Publications

distribution of viral antigens and development of lesions in chicken embryos inoculated with nipah virus.	an isolate of nipah virus was injected into fertile eggs via the allantoic cavity or yolk sac. allantoic inoculation resulted in considerable pathological variation and only partial mortality. dead embryos showed severe necrosis in the brain and congestion in the kidney and the subcutis of limbs. in contrast, yolk sac inoculation led to uniform infection and mortality, the dead embryos exhibiting the same lesions as those described above but without the subcutaneous congestion. histological lesi ...	2006	16956618
serodiagnosis using recombinant nipah virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in escherichia coli.	nipah virus nucleocapsid (niv-n) protein was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by histidine tag-based affinity chromatography. an indirect immunoglobulin g (igg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for human and swine sera and an igm capture elisa for human sera were established using the recombinant niv-n protein as an antigen. one hundred thirty-three suspected patient sera and 16 swine sera were used to evaluate the newly established elisa systems in comparison with the cdc ina ...	2006	16954238
a stable and differentiable rna positive control for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	most rna positive controls currently used for monitoring the quality of rt-pcr assays have some disadvantages, such as instability, inability to monitor the quality of the relevant primers and/or causing indifferentiable false positives. to avoid these disadvantages, a simple method to prepare stable and differentiable rna positive controls is now demonstrated with a real-time rt-pcr assay for the detection of nipah virus (niv). a dna sequence which was shorter than its counterpart in the niv ge ...	2006	16912918
recombinant nipah virus vaccines protect pigs against challenge.	nipah virus (niv), of the family paramyxoviridae, was isolated in 1999 in malaysia from a human fatality in an outbreak of severe human encephalitis, when human infections were linked to transmission of the virus from pigs. consequently, a swine vaccine able to abolish virus shedding is of veterinary and human health interest. canarypox virus-based vaccine vectors carrying the gene for niv glycoprotein (alvac-g) or the fusion protein (alvac-f) were used to intramuscularly immunize four pigs per ...	2006	16873250
feral cats and risk for nipah virus transmission.		2006	16848051
evidence of a potential receptor-binding site on the nipah virus g protein (niv-g): identification of globular head residues with a role in fusion promotion and their localization on an niv-g structural model.	as a preliminary to the localization of the receptor-binding site(s) on the nipah virus (niv) glycoprotein (niv-g), we have undertaken the identification of niv-g residues that play a role in fusion promotion. to achieve this, we have used two strategies. first, as niv and hendra virus (hev) share a common receptor and their cellular tropism is similar, we hypothesized that residues functioning in receptor attachment could be conserved between their respective g proteins. our initial strategy wa ...	2006	16840334
nipah virus rna synthesis in cultured pig and human cells.	nipah virus infection of porcine stable kidney cells (ps), human neuronal cells (sk-n-mc), human lung fibroblasts cells (mrc-5), and human monocytes (thp-1) were examined. rapid progression of cytopathic effects (cpe) and cell death were noted in ps cell cultures treated with nipah virus, followed by mrc-5, sk-n-mc, and thp-1 cell cultures, in descending order of rapidity. significant increase in the intracellular nipah virus rna occurred beginning at 24 hr pi in all the infected cells. whereas, ...	2006	16789019
quantitative estimation of nipah virus replication kinetics in vitro.	nipah virus is a zoonotic virus isolated from an outbreak in malaysia in 1998. the virus causes infections in humans, pigs, and several other domestic animals. it has also been isolated from fruit bats. the pathogenesis of nipah virus infection is still not well described. in the present study, nipah virus replication kinetics were estimated from infection of african green monkey kidney cells (vero) using the one-step sybr green i-based quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase cha ...	2006	16784519
nipah/hendra virus outbreak in siliguri, west bengal, india in 2001.	the viral encephalitides caused by animal or human viruses are characterized by sudden outbreaks of neurological disease in both tropical and temperate regions. an outbreak of acute encephalitis occurred in siliguri (west bengal) town of india between january 31 and february 23, 2001. this outbreak was investigated by a team of scientists from four major institutions, and the findings are presented here.	2006	16783047
drinking bat blood may be hazardous to your health.		2006	16779764
[chiroptera and zoonosis: an emerging problem on all five continents].	zoonosis is the cause of the vast majority of emerging diseases. bats that occupy the second place in the mammal class play an important role. whether they belong to the microchiroptera suborder or to the megachiroptera suborder, bats on all five continents have been implicated in transmission of numerous pathogens including not only viruses such as lyssavirus (e.g. rabies), hepanivirus (e.g. hendra and nipah virus) and recently coronavirus (e.g. sars-like coronavirus and ebola virus) but also f ...	2006	16775933
a comparative indirect elisa for the detection of henipavirus antibodies based on a recombinant nucleocapsid protein expressed in escherichia coli.	the indirect elisa is a simple and useful method for detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in animal sera. however, non-specific or background binding is often a problem, especially when recombinant proteins from escherichia coli are used. in this study, a comparative indirect elisa in which the total reactivity and the background binding were determined simultaneously on the same elisa plate was reported. the background was determined by incubation of the test sera with excess free antigen ...	2006	16769130
[study of fusion protein and attachment glycoprotein of nipah virus expressed in recombinant baculovirus].	in this study, recombinant baculoviruses rbac-nf and rbac-ng were generated for expressing f and g proteins nipah virus (niv) . the expression of recommbinant g (rng) and f (rnf) protein in rbac-nf and rbac-ng infected cells were confirmed by western-blot. both rng and rnf showed sensitive and specific antigenic reaction to rabbit serum anti-nipah virus in indirect immunofluorescence detection and indirect elisa. immunization with rbac-nf and rbac-ng infected insect cells elicited g ad f protein ...	2006	16755921
poly(i)-poly(c12u) but not ribavirin prevents death in a hamster model of nipah virus infection.	clinical nonrandomized trials demonstrate some efficacy for ribavirin in the treatment of patients with severe nipah virus-induced encephalitis. we report here that eicar, the 5-ethynyl analogue of ribavirin, and the omp-decarboxylase inhibitors 6-aza-uridine and pyrazofurin have strong antiviral activity against nipah virus replication in vitro. ribavirin and 6-aza-uridine were tested further in hamsters infected with a lethal dose of nipah virus. the activity of these small-molecule inhibitors ...	2006	16641448
n-glycans on nipah virus fusion protein protect against neutralization but reduce membrane fusion and viral entry.	nipah virus (niv) is a deadly emerging paramyxovirus. the niv attachment (niv-g) and fusion (niv-f) envelope glycoproteins mediate both syncytium formation and viral entry. specific n-glycans on paramyxovirus fusion proteins are generally required for proper conformational integrity and biological function. however, removal of individual n-glycans on niv-f had little negative effect on processing or fusogenicity and has even resulted in slightly increased fusogenicity. here, we report that in bo ...	2006	16641279
the need for continuing vigilance: addressing the threat for transmission of blood-borne infectious disease.	as international travel and human encroachment into previously isolated areas have increased, so too has the potential for the emergence of new infectious diseases. populations likely to be susceptible to new infectious diseases have also increased in size. the past three decades have seen outbreaks of diseases caused by parvoviruses, nipah virus, circoviruses, and prions. infectious pathogens such as these are formidable opponents; they can adapt to new hosts or cause variant diseases within ne ...	2006	16631823
the role of lumbar puncture as a diagnostic tool in 2005.	analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) obtained by lumbar puncture (lp) is fundamental to the management of inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (cns), particularly that due to infection. this review summarises the role of lumbar puncture, anatomy and pathophysiology of csf, techniques of obtaining csf, indications, contraindications and complications of lp, methods of analysis and some of the implications of specific changes in csf. the cns is protected by unique immunological barr ...	2005	16545048
going to bat.		2006	16502604
nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, siliguri, india.	during january and february 2001, an outbreak of febrile illness associated with altered sensorium was observed in siliguri, west bengal, india. laboratory investigations at the time of the outbreak did not identify an infectious agent. because siliguri is in close proximity to bangladesh, where outbreaks of nipah virus (niv) infection were recently described, clinical material obtained during the siliguri outbreak was retrospectively analyzed for evidence of niv infection. niv-specific immunogl ...	2006	16494748
nipah virus strain variation.		2005	16485499
bat nipah virus, thailand.	surveillance for nipah virus (nv) was conducted in thailand's bat population. immunoglobulin g antibodies to nv were detected with enzyme immunoassay in 82 of 1,304 bats. nv rna was found in bat saliva and urine. these data suggest the persistence of nv infection in thai bats.	2005	16485487
two key residues in ephrinb3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for nipah virus.	ephrinb2 was recently discovered as a functional receptor for nipah virus (niv), a lethal emerging paramyxovirus. ephrins constitute a class of homologous ligands for the eph class of receptor tyrosine kinases and exhibit overlapping expression patterns. thus, we examined whether other ephrins might serve as alternative receptors for niv. here, we show that of all known ephrins (ephrina1-a5 and ephrinb1-b3), only the soluble fc-fusion proteins of ephrinb3, in addition to ephrinb2, bound to solub ...	2006	16477309
a mature and fusogenic form of the nipah virus fusion protein requires proteolytic processing by cathepsin l.	the nipah virus fusion (f) protein is proteolytically processed to f1 + f2 subunits. we demonstrate here that cathepsin l is involved in this important maturation event. cathepsin inhibitors ablated cleavage of nipah f. proteolytic processing of nipah f and fusion activity was dramatically reduced in cathepsin l shrna-expressing vero cells. additionally, nipah virus f-mediated fusion was inhibited in cathepsin l-deficient cells, but coexpression of cathepsin l restored fusion activity. both puri ...	2006	16460775
nipah virus: impact, origins, and causes of emergence.	nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe febrile encephalitis resulting in death in 40% to 75% of human cases. nipah virus is considered a biosafety level-4 pathogen and is listed as a select agent with high risk for public health and security due to its high mortality rate in people and the lack of effective vaccines or therapies. the natural reservoir for nipah virus and related members of the genus henipavirus are fruit bats of the genus pteropus. nipah virus emerged in ...	2006	16448602
development of human monoclonal antibodies against diseases caused by emerging and biodefense-related viruses.	polyclonal antibodies have a century-old history of being effective against some viruses; recently, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have also shown success. the humanized mab synagis (palivizumab), which is still the only mab against a viral disease approved by the us fda, has been widely used as a prophylactic measure against respiratory syncytial virus infections in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. the first fully human mabs against two other paramyxoviruses, hendra and nipah virus, wh ...	2006	16441209
developments towards effective treatments for nipah and hendra virus infection.	hendra and nipah virus are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the subfamily paramyxovirinae and are distinguished by their ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. in particular, the high mortality and person-to-person transmission associated with the most recent nipah virus outbreaks, as well as the very recent re-emergence of hendra virus, has confirmed the importance and necessity of developing effective therapeutic interventions. much r ...	2006	16441208
antibody prophylaxis and therapy against nipah virus infection in hamsters.	nipah virus (niv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, causes a zoonotic infection in which the reservoir, the fruit bat, may pass the infection to pigs and eventually to humans. in humans, the infection leads to encephalitis with >40 to 70% mortality. we have previously shown that polyclonal antibody directed to either one of two glycoproteins, g (attachment protein) or f (fusion protein), can protect hamsters from a lethal infection. in the present study, we have developed monoclonal antib ...	2006	16439553
potent neutralization of hendra and nipah viruses by human monoclonal antibodies.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the paramyxovirinae. each has a broad species tropism and can cause disease with high mortality in both animal and human hosts. these viruses infect cells by a ph-independent membrane fusion event mediated by their attachment (g) and fusion (f) envelope glycoproteins (envs). seven fabs, m101 to -7, were selected for their significant binding to a soluble form of hendra g (sg) which w ...	2006	16378991
hendra and nipah viruses: pathogenesis and therapeutics.	within the past decade a number of new zoonotic paramyxoviruses emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in man and livestock. hendra virus was the cause of fatal infections of horses and man in australia in 1994, 1999 and 2004. nipah virus caused encephalitis in humans both in malaysia in 1998/99, following silent spread of the virus in the pig population, and in bangladesh from 2001 to 2004 probably as a result of direct bat to human transmission and spread within the human ...	2005	16375714
[nipah virus infections].	nipah virus (niv) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus that was first recognized in 1999 as the causative agent of outbreaks of human encephalitis in malaysia and singapore, in association with severe respiratory and neurological disease in pigs. since then, outbreaks of niv encephalitis have also occurred in bangladesh during 2001-2004, but without an association to infected swine or other animals. although niv infections typically result in acute encephalitis with high mortality, other clinical manifes ...	2005	16363687
hendra and nipah viruses: different and dangerous.	hendra virus and nipah virus are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in australia, malaysia, singapore and bangladesh. their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. these features led to their classification into the new genus henipavirus within the family paramyxoviridae and to their designation as biosafety level 4 pathogens. t ...	2006	16357858
anthropogenic deforestation, el niño and the emergence of nipah virus in malaysia.	in late 1998, a novel paramyxovirus named nipah virus, emerged in malaysia, causing fatal disease in domestic pigs and humans with substantial economic loss to the local pig industry. pteropid fruitbats have since been identified as a natural reservoir host. over the last two decades, the forest habitat of these bats in southeast asia has been substantially reduced by deforestation for pulpwood and industrial plantation. in 1997/1998, slash-and-burn deforestation resulted in the formation of a s ...	2002	16329551
genetic characterization of nipah virus, bangladesh, 2004.	until 2004, identification of nipah virus (nv)-like outbreaks in bangladesh was based on serology. we describe the genetic characterization of a new strain of nv isolated during outbreaks in bangladesh (nv-b) in 2004, which confirms that nv was the etiologic agent responsible for these outbreaks.	2005	16318702
nipah virus: an emergent paramyxovirus causing severe encephalitis in humans.	nipah virus is a recently emergent paramyxovirus that is capable of causing severe disease in both humans and animals. the first outbreak of nipah virus occurred in malaysia and singapore in 1999 and, more recently, outbreaks were detected in bangladesh. in humans, nipah virus causes febrile encephalitis with respiratory syndrome that has a high mortality rate. the reservoir for nipah virus is believed to be fruit bats, and humans are infected by contact with infected bats or by contact with an ...	2005	16287690
the ecology of emerging neurotropic viruses.	the authors review common themes in the ecology of emerging viruses that cause neurological disease. three issues emerge. first, 49% of emerging viruses are characterized by encephalitis or serious neurological clinical symptoms. second, all of these viruses are driven to emerge by ecological, environmental, or human demographic changes, some of which are poorly understood. finally, the control of these viruses would be enhanced by collaborative multidisciplinary research into these drivers of e ...	2005	16287685
emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania.	the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ...	2005	16287684
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against binary ethylenimine inactivated nipah virus.	nipah virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus which emerged recently was chemically inactivated using binary ethylenimine (bei). the inactivated virus was concentrated and purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. the gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy and western immunoblot, and gradient fraction containing mainly nipah matrix (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins was used for immunizing balb/c mice to generate hybridomas. screening of the resultant hybridoma clones identified five ...	2006	16226320
pulau virus; a new member of the nelson bay orthoreovirus species isolated from fruit bats in malaysia.	after the outbreak of nipah virus (niv) in 1998-99, which resulted in 105 human deaths and the culling of more than one million pigs, a search was initiated for the natural host reservoir of niv on tioman island off the east coast of malaysia. three different syncytia-forming viruses were isolated from fruit bats on the island. they were nipah virus, tioman virus (a novel paramyxovirus related to menangle virus), and a reovirus, named pulau virus (puv), which is the subject of this study. puv di ...	2006	16205863
virology. researchers tie deadly sars virus to bats.		2005	16195440
location of, immunogenicity of and relationships between neutralization epitopes on the attachment protein (g) of hendra virus.	epitopes involved in a protective immune response to hendra virus (hev) (henipavirus, paramxyoviridae) were investigated by generating five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the virus attachment protein (g) of hev (hev g) and sequencing of the g gene of groups of neutralization-escape variants selected with each mab. amino acid substitutions occurred at eight distinct sites on hev g. relationships between these sites were investigated in binding and neutralization assays using heterol ...	2005	16186240
nipah virus: an emerging paramyxovirus.		2005	16140219
virology--11th international congress. 9-13 august 1999, sydney, australia.	the main theme of this conference was understanding the complex biology of viruses in order to design appropriate vaccines for human use. the use of both plant and animal viruses as vectors for delivery vehicles was widely discussed. these engineered viruses could be delivered in oral formulations or, in the case of plant viruses, grown in the plant host and used as edible vaccines. new technologies for producing highly attenuated vaccines through the use of 'molecular clone technologies' were s ...	1999	16113984
[diagnostic tests: nipah virus (niv)].		2005	16111263
inhibition of henipavirus fusion and infection by heptad-derived peptides of the nipah virus fusion glycoprotein.	the recent emergence of four new members of the paramyxovirus family has heightened the awareness of and re-energized research on new and emerging diseases. in particular, the high mortality and person to person transmission associated with the most recent nipah virus outbreaks, as well as the very recent re-emergence of hendra virus, has confirmed the importance of developing effective therapeutic interventions. we have previously shown that peptides corresponding to the c-terminal heptad repea ...	2005	16026621
nipah virus in lyle's flying foxes, cambodia.	we conducted a survey in cambodia in 2000 on henipavirus infection among several bat species, including flying foxes, and persons exposed to these animals. among 1,072 bat serum samples tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies reactive to nipah virus (niv) antigen were detected only in pteropus lylei species; cynopterus sphinx, hipposideros larvatus, scotophilus kuhlii, chaerephon plicata, taphozous melanopogon, and t. theobaldi species were negative. seroneutralization applied on ...	2005	16022778
ephrinb2 is the entry receptor for nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus.	nipah virus (niv) is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in up to 70 percent of infected patients, and there is evidence of human-to-human transmission. endothelial syncytia, comprised of multinucleated giant-endothelial cells, are frequently found in niv infections, and are mediated by the fusion (f) and attachment (g) envelope glycoproteins. identification of the receptor for this virus will shed light on the pathobiology of niv infection, and spur the rational development ...	2005	16007075
purification and characterization of nipah virus nucleocapsid protein produced in insect cells.	the nucleocapsid (n) protein of nipah virus (niv) is a major constituent of the viral proteins which play a role in encapsidation, regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. to investigate the use of a fusion system to aid the purification of the recombinant n protein for structural studies and potential use as a diagnostic reagent, the niv n gene was cloned into the pfastbacht vector and the his-tagged fusion protein was expressed in sf9 insect cells by recombinant baculo ...	2005	16000431
ephrin-b2 ligand is a functional receptor for hendra virus and nipah virus.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) belong to the genus henipavirus of the family paramyxoviridae and are unique in that they exhibit a broad species tropism and cause fatal disease in both animals and humans. they infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fusion process mediated by their fusion and attachment glycoproteins. previously, we demonstrated identical cell fusion tropisms for hev and niv and the protease-sensitive nature of their unknown cell receptor and identified a human ...	2005	15998730
novel innate immune functions for galectin-1: galectin-1 inhibits cell fusion by nipah virus envelope glycoproteins and augments dendritic cell secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.	galectin-1 (gal-1), an endogenous lectin secreted by a variety of cell types, has pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions, including regulation of lymphocyte survival and cytokine secretion in autoimmune, transplant disease, and parasitic infection models. however, the role of gal-1 in viral infections is unknown. nipah virus (niv) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe, often fatal, febrile encephalitis. the primary targets of niv are endothelial cells. niv infection of endothelial cells res ...	2005	15972675
the nipah virus fusion protein is cleaved within the endosomal compartment.	nipah virus (niv) is a recently emerged and highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes a systemic infection in animals and humans and can infect a wide range of cultured cells. interestingly, the niv fusion (f) protein has a single arginine at the cleavage site similar to paramyxoviruses that are activated by exogenous trypsin-like enzymes only present in specific cells and tissues and therefore only cause localized infections. we show here that niv f activation is not mediated by an exogenous ...	2005	15961384
invasion of the central nervous system in a porcine host by nipah virus.	nipah virus, a newly emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus, infects a number of species. human infections were linked to direct contact with pigs, specifically with their body fluids. clinical signs in human cases indicated primarily involvement of the central nervous system, while in pigs the respiratory system was considered the primary virus target, with only rare involvement of the central nervous system. eleven 5-week-old piglets were infected intranasally, orally, and ocularly with 2.5 x 10(5) pf ...	2005	15919907
[emerging respiratory infections caused by pneumotropic viruses].		2005	15915382
social, behavioural and environmental factors and their impact on infectious disease outbreaks.	the microbes that cause infectious diseases are complex, dynamic, and constantly evolving. they reproduce rapidly, mutate frequently, breach species barriers, adapt with relative ease to new hosts and new environments, and develop resistance to the drugs used to treat them. in their article "meeting the challenge of epidemic infectious diseases outbreaks: an agenda for research", kai-lit phua and lai kah lee clearly demonstrate how social, behavioural and environmental factors, linked to a host ...	2005	15906882
meeting the challenge of epidemic infectious disease outbreaks: an agenda for research.	challenges arising from epidemic infectious disease outbreaks can be more effectively met if traditional public health is enhanced by sociology. the focus is normally on biomedical aspects, the surveillance and sentinel systems for infectious diseases, and what needs to be done to bring outbreaks under control quickly. social factors associated with infectious disease outbreaks are often neglected and the aftermath is ignored. these factors can affect outbreak severity, its rate and extent of sp ...	2005	15906881
[nipah virus--another product from the asian "virus factory"].		2005	15892474
receptor binding, fusion inhibition, and induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies by a soluble g glycoprotein of hendra virus.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are closely related emerging viruses comprising the henipavirus genus of the paramyxovirinae, which are distinguished by their ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. these viruses infect cells by a ph-independent membrane fusion event mediated by their attachment (g) and fusion (f) glycoproteins. previously, we reported on hev- and niv-mediated fusion activities and detailed their host-cell tropism characteristics. these studies al ...	2005	15890907
nuclear localization of the nipah virus w protein allows for inhibition of both virus- and toll-like receptor 3-triggered signaling pathways.	the nipah virus v and w proteins, which are encoded by the p gene via rna editing, have a common n-terminal domain but unique c-terminal domains. they localize to the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, and have both been shown to function as inhibitors of jak/stat signaling. here we report that v and w proteins also block virus activation of the beta interferon (ifn-beta) promoter and the ifn regulatory factor 3 (irf3)-responsive ifn-stimulated gene 54 promoter. surprisingly, only w protein sh ...	2005	15857993
hendra and nipah viruses: new zoonotically-acquired human pathogens.	some of the key features of hendra and nipah viruses are summarized in table 1. the appearance of these new viruses over the last 10 years emphasizes a number of issues. (1) epidemics of human infectious diseases can occur unexpectedly and with high impact in terms of morbidity and mortality. (2) we do not know what epidemiologic factors conspire to allow these viruses to stray out of their bat reservoirs into the two different intermediate hosts (horses and pigs) and then into humans. (3) we do ...	2005	15763222
[nipah virus infection].	nipah virus (niv), emerged in peninsular malaysia, caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans and respiratory diseases in pigs between 1998 and 1999. by may of 1999, the death of 105 humans and the culling of about 1.1 million pigs were reported. fruitbats of pteropid species were identified as the natural reservoir hosts. the epidemiological studies suggested that niv was introduced into pig farms by fruitbats, and was than transmitted to humans (mainly pig farmers) and other a ...	2004	15745162
endocytosis of the nipah virus glycoproteins.	nipah virus (niv), a highly pathogenic member of the family paramyxoviridae, encodes the surface glycoproteins f and g. since internalization of the niv envelope proteins from the cell surface might be of functional importance for viral pathogenesis either by regulating cytopathogenicity or by modulating recognition of infected cells by the immune system, we analyzed the endocytosis of the niv f and g proteins. interestingly, we found both glycoproteins to be internalized in infected and transfe ...	2005	15731282
purification of the extra-cellular domain of nipah virus glycoprotein produced in escherichia coli and possible application in diagnosis.	the glycoprotein (g) of nipah virus (niv) is important for virus infectivity and induction of the protective immunity. in this study, the extra-cellular domain of niv g protein was fused with hexahistidine residues at its n-terminal end and expressed in escherichia coli. the expression under transcriptional regulation of t7 promoter yielded insoluble protein aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies. the inclusion bodies were solubilized with 8 m urea and the protein was purified to homogeneity ...	2005	15707682
the role of wildlife in emerging and re-emerging zoonoses.	there are huge numbers of wild animals distributed throughout the world and the diversity of wildlife species is immense. each landscape and habitat has a kaleidoscope of niches supporting an enormous variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species, and each species or taxon supports an even more impressive array of macro- and micro-parasites. infectious pathogens that originate in wild animals have become increasingly important throughout the world in recent decades, as they have had substantial ...	2004	15702716
isolation and molecular identification of nipah virus from pigs.	nipah viruses from pigs from a malaysian 1998 outbreak were isolated and sequenced. at least two different nipah virus strains, including a previously unreported strain, were identified. the findings highlight the possibility that the malaysia outbreaks had two origins of nipah virus infections.	2004	15663869
nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, bangladesh.	we retrospectively investigated two outbreaks of encephalitis in meherpur and naogaon, bangladesh, which occurred in 2001 and 2003. we collected serum samples from persons who were ill, their household contacts, randomly selected residents, hospital workers, and various animals. cases were classified as laboratory confirmed or probable. we identified 13 cases (4 confirmed, 9 probable) in meherpur; 7 were in persons in two households. patients were more likely than nonpatients to have close conta ...	2004	15663842
[nipah virus infections].		2004	15624469
[emergence of new viruses in asia: is climate change involved?].	tropical africa is not the only area where deadly viruses have recently emerged. in south-east asia severe epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever started in 1954 and flu pandemics have originated from china such as the asian flu (h2n2) in 1957, the hong-kong flu (h3n2) in 1968, and the russian flu (h1n1) in 1977. however, it is especially during the last ten years that very dangerous viruses for mankind have repeatedly developed in asia, with the occurrence of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever in saudi ...	2004	15620053
neuropsychiatric sequelae of nipah virus encephalitis.	the authors followed nine patients with nipah virus encephalitis over the course of 24 months. eight of the nine developed psychiatric features assigned to the encephalitis. three patients developed major depressive disorder immediately after recovering from the encephalitis, and two developed depression approximately 1 year after the outbreak. two patients developed personality changes, and two suffered chronic fatigue syndrome. neuropsychological testing was accomplished in eight of the nine p ...	2004	15616178
social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases.	fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. by the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. this upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human-microbe re ...	2004	15577934
identification of epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein of nipah virus using a linear phage-displayed random peptide library.	a random peptide library of heptamers displayed on the surface of m13 bacteriophage was used to identify specific epitopes of antibodies in pooled sera of swine naturally infected by nipah virus. the selected heptapeptides were aligned with protein sequences of nipah virus and several putative epitopes were identified within the nucleocapsid protein. a total of 41 of 60 (68%) selected phage clones had inserts resembling a region with the sequence snrtqge, located at the c-terminal end (amino aci ...	2005	15543570
reactivity of anti-nipah virus monoclonal antibodies to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from experimental nipah and hendra virus infections.	the immunohistochemical reactivity of seven clones of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised to nipah virus antigens were investigated using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded porcine and equine lung tissues from experimental nipah and hendra virus infection, respectively. either microwave irradiation or enzymatic digestion effectively unmasked the viral antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. four clones showed positive reaction to both nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue ...	2004	15528861
in silico identification of a putative new paramyxovirus related to the henipavirus genus.	a database search for genes encoding paramyxoviral proteins revealed sequences that were designated as human but presented strong evidence of being of viral origin. the two cdna-derived sequences designated angrem104 and angrem52 were originally described as human gene products that were upregulated by angiotensin ii in primary mesangial kidney cells. however, their high degree of sequence relatedness to known viral proteins suggests that they represent the p/c/v, m, and f genes of a putative ne ...	2004	15527844
nipah virus glycoprotein: production in baculovirus and application in diagnosis.	a method for serological diagnosis of nipah virus (niv) is described. dna encoding truncated g protein of niv was cloned into the pfastbac ht vector, and the fusion protein to his-tag was expressed in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus. the resulting his-g recombinant fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography and used as the coating antigen for serological testing by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (elisa). when tested against a panel of swine serum samples, the reco ...	2004	15522449
a solid-phase blocking elisa for detection of antibodies to nipah virus.	a monoclonal antibody (mab) based solid-phase blocking elisa was developed for detection of antibodies to nipah virus. the elisa was designed to detect remaining antigens on the plate with anti-nipah mab conjugate after the reaction with sample serum, and enabled simple procedure, detection of neutralizing antibody to nipah virus, and application of samples from different animal species. forty of 200 swine reference sera examined were positive by the elisa, of which thirty seven were found posit ...	2004	15381364
nipah's return. the lethal "flying fox" virus may spread between people.		2004	15376742
ribavirin therapy for nipah virus infection.		2004	15331756
ubiquitous activation of the nipah virus fusion protein does not require a basic amino acid at the cleavage site.	nipah virus (niv), a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus, causes a systemic infection in vivo and is able to replicate in cultured cells of many species and organs. such pantropic paramyxoviruses generally encode fusion (f) proteins with multibasic cleavage sites activated by furin or other ubiquitous intracellular host cell proteases. in contrast, niv has an f protein with a single arginine (r109) at the cleavage site, as is the case with paramyxoviruses that are activated by trypsin-like proteases ...	2004	15331703
group b rotaviruses similar to strain cal-1, have been circulating in western india since 1993.	generally, group a rotaviruses are the most common cause of paediatric diarrhoea. however, group b rotavirus, adult diarrhoea rotavirus (adrv), was found to be involved in epidemics of severe gastroenteritis in several areas of china during 1982-1983 and had resulted in more than one million cases among adults as well as older children. human group b rotavirus has been rarely reported outside china, but has been detected first from five adults with diarrhoea in kolkata, india during 1997-1998 (s ...	2004	15310177
specific detection of nipah virus using real-time rt-pcr (taqman).	nipah and hendra viruses belong to the novel henipavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae family. its zoonotic circulation in bats and recent emergence in malaysia with fatal consequences for humans that were in close contact with infected pigs, has made the reinforcement of epidemiological and clinical surveillance systems a priority. in this study, taqman rt-pcr of the nipah nucleoprotein has been developed so that nipah virus rna in field specimens or laboratory material can be characterized rapi ...	2004	15288966
host evasion by emerging paramyxoviruses: hendra virus and nipah virus v proteins inhibit interferon signaling.	interferon (ifn) can activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) proteins to establish a cellular antiviral response and inhibit virus replication. many viruses have evolved strategies to inhibit this antiviral mechanism, but paramyxoviruses are unique in their abilities to directly target the ifn-responsive stat proteins. hendra virus and nipah virus (henipaviruses) are recently emerged paramyxoviruses that are the causative agents of fatal disease outbreaks in australia an ...	2004	15279700
monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical diagnosis of malaysian nipah virus infection in pigs.	formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues of three malaysian farm pigs naturally infected with nipah virus were used to investigate the value of anti-nipah virus mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and rabbit polyclonal antibody for immunohistochemical diagnosis. mabs 11f6 and 12a5 gave intense immunolabelling in lung tissue that had been fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for about 4 years, whereas the reactivity of mabs 13a5 and 18c4 and polyclonal antibody was reduced significantly by ...	2004	15276859
prevalence and distribution of hsv-1, vzv, and hhv-6 in human cranial nerve nuclei iii, iv, vi, vii, and xii.	the etiology of idiopathic cranial nerve palsies often remains unresolved. it has been hypothesised that viral reactivation of herpesviruses in the corresponding nuclei in the brainstem is the cause. we investigated the distribution of herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and varicella zoster virus (vzv) in nuclei that are associated with peripheral sensory ganglia [oculomotor (niii), facial (nvii) nuclei] and in nuclei that are not associated with peripheral sensory ganglia [trochlear (niv), abd ...	2004	15258975
[progress in the epidemiologic study of nipah viral encephalitis].		2004	15231143
influence of n-glycans on processing and biological activity of the nipah virus fusion protein.	nipah virus (niv), a new member of the paramyxoviridae, codes for a fusion (f) protein with five potential n-glycosylation sites. because glycans are known to be important structural components affecting the conformation and function of viral glycoproteins, we analyzed the effect of the deletion of n-linked oligosaccharides on cell surface transport, proteolytic cleavage, and the biological activity of the niv f protein. each of the five potential glycosylation sites was removed either individua ...	2004	15194804
mapping of domains responsible for nucleocapsid protein-phosphoprotein interaction of henipaviruses.	hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are members of a new genus, henipavirus, in the family paramyxoviridae. each virus encodes a phosphoprotein (p) that is significantly larger than its counterparts in other known paramyxoviruses. the interaction of this unusually large p with its nucleocapsid protein (n) was investigated in this study by using recombinant full-length and truncated proteins expressed in bacteria and a modified protein-blotting protein-overlay assay. results from our group d ...	2004	15166452
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the fusion core from two new zoonotic paramyxoviruses, nipah virus and hendra virus.	highly conserved heptad-repeat (hr1 and hr2) regions in class i viral fusion (f) proteins, including the f protein from paramyxovirus, interact with each other post-fusion to form a six-helix bundle called a fusion core. crystals of the fusion core of nipah virus have been grown at 291 k using peg 4000 as precipitant. the diffraction pattern of the crystal extends to 2.1 angstroms resolution at 100 k in-house. the crystals have unit-cell parameters a = 31.664, b = 31.725, c = 51.256 angstroms, a ...	2004	15159588
[occupational bio hazards: current issues].	over the last decade, there was noted a large advancement of knowledge on living organisms and their products posing a potential occupational risk. novel risk factors, often new to science, were identified, the role and significance of already known factors better comprehended, and occupational groups endangered by biological hazards more thoroughly recognized. novel viruses and prions, emerging in different parts of the world, may pose a particular threat to health and life of health care worke ...	2004	15156765
nipah virus v and w proteins have a common stat1-binding domain yet inhibit stat1 activation from the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, respectively.	in previous reports it was demonstrated that the nipah virus v and w proteins have interferon (ifn) antagonist activity due to their ability to block signaling from the ifn-alpha/beta receptor (j. j. rodriguez, j. p. parisien, and c. m. horvath, j. virol. 76:11476-11483, 2002; m. s. park et al., j. virol. 77:1501-1511, 2003). the v, w, and p proteins are all encoded by the same viral gene and share an identical 407-amino-acid n-terminal region but have distinct c-terminal sequences. we now show ...	2004	15140960
nipah virus outbreak(s) in bangladesh, january-april 2004.		2004	15132054
fatal fruit bat virus sparks epidemics in southern asia.		2004	15129247
henipaviruses: recent observations on regulation of transcription and the nature of the cell receptor.	hendra virus (henv) and nipah virus (nipv) are classified in the new genus henipavirus, within the subfamily paramyxovirinae, family paramyxoviridae. the genetic and biological characteristics that differentiate henipaviruses from other members of the subfamily are summarized. although they do not display neuraminidase and hemagglutination activities and in that regard resemble viruses in the genus morbillivirus, several recent observations highlight similarities between henipaviruses and respir ...	2004	15119767
novel viral encephalitides associated with bats (chiroptera)--host management strategies.	several novel viruses recently described in bats of the genus pteropus (sub-order megachiroptera) in australia and southeast asia cause encephalitic disease in animals and humans. these viruses include hendra virus and nipah virus (genus henipavirus, family paramyxoviridae) and australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae). broadly, strategies for disease prevention and control in the spillover host are directed at minimising direct or indirect contact with the natural ...	2004	15119766
emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats.	three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ...	2004	15119765
identification of the nuclear export signal and stat-binding domains of the nipah virus v protein reveals mechanisms underlying interferon evasion.	the v proteins of nipah virus and hendra virus have been demonstrated to bind to cellular stat1 and stat2 proteins to form high-molecular-weight complexes that inhibit interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral transcription by preventing stat nuclear accumulation. analysis of the nipah virus v protein has revealed a region between amino acids 174 and 192 that functions as a crm1-dependent nuclear export signal (nes). this peptide is sufficient to complement an export-defective human immunodeficiency vi ...	2004	15113915
conserved cysteine-rich domain of paramyxovirus simian virus 5 v protein plays an important role in blocking apoptosis.	the paramyxovirus family includes many well-known human and animal pathogens as well as emerging viruses such as hendra virus and nipah virus. the v protein of simian virus 5 (sv5), a prototype of the paramyxoviruses, contains a cysteine-rich c-terminal domain which is conserved among all paramyxovirus v proteins. the v protein can block both interferon (ifn) signaling by causing degradation of stat1 and ifn production by blocking irf-3 nuclear import. previously, it was reported that recombinan ...	2004	15113888
solubility, immunogenicity and physical properties of the nucleocapsid protein of nipah virus produced in escherichia coli.	the nucleocapsid (n) protein of nipah virus (niv) can be produced in three escherichia coli strains [top10, bl21(de3) and sg935] under the control of trc promoter. however, most of the product existed in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies. there was no improvement in the solubility of the product when this protein was placed under the control of t7 promoter. however, the solubility of the n protein was significantly improved by lowering the growth temperature of e. coli bl21(de3) cell cultur ...	2004	15042656
nipah virus.		2004	15038065
nipah virus conforms to the rule of six in a minigenome replication assay.	to study the replication of nipah virus (niv), a minigenome replication assay that does not require the use of infectious virus was developed. the minigenome was constructed to encode a niv vrna analogue containing the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) under the control of putative niv transcription motifs and flanked by the niv genomic termini. cat protein was detected only when plasmids encoding the niv minigenome, nucleocapsid protein (n), phosphoprotein (p) and polymerase prot ...	2004	14993656
emerging infectious diseases. nipah virus (or a cousin) strikes again.		2004	14976284
basis for fusion inhibition by peptides: analysis of the heptad repeat regions of the fusion proteins from nipah and hendra viruses, newly emergent zoonotic paramyxoviruses.	nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel zoonotic members of the paramyxoviridae family and are the prototypes for a newly designated genus, genus henipavirus. recent studies have shown that paramyxovirus might adopt a similar mechanism of virus fusion-entry. under this mechanism, the two highly conserved heptad repeat (hr) regions, hr1 and hr2, in the fusion (f) protein, seem to show characteristic structure in the fusion core: the formation of a 6-helix coiled-coil bundle. the three ...	2004	14975752
insurance and epidemics: sars, west nile virus and nipah virus.	severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) reminds us that sudden disease emergence is a permanent part of our world--and should be anticipated in our planning. historically the emergence of new diseases has had little or no impact beyond a small, localized cluster of infections. however, given just the right conditions, a highly virulent pathogen can suddenly spread across time and space with massive consequences, as has occurred on several occasions in human history. in the wake of the sars outb ...	2003	14971089