Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| [current topics concerning emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections]. | 2007 | 17419432 | |
| improvement targets for c difficile must be valid. | 2007 | 17413147 | |
| hospital acquired infection. | 2007 | 17413144 | |
| urocortin ii mediates pro-inflammatory effects in human colonocytes via corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2alpha. | urocortin ii (ucnii) is a neuropeptide that binds with high affinity to the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (crhr2) in peripheral tissues. ucnii is synthesised in the intestine, but its role in human intestinal inflammation is largely unknown. | 2007 | 17412781 |
| evaluation of two immunochromatographic tests (immunocard toxins a&b, xpect c. difficile toxin a&b) and pcr for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins in faecal samples. | 2007 | 17412423 | |
| fatal fulminant clostridium difficile colitis during chop therapy for lymphoma: an autopsy case. | although clostridium difficile colitis is a common problem during chemotherapy, fulminant expression is rarely observed. here, we describe a 68-year-old woman who developed fatal colitis due to clostridium difficile infection. the patient was treated with chop therapy for relapsed lymphoma. in the nadir phase, she developed severe bloody diarrhea with a high fever and died within 12 hours after the beginning of symptoms. clostridium difficile was identified in her stool and an autopsy showed hem ... | 2007 | 17409606 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in solid organ transplantation--a single-center experience. | clostridium difficile (cd) is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in solid organ transplantation (sot). between 1996 and 2005, a total of 2474 solid organ transplants were performed at our institution, of which 43 patients developed cd-associated diarrhea. there were 3 lung, 3 heart, 20 liver, 8 kidney-pancreas, 6 kidney, 1 composite tissue, and 2 multivisceral recipients. onset of cd infection ranged from 5 to 2453 days posttransplant. all patients presented with abdominal pain and watery ... | 2007 | 17406820 |
| spores, babies, and alcohol. a nurse's battle with c. diff. | 2007 | 17405362 | |
| epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection is an important health problem worldwide and leads to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly population. antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum, often trigger the infection; hence the use of unnecessary antibiotics should be avoided. mild to moderate cases respond to metronidazole or vancomycin. severe cases may require bowel resection. chronic relapsing cases require a prolonged course of antibiotics, immunoglobulin, probio ... | 2007 | 17404858 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile--associated disease (cdad). | 2007 | 17400866 | |
| [clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in the elderly patient]. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea in the elderly. it may cause colitis of variable severity and extraintestinal involvement. hand transmission is the most important, and it is related to prolonged antibiotic therapies in elderly patients with severe baseline disease. diagnosis is based on culture and immunological tests to detect its toxins. when there is no response to conservative treatment (withdrawal of the antibiotic and support therapy), metronida ... | 2007 | 17397570 |
| upregulation of the immediate early gene product rhob by exoenzyme c3 from clostridium limosum and toxin b from clostridium difficile. | adp-ribosylation of rho(a,b,c) by the family of exoenzyme c3-like transferases induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton based on inactivation of rhoa. no data are available on the role of rhob in c3-treated cells. in murine fibroblasts treated with the cell-permeable exoenzyme c3 from clostridium limosum (c3), an increase in the level of rhob was observed. this upregulation of rhob was based on transcriptional activation, as it was responsive to inhibition by actinomycin d and accompanie ... | 2007 | 17397186 |
| a 31-year-old, hiv-positive man presenting with emesis and bloody diarrhea. c. difficile infection. | 2007 | 17396470 | |
| isolation and characterisation of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile in dublin, ireland. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of infectious diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. most pathogenic c. difficile strains produce two toxins, a and b; however, clinically relevant toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (a- b+) strains of c. difficile that cause diarrhoea and colitis in humans have been isolated worldwide. the aims of this study were to isolate and characterise a- b+ strains from two university hospitals in dublin, ireland. samples positive for c. difficile were identified daily ... | 2007 | 17391385 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis: an early postoperative complication in inflammatory bowel disease patients after colectomy. | clostridium difficile, the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, is known to cause severe colitis. c. difficile small bowel enteritis is rare (14 case reports) with mortality rates ranging from 60 to 83%. c. difficile has increased in incidence particularly among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. this case series of six patients from 2004 to 2006 is the largest in the literature. all patients received antibiotics before colectomies for ulcerative colitis and developed severe enter ... | 2007 | 17390162 |
| c. difficile inquest too narrow as "quebec strain" goes international. | 2007 | 17389432 | |
| how knowledgeable are nurses about c. difficile? | jacqueline randle and colleagues report the results of their small-scale study of infection control link professionals' knowledge about clostridium difficile and how they use this knowledge in practice. | 2007 | 17388150 |
| successful use of feedback to improve antibiotic prescribing and reduce clostridium difficile infection: a controlled interrupted time series. | to investigate the effect of reinforcing a narrow-spectrum antibiotic policy on antibiotic prescription and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates by feedback of antibiotic use to doctors, as part of a departmental audit and feedback programme. | 2007 | 17387117 |
| predicting clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile infection is implicated in 20%-30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. studying hospitalized patients who received antibiotic therapy and developed diarrhea, our objective was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients who developed c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) with those of patients with a negative result of a stool assay for c. difficile toxin. | 2007 | 17385141 |
| clostridium difficile in cardiac surgery: risk factors and impact on postoperative outcome. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a potentially preventable and often troublesome gastrointestinal complication after cardiac surgery. | 2007 | 17383346 |
| infection control. the big c. | c difficile is endemic in some hospitals and is difficult to eradicate as its spores can survive indefinitely. there is a compelling incentive for trusts to reduce cases as each one extends length of stay and costs pound 4,000. isolating infected patients has been shown to be effective but can be tricky to achieve. | 2007 | 17380967 |
| infection control. an outbreak of innovation. | 2007 | 17380937 | |
| review: clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and clostridium difficile colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era. | 2007 | 17380404 | |
| a novel toxin homologous to large clostridial cytotoxins found in culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. | an unknown cytotoxin was identified in the culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. the cytotoxin, named tpel, which was purified using mab-based affinity chromatography, had a lethal activity of 62 minimum lethal dose (mld) mg(-1) in mice and a cytotoxic activity of 6.2x10(5) cytotoxic units (cu) mg(-1) in vero cells. the nucleotide sequence of tpel was determined. the entire orf had a length of 4953 bases, and the same nucleotide sequence was not recorded in the genbank/embl/ddbj ... | 2007 | 17379729 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 2001-2005. | 2007 | 17373384 | |
| a comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. | this article compares vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecyline, dalbavancin, telavancin, ceftobiprole, oritavancin, and ramoplanin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (csssi), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), enterococcus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, is administered intravenously, and is the mainstay of treatment for mrsa and csssi. while not available ... | 2007 | 17373167 |
| transcutaneous immunization with clostridium difficile toxoid a induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin a-neutralizing antibodies in mice. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. c. difficile produces two toxins (a and b), and systemic and mucosal anti-toxin a antibodies prevent or limit c. difficile-associated diarrhea. to evaluate whether transcutaneous immunization with formalin-treated c. difficile toxin a (cda) induces systemic and mucosal anti-cda immune responses, we transcutaneously immunized three cohorts of mice with cda with or without immunoadjuvantative cholera toxin (ct) on days 0 ... | 2007 | 17371854 |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile 027 in japan. | 2007 | 17370932 | |
| clostridium difficile in discharged inpatients, germany. | 2007 | 17370545 | |
| impact of clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased significantly in north american medical centers. the impact of c difficile on patients with ibd (crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) at the present time is unknown. | 2007 | 17368234 |
| incidence of clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) rates have been increasing. we sought to determine whether cdad incidence has increased specifically in hospitalized patients with ibd. we also explored possible differences in the risk for and time to presentation of cdad between ibd and non-ibd patients. | 2007 | 17368233 |
| inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a growing problem. | 2007 | 17368229 | |
| diagnosis of colitis: making the initial diagnosis. | the evaluation of patients with colitis of recent onset is a relatively common clinical challenge. the main considerations are infectious colitides, idiopathic ibd, ie, ulcerative and crohn's colitis, and colonic ischemia. an initial risk assessment on the basis of such factors as concurrent symptoms in contacts, travel history, medications, and human immunodeficiency virus risk factors should be followed by a thorough clinical history, physical examination, stool studies, blood tests, and, in s ... | 2007 | 17368227 |
| does the nose know? the odiferous diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 17366472 | |
| crystal structures reveal a thiol protease-like catalytic triad in the c-terminal region of pasteurella multocida toxin. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), one of the virulence factors produced by the bacteria, exerts its toxicity by up-regulating various signaling cascades downstream of the heterotrimeric gtpases gq and g12/13 in an unknown fashion. here, we present the crystal structure of the c-terminal region (residues 575-1,285) of pmt, which carries an intracellularly active moiety. the overall structure of c-terminal region of pmt displays a trojan horse-like shape, composed of three domains with a "feet"-, ... | 2007 | 17360394 |
| [infectious diseases (beside aids)]. | important epidemiological developments include the continuing dissemination of influenza a h5n1. it is not adapted to human beings, but its potential to cause a pandemic is confirmed. chikungunya has spread around the indian ocean. a new resistant staphylococcus aureus in increasingly prevalent in the community. finally, a virulent strain of clostridium difficile is emerging in north america and europe. new therapeutic developments are scarce. several studies promote a rational use of available ... | 2007 | 17354657 |
| possible patient overlap in studies. | 2007 | 17353538 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: changing epidemiology and implications for management. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasingly being reported in many regions throughout the world. the reasons for this are unknown, are likely to be multifactorial, and are the subject of several current investigations. in addition to the upsurge in frequency of cdad, an increased rate of relapse/recurrence, disease severity and refractoriness to traditional treatment have also been noted. moreover, severe disease has been reported in non-traditional hosts (e.g. younger age, s ... | 2007 | 17352510 |
| mapk interacts with xgef and is required for cpeb activation during meiosis in xenopus oocytes. | meiotic progression in xenopus oocytes, and all other oocytes investigated, is dependent on polyadenylation-induced translation of stockpiled maternal mrnas. early during meiotic resumption, phosphorylation of cpe-binding protein (cpeb) is required for polyadenylation-induced translation of mrnas encoding cell cycle regulators. xenopus gef (xgef), a rho-family guanine-exchange factor, influences the activating phosphorylation of cpeb. an exchange-deficient version of xgef does not, therefore imp ... | 2007 | 17344432 |
| [usefulness of immunological detection of both toxin a and toxin b in stool samples for rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is critical for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). in japan, only two toxin detection kits targeting toxin a alone are commercially available. we evaluated immunocard toxin a & b (immunocard), based on enzyme immunoassay for the rapid detection of both c. difficile toxins a and b in stool specimens, compared to a toxin a detection kit (uniquick) and cytotoxin assay. c. difficile was also cultured from stool specimens and the to ... | 2007 | 17338314 |
| clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased in incidence and severity. recommended treatments include metronidazole and vancomycin. recent investigations, however, document the failure of metronidazole to cure a substantial proportion of patients with clostridium difficile colitis, but oral administration of vancomycin raises concerns over selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the hospital environment. we have recently shown that nitazoxanide is as effective as metronidazole ... | 2007 | 17337513 |
| colonic delivery of compression coated nisin tablets using pectin/hpmc polymer mixture. | nisin containing pectin/hpmc compression coated tablets were prepared and their in vitro behavior tested for colonic delivery. nisin is a 34-amino-acid residue long, heat stable peptide belonging to the group a lantibiotics with wide antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. the invention can be useful for treating colonic infectious diseases such as by clostridium difficile, and also by colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. in this study, each 100mg core tablet of nisin ... | 2007 | 17337171 |
| association between gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia: analysis using pharmacovigilance tools. | recent epidemiological studies identifying an association between some classes of gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia prompted our analysis. our objective was to retrospectively apply data mining algorithms (dmas) to the food and drug administration (fda) drug safety database to see if they might have directed/redirected attention to the reported association of gastric acid suppressive drugs with c. difficile colitis and community-acquired ... | 2007 | 17336566 |
| prevalence of toxin a-nonproducing/toxin-b-producing clostridium difficile in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. | in japan, many clinical laboratories may not have recognized toxin a-nonproducing/toxin b-producing (a-/b+) clostridium difficile, because rapid diagnostic kits detecting toxin b of c. difficile have not been available in the laboratories. therefore, we examined the prevalence of a-/b+ strains in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. fecal specimens submitted for c. difficile toxin tests in four tertiary hospitals in the district were collected for 6 months. several c. difficile a-/b+ strains, ... | 2007 | 17334727 |
| autocatalytic cleavage of clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile, the causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis, possesses two main virulence factors: the large clostridial cytotoxins a and b. it has been proposed that toxin b is cleaved by a cytosolic factor of the eukaryotic target cell during its cellular uptake. here we report that cleavage of not only toxin b, but also all other large clostridial cytotoxins, is an autocatalytic process dependent on host cytosolic inositolphosphate cof ... | 2007 | 17334356 |
| is clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? | clostridium difficile has received much attention in recent years because of the increased incidence and severity of nosocomial disease caused by this organism, but c. difficile-associated disease has also been reported in the community, and c. difficile is an emerging pathogen in animals. early typing comparisons did not identify animals as an important source for human infection, but recent reports have shown a marked overlap between isolates from calves and humans, including two of the predom ... | 2007 | 17331126 |
| clostridium difficile: association with thrombocytosis and leukocytosis. | apart from leukocytosis, few laboratory markers suggestive of clostridium difficile infections have been described. | 2007 | 17330684 |
| drug evaluation: opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic. | optimer pharmaceuticals inc, in collaboration with par pharmaceutical companies inc, is developing opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic secreted by the actinomycete dactylosporangium aurantiacum, for the potential treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection. a phase iib/iii clinical trial of opt-80 in patients with cdad is underway. | 2007 | 17328233 |
| clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | our objective was to determine if use of intravenous immune globulin (ivig) decreases the incidence of mortality, colectomies, and length of stay in the hospital in patients presenting with severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2007 | 17327194 |
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing escherichia coli in the community: assessing the problem and controlling the spread. | although health care-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile strains are primarily a risk to hospital patients, people are increasingly concerned about their potential to circulate in the community and the home. they are thus looking for support in order to understand the extent of the risk, and guidance on how to deal with situations where preventing infection from these species becomes their responsibility. a further concern are the community-acquired m ... | 2007 | 17327186 |
| jun n-terminal protein kinase enhances middle ear mucosal proliferation during bacterial otitis media. | mucosal hyperplasia is a characteristic component of otitis media. the present study investigated the participation of signaling via the jun n-terminal protein kinase (jnk) mitogen-activated protein kinase in middle ear mucosal hyperplasia in animal models of bacterial otitis media. otitis media was induced by the inoculation of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae into the middle ear cavity. western blotting revealed that phosphorylation of jnk isoforms in the middle ear mucosa preceded but paral ... | 2007 | 17325051 |
| the complete genome sequence of clostridium difficile phage phic2 and comparisons to phicd119 and inducible prophages of cd630. | the complete genomic sequence of a previously characterized temperate phage of clostridium difficile, c2, is reported. the genome is 56 538 bp and organized into 84 putative orfs in six functional modules. the head and tail structural proteins showed similarities to that of c. difficile phage cd119 and streptococcus pneumoniae phage ej-1, respectively. homologues of structural and replication proteins were found in prophages 1 and 2 of the sequenced c. difficile cd630 genome. a putative holin ap ... | 2007 | 17322187 |
| c. difficile 'endemic in health service'. | 2007 | 17319518 | |
| conflicting targets. | 2007 | 17317599 | |
| molecular characterization of clostridium difficile clinical isolates in a geriatric hospital. | the discriminatory potential of a combination of various typing methods was evaluated on a set of 21 clostridium difficile isolates obtained from symptomatic patients hospitalized in a geriatric unit and 7 non-toxigenic isolates from the same hospital. isolates were firstly serotyped and toxinotyped. of the 28 isolates, 19 belonged to serogroup a. pcr-ribotyping and pcr-rflp on the flic and slpa genes were then applied to these 19 isolates. the results suggest that the combination of pcr-ribotyp ... | 2007 | 17314371 |
| saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905 reduces the translocation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and stimulates the immune system in gnotobiotic and conventional mice. | previous results in the laboratory of the authors showed that saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905, isolated during 'cachaça' production, was able to colonize and survive in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free and conventional mice, and to protect these animals against oral challenge with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium or clostridium difficile. in the present work, the effects of s. cerevisiae 905 on the translocation of salm. typhimurium (mesenteric lymph nodes, peyer's patches, sp ... | 2007 | 17314366 |
| variant forms of the binary toxin cdt locus and tcdc gene in clostridium difficile strains. | variability in the genes for toxin a, toxin b and other pathogenicity locus regions is well known and is the basis for the distribution of clostridium difficile strains into variant toxinotypes. previous data have indicated that some c. difficile strains have a non-functional truncated form of the binary toxin (cdt) locus. this study analysed variability in the cdt locus and the presence of deleted tcdc genes in c. difficile strains. a total of 146 strains were screened, including known variant ... | 2007 | 17314362 |
| toxin profiles and resistances to macrolides and newer fluoroquinolones as epidemicity determinants of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from warsaw, poland. | amplified fragment length polymorphism genotypes, antibiotic resistance profiles, and toxin profiles of clostridium difficile strains from warsaw were determined. the isolates segregate in six major genotypes, coinciding with toxin profiles. most of the toxin a-negative toxin b-positive toxin cdt-negative strains possess ermb, and several strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. resistograms and toxin types of c. difficile strains are epidemicity determinants. | 2007 | 17314219 |
| volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. | little is known about the volatile organic compounds (vocs) in feces and their potential health consequences. patients and healthcare professionals have observed that feces often smell abnormal during gastrointestinal disease. the aim of this work was to define the volatiles emitted from the feces of healthy donors and patients with gastrointestinal disease. our hypotheses were that i) vocs would be shared in health; ii) vocs would be constant in individuals; and iii) specific changes in vocs wo ... | 2007 | 17314143 |
| mutations in fusa associated with posttherapy fusidic acid resistance in clostridium difficile. | in silico, we identified fusa (2,067 bp) in clostridium difficile 630. sequencing of fusa in posttherapy fusidic acid-resistant c. difficile isolates from 12 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) identified fusa mutations, one or two nonsynonymous substitutions, or in one case a deletion of one codon associated with resistance. five of these mutations have previously been described in fusa of fusidic acid-resistant staphylococcus aureus, but seven were novel fusa mutations. fusid ... | 2007 | 17307985 |
| interruption of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. | eight women who each experienced 4-8 episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were given a 2-week course of rifaximin therapy when they were asymptomatic, immediately after completing their last course of vancomycin therapy. seven of the 8 patients experienced no further diarrhea recurrence. the patient who had a recurrence responded to a second course of rifaximin therapy, but rifaximin-resistant c. difficile was recovered after treatment. a controlled trial for treating recurrent ... | 2007 | 17304459 |
| laboratory diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a polish pilot study into the clinical relevance of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens toxins. | in the present study, we investigated the prevalence of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpent) in stool samples originally submitted for detection of clostridium difficile toxins. fifty-two fecal samples from inpatients were screened simultaneously for c. difficile and c. perfringens toxins: 75% of the specimens were positive for tcda/tcdb toxins, 40% were positive for cpent, and 31% gave positive test results for both. it is interesting to note that only a relatively small number of c. ... | 2007 | 17300901 |
| the safety of whey protein concentrate derived from the milk of cows immunized against clostridium difficile. | a whey protein concentrate prepared from the milk of cows that have been immunized against clostridium difficile (c. difficile) and its toxins, toxin a and toxin b, is produced for use as a medical food for the dietary management of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) to prevent a relapse of the infection. the safety of anti-c. difficile whey protein concentrate (anti-cd wpc) is supported by analytical data comparing the composition of raw milk from immunized cows versus that f ... | 2007 | 17293018 |
| signaling pathways involved in oxpapc-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier protection. | increased tissue or serum levels of oxidized phospholipids have been detected in a variety of chronic and acute pathological conditions such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, heart attack, cell apoptosis, acute inflammation and injury. we have recently described signaling cascades activated by oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxpapc)in the human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ec) and reported potent barrier-protective effects of oxpapc, which were mediated ... | 2007 | 17292425 |
| [report of icaac congress 2006: colitis caused by clostridium difficile]. | 2006 | 17290548 | |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in calves, canada. | we investigated clostridium difficile in calves and the similarity between bovine and human c. difficile pcr ribotypes by conducting a case-control study of calves from 102 dairy farms in canada. fecal samples from 144 calves with diarrhea and 134 control calves were cultured for c. difficile and tested with an elisa for c. difficile toxins a and b. c. difficile was isolated from 31 of 278 calves: 11 (7.6%) of 144 with diarrhea and 20 (14.9%) of 134 controls (p = 0.009). toxins were detected in ... | 2006 | 17283624 |
| bugs be gone? prophylaxis of infection in acute pancreatitis. | 2007 | 17278269 | |
| inappropriate use of meta-analysis to estimate efficacy of probiotics. | 2007 | 17278265 | |
| which specimens should be tested for clostridium difficile toxin? | 2007 | 17275962 | |
| effects of combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin on fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with septic shock. | we report 2 cases of fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with septic shock. the first case showed few symptoms, whereas the second case showed recurrence. both cases rapidly developed shock and blood pressure was uncontrollable except with the use of pressor agents. direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber, which was previously demonstrated to have excellent therapeutic effects for the treatment of hypotension in septic shock by removing circulating lipopolysaccharide and oral van ... | 2007 | 17273924 |
| fulminant postcesarean clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile infection is rarely reported in the obstetric literature. this disease process is associated with prior antibiotic exposure. | 2007 | 17267888 |
| response to the article: mcfarland lv. meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment of clostridium difficile disease. am j gastroenterol 2006; 101:812-22. | 2007 | 17266694 | |
| an outbreak of severe clostridium difficile-associated disease possibly related to inappropriate antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. | we report a severe outbreak of clostridium difficile infection. according to a chart review, half of the patients who received treatment for bacterial pneumonia before they developed c. difficile infection may not have had pneumonia. excessive use of the hospital's new pneumonia care plan during the influenza season may have contributed to the intensity of this outbreak. | 2007 | 17265406 |
| severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: evaluation of a cdad severity grading system. | the purpose of this study was to develop and test a clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) grading system based on presenting symptoms in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. patients with severe cdad had significantly shorter median survival times and more adverse outcomes than patients with mild or moderate cdad. | 2007 | 17265405 |
| use of hypochlorite solution to decrease rates of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | an increased rate of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was noted in 2 intensive care units of a university-affiliated tertiary care facility. one unit instituted enhanced environmental cleaning with a hypochlorite solution in all rooms, whereas the other unit used hypochlorite solution only in rooms of patients with cdad. the cdad rates decreased in both units. | 2007 | 17265404 |
| risk factors for clostridium difficile infection in a hepatology ward. | during 2001, clostridium difficile infection was observed in 23 patients hospitalized in a hepatology ward (attack rate, 0.9%). since strain typing ruled out a clonal dissemination, we performed a case-control study. in addition to antibiotic use as a risk factor, the c. difficile infection rate was higher among patients with autoimmune hepatitis (p<.01). | 2007 | 17265403 |
| moxifloxacin therapy as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated disease during an outbreak: attempts to control a new epidemic strain. | an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) caused by the epidemic north american pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (nap1) strain began after a formulary change from levofloxacin to moxifloxacin. cases of cdad were associated with moxifloxacin use, but a formulary change back to levofloxacin failed to reduce rates of disease. substituting use of one fluoroquinolone with use of another without also controlling the overall use of drugs from this class is unlikely to contro ... | 2007 | 17265402 |
| recommendations for surveillance of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | background: the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is changing, with evidence of increased incidence and severity. however, the understanding of the magnitude of and reasons for this change is currently hampered by the lack of standardized surveillance methods. objective and methods: an ad hoc c. difficile surveillance working group was formed to develop interim surveillance definitions and recommendations based on existing literature and expert opinion that can help ... | 2007 | 17265394 |
| clinical features of clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004. | recent outbreaks of severe cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) reported in north america, the united kingdom, and the netherlands have emphasized the importance of an ongoing epidemiological surveillance of cdad. | 2007 | 17265393 |
| clostridium difficile in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, costs, and colonization pressure. | to evaluate the epidemiology, outcomes, and importance of clostridium difficile colonization pressure (ccp) as a risk factor for c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) acquisition in intensive care unit (icu) patients. | 2007 | 17265392 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in oregon: increasing incidence and hospital-level risk factors. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) appears to be increasing. population-based estimates of disease have been limited, and analyses of hospital-level risk factors for cdad are lacking. we sought to determine the incidence and trends of cdad in oregon and to identify hospital-level factors associated with increases in disease. | 2007 | 17265391 |
| new definitions will help, but cultures are critical for resolving unanswered questions about clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 17265390 | |
| in brief--clarification: hand hygiene and cdad. | 2007 | 17261967 | |
| central role of protein kinase cepsilon in constitutive activation of erk1/2 and rac1 in the malignant cells of hairy cell leukemia. | we have previously identified the presence of ras/raf-independent constitutive activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in the hairy cells (hcs) of hairy cell leukemia. the aim of the present study was to characterize the signaling components involved in this activation and their relationship to the reported activation of rac1. we found that both rac1 and erk activation in hcs are downstream of active src and protein kinase c (pkc). inhibition with toxin b showed that rac1 plays ... | 2007 | 17255340 |
| [dramatic increase of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in germany: has the new strain pcr-ribotype 027 already reached us?]. | 2007 | 17252365 | |
| new pcr ribotypes of clostridium difficile detected in children in brazil: prevalent types of clostridium difficile in brazil. | a total of 35 brazilian isolates of clostridium difficile from faecal stools and four isolates from hospital environments were analyzed by pcr ribotyping. a whole cell protein profile (as an alternative for serogrouping), in vitro toxin production and susceptibility to vancomycin, metronidazole and clindamycin were also investigated. all strains were typeable by both phenotypic and genotypic methods, and a total of 13 different pcr ribotypes were identified, of which seven (132, 133, 134, 135, 1 ... | 2007 | 17252315 |
| utilizing case reports to build awareness of rare complications in critical care. | 2007 | 17252060 | |
| impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain. | to determine whether emergency colectomy reduces mortality in patients with fulminant clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), and to identify subgroups of patients more likely to benefit from the procedure. | 2007 | 17245181 |
| antianaerobe activity of ceftobiprole, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. | agar dilution testing of 463 anaerobes showed most gram-positive beta-lactamase-negative strains (other than some clostridium difficile and peptostreptococcus anaerobius), as well as both beta-lactamase-positive and beta-lactamase-negative strains of fusobacterium nucleatum, to have ceftobiprole mic values of < or =0.016 to 4 microg/ml. ceftobiprole was less active against beta-lactamase-positive gram-negative bacilli, especially the members of the bacteroides fragilis group. like ceftobiprole, ... | 2007 | 17240107 |
| toxin production by and adhesive properties of clostridium difficile isolated from humans and horses with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial pathogen in humans and animals that causes diarrhea and colitis following antibiotic therapy. isolates of c. difficile obtained from faecal material from 20 human patients and 6 equine subjects with antibiotic-associated diarrhea were investigated regarding production of toxins a and b, their capacity to adhere to the human intestinal caco-2 cell line and equine intestinal cells, and for the presence of fimbriae. the results showed that most (17/20) o ... | 2007 | 17239950 |
| rho-glucosylating clostridium difficile toxins a and b: new insights into structure and function. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis and is responsible for many cases of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. major virulence factors of c. difficile are the glucosylating exotoxins a and b. both toxins enter target cells in a ph- dependent manner from endosomes by forming pores. they translocate the n-terminal catalytic domains into the cytosol of host cells and inactivate rho guanosine triphosphatases by glucosylation. the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of to ... | 2007 | 17237138 |
| fluoroquinolone use is the predominant risk factor for the development of a new strain of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2007 | 17233799 | |
| clostridium difficile: what to do? less responsive to treatment, more relapses. | 2006 | 17224896 | |
| risk factors for severity and relapse of pseudomembranous colitis in an elderly population. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is well recognized as an important cause of diarrhoea in patients receiving antibiotics, with significant consequences of morbidity and mortality. mortality among elderly patients is high, and even with successful treatment, a significant number of patients relapse. to evaluate the outcome of elderly patients with pmc, and to try to identify risk factors that might influence mortality or relapse. | 2007 | 17223943 |
| glutamate 2,3-aminomutase: a new member of the radical sam superfamily of enzymes. | a gene eam in clostridium difficile encodes a protein that is homologous to lysine 2,3-aminomutase (lam) in many other species but does not have the lysyl-binding residues asp293 and asp330 in lam from clostridium subterminale sb4. the c. difficile protein has lys and asn, respectively, in the sequence positions of the essential asp residues in lam. the c. difficile gene has been cloned into an e. coli expression vector, expressed in e. coli, and the protein purified and characterized. the recom ... | 2007 | 17222594 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b causes apoptosis in epithelial cells by thrilling mitochondria. involvement of atp-sensitive mitochondrial potassium channels. | targeting to mitochondria is emerging as a common strategy that bacteria utilize to interact with these central executioners of apoptosis. several lines of evidence have in fact indicated mitochondria as specific targets for bacterial protein toxins, regarded as the principal virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria. this work shows, for the first time, the ability of the clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb), a glucosyltransferase that inhibits the rho gtpases, to impact mitochondria. in living ... | 2007 | 17220295 |
| [gastrointestinal infections due to clostridium difficile]. | 2006 | 17214219 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 17212182 | |
| evaluation of three rapid assays for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b in stool specimens. | diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease continues to be difficult for clinical microbiology laboratories. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three enzyme immunoassays for detection of c. difficile toxins a and b: the recently marketed rapid enzyme immunoassay ridascreen clostridium difficile toxin a/b (r-biopharm, darmstadt, germany) and two established enzyme immunoassays, the c. difficile tox a/b ii assay (techlab, blacksburg, va, usa) and the prospect c. di ... | 2007 | 17211606 |
| review article: tolevamer, a novel toxin-binding polymer: overview of preclinical pharmacology and physicochemical properties. | tolevamer is a novel toxin-binding polymer that is currently being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of patients who have clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2006 | 17206941 |