors for, diagnosis and treatment of, and strategies for prevention of, clostridium difficile colitis. the pharmacists' role in optimizing drug therapy is discussed. | 2003 | 16563071 |
| [large-bowel necrosis following open-heart surgery]. | in the last 2 years 9 patients have been operated on in our surgical department because of colon necrosis which developed after open heart surgery. the symptoms--abdominal distension, circumscript peritonitis in the right lower part of the abdomen--developed 2-4 days after the heart operation. laparotomies were carried out within 2 days from the onset of symptoms in all but one patient. in 7 patients the necrosis of the right colon, while in 2 other patients extreme dilatation of the colon was f ... | 2005 | 16550801 |
| genomic organization and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile bacteriophage phicd119. | in this study, we have isolated a temperate phage (phicd119) from a pathogenic clostridium difficile strain and sequenced and annotated its genome. this virus has an icosahedral capsid and a contractile tail covered by a sheath and contains a double-stranded dna genome. it belongs to the myoviridae family of the tailed phages and the order caudovirales. the genome was circularly permuted, with no physical ends detected by sequencing or restriction enzyme digestion analysis, and lacked a cos site ... | 2006 | 16547044 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544391 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544390 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544388 | |
| binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. | binary toxin cdt or its genes have been identified in some strains of clostridium difficile that also produce the large clostridial toxins, toxins a and b (a+b+cdt+), including a newly recognized epidemic strain in the united states and canada. to study the effects of binary toxin alone, we characterized 4 binary toxin cdt-positive only (a-b-cdt+) c. difficile strains. unlike other clostridial binary toxins, binary toxin cdt required exogenous trypsin for activation. supernatants from all a-b-cd ... | 2006 | 16544255 |
| diarrhoea in the critically ill. | the purpose of this review is to update the knowledge on diarrhoea, a common problem in critically ill patients. epidemiological data will be discussed, with special emphasis on diarrhoea in tube-fed patients and during antibiotic therapy. the possible preventive and therapeutic measures will be presented. | 2006 | 16543792 |
| glycans on secretory component participate in innate protection against mucosal pathogens. | in mucosal secretions, secretory component (sc) is found either free or bound to polymeric iga within the secretory iga complex. sc displays numerous and various glycans, which are potential ligands for bacterial compounds. we first established that human sc (hsc) purified from colostrum (hsccol) or produced in chinese hamster ovary cells (hscrec) exhibits the same lectin reactivity. both forms bind to clostridium difficile toxin a and functionally protect polarized caco-2 cell monolayers from t ... | 2006 | 16543244 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16540624 | |
| has the severity of clostridium difficile infections increased? | 2006 | 16540198 | |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in horses within the community: predictors, clinical presentation and outcome. | 2006 | 16536390 | |
| stabilization of enzymes against thermal stress and freeze-drying by mannosylglycerate. | 2-o-(beta)-mannosylglycerate, a solute that accumulates in some (hyper)thermophilic organisms, was purified from pyrococcus furiosus cells, and its effect on enzyme stabilization in vitro was assessed. enzymes from hyperthermophilic, thermophilic, and mesophilic sources were examined. the thermostabilities of alcohol dehydrogenases from p. furiosus and bacillus stearothermophilus and of glutamate dehydrogenases from thermotoga maritima and clostridium difficile were improved to a significant ext ... | 1997 | 16535713 |
| intestinal failure. | the gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in critical illness. we will review four common problem areas pertaining to the gut and abdominal compartment that intensivists managing critically ill patients must deal with on an everyday basis. | 2005 | 16534327 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. | clostridium difficile diarrhea is common in elderly patients and leads to prolonged hospitalization. patients with severe or recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea have poor antitoxin antibody responses. intravenous immunoglobulin has been advocated in these patients. this study was designed to assess the response of patients with refractory, recurrent, or severe clostridium difficile diarrhea to intravenous immunoglobulin. | 2006 | 16525744 |
| probiotics and prebiotics for gastrointestinal infections. | there is growing interest in and knowledge about the potential health-promoting benefits of both probiotics and prebiotics. multiple mechanisms of action for the beneficial effect of probiotics and prebiotics have been postulated, including prevention of pathogenic bacteria growth, production of antimicrobial agents, stimulation of mucosal barrier function, and altering immunoregulation. clinical trials support the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea, the prevent ... | 2006 | 16524546 |
| use of nitazoxanide for gastrointestinal tract infections: treatment of protozoan parasitic infection and beyond. | the united states food and drug administration has approved the parasiticidal agent nitazoxanide for treatment of diarrhea caused by giardia lamblia/intestinalis or cryptosporidium parvum. this novel agent has a broad spectrum of activity against many other gastrointestinal pathogens, including bacteria, roundworms, flatworms, and flukes. nitazoxanide is used in many areas of the world, especially in central and south america, as a broad-spectrum parasiticidal agent in adults and children. nitaz ... | 2006 | 16524544 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis after helicobacter pylori eradication therapy]. | a 69-year-old woman with gastritis was prescribed a 1-week triple regimen therapy of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole to eradicate helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) starting on march 7, 2005. h. pylori was detected on the gastric mucosa by the urease test. twenty days after eradication therapy, she began to suffer from profuse watery diarrhea. colonoscopy on april 12 showed multiple pseudomembranes in the cecum and the transverse colon, leading to a diagnosis of pseudomembranous colit ... | 2006 | 16519125 |
| diagnostic role of stool culture & toxin detection in antibiotic associated diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile in children. | mere diagnosis of clostridium difficile by culture does not help in the diagnosis of antibiotic associated diarrhoeae (aad) due to c. difficile. detection of toxins a and b form the mainstay in the diagnosis of aad due to c. difficile. this study was undertaken to find out the role of stool culture and toxin detection in the diagnosis of aad due to c. difficile. as there are very few documented reports from india about aad due to c. difficile in children in the age group of 5-12 yr, this age gro ... | 2005 | 16518003 |
| recovery of clostridium difficile from hospital environments. | 2006 | 16517932 | |
| effective detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin. | we evaluated a two-step algorithm for detecting toxigenic clostridium difficile: an enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase antigen (ag-eia) and then, for antigen-positive specimens, a concurrent cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna). antigen-negative results were > or = 99% predictive of ccna negativity. because the ag-eia reduced cell culture workload by approximately 75 to 80% and two-step testing was complete in < or = 3 days, we decided that this algorithm would be ef ... | 2006 | 16517916 |
| cholesterol-dependent pore formation of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the large clostridial cytotoxins toxin a and toxin b from clostridium difficile are major virulence factors known to cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. both toxins mono-glucosylate and thereby inactivate small gtpases of the rho family. recently, it was reported that toxin b, but not toxin a, induces pore formation in membranes of target cells under acidic conditions. here, we reassessed data on pore formation of toxin a in cells derived from human colon carcinoma ... | 2006 | 16513641 |
| severe diarrhea and shock. | 2006 | 16511400 | |
| impact of a piperacillin-tazobactam shortage on antimicrobial prescribing and the rate of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and clostridium difficile infections. | states in 2002 on antimicrobial prescribing and associated rates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and clostridium difficile infections.design. retrospective chart review.setting. university-affiliated medical center. measurements and main results. microbiologic reports, patient demographics, and antimicrobial utilization were evaluated for patients admitted 6 months before the shortage (march 1-august 31, 2001) and for 6 months during the shortage (march 1-august 31, 2002). significant ... | 2006 | 16509027 |
| tinidazole: a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent. | tinidazole, a structural analogue of metrondazole, is an antiprotozoal agent that has been widely used in europe and developing countries for >2 decades with established efficacy and acceptable tolerability. it was recently approved by the us food and drug administration for the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and amebic liver abscess. | 2005 | 16507373 |
| molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type. | to determine molecular characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and toxigenicity of clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and evaluate associations among severity of clinical disease with specific strains of c difficile. | 2006 | 16506942 |
| [a case of multiple recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea--analysis of isolates from the patient using pcr ribotyping]. | recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a serious and still unsolved problem. little is known about the precise mechanism of the recurrence with cdad. to elucidate the issue, we analyzed c. difficile strains obtained from the patient with multiple recurrence of cdad. a 72-year-old female received rectoidectomy was developed cdad after administration of cefmetazole sodium for 5 days. she was recovered from illness by the administration 2g of vancomycin hydrochloride for ... | 2006 | 16506665 |
| quebec strain of c. difficile in 7 provinces. | 2006 | 16505449 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: an emerging threat to patient safety: insights from the society of infectious diseases pharmacists. | a formerly infrequently isolated strain of clostridium difficile known as bi/nap1 has resulted in geographically diverse outbreaks of c. difficile-associated disease. such rapid dissemination and distribution of an outbreak strain of c. difficile are unprecedented, with many regions across north america, as well as several countries in europe, being affected, all in such a short period of time. also of note is that nontraditional hosts (e.g., otherwise healthy, noninstitutionalized persons resid ... | 2006 | 16503710 |
| [hospital load of bacterial intestinal infections]. | infectious diarrhea is a worldwide problem, with differences from country to country, and it is an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality in the underdeveloped countries. | 1998 | 16495887 |
| systematic review of antimicrobial drug prescribing in hospitals. | prudent prescribing of antimicrobial drugs to hospital inpatients may reduce incidences of antimicrobial drug resistance and healthcare-associated infection. we reviewed the literature from january 1980 to november 2003 to identify rigorous evaluations of interventions to improve hospital prescribing of antimicrobial drugs. we identified 66 studies with interpretable data, of which 16 reported 20 microbiologic outcomes: gram-negative resistant bacteria, 10 studies; clostridium difficile-associat ... | 2006 | 16494744 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) can range from uncomplicated diarrhea to sepsis and even death. cdad rates and severity are increasing, possibly due to a new strain. transmission of c difficile occurs primarily in health care facilities via the fecal-oral route following transient contamination of the hands of health care workers and patients; contamination of the patient care environment also plays an important role. | 2006 | 16478043 |
| a great masquerader learns a new trick. | 2006 | 16478035 | |
| treatment of first recurrences of clostridium difficile-associated disease: waiting for new treatment options. | 2006 | 16477550 | |
| management and outcomes of a first recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in quebec, canada. | during an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) caused by a strain that is a hyper-producer of toxins a and b, the frequency of a first recurrence after metronidazole treatment of the initial episode doubled in 2003-2004, compared with 1991-2002. | 2006 | 16477549 |
| measuring the presence of chronic diseases. | 2006 | 16477067 | |
| distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in regions of hungary. | the objective of this survey was to determine the distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes present across three hungarian geographical regions. a total of 105 isolates of c. difficile from diarrhoeal faeces of both inpatients and outpatients were examined. the toxigenic status of the strains was determined by pcr for the tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb genes in szeged (hungary), while strains were subjected to pcr ribotyping in cardiff (uk). a total of 31 ribotypes were detected among the 1 ... | 2006 | 16476791 |
| centaureidin promotes dendrite retraction of melanocytes by activating rho. | melanosomes synthesized within melanocytes are transferred to keratinocytes through dendrites, resulting in a constant supply of melanin to the epidermis, and this process determines skin pigmentation. during screening for inhibitors of melanosome transfer, we found a novel reagent, centaureidin, that induces significant morphological changes in normal human epidermal melanocytes and inhibits melanocyte dendrite elongation, resulting in a reduction of melanosome transfer in an in vitro melanocyt ... | 2006 | 16476521 |
| clostridial enteric infections in pigs. | clostridium perfringens types a and c and clostridium difficile are the principal enteric clostridial pathogens of swine. history, clinical signs of disease, and gross and microscopic findings form the basis for a presumptive diagnosis of c. perfringens type-c enteritis. confirmation is based on isolation of large numbers of type-c c. perfringens and/or detection of beta toxin in intestinal contents. diagnosis of c. perfringens type-a infection, however, remains controversial, mostly because the ... | 2005 | 16475510 |
| analysis of a mitotic role of cdc42. | rho gtpases including rho, rac, and cdc42 determine the cell shape by regulating the actin and microtubule dynamics. through these actions on cytoskeleton, rho gtpases also regulate cell cycle progression. specifically, rho, rac, and cdc42 regulate g1-s progression, and rho regulates cytokinesis. however, involvement of these gtpases in nuclear division has not been definitely shown. this seems to be due to the lack of standard procedures examining mitosis-specific functions of these gtpases. re ... | 2006 | 16472695 |
| prevalence of zoonotic agents in dogs visiting hospitalized people in ontario: implications for infection control. | visitation of hospitalized people by dogs is becoming commonplace, but little is known about the potential health risks of introducing dogs to healthcare settings. this cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of zoonotic agents in a group of 102 visitation dogs from a variety of sources across ontario. between may and july 2004, owners were interviewed by a standardized questionnaire while dogs underwent a standardized physical examination. one specimen of faeces, hair-coat brushings and ... | 2006 | 16466831 |
| clostridium difficile epidemic strain far reaching. | 2006 | 16456988 | |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea]. | the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) differs with the antibiotic and varies from 15 - 25 %. most cases of aad are directly or indirectly caused by alterations of gut microflora by the antibiotics resulting in clinically mild aad cases due to functional disturbances of intestinal carbohydrate or bile acid metabolism. alternatively, changes in the gut flora allow pathogens to proliferate. clostridium difficile is responsible for 10 - 15 % of all cases of aad and almost of all case ... | 2006 | 16456762 |
| correlation of disease severity with fecal toxin levels in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and distribution of pcr ribotypes and toxin yields in vitro of corresponding isolates. | we investigated in vivo and in vitro yields of toxins a and b from and pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile isolates from 164 patients with differing severities of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) (patients were grouped as follows: <3 loose stools per day, n = 45; 3 to 10 per day, n = 97; >10 per day, n = 22). the median fecal toxin levels in each group were 0.5, 6.8, and 149 u/g feces (p < 0.001), respectively. patients with severe diarrhea also had more-frequent occurrence of blood in ... | 2006 | 16455883 |
| statins revert doxorubicin resistance via nitric oxide in malignant mesothelioma. | human malignant mesothelioma (hmm) is resistant to many anticancer drugs, including doxorubicin. mevastatin and simvastatin, 2 inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (hmgcoa) reductase, potentiated the intracellular accumulation and the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in hmm cells constitutively expressing p-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3. this effect of statins was nitric oxide (no)-dependent, since it was reverted by either an no synthase inhibitor or an no ... | 2006 | 16450390 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea outbreaks: the name of the game is isolation and cleaning. | 2006 | 16447122 |