Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| frequent emergence of resistance in clostridium difficile during treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid. | samples from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) that were randomized to fusidic acid (n = 59) or metronidazole (n = 55) therapy for 7 days were cultured for clostridium difficile in feces on days 1, 8 to 13, and 35 to 40. of the patients who were culture positive only before treatment, 77% (36/47) were permanently cured (no treatment failure and no clinical recurrence), compared to 54% (22/41) of those with persistence of c. difficile at one or both follow-ups (p = 0. ... | 2006 | 16940098 |
| surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile induce inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in human monocytes and dendritic cells. | clostridium difficile, an etiological agent of most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, exerts its pathological action mainly by the activity of toxin a and toxin b. less known is the role that s-layer proteins (slps), predominant surface components of the bacterium, may play in pathogenesis. here, we evaluate the ability of slps to modulate the function of human monocytes and dendritic cells (dc) and to induce inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, influencing the natural and adaptive immu ... | 2006 | 16935543 |
| activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases is essential for hydrogen peroxide -induced apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells. | retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells are constantly exposed to oxidative injury while clearing byproducts of photoreceptor turnover, a circumstance thought to be responsible for degenerative retinal diseases. the mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2))-induced apoptosis in rpe cells are not fully understood. we studied signal transduction mechanisms of h(2)o(2)-induced apoptosis in the human rpe cell line arpe-19. activation of two stress kinases (jnk and p38) occurs during h(2)o(2) stimula ... | 2006 | 16927023 |
| construction and analysis of chromosomal clostridium difficile mutants. | clostridium difficile is an emerging nosocomial pathogen of increasing importance and virulence but our ability to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of c. difficile-associated disease has been limited because of a lack of tools for its genetic manipulation. we have now developed a reproducible method for the targeted insertional inactivation of chromosomal c. difficile genes. the approach relies on the observation that an escherichia coli-clostridium perfringens shuttle ... | 2006 | 16925561 |
| exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus. | exopolysaccharides (epss) are exocellular polymers present in the surface of many bacteria, including lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. the genome sequence of several strains revealed the presence of eps-encoding genes. however, the physiological role that epss play in the bacterial ecology still remains uncertain. in this study, we have assessed the effect of epss produced by lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, bifidobacterium longum nb667, and bifidobacterium animalis ipla-r1 on the adhesion of probi ... | 2006 | 16924934 |
| trusts must listen to infection control nurses. | 2006 | 16922092 | |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2-deficient mice have reduced intestinal inflammatory responses. | corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and urocortins (ucn) bind with various affinities to two g-protein-coupled receptors, crhr1 and crhr2, which are expressed in brain and in peripheral tissues, including immune cells. crhr2-deficient mice display anxiety-like behavior, hypersensitivity to stress, altered feeding behavior and metabolism, and cardiovascular abnormalities. however, the phenotype of these mice in inflammatory responses has not been determined. in the present study we found that c ... | 2006 | 16920976 |
| how long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? a systematic review. | inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. the aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces. | 2006 | 16914034 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile toxin-positive nosocomial diarrhoea. | data were retrieved from the records of all patients from whom stool was sent for clostridium difficile toxin testing during the year 2001. toxin-positive and -negative patients were compared by bivariate analysis and regression models. eight hundred samples from 610 patients were sent for c. difficile toxin testing. charts of 535 patients (88%) were available for analysis. of those, 17% had a positive toxin test whilst 83% had a negative toxin test. there was no difference in the number of dail ... | 2006 | 16908119 |
| proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | inhibition of gastric acid removes a defence against ingested bacteria and spores, increasing the risk of some forms of gastroenteritis. previous studies investigating a possible link between acid suppression therapy and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea have reported conflicting results. | 2006 | 16907893 |
| update on clostridium difficile. | the most dramatic change in the past several years has been the increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis reported from multiple countries. a number of factors have likely contributed to this. one major event has been the emergence of a fluoroquinolone-resistant clone of c. difficile with enhanced virulence properties that is associated with epidemic disease. also noteworthy is the apparently decreasing effectiveness of the first-line agent metronidazole in treating this ... | 2006 | 16901390 |
| management of refractory ulcerative colitis. | a physician's approach to patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) who are refractory to standard first-line therapies must be thoughtful and systematic and include the individual's physical and emotional state as the physician examines the various dietary, medical, and surgical options currently available. it is of foremost importance to confirm that the refractory patient's symptoms are not simply due to dietary indiscretion, concomitant bowel infection (especially with clostridium difficile), an ... | 2006 | 16901387 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16893351 | |
| comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus. | we prospectively studied the comparative epidemiology and risk factors for clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). four thousand six hundred fifty-nine inpatient fecal specimens (11 months) were tested for c. difficile cytotoxin, c. perfringens enterotoxin, and s. aureus by vero cell assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and growth on fresh blood agar, respectively. two distinct age-, sex-, and location-matched control p ... | 2006 | 16891493 |
| c. difficile: a menace in hospitals and homes alike. | 2006 | 16888483 | |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile in fecal samples of hiv-infected children in poland. | the prevalence of clostridium difficile and its toxins (a and b) in hiv-positive children in poland was investigated in a group of 18 children, aged 6 months to 8 1/2 years. stool samples were tested using an antigen detection method for toxin a/b, cytotoxicity-neutralization and culture. in 3 cases (17%) c. difficile toxins were detected in both stool samples and strains recovered from culture. the three strains isolated were shown by pcr methods to contain toxins a and b genes. all children ha ... | 2003 | 16887715 |
| binary toxin producing clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile produces three toxins, tcda, tcdb and cdt. tcda and tcdb are single-stranded molecules acting as glucosyltransferases specific for small gtpases. cdt is an actin specific adp-ribosylating binary toxin characteristically composed of two independent components, enzymatic cdta (48 kda) and binding cdtb (99 kda). the cdta and cdtb genes were sequenced in two cdt-positive strains of c. difficile (cd 196 and 8864) and at least two cdt-negative strains with truncated form of binar ... | 2003 | 16887714 |
| clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from patients with antibiotic associated diarrhoea. | from the fecal samples of 332 patients with a clinical diagnosis of antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aad), 131 clostridium difficile strains were isolated. for detection of toxin a in the isolated strains the enzymatic immunoassay was used. the cytopathic effect was determined on mccoy cell line. pcr was used for the detection of non-repeating and repeating sequences of toxin a gene and non-repeating sequences of toxin b gene. one hundred and six isolated c. difficile strains were tcda(+)tcdb(+) ... | 2003 | 16887705 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea from a general hospital in argentina. | clostridium difficile is responsible for 15-25% of all cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea. the incidence of infection with this organism is increasing in hospitals worldwide, consequent to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. although the clinical and financial impact of nosocomial c. difficile infection is believed to be significant, only limited information is available on the importance of c. difficile as a cause of diarrhea in argentina. the aim of the study was to evaluate ... | 2003 | 16887697 |
| susceptibility of hamsters to human pathogenic clostridium difficile strain b1 following clindamycin, ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration. | clindamycin-treated hamsters are predictably susceptible to infection with pathogenic strains of clostridium difficile. this animal model parallels most of the important aspects of human c. difficile associated disease (cdad). in humans, almost any antibiotic may precipitate cdad, but clindamycin, ampicillin and second-and third-generation cephalosporins are implicated most often. we studied the effect of ampicillin and ceftriaxone compared to clindamycin on the susceptibility of hamsters to cha ... | 2003 | 16887694 |
| isolation from the rumen of a new acetogenic bacterium phylogenetically closely related to clostridium difficile. | five strains of filamentous acetogenic bacterium were isolated from high dilutions of ruminal content of newborn lambs. these gram-positive spore-forming bacteria grew either chemolithotrophically with h2+ co2 or chemo-organotrophically with glucose, cellobiose, fructose, maltose, mannose and syringic acid. the dna base composition of the five strains were between 29.1 and 31.3 mol% g + c. their temperature and ph optimum for growth were 35-40 degrees c and 6.5-7.0, respectively. the full 16s rr ... | 1998 | 16887627 |
| in vitro activity of linezolid and eperezolid, two novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, against anaerobic bacteria. | linezolid (formerly u-100766) and eperezolid (formerly u-100592) are novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents that are active against multi-drug-resistant staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, corynebacteria, and mycobacteria. preliminary studies also demonstrated that the compounds inhibited some test strains of anaerobic bacteria. therefore, we extended the in vitro evaluation of these agents to include a total of 54 different anaerobic species. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) value ... | 1997 | 16887605 |
| periodontal microflora of hiv infected patients with periodontitis. | the aim of this study was to determine the microbial profile of periodontal lesions in hiv seropositive patients and to compare it with rapidly progressing periodontal lesions in systemically healthy patients. the subgingival microflora of 20 cdc ii, 20 cdc iii, 20 cdc iv/v and 20 systemically healthy patients with rapidly progressing periodontitis was examined. four sites with greatest probing depth in each patient were selected for microbiological sampling. the samples were cultured aerobicall ... | 1997 | 16887570 |
| pharmaceutical probiotics for the treatment of anaerobic and other infections. | pharmaceutical probiotics have been used as alternative treatments or preventative therapies for a variety of clinical diseases. the overuse of antibiotics and emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant pathogens has refocused clinical attention on the field of probiotics. anaerobic infections which seem to respond well to probiotics are infections which involve the disruption of normal microbial flora. gastrointestinal infections (travelers' diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea,clostridium ... | 1997 | 16887565 |
| clostridium difficile: an update on virulence mechanisms. | 1996 | 16887556 | |
| summary of clostridium difficile workshop and symposium, 4-5 may 1995, tours and paris, france. | 1995 | 16887548 | |
| a novel fluorescence imaging technique combining deconvolution microscopy and spectral analysis for quantitative detection of opportunistic pathogens. | a novel fluorescence imaging technique based on deconvolution microscopy and spectral analysis is presented here as an alternative to confocal laser scanning microscopy. it allowed rapid, specific and simultaneous identification of five major opportunistic pathogens, relevant for public health, in suspension and provided quantitative results. | 2006 | 16887225 |
| improving the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease: where should we start? | 2006 | 16886145 | |
| prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to date, no randomized trial to address the use of adjunctive rifampin in addition to metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea has been reported. rifampin has excellent in vitro activity against c. difficile and penetrates into cellular materials where the organisms may persist. | 2006 | 16886144 |
| listeria monocytogenes induced rac1-dependent signal transduction in endothelial cells. | infection of endothelial cells by listeria monocytogenes is an essential step in the pathogenesis of listeriosis. small gtpases of the rho family act as molecular switches in signal transduction. we tested the hypothesis that rho gtpases contribute to the regulation of cytokine expression following l. monocytogenes infection. l. monocytogenes induced release of distinct cc and cxc, as well as th1 and th2 cytokines and growth factors by endothelial cells and activated rhoa and rac1. inhibition of ... | 2006 | 16884694 |
| factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. | the aim of this study was to examine the contribution of a broad range of external influences to the gut microbiotic composition in early infancy. | 2006 | 16882802 |
| moxifloxacin prophylaxis in neutropenic patients. | recent studies have shown a beneficial impact of fluoroquinolones on infection-related morbidity and mortality for patients with haematological malignancies during neutropenia. among the fluoroquinolones moxifloxacin currently provides one of the broadest spectra of antibacterial activity and may be suitable for prophylaxis during neutropenia. | 2006 | 16880172 |
| probiotics in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections. | probiotics have been studied in a variety of gi infections, and are an appealing concept given their favorable safety profiles. several placebo-controlled trials indicated that lactobacilli have a suppressive effect on h pylori infection. although some studies reported improvement in h pylori eradication, others failed to confirm this. controlled trials support the use of lactobacillus gg and s boulardii for the prevention of aad, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of s boulardii as adjunct ... | 2006 | 16880070 |
| an update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of nosocomial morbidity and mortality and is implicated in recent epidemics. data support the treatment of colitis with oral metronidazole in a dose of 1.0 to 1.5 g/d, with oral vancomycin as a second-line agent, not because its efficacy is questioned but because of environmental concerns. nitazoxanide and other drugs are currently under intense study as alternatives. treatment of asymptomatic patients is not recommended. current management strategies ... | 2006 | 16880068 |
| 4-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylases: properties of a novel subclass of glycyl radical enzyme systems. | the 4-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylases from clostridium difficile and clostridium scatologenes, which catalyze the formation of p-cresol, form a distinct group of glycyl radical enzymes (gres). cresol formation provides metabolic toxicity, which allows an active suppression of other microbes and may provide growth advantages for the producers in highly competitive environments. the gre decarboxylases are characterized by a small subunit, which is not similar to any protein of known function i ... | 2006 | 16878993 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile colonization at admission to rehabilitation. | to assess the prevalence of intestinal colonization with clostridium difficile (c. difficile) at admission to acute rehabilitation and to identify risk factors associated with colonization. | 2006 | 16876554 |
| lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. | a number of lactobacillus species, bifidobacterium sp, saccharomyces boulardii, and some other microbes have been proposed as and are used as probiotic strains, i.e. live microorganisms as food supplement in order to benefit health. the health claims range from rather vague as regulation of bowel activity and increasing of well-being to more specific, such as exerting antagonistic effect on the gastroenteric pathogens clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejuni, helicobacter pylori and rotavirus ... | 2006 | 16875422 |
| qualitative and quantitative comparison of gut bacterial colonization in enterally and parenterally fed neonatal pigs. | total parenteral nutrition (tpn) has been associated with mucosal atrophy, impaired gut barrier function, and translocation of luminal bacteria with resultant sepsis in preterm human infants. currently, we examined the effects of enteral (ent) or tpn treatments on translocation events in neonatal pigs and on colonization and composition of microbiota in the neonatal gut. newborn, colostrum-deprived pigs (<24 hours old) were fitted with intravenous catheters and were fed either ent (n = 13) or tp ... | 2006 | 16875420 |
| pitfalls in the diagnosis of enteroviral infection in young children. | three infants with enteroviral infections were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). investigation into the possible nosocomial spread of enterovirus identified 31 other infected infants. only 1 of the 31 was truly positive; 30 were false-positive results. | 2006 | 16874166 |
| number of c difficile cases rises. | 2006 | 16873836 | |
| in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, and penicillin against clostridium difficile, c. perfringens, finegoldia magna, and propionibacterium acnes. | daptomycin has in vitro activity against gram-positive anaerobic bacteria, although limited numbers of species have been tested. we studied the in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, and penicillin against more than 100 strains each of clostridium difficile, c. perfringens, finegoldia magna, and propionibacterium acnes. daptomycin etest mics and results from time-kill studies were determined for selected strains. for 392 of 421 strains (93%), daptomycin was inhibitory at < or =1 microg/m ... | 2006 | 16870765 |
| burden of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a long-term care facility. | to describe the incidence and prevalence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a long-term care facility (ltcf). | 2006 | 16866677 |
| adhesion properties and competitive pathogen exclusion ability of bifidobacteria with acquired acid resistance. | the adhesion properties of bifidobacterium longum and bifidobacterium catenulatum strains with an acquired resistance to acid and their ability to competitively exclude salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, enterobacter sakazakii, and clostridium difficile from adhering to human intestinal mucus were evaluated and compared with the results when the same experiments were run with the original acid-sensitive strains. in half of the four studied cases, t ... | 2006 | 16865903 |
| prophylactic antibiotics and clostridium difficile infection. | 2006 | 16860438 | |
| toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. many pathogenic strains of clostridium difficile produce two toxins tcda and tcdb, both of which are pro-inflammatory and enterotoxic in human intestine. clinically relevant toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a(-)b(+)) strains of clostridium difficile that cause diarrhea and colitis in humans have been isolated with increasing frequency worldwide. this perspective describes these important toxin variant stra ... | 2007 | 16857405 |
| effect of dalbavancin on the normal intestinal microflora. | dalbavancin is a new lipoglycopeptide antibiotic active in vitro against most gram-positive bacteria. it is administered parenterally as a weekly regimen, is eliminated both in urine and faeces, and has t(1/2) in plasma of 8.5 days. investigating the impact of antibiotics on endogenous microflora is important since alteration of the balance may facilitate colonization by new potentially pathogenic strains or enable microorganisms in the normal flora to develop resistance. the purpose of the pres ... | 2006 | 16840427 |
| new drugs for clostridium difficile infection. | 2006 | 16838230 | |
| nitazoxanide for the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile colitis has increased in incidence and severity, and treatment failure with metronidazole therapy has increasingly been documented. it is uncertain whether treatment with vancomycin is more effective than treatment with metronidazole, but concern over the emergence of vancomycin resistance has motivated the search for alternative therapy. nitazoxanide, a nitrothiazolide, blocks anaerobic metabolism of eukaryocyes and effectively treats intestinal infestation due to cryptosp ... | 2006 | 16838229 |
| tolevamer, a novel nonantibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | current antibiotic therapies for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea have limitations, including progression to severe disease, recurrent c. difficile-associated diarrhea, and selection for nosocomial pathogens. tolevamer, a soluble, high-molecular weight, anionic polymer that binds c. difficile toxins a and b is a unique nonantibiotic treatment option. | 2006 | 16838228 |
| clostridium difficile lacks detectable superantigen activity. | clostridium difficile colitis causes striking leukocytosis. we examined the possibility that toxins a or b, or other nontoxin products of c. difficile, act as superantigens, thereby stimulating leukocytosis. our results failed to show major histocompatibility complex class ii-dependent t lymphocyte proliferation, the hallmark of superantigen activity. elevated white blood cell counts in c. difficile colitis are probably due to increased generation of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (il-6) or il- ... | 2006 | 16831215 |
| the roles of lactose and clostridium difficile in the pathogenesis of enteral feeding associated diarrhoea. | this study investigated the influence of the disaccharide lactose on the incidence of clinically significant enteral feeding associated diarrhoea. in this double blind study both groups each of 25 patients were randomised to receive either a lactose containing diet clinifeed 400 in 25 patients or a lactose free diet ensure in 25 patients. diarrhoea occurred with equal frequency in both treatment groups, even in those patients with symptomatic and biochemical evidence of impaired lactose handling ... | 1983 | 16829389 |
| cell expression of a four extra octarepeat mutated prpc modifies cell structure and cell cycle regulation. | rk13 cell lines generated to express bovine prp(c) with a four extra octarepeat insertional mutation (bo-10orprp(c)) show partially insoluble prp(c) and lower rates of cell growth when compared to either the same cells expressing wild type bo-6orprp(c) or the original rk13 cell line. the expression of bo-10orprp(c) in cell cultures was also associated with changes in cell size and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. this last process was reversed by clostridium difficile toxin-b, a specifi ... | 2006 | 16828087 |
| increase in deaths related to enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile in the united states, 1999-2002. | 2006 | 16827436 | |
| multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for investigation of clostridium difficile transmission in hospitals. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illness. recently, an increased incidence of hospital-acquired infections with severe outcomes has been reported in north america and europe. current molecular-typing methods for detection of outbreaks and nosocomial transmission are labor-intensive, subjective, or insufficiently discriminatory to differentiate between closely related strains. this report describes the development of multilocus variable-number tande ... | 2006 | 16825380 |
| [occurrence and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | 2006 | 16824400 | |
| development of a toxa gene knock-out mutant of pasteurella multocida and evaluation of its protective effects. | pasteurella multocida is an important veterinary and opportunistic human pathogen. in particular, strains of p. multocida serogroup d cause progressive atrophic rhinitis, and produce a potent, intracellular, mitogenic toxin known as p. multocida toxin (pmt), which is encoded by the toxa gene. to further investigate the toxigenic and pathogenic effects of pmt, a toxa-deleted mutant was developed by homologous gene recombination. when administrated to mice, the toxigenicity of the toxa mutant p. m ... | 2006 | 16820762 |
| it's right under our nose: homage to the nobel prize and other stories! | 2006 | 16819477 | |
| epithelial cell i kappa b-kinase beta has an important protective role in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced mucosal injury. | toxin a released by clostridium difficile interacts with the single layer of intestinal epithelial cells that lines the host's intestinal tract and leads to mucosal damage and inflammation that manifests clinically as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. activation of the transcription factor nf-kappab in intestinal epithelial cells is important for regulating the expression of epithelial cell proinflammatory genes and cell survival. however, the role of nf-kappab activat ... | 2006 | 16818780 |
| first cluster of c. difficile toxinotype iii, pcr-ribotype 027 associated disease in france: preliminary report. | 2006 | 16816455 | |
| saccharomyces boulardii inhibits erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo and protects against clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. | saccharomyces boulardii (sb), a probiotic yeast, protects against intestinal injury and inflammation caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens, including clostridium difficile. given the broad range of protective effects of sb in multiple gastrointestinal disorders, we hypothesize that sb modulates host signaling pathways involved in intestinal inflammatory responses. in this study, we found that sb culture supernatant (sbs) inhibits interleukin-8 production induced by c. difficile toxin a o ... | 2006 | 16816386 |
| jnk phosphorylation of paxillin, acting through the rac1 and cdc42 signaling cascade, mediates neurite extension in n1e-115 cells. | neurons extend neurites from the cell body before formation of the polarized processes of an axon and dendrites. neurite outgrowth involves remodeling of the cytoskeletal components, which are initially regulated by small gtpases of the rho family. here we show that c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk), which is controlled by rho gtpases rac1 and cdc42, is activated following neurite extension in mouse n1e-115 neuroblastoma cells as a model. the extension is inhibited by jnk inhibitors (sp600125 and th ... | 2006 | 16814769 |
| antimicrobial stewardship. | antimicrobial stewardship is a key component of a multifaceted approach to preventing emergence of antimicrobial resistance. good antimicrobial stewardship involves selecting an appropriate drug and optimizing its dose and duration to cure an infection while minimizing toxicity and conditions for selection of resistant bacterial strains. studies conducted over the years indicate that antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate in as many as 50% of cases in the united states, and this creates ... | 2006 | 16813983 |
| pondering probiotics. | 2006 | 16807114 | |
| the multidrug-resistant human pathogen clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome. | we determined the complete genome sequence of clostridium difficile strain 630, a virulent and multidrug-resistant strain. our analysis indicates that a large proportion (11%) of the genome consists of mobile genetic elements, mainly in the form of conjugative transposons. these mobile elements are putatively responsible for the acquisition by c. difficile of an extensive array of genes involved in antimicrobial resistance, virulence, host interaction and the production of surface structures. th ... | 2006 | 16804543 |
| effects of interleukin-1 on calcium signaling and the increase of filamentous actin in isolated and in situ articular chondrocytes. | to determine whether interleukin-1 (il-1) initiates transient changes in the intracellular concentration of [ca2+]i and the organization of filamentous actin (f-actin) in articular chondrocytes. | 2006 | 16802354 |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 outbreaks in the netherlands: recent surveillance data indicate that outbreaks are not easily controlled but interhospital transmission is limited. | 2006 | 16801713 | |
| update on emerging infections from the centers for disease control and prevention. severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005. | 2006 | 16791928 | |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027, toxinotype iii in belgium. | 2005 | 16790888 | |
| the conjugative transposon tn5397 has a strong preference for integration into its clostridium difficile target site. | tn5397 is a conjugative transposon, originally isolated from clostridium difficile. the tn5397 transposase tndx is related to the phage-encoded serine integrases and the clostridium perfringens tn4451 transposase tnpx. tndx is required for the insertion and excision of the transposon. tn5397 inserts at one locus, attb(cd), in c. difficile but at multiple sites in bacillus subtilis. apart from a conserved 5' ga dinucleotide at the recombination site, there appears to be little sequence conservati ... | 2006 | 16788196 |
| isolation of clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype iii in the netherlands after increase in c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2005 | 16785657 | |
| the outcome of surgery in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | 2006 | 16784480 | |
| prevalence and clinical features of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a tertiary hospital in northern taiwan. | although the clinical manifestations of and risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) have been extensively investigated in western populations, data from taiwanese patients are comparatively limited. this study investigated the incidence density of cdad in taiwanese patients and also the risk factors and clinical manifestations of cdad. | 2006 | 16783456 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in an english hospital linked to hypertoxin-producing strains in canada and the us. | 2005 | 16783109 | |
| [profile of toxigenicity of clostridium difficile strains isolated from paediatric patients with clinical diagnosis of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad)]. | this study was performed to determine profile of toxigenicity of 18 clostridium difficile strains isolated from paeditric patients suffering from antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad). toxigenicity of c. difficile strains was tested for detection toxin a and toxin b by phenotypic methods and for detection of the tcda and tcdb genes using of pcr. changes in the repeating regions of the tcda genes were detected with the nk9/nkv011 primer pairs. for detection of binary toxin (cdt) cdta and cdtb gene ... | 2005 | 16773831 |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772618 | |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772617 | |
| short communication: effect of exopolysaccharide isolated from "viili" on the adhesion of probiotics and pathogens to intestinal mucus. | the strong ropy character of the scandinavian fermented milk viili is conferred by the exopolysaccharides (eps) produced by lactococcal strains. these biopolymers can be responsible for some health benefits. we have assessed the influence of the eps fraction isolated from commercial viili on the adhesion of some probiotics and pathogens to human intestinal mucus. concentrations of viili eps greater than 0.1 mg/ml promoted a decrease in adherence of bifidobacterium lactis bb12 and lactobacillus r ... | 2006 | 16772550 |
| nf-kappa b activation pathway is essential for the chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with clostridium difficile toxin a. | intestinal epithelial cells are known to upregulate the expression of several chemokines in response to stimulation with bacterial toxin. however, the cellular mechanisms of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced mucosal inflammation have not yet been fully elucidated. in this study, we investigated whether nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-kappab) could regulate chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells. toxin a increased the levels of nf-kappab complexes containing p65/p50 heterodimers and p ... | 2006 | 16764699 |
| education begets prevention. | 2006 | 16761872 | |
| inhibition of clostridium difficile growth and adhesion to enterocytes by bifidobacterium supernatants. | the antimicrobial and anti-adhesive effects of extracellular factors from 27 strains of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy infants were tested against two reference strains of clostridium difficile (atcc 9689 and atcc 43593). all bifidobacterial supernatants at phs between 5.0 and 4.1 were able to produce strain-dependent growth inhibition of clostridia in the agar-diffusion assay. six strains of bifidobacterium produced during growth extracellular factors able to antagonize the adhesion of c. ... | 2006 | 16759886 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 1999-2004. | 2006 | 16759080 | |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 isolates from eastern and western canada. | the prevalence and characteristics of pcr ribotype 027 strains of clostridium difficile have come into question following recent outbreaks in eastern canada and elsewhere. in order to determine the distribution of this strain in other regions in canada, we screened a bank of 1,419 isolates recovered from three different canadian health regions between 2000 and 2004. among isolates from a montreal area hospital, pcr ribotype 027 strains represented 115/153 strains (75.2%) from 2003 to 2004, but r ... | 2006 | 16757612 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile strain in hospital visitation dog. | 2006 | 16752477 | |
| cellulose acetate containing toluidine blue and rose bengal is an effective antimicrobial coating when exposed to white light. | simple methods of reducing the microbial load on surfaces in hospitals are needed to reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections. here we report on the ability of a cellulose acetate coating containing the photosensitizers toluidine blue and rose bengal to kill microbes (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, clostridium difficile, a bacteriophage, and candida albicans) on its surface when illuminated with white light. | 2006 | 16751564 |
| tlr2 transmodulates monocyte adhesion and transmigration via rac1- and pi3k-mediated inside-out signaling in response to porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae. | we present evidence for a novel tlr2 function in transmodulating the adhesive activities of human monocytes in response to the fimbriae of porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen implicated in chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis. monocyte recruitment into the subendothelium is a crucial step in atherosclerosis, and we investigated the role of p. gingivalis fimbriae in stimulating monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. fimbriae induced cd11b/cd18-dependent adhes ... | 2006 | 16751412 |
| fatal enterocolitis in asian elephants (elephas maximus) caused by clostridium difficile. | two cases of fatal enteritis caused by clostridium difficile in captive asian elephants are reported from an outbreak affecting five females in the same zoo. post mortem examination including histopathology demonstrated fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis. c. difficile was isolated by selective cultivation from two dead and a third severely affected elephant. four isolates were obtained and found positive for toxin a and b by pcr. all isolates were positive in a toxigenic culture assay and toxin was d ... | 2006 | 16737787 |
| antimicrobial stewardship. | antimicrobial stewardship is a key component of a multifaceted approach to preventing emergence of antimicrobial resistance. good antimicrobial stewardship involves selecting an appropriate drug and optimizing its dose and duration to cure an infection while minimizing toxicity and conditions for selection of resistant bacterial strains. studies conducted over the years indicate that antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate in as many as 50% of cases in the united states, and this creates ... | 2006 | 16735152 |
| development potential of rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins. | rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins (new chemical entities [nces]) are rifamycins that contain a distinct planar benzoxazine ring. rifalazil has excellent antibacterial activity, high intracellular levels and high tissue penetration, which are attributes that favour its use in treating diseases caused by the obligate intracellular pathogens of the genus chlamydia. recent studies have shown that rifalazil has efficacy in the treatment of human sexually transmitted disease caused by chlamydi ... | 2006 | 16732714 |
| cellular stability of rho-gtpases glucosylated by clostridium difficile toxin b. | mono-glucosylation of rho, rac, and cdc42 by clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) induces changes of actin dynamics and apoptosis. when fibroblasts were treated with tcdb, an apparent decrease of the cellular rac1 level was observed when applying anti-rac1(mab 102). this decrease was not based on degradation as inhibition of the proteasome by lactacystin did not stabilise cellular rac1 levels. the application of anti-rac1 (mab 23a8) showed that the cellular rac1 level slightly increased in tcdb- ... | 2006 | 16730714 |
| "diversion" colitis caused by clostridium difficile infection: report of a case. | recurrent ulcerative colitis and/or diversion colitis occur commonly in the rectal remnant after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. we report a case in which such a patient's symptoms of rectal discharge were initially thought to be the result of one or both of these diagnoses, on both clinical and histologic grounds. however, examination of the discharge revealed clostridium difficile infection. treatment with metronidazole suppositories improved his symptoms and avoided further inappropriate in ... | 2006 | 16729217 |
| diagnosis and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. | the recent findings and up-to-date practice guidelines for diagnosing, evaluating, and treating gastro-esophageal reflux disease are discussed. | 2006 | 16728886 |
| vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | to report a case of oral vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | 2006 | 16720708 |
| significant absorption of oral vancomycin in a patient with clostridium difficile colitis and normal renal function. | orally-administered vancomycin is poorly absorbed in most patients, usually producing minimal or subtherapeutic serum concentrations. bowel inflammation may enhance absorption of oral vancomycin, particularly in those with renal failure. a 77-year-old female with clostridium difficile (c difficile) colitis and normal renal function was treated with high doses of oral vancomycin and achieved serum concentrations in the therapeutic range. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient wit ... | 2006 | 16711316 |
| infectious disease. ru-486-linked deaths open debate about risky bacteria. | 2006 | 16709757 | |
| probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. | the use of probiotics, once discussed primarily in the context of alternative medicine, is now entering mainstream medicine. however, only a few of the potential health benefits attributed to probiotics have been confirmed in well-designed, well-conducted, randomized, controlled trials. this is especially true in the pediatric population. we review here the available evidence on efficacy of probiotics in children in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. although we restrict ... | 2006 | 16707966 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, the netherlands. | outbreaks due to clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, were detected in 7 hospitals in the netherlands from april 2005 to february 2006. one hospital experienced at the same time a second outbreak due to a toxin a-negative c. difficile pcr ribotype 017 toxinotype viii strain. the outbreaks are difficult to control. | 2006 | 16704846 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from us short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. | us hospital discharges for which clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) was listed as any diagnosis doubled from 82,000 (95% confidence interval [ci] 71,000-94,000) or 31/100,000 population in 1996 to 178,000 (95% ci 151,000-205,000) or 61/100,000 in 2003; this increase was significant between 2000 and 2003 (slope of linear trend 9.48; 95% ci 6.16-12.80, p = 0.01). the overall rate during this period was severalfold higher in persons >65 years of age (228/100,000) than in the age group ... | 2006 | 16704777 |
| exchange of a single amino acid switches the substrate properties of rhoa and rhod toward glucosylating and transglutaminating toxins. | rho gtpases are the preferred targets of various bacterial cytotoxins, including clostridium difficile toxins a and b, clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, the cytotoxic necrotizing factors (cnf1) from escherichia coli, and the dermonecrotizing toxin (dnt) from bordetella species. the toxins inactivate or activate specific sets of rho gtpases by mono-o-glucosylation and deamidation/transglutamination, respectively. here we studied the structural basis of the recognition of rhoa, which is modified ... | 2006 | 16702216 |
| clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. | human clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is of unquestioned importance in humans, and has been a not-uncommon cause of enteric disease in horses, dogs, and ratites. over the past 5 years, c. difficile has emerged as a major cause of neonatal enteritis in pigs. piglets 1-7 days of age are affected, with gross lesions frequently including mesocolonic edema. colonic contents may be pasty-to-watery and yellow, although some piglets are constipated or obstipated. focal suppuration and se ... | 2006 | 16701605 |
| in vitro activities of tinidazole and metronidazole against clostridium difficile, prevotella bivia and bacteroides fragilis. | tinidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole similar to metronidazole, was studied against 40 clostridium difficile, 10 prevotella bivia and 11 bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates. the geometric mean mics of tinidazole and metronidazole were, respectively: c. difficile, 0.31 and 0.28 microg/ml; p. bivia, 2.33 and 1.52 microg/ml; b. fragilis, 0.5 and 0.71 microg/ml. | 2005 | 16701592 |