Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| effect of swamp cultivation on distribution of anopheline larval habitats in western kenya. | malaria resurgence in highland regions of east africa has been on increase. the spatio-temporal distribution of larval habitats of malaria vectors determines the distribution of adult vectors, hence, disease transmission. vector's ecology is necessary for strategic vector control through effective plan for source reduction. mapping of the larval habitats is necessary for targeted control measures. the purpose of this study is to assess and compare the spatial and seasonal variations in anophelin ... | 0 | 22898476 |
| modeling the role of environmental variables on the population dynamics of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. | the impact of weather and climate on malaria transmission has attracted considerable attention in recent years, yet uncertainties around future disease trends under climate change remain. mathematical models provide powerful tools for addressing such questions and understanding the implications for interventions and eradication strategies, but these require realistic modeling of the vector population dynamics and its response to environmental variables. | 2012 | 22877154 |
| pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis in western kenya: phenotypic, metabolic and target site characterizations of three populations. | field and laboratory investigations revealed phenotypic, target site and metabolic resistance to permethrin in an anopheles gambiae s.s. (diptera: culicidae) population in bungoma district, a region in western kenya in which malaria is endemic and rates of ownership of insecticide-treated bednets are high. the sensitivity of individual an. gambiae s.l. females as indicated in assays using world health organization (who) test kits demonstrated reduced mortality in response to permethrin, deltamet ... | 2012 | 22861380 |
| analysis of genes expression of spodoptera exigua larvae upon acmnpv infection. | the impact of autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) infection on host gene expression in spodoptera exigua 4th instar larvae was investigated through the use of 454 sequencing-based rna-seq of cdna libraries developed from insects challenged with active acmnpv or heat-inactivated acmnpv. | 2012 | 22860129 |
| evidence for stopping mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in some, but not all local government areas of plateau and nasarawa states, nigeria. | an average of six annual rounds of ivermectin and albendazole were distributed in plateau and nasarawa states, nigeria, to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. from 2007 to 2008, population-based surveys were implemented in all 30 local government areas (lgas) of the two states to determine the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia to assess which lga mass drug administration (mda) could be halted. in total, 36,681 persons from 7,819 households were examined for filarial antigen as determine ... | 0 | 22855758 |
| insecticide-treated plastic sheeting for emergency malaria prevention and shelter among displaced populations: an observational cohort study in a refugee setting in sierra leone. | a double-blind phase iii malaria prevention trial was conducted in two refugee camps using pre-manufactured insecticide-treated plastic sheeting (itps) or untreated polyethylene sheeting (ups) randomly deployed to defined sectors of each camp. in largo camp the itps or ups was attached to inner walls and ceilings of shelters, whereas in tobanda the itps or ups was used to line only the ceiling and roof. in largo the plasmodium falciparum incidence rate in children up to 3 years of age who were c ... | 0 | 22855753 |
| mapping the receptivity of malaria risk to plan the future of control in somalia. | to measure the receptive risks of malaria in somalia and compare decisions on intervention scale-up based on this map and the more widely used contemporary risk maps. | 2012 | 22855625 |
| increased risks of malaria due to limited residual life of insecticide and outdoor biting versus protection by combined use of nets and indoor residual spraying on bioko island, equatorial guinea. | malaria is endemic on bioko island, equatorial guinea, with year-round transmission. in 2004 an intensive malaria control strategy primarily based on indoor residual spraying (irs) was launched. the limited residual life of irs poses particular challenges in a setting with year-round transmission, such as bioko. recent reports of outdoor biting by anopheles gambiae are an additional cause for concern. in this study, the effect of the short residual life of bendiocarb insecticide and of children ... | 2012 | 22835049 |
| identification of distant agouti-like sequences and re-evaluation of the evolutionary history of the agouti-related peptide (agrp). | the agouti-like peptides including agrp, asip and the teleost-specific a2 (asip2 and agrp2) peptides have potent and diverse functional roles in feeding, pigmentation and background adaptation mechanisms. there are contradictory theories about the evolution of the agouti-like peptide family as well the nomenclature. here we performed comprehensive mining and annotation of vertebrate agouti-like sequences. we identified a2 sequences from salmon, trout, seabass, cod, cichlid, tilapia, gilt-headed ... | 2012 | 22815886 |
| cysteine peptidases and their inhibitors in tetranychus urticae: a comparative genomic approach. | cysteine peptidases in the two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae are involved in essential physiological processes, including proteolytic digestion. cystatins and thyropins are inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that modulate their activity, although their function in this species has yet to be investigated. comparative genomic analyses are powerful tools to obtain advanced knowledge into the presence and evolution of both, peptidases and their inhibitors, and could aid to elucidate issues ... | 2012 | 22784002 |
| thermal limits of wild and laboratory strains of two african malaria vector species, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus. | malaria affects large parts of the developing world and is responsible for almost 800,000 deaths annually. as climates change, concerns have arisen as to how this vector-borne disease will be impacted by changing rainfall patterns and warming temperatures. despite the importance and controversy surrounding the impact of climate change on the potential spread of this disease, little information exists on the tolerances of several of the vector species themselves. | 2012 | 22770378 |
| mermithid nematodes found in adult anopheles from southeastern senegal. | over two dozen mermithid nematodes have been described parasitizing mosquitoes worldwide, however, only two species were found in africa. mermithid nematodes kill their mosquito host upon emergence, which suggests that they could be developed as biological control agents of mosquitoes. both romanomermis culicivorax and romanomermis iyengari have been reared for mass release to control numerous anopheles species vector populations, and in one instance this may have led to reduced malaria prevalen ... | 2012 | 22741946 |
| severe and uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children from three regions and three ethnic groups in cameroon: prospective study. | to identify the factors that account for differences in clinical outcomes of malaria as well as its relationship with ethnicity, transmission intensity and parasite density. | 2012 | 22727184 |
| the complete mitochondrial genomes of two ghost moths, thitarodes renzhiensis and thitarodes yunnanensis: the ancestral gene arrangement in lepidoptera. | lepidoptera encompasses more than 160,000 described species that have been classified into 45-48 superfamilies. the previously determined lepidoptera mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are limited to six superfamilies of the lineage ditrysia. compared with the ancestral insect gene order, these mitogenomes all contain a trna rearrangement. to gain new insights into lepidoptera mitogenome evolution, we sequenced the mitogenomes of two ghost moths that belong to the non-ditrysian lineage hepialoi ... | 2012 | 22726496 |
| reliability of rapid diagnostic tests in diagnosing pregnancy-associated malaria in north-eastern tanzania. | accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of pregnancy-associated malaria (pam) are key aspects in averting adverse pregnancy outcomes. microscopy is the gold standard in malaria diagnosis, but it has limited detection and availability. when used appropriately, rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) could be an ideal diagnostic complement to microscopy, due to their ease of use and adequate sensitivity in detecting even sub-microscopic infections. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is even more sensitive, but ... | 2012 | 22720788 |
| identification and classification of detoxification enzymes from culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | molecular characterization of the insecticide resistance has become a hot research topic ever since the first disease transmitting arthropod (anopheles gambiae) genome sequence has unveiled in 2002. a recent publication of the culex quinquefasciatus genome sequence has opened up new opportunities for molecular and comparative genomic analysis of multiple mosquito genomes to characterize the insecticide resistance. here, we utilized a whole genome sequence of cx. quinquefasciatus to identify puta ... | 2012 | 22715314 |
| airflow attenuation and bed net utilization: observations from africa and asia. | qualitative studies suggest that bed nets affect the thermal comfort of users. to understand and reduce this discomfort the effect of bed nets on temperature, humidity, and airflow was measured in rural homes in asia and africa, as well as in an experimental wind tunnel. two investigators with architectural training selected 60 houses in the gambia, tanzania, philippines, and thailand. data-loggers were used to measure indoor temperatures in hourly intervals over a 12 months period. in a subgrou ... | 2012 | 22704585 |
| identification and characterization of two chitin synthase genes in african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | chitin synthase (chs) represents an attractive target site for combating insect pests as insect growth and development are strictly dependent on precisely tuned chitin biosynthesis and this pathway is absent in humans and other vertebrates. current knowledge on chs in insects, especially their structures, functions, and regulations is still very limited. we report the identification and characterization of two chitin synthase genes, agchs1 and agchs2, in african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambi ... | 2012 | 22683441 |
| change in composition of the anopheles gambiae complex and its possible implications for the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in north-eastern tanzania. | a dramatic decline in the incidence of malaria due to plasmodium falciparum infection in coastal east africa has recently been reported to be paralleled (or even preceded) by an equally dramatic decline in malaria vector density, despite absence of organized vector control. as part of investigations into possible causes for the change in vector population density, the present study analysed the anopheles gambiae s.l. sibling species composition in north-eastern tanzania. | 2012 | 22681999 |
| longitudinal follow-up of malaria transmission dynamics in two villages in a sahelian area of niger during a nationwide insecticide-treated bednet distribution programme. | malaria transmission was monitored in two villages in the sahel zone of niger over 4 years. during this period, a nationwide vector control programme was carried out in which insecticide-treated bednets were distributed free to mothers of children aged <5 years. anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) were found to be the major malaria vectors. the dynamics of an. gambiae s.l. did not vary dramatically over the study period although the proportion of female mosquitoes fou ... | 2012 | 22680979 |
| human exposure to anopheline mosquitoes occurs primarily indoors, even for users of insecticide-treated nets in luangwa valley, south-east zambia. | current front line malaria vector control methods such as indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins), rely upon the preference of many primary vectors to feed and/or rest inside human habitations where they can be targeted with domestically-applied insecticidal products. we studied the human biting behaviour of the malaria vector anopheles funestus giles and the potential malaria vector anopheles quadriannulatus theobald in luangwa valley, south-east zambia. | 2012 | 22647493 |
| an affordable, quality-assured community-based system for high-resolution entomological surveillance of vector mosquitoes that reflects human malaria infection risk patterns. | more sensitive and scalable entomological surveillance tools are required to monitor low levels of transmission that are increasingly common across the tropics, particularly where vector control has been successful. a large-scale larviciding programme in urban dar es salaam, tanzania is supported by a community-based (cb) system for trapping adult mosquito densities to monitor programme performance. | 2012 | 22624853 |
| seasonal variation in metabolic rate, flight activity and body size of anopheles gambiae in the sahel. | malaria in africa is vectored primarily by the anopheles gambiae complex. although the mechanisms of population persistence during the dry season are not yet known, targeting dry season mosquitoes could provide opportunities for vector control. in the sahel, it appears likely that m-form a. gambiae survive by aestivation (entering a dormant state). to assess the role of eco-physiological changes associated with dry season survival, we measured body size, flight activity and metabolic rate of wil ... | 0 | 22623189 |
| the anopheles gambiae ce5, a tight- and fast-binding thrombin inhibitor with post-transcriptionally regulated salivary-restricted expression. | mosquito saliva carries a large number of factors with anti-hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory activities. the ce5 protein was initially identified during an anopheles gambiae salivary gland transcriptome study and later shown to share sequence similarity with anophelin, a thrombin inhibitor from the saliva of the new world mosquito anopheles albimanus. the ce5 gene was found to encode different mrna isoforms coexisting in several tissues of both male and female mosquitoes, a hi ... | 2012 | 22617725 |
| dry season reproductive depression of anopheles gambiae in the sahel. | the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, is widespread south of the sahara including in dry savannahs and semi-arid environments where no surface water exists for several months a year. adults of the m form of an. gambiae persist through the long dry season, when no surface waters are available, by increasing their maximal survival from 4 weeks to 7 months. dry season diapause (aestivation) presumably underlies this extended survival. diapause in adult insects is intrinsically linked to ... | 2012 | 22609421 |
| integrated mosquito larval source management reduces larval numbers in two highland villages in western kenya. | in western kenya, malaria remains one of the major health problems and its control remains an important public health measure. malaria control is by either use of drugs to treat patients infected with malaria parasites or by controlling the vectors. vector control may target the free living adult or aquatic (larval) stages of mosquito. the most commonly applied control strategies target indoor resting mosquitoes. however, because mosquitoes spend a considerable time in water, targeting the aquat ... | 2012 | 22607227 |
| haemoglobin variants and plasmodium falciparum malaria in children under five years of age living in a high and seasonal malaria transmission area of burkina faso. | genetic factors play a key role in determining resistance/susceptibility to infectious disease. susceptibility of the human host to malaria infection has been reported to be influenced by genetic factors, which could be confounders if not taken into account in the assessment of the efficacy of interventions against malaria. this study aimed to assess the relationship between haemoglobin genotypes and malaria in children under five years in a site being characterized for future malaria vaccine tr ... | 2012 | 22559271 |
| genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 block 2 in sites of contrasting altitudes and malaria endemicities in the mount cameroon region. | the present study analyzed the relationship between the genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum and parasitologic/entomologic indices in the mount cameroon region by using merozoite surface protein 1 as a genetic marker. blood samples were collected from asymptomatic children from three altitude zones (high, intermediate, and low). parasitologic and entomologic indices were determined by microscopy and landing catch mosquito collection/circumsporozoite protein-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa ... | 0 | 22556072 |
| the effect of rainstorms on adult anopheles funestus behavior and survival. | we describe the effect that the passage of a cold front, with a subsequent heavy rainstorm ten days later, had on a population of anopheles funestus mosquitoes collected exiting houses or in light-traps from a village in southern mozambique. temperature effects explained 40% (r=0.634; p <0.001) of the variation in numbers of males collected and 19% of the variation in gravid females collected (r=0.437; p=0.033). the age structure of mosquitoes varied according to distance from the breeding site ... | 2012 | 22548561 |
| megabase-scale inversion polymorphism in the wild ancestor of maize. | chromosomal inversions are thought to play a special role in local adaptation, through dramatic suppression of recombination, which favors the maintenance of locally adapted alleles. however, relatively few inversions have been characterized in population genomic data. on the basis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) genotyping across a large panel of zea mays, we have identified an ∼50-mb region on the short arm of chromosome 1 where patterns of polymorphism are highly consistent with a pol ... | 2012 | 22542971 |
| spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria transmission in rural western kenya. | understanding the relationship between plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission and health outcomes requires accurate estimates of exposure to infectious mosquitoes. however, measures of exposure such as mosquito density and entomological inoculation rate (eir) are generally aggregated over large areas and time periods, biasing the outcome-exposure relationship. there are few studies examining the extent and drivers of local variation in malaria exposure in endemic areas. | 2012 | 22541138 |
| functional organization and its implication in evolution of the human protein-protein interaction network. | based on the distinguishing properties of protein-protein interaction networks such as power-law degree distribution and modularity structure, several stochastic models for the evolution of these networks have been purposed, motivated by the idea that a validated model should reproduce similar topological properties of the empirical network. however, being able to capture topological properties does not necessarily mean it correctly reproduces how networks emerge and evolve. more importantly, th ... | 2012 | 22530615 |
| characterization of the transcriptome of an ecologically important avian species, the vinous-throated parrotbill paradoxornis webbianus bulomachus (paradoxornithidae; aves). | adaptive divergence driven by environmental heterogeneity has long been a fascinating topic in ecology and evolutionary biology. the study of the genetic basis of adaptive divergence has, however, been greatly hampered by a lack of genomic information. the recent development of transcriptome sequencing provides an unprecedented opportunity to generate large amounts of genomic data for detailed investigations of the genetics of adaptive divergence in non-model organisms. herein, we used the illum ... | 2012 | 22530590 |
| artemisinin-based combination therapy does not measurably reduce human infectiousness to vectors in a setting of intense malaria transmission. | artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) for treating malaria has activity against immature gametocytes. in theory, this property may complement the effect of terminating otherwise lengthy malaria infections and reducing the parasite reservoir in the human population that can infect vector mosquitoes. however, this has never been verified at a population level in a setting with intense transmission, where chronically infectious asymptomatic carriers are common and cured patients are rapidly a ... | 2012 | 22513162 |
| single-nucleotide polymorphisms for high-throughput genotyping of anopheles arabiensis in east and southern africa. | anopheles arabiensis patton is one of the principal vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa, occupying a wide variety of ecological zones. this species is increasingly responsible for malaria transmission in africa and is becoming the dominant vector species in some localities. despite its growing importance, little is known about genetic polymorphisms in this species. multiple sequences of various gene fragments from an. arabiensis isolates from cameroon were obtained from genbank. in total, 2 ... | 0 | 22493848 |
| footprints of positive selection associated with a mutation (n1575y) in the voltage-gated sodium channel of anopheles gambiae. | insecticide resistance is an ideal model to study the emergence and spread of adaptative variants. in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, this is complemented by a strong public health rationale. in this insect, resistance to pyrethroid and ddt insecticides is strongly associated with the mutations l1014f and l1014s within the para voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc). across much of west africa, 1014f frequency approaches fixation. here, we document the emergence of a mutation, n157 ... | 2012 | 22493253 |
| a behavioral mechanism underlying ecological divergence in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | disruptive selection mediated by predation on aquatic immature stages has been proposed as a major force driving ecological divergence and fostering speciation between the m and s molecular forms of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. in the dry savannahs of west africa where both molecular forms co-occur, the s form thrives in temporary pools filled with rainwater, whereas the m form preferentially breeds in permanent freshwater habitats where predator pressure is higher. here, we ... | 0 | 22476108 |
| selection of mosquito life-histories: a hidden weapon against malaria? | there has recently been a substantial decline in malaria incidence in much of africa. while the decline can clearly be linked to increasing coverage of mosquito vector control interventions and effective drug treatment in most settings, the ubiquity of reduction raises the possibility that additional ecological and associated evolutionary changes may be reinforcing the effectiveness of current vector control strategies in previously unanticipated ways. | 2012 | 22471997 |
| a refined estimate of the malaria burden in niger. | the health authorities of niger have implemented several malaria prevention and control programmes in recent years. these interventions broadly follow who guidelines and international recommendations and are based on interventions that have proved successful in other parts of africa. most performance indicators are satisfactory but, paradoxically, despite the mobilization of considerable human and financial resources, the malaria-fighting programme in niger seems to have stalled, as it has not y ... | 2012 | 22453027 |
| exploiting the behaviour of wild malaria vectors to achieve high infection with fungal biocontrol agents. | control of mosquitoes that transmit malaria has been the mainstay in the fight against the disease, but alternative methods are required in view of emerging insecticide resistance. entomopathogenic fungi are candidate alternatives, but to date, few trials have translated the use of these agents to field-based evaluations of their actual impact on mosquito survival and malaria risk. mineral oil-formulations of the entomopathogenic fungi metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana were applied u ... | 2012 | 22449130 |
| utilization of combined remote sensing techniques to detect environmental variables influencing malaria vector densities in rural west africa. | the use of remote sensing has found its way into the field of epidemiology within the last decades. with the increased sensor resolution of recent and future satellites new possibilities emerge for high resolution risk modeling and risk mapping. | 2012 | 22443452 |
| prevalence of malaria infection in butajira area, south-central ethiopia. | in 2005, the ethiopian government launched a massive expansion of the malaria prevention and control programme. the programme was aimed mainly at the reduction of malaria in populations living below 2,000 m above sea level. global warming has been implicated in the increase in the prevalence of malaria in the highlands. however, there is still a paucity of information on the occurrence of malaria at higher altitudes. the objective of this study was to estimate malaria prevalence in highland area ... | 2012 | 22443307 |
| antibodies to malaria vaccine candidates are associated with chloroquine or sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine treatment efficacy in children in an endemic area of burkina faso. | patient immune status is thought to affect the efficacy of anti-malarial chemotherapy. this is a subject of some importance, since evidence of immunity-related interactions may influence our use of chemotherapy in populations with drug resistance, as well as assessment of the value of suboptimal vaccines. the study aim was to investigate relationship between antibodies and anti-malarial drug treatment outcomes. | 2012 | 22439695 |
| species shifts in the anopheles gambiae complex: do llins successfully control anopheles arabiensis? | high coverage of conventional and long-lasting insecticide treated nets (itns and llins) in parts of e africa are associated with reductions in local malaria burdens. shifts in malaria vector species ratio have coincided with the scale-up suggesting that some species are being controlled by itns/llins better than others. | 2012 | 22438864 |
| igg responses to the gsg6-p1 salivary peptide for evaluating human exposure to anopheles bites in urban areas of dakar region, sénégal. | urban malaria can be a serious public health problem in africa. human-landing catches of mosquitoes, a standard entomological method to assess human exposure to malaria vector bites, can lack sensitivity in areas where exposure is low. a simple and highly sensitive tool could be a complementary indicator for evaluating malaria exposure in such epidemiological contexts. the human antibody response to the specific anopheles gsg6-p1 salivary peptide have been described as an adequate tool biomarker ... | 2012 | 22424570 |
| malaria vectors in lake victoria and adjacent habitats in western kenya. | the prevalence of malaria among the residents of the lake victoria basin remains high. the environment associated with the lake may maintain a high number of malaria vectors. lake habitats including water hyacinths have been suspected to be the source of vectors. this study investigated whether malaria vectors breed in the lake habitats and adjacent backwater pools. anopheline larvae were collected within the littoral zone of the lake and adjacent pools located along approximately 24.3 km of the ... | 2012 | 22412913 |
| first malaria infections in a cohort of infants in benin: biological, environmental and genetic determinants. description of the study site, population methods and preliminary results. | malaria infection of the placenta during pregnancy was found to be associated with infant susceptibility to malaria. other factors such as the intensity of malaria transmission and the nutritional status of the child might also play a role, which has not been adequately taken into account in previous studies. the aim of this study was to assess precisely the parts played by environmental, nutritional and biological determinants in first malaria infections, with a special interest in the role of ... | 2012 | 22403339 |
| cholinergic and non-cholinergic functions of two acetylcholinesterase genes revealed by gene-silencing in tribolium castaneum. | we compared biological functions of two acetylcholinesterase genes (tcace1 and tcace2) in tribolium castaneum, a globally distributed major pest of stored grain products and an emerging model organism, by using rna interference. although both genes expressed at all developmental stages and mainly in the brain, the transcript level of tcace1 was 1.2- to 8.7-fold higher than that of tcace2, depending on developmental stages. silencing tcace1 in 20-day larvae led to 100% mortality within two weeks ... | 2012 | 22371826 |
| genome organization, phylogenies, expression patterns, and three-dimensional protein models of two acetylcholinesterase genes from the red flour beetle. | since the report of a paralogous acetylcholinesterase (ache, ec3.1.1.7) gene in the greenbug (schizaphis graminum) in 2002, two different ache genes (ace1 and ace2) have been identified in each of at least 27 insect species. however, the gene models of ace1 and ace2, and their molecular properties have not yet been comprehensively analyzed in any insect species. in this study, we sequenced the full-length cdnas, computationally predicted the corresponding three-dimensional protein models, and pr ... | 2012 | 22359679 |
| predicting the current and future potential distributions of lymphatic filariasis in africa using maximum entropy ecological niche modelling. | modelling the spatial distributions of human parasite species is crucial to understanding the environmental determinants of infection as well as for guiding the planning of control programmes. here, we use ecological niche modelling to map the current potential distribution of the macroparasitic disease, lymphatic filariasis (lf), in africa, and to estimate how future changes in climate and population could affect its spread and burden across the continent. we used 508 community-specific infecti ... | 2012 | 22359670 |
| spatially explicit analyses of anopheline mosquitoes indoor resting density: implications for malaria control. | the question of sampling and spatial aggregation of malaria vectors is central to vector control efforts and estimates of transmission. spatial patterns of anopheline populations are complex because mosquitoes' habitats and behaviors are strongly heterogeneous. analyses of spatially referenced counts provide a powerful approach to delineate complex distribution patterns, and contributions of these methods in the study and control of malaria vectors must be carefully evaluated. | 2012 | 22348131 |
| the vector population monitoring tool (vpmt): high-throughput dna-based diagnostics for the monitoring of mosquito vector populations. | regular monitoring of mosquito vector populations is an integral component of most vector control programmes. contemporary data on mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides are a prerequisite for effective intervention. for this purpose we, with funding from the innovative vector control consortium (ivcc), have developed a suite of high-throughput assays based on a single "closed-tube" platform that collectively comprise the "vector population monitoring tool ... | 2010 | 22347668 |
| a modified experimental hut design for studying responses of disease-transmitting mosquitoes to indoor interventions: the ifakara experimental huts. | differences between individual human houses can confound results of studies aimed at evaluating indoor vector control interventions such as insecticide treated nets (itns) and indoor residual insecticide spraying (irs). specially designed and standardised experimental huts have historically provided a solution to this challenge, with an added advantage that they can be fitted with special interception traps to sample entering or exiting mosquitoes. however, many of these experimental hut designs ... | 2012 | 22347415 |
| wind direction and proximity to larval sites determines malaria risk in kilifi district in kenya. | studies of the fine-scale spatial epidemiology of malaria consistently identify malaria hotspots, comprising clusters of homesteads at high transmission intensity. these hotspots sustain transmission, and may be targeted by malaria-control programmes. here we describe the spatial relationship between the location of anopheles larval sites and human malaria infection in a cohort study of 642 children, aged 1-10-years-old. our data suggest that proximity to larval sites predict human malaria infec ... | 2012 | 22334077 |
| [agricultural activities and epidemiology of malaria in soudano-sahelian zone in cameroon]. | we have comparatively studied the dynamics of malaria transmission in the villages of mokolo-douvar located in the rural area with traditional agriculture and gounougou irrigated rice area, in 2004 august and november and 2006 may and october, to assess vectors biting habits, and malaria inoculation rate and malaria parasite prevalence in cohort of children from 0 to 15 years. mosquitoes were collected by landing catches on volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections. a total of 5961 anopheles ... | 2012 | 22294407 |
| dry season determinants of malaria disease and net use in benin, west africa. | to achieve malaria eradication, control efforts have to be sustained even when the incidence of malaria cases becomes low during the dry season. in this work, malaria incidence and its determinants including bed net use were investigated in children of under 5 years of age in 28 villages in southern benin during the dry season. | 2012 | 22291987 |
| intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine does not modify plasma cytokines and chemokines or intracellular cytokine responses to plasmodium falciparum in mozambican children. | cytokines and chemokines are key mediators of anti-malarial immunity. we evaluated whether intermittent preventive treatment in infants with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (ipti-sp) had an effect on the acquisition of these cellular immune responses in mozambican children. multiple cytokines and chemokines were quantified in plasma by luminex, and antigen-specific cytokine production in whole blood was determined by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry, at ages 5, 9, 12 and 24 months. | 2012 | 22280502 |
| novel and viable acetylcholinesterase target site for developing effective and environmentally safe insecticides. | insect pests are responsible for human suffering and financial losses worldwide. new and environmentally safe insecticides are urgently needed to cope with these serious problems. resistance to current insecticides has resulted in a resurgence of insect pests, and growing concerns about insecticide toxicity to humans discourage the use of insecticides for pest control. the small market for insecticides has hampered insecticide development; however, advances in genomics and structural genomics of ... | 0 | 22280344 |
| denis burkitt and the african lymphoma. | burkitt lymphoma has provided a model for the understanding of the epidemiology, the molecular abnormalities that induce tumours, and the treatment of other lymphomas. it is important to remember that the early phases of this work were conducted in africa where today, unfortunately, the disease usually results in death because of limited resources, even though most children in more developed countries are cured. this must be changed. in addition, it is time to re-explore, with modern techniques, ... | 2009 | 22276020 |
| low and seasonal malaria transmission in the middle senegal river basin: identification and characteristics of anopheles vectors. | during the last decades two dams were constructed along the senegal river. these intensified the practice of agriculture along the river valley basin. we conducted a study to assess malaria vector diversity, dynamics and malaria transmission in the area. | 2012 | 22269038 |
| aging partially restores the efficacy of malaria vector control in insecticide-resistant populations of anopheles gambiae s.l. from burkina faso. | abstract: background: the operational impact of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) is poorly understood. one factor which may prolong the effectiveness of these tools in the field is the increase in insecticide susceptibility with mosquito age. in this study, llins and irs were tested against young (three to five days) and old (17-19 days) pyrethroid resistant anopheles gambiae s.l. from burkina faso. methods: ... | 2012 | 22269002 |
| importance of factors determining the effective lifetime of a mass, long-lasting, insecticidal net distribution: a sensitivity analysis. | long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) reduce malaria transmission by protecting individuals from infectious bites, and by reducing mosquito survival. in recent years, millions of llins have been distributed across sub-saharan africa (ssa). over time, llins decay physically and chemically and are destroyed, making repeated interventions necessary to prevent a resurgence of malaria. because its effects on transmission are important (more so than the effects of individual protection), estimates of ... | 2012 | 22244509 |
| changes in malaria morbidity and mortality in mpumalanga province, south africa (2001-2009): a retrospective study. | malaria remains a serious epidemic threat in mpumalanga province. in order to appropriately target interventions to achieve substantial reduction in the burden of malaria and ultimately eliminate the disease, there is a need to track progress of malaria control efforts by assessing the time trends and evaluating the impact of current control interventions. this study aimed to assess the changes in the burden of malaria in mpumalanga province during the past eight malaria seasons (2001/02 to 2008 ... | 2012 | 22239855 |
| variation in number and formation of repeat sequences in the rdna its2 region of five sibling species in the anopheles barbirostris complex in thailand. | repeat sequences of approximately 100 base pairs in length were found in the rdna its2 region of anopheles barbirostris van der wulp (diptera: culicidae) species a1, a2, a3, a4, and an. campestris-like in the an. barbirostris complex. variation in the number of repeats was observed among the five sibling species. specifically, 10 repeats were observed in a1, eight in a2, a4, and campestris-like, and three in a3. based on similarities in the sequences of the repeats, related repeats were classifi ... | 0 | 22233453 |
| rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ... | 2012 | 22219660 |
| composition of human skin microbiota affects attractiveness to malaria mosquitoes. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto continues to play an important role in malaria transmission, which is aggravated by its high degree of anthropophily, making it among the foremost vectors of this disease. in the current study we set out to unravel the strong association between this mosquito species and human beings, as it is determined by odorant cues derived from the human skin. microbial communities on the skin play key roles in the production of human body odour. ... | 2011 | 22216154 |
| localization of two na(+)- or k(+)-h(+) antiporters, agnha1 and agnha2, in anopheles gambiae larval malpighian tubules and the functional expression of agnha2 in yeast. | the newly identified metazoan na(+)/h(+) antiporter (nha) family is represented by two paralogues, agnha1 and agnha2, in the genome of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. both antiporters are postulated to be electrophoretic i.e. voltage-driven. agnha1 was first cloned from an. gambiae larvae and immunolocalized with respect to the h(+) v-atpase by the harvey laboratory. little is known about the properties of nha1s; attempts to characterize agnha1 in na(+)/h(+) exchanger (nhe)-lack ... | 2011 | 22206887 |
| Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione s-transferase epsilon cluster. | Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family play critical roles in detoxification of xenobiotics across many taxa. While GSTs are ubiquitous both in animals and plants, the GST epsilon class (GSTE) is insect-specific and has been associated with resistance to chemical insecticides. While both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae GSTE clusters consist of eight members, only four putative orthologs are identifiable between the species, suggesting independent expansions of the class in eac ... | 2011 | 22206003 |
| coalescent patterns for chromosomal inversions in divergent populations. | chromosomal inversions allow genetic divergence of locally adapted populations by reducing recombination between chromosomes with different arrangements. divergence between populations (or hybridization between species) is expected to leave signatures in the neutral genetic diversity of the inverted region. quantitative expectations for these patterns, however, have not been obtained. here, we develop coalescent models of neutral sites linked to an inversion polymorphism in two locally adapted p ... | 0 | 22201172 |
| age-related pyrethroid resistance is not a function of p450 gene expression in the major african malaria vector, anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae). | anopheles funestus is a major vector of malaria in most of the african region. resistance to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides has been recorded in populations of this species in south africa and mozambique. the p450 gene, cyp6p9, has been shown to be highly transcribed in a permethrin (pyrethroid)-resistant laboratory strain, fumoz-r, originating from southern mozambique. we examined the relationship between pyrethroid resistance and gene transcription levels of two closely related ge ... | 2011 | 22194179 |
| a de novo transcriptome of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, to identify candidate transcripts for diapause preparation. | many temperate insects survive the harsh conditions of winter by undergoing photoperiodic diapause, a pre-programmed developmental arrest initiated by short day lengths. despite the well-established ecological significance of photoperiodic diapause, the molecular basis of this crucial adaptation remains largely unresolved. the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus (skuse), represents an outstanding emerging model to investigate the molecular basis of photoperiodic diapause in a well-defined eco ... | 2011 | 22185595 |
| An insight into the sialome of Simulium guianense (DIPTERA:SIMULIIDAE), the main vector of River Blindness Disease in Brazil. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the composition and function of the saliva in black flies such as Simulium guianense, the main vector of river blindness disease in Brazil. The complex salivary potion of hematophagous arthropods counteracts their host's hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity. RESULTS: Transcriptome analysis revealed ubiquitous salivary protein families - such as the Antigen-5, Yellow, Kunitz domain, and serine proteases--in the S. guianense sialotranscriptome. Insec ... | 2011 | 22182526 |
| Transplacental Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in a Highly Malaria Endemic Area of Burkina Faso. | Malaria congenital infection constitutes a major risk in malaria endemic areas. In this study, we report the prevalence of transplacental malaria in Burkina Faso. In labour and delivery units, thick and thin blood films were made from maternal, placental, and umbilical cord blood to determine malaria infection. A total of 1,309 mother/baby pairs were recruited. Eighteen cord blood samples (1.4%) contained malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum). Out of the 369 (28.2%) women with peripheral pos ... | 2012 | 22174725 |
| Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Besides significantly reducing malaria vector densities, prolonged usage of bed nets has been linked to decline of Anopheles gambiae s.s. relative to Anopheles arabiensis, changes in host feeding preference of malaria vectors, and behavioural shifts to exophagy (outdoor biting) for the two important malaria vectors in Africa, An. gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus. In southern coastal Kenya, bed net use was negligible in 1997-1998 when Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s ... | 2011 | 22165904 |
| Analysis of Transcriptome Differences between Resistant and Susceptible Strains of the Citrus Red Mite Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). | The citrus red mite is a worldwide citrus pest and a common sensitizing allergen of asthma and rhinitis. It has developed strong resistance to many registered acaricides, However, the molecular mechanisms of resistance remain unknown. we therefore used next generation sequencing technology to investigate the global transcriptomes between resistant strains and susceptible strains. | 2011 | 22162774 |
| Nigeria anopheles vector database: an overview of 100 years' research. | Anopheles mosquitoes are important vectors of malaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF), which are major public health diseases in Nigeria. Malaria is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium and LF by the parasitic worm Wuchereria bancrofti. Updating our knowledge of the Anopheles species is vital in planning and implementing evidence based vector control programs. To present a comprehensive report on the spatial distribution and composition of these vectors, all publis ... | 2011 | 22162764 |
| Prevalence of Malaria among Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Maputo City, Mozambique. | Abstract. We conducted a health facility-based survey to estimate the prevalence of malaria among febrile patients at health facilities (HFs) in Maputo City. Patients answered a questionnaire on malaria risk factors and underwent malaria testing. A malaria case was defined as a positive result for malaria by microscopy in a patient with fever or history of fever in the previous 24 hours. Among 706 patients with complete information, 111 (15.7%) cases were identified: 105 were positive for Plasmo ... | 2011 | 22144434 |
| lysophosphatidylcholine: a novel modulator of trypanosoma cruzi transmission. | lysophosphatidylcholine is a bioactive lipid that regulates a large number of cellular processes and is especially present during the deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells and deposition of atheromatous plaque. such molecule is also present in saliva and feces of the hematophagous organism rhodnius prolixus, a triatominae bug vector of chagas disease. we have recently demonstrated that lpc is a modulator of trypanosoma cruzi transmission. it acts as a powerful chemoattractant for inf ... | 2012 | 22132309 |
| studies on the bionomics of male anopheles gambiae giles and male anopheles funestus giles from southern mozambique. | little is known about the fitness of wild male mosquitoes, the females of which are vectors of malaria. the problem of studying male biology has been exacerbated by difficulties associated with catching them. in southern mozambique, however, almost the entire adult population of an. funestus and an. gambiae s.l. rest inside houses. they leave in a dusk exodus, which makes them easy to collect. in 8,348 exit collections from a village from 2003 to 2009, 567,195 male an. funestus and 34,591 male a ... | 2011 | 22129410 |
| Bionomics of sympatric chromosomal forms of Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae). | Anopheles funestus is one of the major vectors of malaria in Africa. Cytogenetic studies conducted on populations from West Africa have shown variable degrees of polymorphism with a genetic structure leading to the description of two chromosomal forms called "Folonzo" and "Kiribina" that exhibit limited gene flow. Because studies on allopatric populations showed bionomical heterogeneities, the present study was undertaken during three consecutive years (2006, 2007, and 2008) in an area of sympat ... | 2011 | 22129405 |
| what drives community adherence to indoor residual spraying (irs) against malaria in manhiça district, rural mozambique: a qualitative study. | malaria control remains a challenge in sub-saharan africa. in 2006, the world health organization (who) reinforced the recommendation of indoor residual spraying (irs) with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) to reduce malaria transmission. the national malaria control programme has been reporting high coverage rates of irs in mozambique. it is important to establish to what extent these rates are a reflection of community acceptability, and to explore the factors associated with adherence, in ... | 2011 | 22111698 |
| exploring mechanisms of multiple insecticide resistance in a population of the malaria vector anopheles funestus in benin. | the insecticide resistance status of the malaria vector anopheles funestus and the underlying resistance mechanisms remain uncharacterised in many parts of africa, notably in benin, west africa. to fill this gap in our knowledge, we assessed the susceptibility status of a population of this species in pahou, southern benin and investigated the potential resistance mechanisms. | 2011 | 22110757 |
| large-scale use of mosquito larval source management for malaria control in africa: a cost analysis. | at present, large-scale use of two malaria vector control methods, long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) is being scaled up in africa with substantial funding from donors. a third vector control method, larval source management (lsm), has been historically very successful and is today widely used for mosquito control globally, except in africa. with increasing risk of insecticide resistance and a shift to more exophilic vectors, lsm is now under re-evaluation ... | 2011 | 22067606 |
| malaria antifolate resistance with contrasting plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) polymorphisms in humans and anopheles mosquitoes. | surveillance for drug-resistant parasites in human blood is a major effort in malaria control. here we report contrasting antifolate resistance polymorphisms in plasmodium falciparum when parasites in human blood were compared with parasites in anopheles vector mosquitoes from sleeping huts in rural zambia. dna encoding p. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (ec 1.5.1.3) was amplified by pcr with allele-specific restriction enzyme digestions. markedly prevalent pyrimethamine-resistant mutants wer ... | 2011 | 22065788 |
| variations of insecticide residual bio-efficacy on different types of walls: results from a community-based trial in south cameroon. | determination of residual activity of insecticides is essential information for the selection of appropriate indoor spraying operation. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the residual effect of three candidate insecticide formulations on different indoor surfaces in order to guide future interventions, in the context of cameroon and other african countries. | 2011 | 22047173 |
| sialome of a generalist lepidopteran herbivore: identification of transcripts and proteins from helicoverpa armigera labial salivary glands. | although the importance of insect saliva in insect-host plant interactions has been acknowledged, there is very limited information on the nature and complexity of the salivary proteome in lepidopteran herbivores. we inspected the labial salivary transcriptome and proteome of helicoverpa armigera, an important polyphagous pest species. to identify the majority of the salivary proteins we have randomly sequenced 19,389 expressed sequence tags (ests) from a normalized cdna library of salivary glan ... | 2011 | 22046331 |
| evaluating the potential of the sterile insect technique for malaria control: relative fitness and mating compatibility between laboratory colonized and a wild population of anopheles arabiensis from the kruger national park, south africa. | the successful suppression of a target insect population using the sterile insect technique (sit) partly depends on the premise that the laboratory insects used for mass rearing are genetically compatible with the target population, that the mating competitiveness of laboratory reared males is at least comparable to that of their wild counterparts, and that mass rearing and sterilization processes do not in themselves compromise male fitness to a degree that precludes them from successfully comp ... | 2011 | 22041133 |
| repellent plants provide affordable natural screening to prevent mosquito house entry in tropical rural settings--results from a pilot efficacy study. | sustained malaria control is underway using a combination of vector control, prompt diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases. progress is excellent, but for long-term control, low-cost, sustainable tools that supplement existing control programs are needed. conventional vector control tools such as indoor residual spraying and house screening are highly effective, but difficult to deliver in rural areas. therefore, an additional means of reducing mosquito house entry was evaluated: the screening ... | 2011 | 22022471 |
| progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western kenya highlands: opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk. | following severe malaria epidemics in the western kenya highlands after the late 1980s it became imperative to undertake eco-epidemiological assessments of the disease and determine its drivers, spatial-temporal distribution and control strategies. extensive research has indicated that the major biophysical drivers of the disease are climate change and variability, terrain, topography, hydrology and immunity. vector distribution is focalized at valley bottoms and abundance is closely related wit ... | 2011 | 22015426 |
| identification and functional characterization of two orphan g-protein-coupled receptors for adipokinetic hormones from silkworm bombyx mori. | adipokinetic hormones (akhs) are the best studied insect neuropeptides with the function of mobilizing lipids and carbohydrates during energy-expensive activities and modulating fundamental physiological processes, such as sugar homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and reproduction. three distinct cdnas encoding the prepro-bombyx akh1-3 have been cloned and confirmed by mass spectrometric methods. our previous research suggested the bombyx akh receptor is activated by akh1 and akh2 with high affinity ... | 2011 | 22009754 |
| degradation of insecticides used for indoor spraying in malaria control and possible solutions. | the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (ddt) is widely used in indoor residual spraying (irs) for malaria control owing to its longer residual efficacy in the field compared to other world health organization (who) alternatives. suitable stabilization to render these alternative insecticides longer lasting could provide a less controversial and more acceptable and effective alternative insecticide formulations than ddt. | 2011 | 22008292 |
| a malaria transmission-directed model of mosquito life cycle and ecology. | malaria is a major public health issue in much of the world, and the mosquito vectors which drive transmission are key targets for interventions. mathematical models for planning malaria eradication benefit from detailed representations of local mosquito populations, their natural dynamics and their response to campaign pressures. | 2011 | 21999664 |
| imaginal discs--a new source of chromosomes for genome mapping of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is the primary global vector for dengue and yellow fever viruses. sequencing of the ae. aegypti genome has stimulated research in vector biology and insect genomics. however, the current genome assembly is highly fragmented with only ~31% of the genome being assigned to chromosomes. a lack of a reliable source of chromosomes for physical mapping has been a major impediment to improving the genome assembly of ae. aegypti. | 2011 | 21991400 |
| requirements for effective malaria control with homing endonuclease genes. | malaria continues to impose a substantial burden on human health. we have previously proposed that biological approaches to control the mosquito vector of disease could be developed using homing endonuclease genes (hegs), a class of selfish or parasitic gene that exists naturally in many microbes. recent lab studies have demonstrated that hegs can function in mosquitoes. we constructed and analyzed a model of mosquito population genetics and malaria epidemiology to determine how well hegs need t ... | 2011 | 21976487 |
| knickkopf protein protects and organizes chitin in the newly synthesized insect exoskeleton. | during each molting cycle of insect development, synthesis of new cuticle occurs concurrently with the partial degradation of the overlying old exoskeleton. protection of the newly synthesized cuticle from molting fluid enzymes has long been attributed to the presence of an impermeable envelope layer that was thought to serve as a physical barrier, preventing molting fluid enzymes from accessing the new cuticle and thereby ensuring selective degradation of only the old one. in this study, using ... | 2011 | 21930896 |
| methods to collect anopheles mosquitoes and evaluate malaria transmission: a comparative study in two villages in senegal. | various methods have been studied as replacement of human landing catches (hlc) for mosquito sampling in entomological studies on malaria transmission. conflicting results have been obtained in comparing relative efficiency of alternative methods, according to the area, the species present and their density. the aim of this study was to compare the number and characteristics of mosquitoes sampled in two areas of senegal by three different methods: hlc, light traps adjacent to an occupied bed net ... | 2011 | 21929747 |
| Lymphatic filariasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo; micro-stratification overlap mapping (MOM) as a prerequisite for control and surveillance. | The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has a significant burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. A major impediment to the expansion of the LF elimination programme is the risk of serious adverse events (SAEs) associated with the use of ivermectin in areas co-endemic for onchocerciasis and loiasis. It is important to analyse these and other factors, such as soil transmitted helminths (STH) and malaria co-endemicity, which will impact on LF elimination. | 2011 | 21923949 |
| insecticide resistance and the future of malaria control in zambia. | in line with the global trend to improve malaria control efforts a major campaign of insecticide treated net distribution was initiated in 1999 and indoor residual spraying with ddt or pyrethroids was reintroduced in 2000 in zambia. in 2006, these efforts were strengthened by the president's malaria initiative. this manuscript reports on the monitoring and evaluation of these activities and the potential impact of emerging insecticide resistance on disease transmission. | 2011 | 21915314 |
| preventing the reintroduction of malaria in mauritius: a programmatic and financial assessment. | sustaining elimination of malaria in areas with high receptivity and vulnerability will require effective strategies to prevent reestablishment of local transmission, yet there is a dearth of evidence about this phase. mauritius offers a uniquely informative history, with elimination of local transmission in 1969, re-emergence in 1975, and second elimination in 1998. towards this end, mauritius's elimination and prevention of reintroduction (por) programs were analyzed via a comprehensive review ... | 2011 | 21912645 |
| Dynamics of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin: first evidence of the presence of L1014S kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae from West Africa. | Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the spatial and seasonal variations of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Benin, West Africa. | 2011 | 21910856 |