Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| the hiv protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication in vitro. | kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is the most common hiv-associated cancer worldwide and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality in some regions. antiretroviral (arv) combination regimens have had mixed results for ks progression and resolution. anecdotal case reports suggest that protease inhibitors (pis) may have effects against ks that are independent of their effect on hiv infection. as such, we evaluated whether pis or other arvs directly inhibit replication of kaposi's sarcoma-associ ... | 2011 | 21402841 |
| herpesvirus entry mediator (tnfrsf14) regulates the persistence of t helper memory cell populations. | memory t helper cells (th cells) play an important role in host defense against pathogens but also contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders. we found that a soluble decoy lymphotoxin ß receptor (lt-ßr)-fc, which can block tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-related ligands light (tnfsf14) and lt-aß binding to the herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem) and the lt-ßr, inhibited the accumulation of memory th2 cells after antigen encounter and correspondingly reduced inflammatory responses in viv ... | 2011 | 21402741 |
| hiv, ebv and kshv: viral cooperation in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. | malignancies associated with epstein-barr virus (ebv) and/or kaposi's sarcoma human herpesvirus (kshv), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), is frequently found in patients infected with hiv. both these human gammaherpesviruses are known for their oncogenic properties, for the viral products that mimic or interfere with the functions of critical cellular proteins, and the ability to escape the immune responses. the introduction of the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart) has signi ... | 2011 | 21402436 |
| [hhv-6 encephalopathy]. | primary human herpesvirus 6(hhv-6) and hhv-7 infections cause exanthem subitum. the disease is common febrile illness in infants, indeed these viruses rarely cause encephalopathy. recently, various types of encephalopathy have been reported in the patient with hhv-6. therefore, appropriate treatment should be developed for each type of the encephalitis. recent data suggest that hhv-6 reactivation is associated with encephalitis, which occurred in immunocompromised patients. typical clinical feat ... | 2011 | 21400833 |
| generation of recombinant adeno-associated virus. | adeno-associated virus (aav) was discovered about 30 yr ago as a contaminant of adenovirus preparations. since its discovery, researchers have described many unique characteristics of aav biology that have made it attractive as a potential vector for gene therapy. for example, aav is not pathogenic, approx 80% of adults in the united states are seropositive, but in no case has the virus been implicated as the etiological agent for a human disease. aav is a defective parvovirus with a single-stra ... | 2001 | 21394584 |
| investigation of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 genetic diversity by a multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3), or koi herpesvirus (khv), is responsible for high mortalities in aquaculture of both common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. the complete genomes of three cyhv-3 isolates showed more than 99% of dna sequence identity, with the majority of differences located in short tandem repeats, also called vntr (variable number of tandem repeats). by targeting these variations, eight loci were selected for genotyping cyhv-3 by multi ... | 2011 | 21392536 |
| prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of acute and chronic leukemia patients in taiwan. | human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) is associated with the development of kaposi's sarcoma and several other human malignancies. the prevalence of hhv-8 dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in taiwanese leukemia populations has not been investigated. in this study, hhv-8 dna was extracted from pbmcs, and detected in 10.29% of the leukemia cases and 8.94% of the relatives' cases. in addition, the prevalence of hhv-8 dna in pbmcs was nonsignificantly associated with gender, age and leukemia s ... | 2011 | 21392127 |
| a phase ii trial of intratumoral injection with a selectively replicating adenovirus (onyx-015) in patients with recurrent, refractory squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. | selectively replicating viruses may offer a new approach to cancer treatment. if successful in clinical trials, these agents will constitute a new category in the antitumoral armamentarium. many viruses are currently being studied, and an adenovirus (onyx-015) first entered clinical trials in 1996; herpesvirus agents are scheduled to enter clinical trials in 1998. critical issues need to be addressed if the utility of these agents is to be optimized. for each virus, the effect of antiviral immun ... | 2000 | 21390831 |
| association of immunologically confirmed delayed drug reaction and human herpesvirus 6 viremia in a pediatric case of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. | 2011 | 21389685 | |
| hhv-6 reactivation and its effect on delirium and cognitive functioning in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. | human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) is detected in the plasma of approximately 40% of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct) and sporadically causes encephalitis in this population. the effect of hhv-6 reactivation on central nervous system function has not been fully characterized. this prospective study aimed to evaluate associations between hhv-6 reactivation and central nervous system dysfunction after allogeneic hct. patients were enrolled before hct. plasma samples were teste ... | 2011 | 21389320 |
| investigation of koi herpesvirus latency in koi. | koi herpesvirus (khv) has recently been classified as a member of the family of alloherpesviridae within the order of herpesvirales. one of the unique features of herpesviridae is latent infection following a primary infection. however, khv latency has not been recognized. to determine if latency occurs in clinically normal fish from facilities with a history of khv infection or exposure, the presence of the khv genome was investigated in healthy koi by pcr and southern blotting. khv dna, but no ... | 2011 | 21389134 |
| [kaposi's sarkoma in solid organ recipients]. | kaposi's sarkoma (ks) is a malignancy with hyperplastic angio-proliferative lesions with inflammatory changes usually associated with human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infection. the predominant is skin localization with dark-blue or purplish colour nodules and plaques. cutaneous changes may be associated with visceral involvement, which as a isolated form is rare. ks is not frequent disease in general population however risk of its development is substantially increased in immunocompromised patients ... | 2010 | 21387759 |
| generation and characterization of koi herpesvirus recombinants lacking viral enzymes of nucleotide metabolism. | koi herpesvirus (khv) causes a fatal disease in koi and common carp, but no reliable and genetically characterized vaccines are available up to now. therefore, we generated khv recombinants possessing deletions within the viral ribonucleotide reductase (rnr), thymidine kinase (tk), dutpase, or tk and dutpase genes, and their corresponding rescuants. all khv mutants were replication competent in cultured cells. whereas plaque sizes and titers of rnr-negative khv were reduced, replication of the o ... | 2011 | 21387205 |
| varicella-zoster virus infection triggers formation of an interleukin-1+¦ (il-1+¦)-processing inflammasome complex. | innate cellular immunity is the immediate host response against pathogens, and activation of innate immunity also modulates the induction of adaptive immunity. the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptors (nlrs) are a family of intracellular receptors that recognize conserved patterns associated with intracellular pathogens, but information about their role in the host defense against dna viruses is limited. here we report that varicella-zoster virus (vzv), an alphaherpesvi ... | 2011 | 21385879 |
| il-2 induces a wave2-dependent pathway for actin reorganization that enables wasp-independent human nk cell function. | wiskott-aldrich syndrome (was) is a primary immunodeficiency associated with an increased susceptibility to herpesvirus infection and hematologic malignancy as well as a deficiency of nk cell function. it is caused by defective was protein (wasp). wasp facilitates filamentous actin (f-actin) branching and is required for f-actin accumulation at the nk cell immunological synapse and nk cell cytotoxicity ex vivo. importantly, the function of wasp-deficient nk cells can be restored in vitro after e ... | 2011 | 21383498 |
| ulcerative cheilitis in a rhesus macaque. | a 2-year-old, female, simian immunodeficiency virus e543-infected rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) was presented for necropsy following euthanasia due to a history of diarrhea, weight loss, and a small, round ulcer along the left labial commissure. histopathologic examination of the ulcer revealed infiltration by large numbers of degenerate and nondegenerate neutrophils and macrophages admixed with syncytial epithelial cells. rare epithelial cells contained herpetic inclusion bodies. these cells ... | 2011 | 21383117 |
| herpesvirus telomeric repeats facilitate genomic integration into host telomeres and mobilization of viral dna during reactivation. | some herpesviruses, particularly lymphotropic viruses such as marek's disease virus (mdv) and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), integrate their dna into host chromosomes. mdv and hhv-6, among other herpesviruses, harbor telomeric repeats (tmrs) identical to host telomeres at either end of their linear genomes. using mdv as a natural virus-host model, we show that herpesvirus tmrs facilitate viral genome integration into host telomeres and that integration is important for establishment of latency and ... | 2011 | 21383055 |
| primary effusion lymphoma involving the cerebrospinal fluid. | primary effusion lymphoma or body cavity based lymphoma is a form of large b-cell lymphoma which usually presents as serous effusions without detectable tumor masses. it is universally associated with human herpesvirus-8 also known as kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. this condition, so far, has been reported in the body cavity effusions that include pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium. we report a case of primary effusion lymphoma which has involved the cerebrospinal fluid. to our knowledge, this is ... | 2011 | 21381228 |
| a viral microrna cluster strongly potentiates the transforming properties of a human herpesvirus. | epstein-barr virus (ebv), an oncogenic human herpesvirus, induces cell proliferation after infection of resting b lymphocytes, its reservoir in vivo. the viral latent proteins are necessary for permanent b cell growth, but it is unknown whether they are sufficient. ebv was recently found to encode micrornas (mirnas) that are expressed in infected b cells and in some ebv-associated lymphomas. ebv mirnas are grouped into two clusters located either adjacent to the bhrf1 gene or in introns containe ... | 2011 | 21379335 |
| detection of hhv-6 in over a thousand samples: new types of infection revealed by an analysis of positive results. | clinical manifestations of human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) have not been clearly defined, and the role of hhv-6 in human disease remains to be fully elucidated. | 2011 | 21376662 |
| different characteristics of human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis between primary infection and viral reactivation. | pathogenesis of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) encephalitis, in particular difference between hhv-6 encephalitis at the time of primary infection and reactivation remains unclear. | 2011 | 21376661 |
| role of the cellular transcription factor yy1 in the latent-lytic switch of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. | lytic cycle reactivation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is initiated by expression of the orf50 gene. here we show that yy1 protein specifically binds to the orf50 promoter (orf50p) region in vitro and in vivo. after treatment with chemical inducers, including sodium butyrate (sb) and tpa, the levels of yy1 protein are inversely correlated with the lytic induction of kshv in cells. overexpression of yy1 completely blocks the orf50p activation in transient reporter assays, whil ... | 2011 | 21376359 |
| quantification of human cytomegalovirus by competitive pcr and capillary electrophoresis. | human cytomegalovirus (cmv) is a ubiquitous pathogen found in 40-100% of adults, and in about 1% of live births in the united states (1). it is the most common fetal and perinatal infectious organism; approx 10% of infected neonates are born with symptomatic congenital cmv disease, which is the most common cause of mental retardation and childhood deafness. cmv is a significant pathogen in immunocompromised individuals, including organ transplant recipients (2-4), and in acquired immune deficien ... | 1999 | 21374290 |
| investigation of the anti-hsv activity of candidate antiviral agents. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) is a human pathogen that causes diseases ranging in medical importance from herpes labialis, through genital herpes and herpes keratitis, to herpes encephalitis-a life-threatening disease. hsv types 1 and 2 have the ability to enter a latent phase during in vivo infection, during which time the virus is able to evade immune surveillance, and from which state it is able to escape from time to time to cause disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. this chara ... | 1998 | 21374243 |
| assessing cell-mediated immune responses to hsv in murine systems. | protective immunity against a eajority of viral infections is mediated by a combination of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. however, in the case of herpesvirus infections, where viral spread is largely cell-to-cell, cell-mediated immune mechanisms (which facilitate the clearance of virally infected cells) are particularly important (1-4). moreover, cell-mediated immunity (cmi) has also been implicated in the establishment and/or reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus (hsv) i ... | 1998 | 21374239 |
| pathogenesis and molecular biology of hsv latency and ocular reactivation in the rabbit. | research on herpesvirus infections has commanded the attention of a diverse group of scientists for over a century. until the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus, the herpes simplex viruses (hsv) were the most intensively studied of all viruses. during the early part of the nineteenth century, long before the infectious agent responsible for cold sores (fever blisters) was identified, studies suggested that damage to the trigeminal nerve could induce peripheral herpetic vesicles (1). grut ... | 1998 | 21374237 |
| direct immunogold labeling of herpesvirus suspensions. | gold particles in colloidal suspension are particularly well suited as markers for immune electron microscopy. their extreme electron opacity ensures that they are detected with accuracy even at particle sizes of less than 3 nm. gold spheres can be made easily and inexpensively by reduction of gold chloride with mild acid and heat (1), and particles can be prepared in a variety of sizes by varying the nature of the reducing agents (2). | 1998 | 21374228 |
| saturating mutagenesis and characterization of a herpesvirus genome using in vivo reconstitution of virus from cloned subgenomic regions. | the study of genome structure and gene function is pivotal in understanding the mechanisms of replication, pathogenesis, and virulence of herpesviruses. in this respect, mutagenesis and sequence analysis of genes encoded by the virus are of great importance. however, the herpesvirus genomes are large, with sizes ranging between 120 and over 200 kbp and encoding between 70 and 200 genes (see ref. 1 for a review). this large size hampers handling and systematic mutagenesis of the virus genome usin ... | 1998 | 21374222 |
| epstein-barr virus-associated b-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a ubiquitous human ?-herpesvirus that establishes a life-long asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent hosts. it is also found to be frequently associated with a broad spectrum of b-cell lymphomas predominantly seen in immunodeficient patients. despite many resemblances, these ebv-linked lymphoproliferative disorders display heterogeneity at the clinical and the molecular level. moreover, ebv-associated lymphoproliferative diseases differ in their differential expres ... | 2011 | 21372216 |
| tenacity of mammalian viruses in the gut of leeches fed with porcine blood. | leech therapy is currently considered to be of high therapeutic value in medicine. however, feeding leeches with fresh animal blood during the maintenance and reproduction phase bears the risk of transmission of zoonotic viruses to the patient. we hypothesize that this would be abolished by subjecting leeches to quarantine measures prior to use. the required duration of quarantine would depend on the maximum survival time of pathogens in contaminated leeches. in order to be able to estimate this ... | 2011 | 21372183 |
| suppression substractive hybridisation (ssh) and real time pcr reveal differential gene expression in the pacific cupped oyster, crassostrea gigas, challenged with ostreid herpesvirus 1. | virus-induced genes were identified using suppression subtractive hybridisation (ssh) from pacific cupped oyster, crassostrea gigas, haemocytes challenged by oshv-1. a total of 304 clones from ssh forward library were sequenced. among these sequences, some homologues corresponded to (i) immune related genes (macrophage express protein, ik cytokine, interferon-induced protein 44 or multicopper oxidase), (ii) apoptosis related genes (bcl-2) and (iii) cell signalling and virus receptor genes (glypi ... | 2011 | 21371503 |
| serological evidence of lack of contact with caprine herpesvirus type 1 and bluetongue virus in goat population in poland. | investigation into herd-level seroprevalence of caprine herpesvirus type 1 (cphv-1) and bluetongue virus (btv) was conducted in 2007 in poland. it involved the entire population of goats covered by a milk recording program in 2007, which included 49 goat herds. the number of goats examined in each herd was determined statistically in order to detect the presence of at least one seropositive animal in a herd with a 95% probability and simple random method of sampling was applied. no antibodies to ... | 2010 | 21370751 |
| equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) replication in primary murine neurons culture. | equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) infections cause significant economic losses for equine industries worldwide as a result of abortion, respiratory illness, and neurologic disease in all breeds of horses. the occurrence of abortions caused by ehv-1 has repeatedly been confirmed in poland, but neurological manifestations of the infection have not been described yet. also it is unknown how the infection of neurons with non-neuropathogenic strains is regulated. to further understand the virus-neuron int ... | 2010 | 21370750 |
| diagnostic applications of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus. | eight viruses in the herpes family have been identified that infect humans: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesviruses 6 and 7 and the kaposi sarcomaassociated herpesvirus (1). in immunocompetent individuals, primary infections are usually handled effectively by the host immune system without therapeutic intervention. however, these viruses are never completely eradicated by the immune response, probably because these vi ... | 2001 | 21370152 |
| molecular detection of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/ human herpesvirus-8. | kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), also called human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8), is the most recently identified human herpesvirus (1). it has been found to be invariably present in kaposi's sarcoma (ks) lesions, whether these are associated with aids (epidemic ks), therapeutic immunosuppression (iatrogenic ks), or high-incidence regions in africa (endemic ks), or in its "classic" form (sporadic ks) (for reviews see refs. 2 and 3). by contrast, with few reported exceptions, it has not be ... | 2001 | 21370151 |
| human herpesvirus 8 infections and aids-associated kaposi sarcoma in zaria, northern nigeria. | background/objectives: studies on human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) infection in patients with aids-associated kaposi sarcoma (aids-ks), from nigeria are lacking. we examined the seroprevalence of hhv8 infection in patients with aids-ks presenting to ahmadu bello university teaching hospital (abuth), zaria, nigeria, and also described their clinical presentation. | 2011 | 21368014 |
| kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in chinese patients with chronic hepatitis b. | the seroprevalence of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) in chinese patients with chronic hepatitis b, the relationship between kshv and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, and the influence of glycyrrhizic acid on kshv replication in vivo are undefined. plasma was collected from 211 patients with chronic hepatitis b. antibody to kshv orf65 was evaluated by elisa, and real-time pcr was used to quantify kshv dna and hbv dna. the kshv orf65 positivity rate in patients with chronic hepat ... | 2011 | 21360542 |
| recent advances on the possible neuroprotective activities of epstein-barr virus oncogene barf1 protein in chronic inflammatory disorders of central nervous system. | multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases in which cells of the central nervous system (cns) are lost or damaged are rapidly increasing in frequency, and there is neither effective treatment nor cure to impede or arrest their destructive course. the epstein-barr virus is a human gamma-herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of the human population worldwide and persisting for the lifetime of the host. it is associated with numerous epithelial cancers, principally undifferentiated nasophar ... | 2010 | 21358976 |
| acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing pneumonia, splenitis, and dermatitis in a pet rabbit caused by a novel herpesvirus (leporid herpesvirus-4). | a 1.5-year-old female rabbit (doe) was presented with a 3-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and mild facial swelling. the animal died shortly after examination and severe, acute hemorrhagic pneumonia was noted grossly. an alphaherpesvirus consistent with leporid herpesvirus-4 was isolated and characterized from this animal. this is the first confirmed report of the disease in canada. | 2010 | 21358932 |
| microbial safety in xenotransplantation. | as clinical trials are in progress involving porcine islet cell transplantation, microbial safety remains a key issue. therefore, in the context of pig-to-human xenotransplantation, we provide an overview of the recent progress in the studies of relevant viruses including well known problematic viruses, such as herpesviruses and porcine endogenous retroviruses (perv) in addition to some emerging issues regarding other pathogens. | 2011 | 21358331 |
| equine coital exanthema and its potential economic implications for the equine industry. | equine coital exanthema (ece) caused by equid herpesvirus 3 (ehv-3) is a contagious venereal disease characterised by the formation of painful papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers on the external genitalia of both mares and stallions. ehv-3 is an alphaherpesvirus that is distinct from the other equine herpesviruses and endemic in most horse breeding populations worldwide. the negative impacts of ece on equine breeding enterprises are the forced, temporary disruption of mating activities of mar ... | 2011 | 21354835 |
| symptomless intrauterine transmission of bovine herpesvirus 4 to bovine fetuses. | blood samples of 31 healthy calves and their dams taken immediately after calving before colostrum uptake, and at days 11, 23 and 8 weeks, spleens of seven stillborn calves were analysed in order to determine the source and time of bovine herpesvirus type 4 infection. all the calves were born as seronegatives, while all cattle were seropositives. viral dna were amplified by a nested pcr assay from 54.8% of peripheral blood leukocyte samples of newborn calves taken before colostrum uptake, and fr ... | 2011 | 21354299 |
| bull semen variables after experimental exposure with bovine herpesvirus type 5. | the influence of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) infection on semen variables and sperm morphology collected from healthy bulls with no reproductive disorder was evaluated in ten ejaculates distributed into two experimental groups: group i, bull semen exposed to 10(2.3) (tissue culture infectious dose) tcid(50)/50 µl of a brazilian strain of bohv-5 (us9/br/2007; gu9457818) and group ii, unexposed bull control semen. after experimental infection, the semen was frozen-thawed prior to computeriz ... | 2011 | 21353404 |
| infection of primary human tonsillar lymphoid cells by kshv reveals frequent but abortive infection of t cells. | the lymphotropic herpesvirus kshv principally infects b cells in vivo and is linked to several human b cell lymphoproliferative syndromes. here we examine the susceptibility of primary tonsillar lymphocytes to infection by a recombinant kshv (rkshv.219) that constitutively expresses gfp. at an moi of ~1, ca. 5-10% of cd19+ b cells became gfp-positive. surprisingly, in the same culture many more t cells became infected. however, in contrast to isolated b cells, isolated infected t cells did not s ... | 2011 | 21353276 |
| roles of hausp-mediated p53 regulation in central nervous system development. | the deubiquitinase hausp (herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease; also called usp7) has a critical role in regulating the p53-mdm2 (murine double minute 2) pathway. by using the conventional knockout approach, we previously showed that hausp inactivation leads to early embryonic lethality. to fully understand the physiological functions of hausp, we have generated mice lacking hausp specifically in the brain and examined the impacts of this manipulation on brain development. we found ... | 2011 | 21350561 |
| equine herpesvirus type-1 modulates ccl2, ccl3, ccl5, cxcl9, and cxcl10 chemokine expression. | equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is highly prevalent in horses and causes rhinopneumonitis, abortion, and encephalopathy. studies on the related human herpes simplex virus and of murine models of ehv-1 suggest that chemokines play important roles in coordinating of innate and adaptive immune responses, and thus effective control of herpesvirus infection and prevention of severe clinical disease. here, equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were infected with one of three ehv-1 strains ... | 2011 | 21349590 |
| hhv-6a, 6b, and 7: immunobiology and host response | the discoveries of human herpesvirus 6 variant a (hhv-6a), human herpesvirus 6 variant b (hhv-6b) and human herpesvirus 7 (hhv-7) followed the development of methods for activation and long-term culture of peripheral blood t lymphocytes. based on their shared biological properties and nucleotide sequences, hhv-6a, hhv-6b, and hhv-7 are classified as members of the roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily. hhv-6a and hhv-6b are very closely related, with most o ... | 2007 | 21348133 |
| adoptive immunotherapy for herpesviruses | herpesvirus infections rarely cause significant problems in the immunocompetent human host. however, in the immunosuppressed, for example, recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (hsct) (rooney et al., 1998), solid organ transplants (sot), or human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals, viral infections/reactivations are common and are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. the resultant uncontrolled infections correlate with a lack of ... | 2007 | 21348123 |
| betaherpes viral genes and their functions | despite biological divergence, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv, hhv-5), on the one hand, and the three human roseolaviruses (hhv-6a, hhv-6b, hhv-7), on the other hand, share approximately 70 evolutionarily conserved and collinear genes (italics, table 15.1). mammalian betaherpesviruses probably have a common ancestor dating back over 50 million years. the genomes of all betaherpesviruses vary in the regions flanking a large conserved block of genes spanning ul23 to ul124 in h ... | 2007 | 21348118 |
| vzv: immunobiology and host response | varicella zoster virus (vzv) like the other herpesvirus family members is a highly successful and ubiquitous human pathogen. in order for vzv to persist in the human population, the virus has evolved strategies to avoid immune detection and potentially promote viral pathogenesis. we have demonstrated that vzv encodes two separate immune evasion strategies by specifically down-regulating cell-surface mhc class ⅰ (abendroth et al., 2001a) and inhibiting the up-regulation o ... | 2007 | 21348117 |
| kshv manipulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis | disruptions of cell cycle and apoptotic regulatory control are primary hallmarks tumor cells. it is therefore not surprising that kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv/hhv8), a tumor virus, encodes viral proteins targeting these cell growth regulation mechanisms. the extent and range of kshv genes devoted to manipulating these processes is, however, remarkable. | 2007 | 21348115 |
| ebv-induced oncogenesis | the epstein–barr virus (ebv) is a human herpesvirus that is a ubiquitous infectious agent, infecting greater than 90% of the world’s population (henle et al., 1969). the majority of infections occur early in life without significant illness. however, ebv is clearly an important factor in multiple human cancers. this dichotomy raises the question as to what are the unique aspects of infection in those who develop cancers. the study of ebv and its associated tumors poi ... | 2007 | 21348113 |
| monkey b virus | b virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, herpesviridae), an alphaherpesvirus endemic in macaque monkeys, has the unique distinction of being the only one of nearly 35 identified non-human primate herpesviruses that is highly pathogenic in humans. b virus has been positively linked with more than two dozen human deaths since the first report describing it in 1933, five of those in the last 12 years, following exposures involving macaques in during acute b virus infection. b ... | 2007 | 21348110 |
| maturation and egress | the assembly of betaherpesviruses, specifically cytomegaloviruses, is a topic of considerable interest to virologists and structural biologists. these viruses are among the largest and most complex animal viruses and encode a large number of proteins. some clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) have been predicted to contain as many as 250 orfs (chee et al., 1990; murphy et al., 2003), while other authors have suggested that the coding capacity of hcmv may ... | 2007 | 21348107 |
| human gammaherpesvirus immune evasion strategies | the human γ-hvs are able to establish a lifelong, persistent infection that is largely clinically inapparent within the immunocompetent host. however, when these viruses are not kept in check, a variety of lymphoproliferative and neoplastic disorders result that will be detailed elsewhere within this volume. in brief, for hhv-8, also known as kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), these neoplasias include kaposi’s sarcoma (ks), multicentric castleman’s disease (m ... | 2007 | 21348105 |
| herpesvirus evasion of t-cell immunity | the multiple layers of the human immune response present a challenge to viruses, which must survive and multiply within a host for a sufficient period of time to allow successful transmission to susceptible individuals. given the large proteomes and comparatively low polymerase error rate of human herpesviruses, antiviral immunity at first glance appear to have the upper hand. nonetheless, herpesviruses manage prolonged incubation periods following initial infection, with ... | 2007 | 21348103 |
| molecular basis of persistence and latency | human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is an ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong infection within the host. although hcmv is generally asymptomatic within the normal individual, the virus causes severe and incapacitating disease in immune compromised patients (pass, 2001). a critical component for hcmv persistence in the non-immune compromised host is the ability of the virus to establish cellular sites of latency as well as persistent infection. during latency, ... | 2007 | 21348100 |
| clinical and pathological aspects of ebv and kshv infection | the human γ-herpesviruses epstein–barr virus (ebv) and kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv) establish latency in cellular reservoirs that are maintained for the life of the infected individual. intermittent reactivation leads to infection of new cells within the host and secretion of virions in saliva. primary infections are usually asymptomatic. however, in immunocompromised patients and in other special but poorly understood circumstances, tumors and other virus-associat ... | 2007 | 21348099 |
| gammaherpesviruses entry and early events during infection | the two human gammaherpesviruses, epstein–barr virus (ebv), a gamma 1 lymphocryptovirus and kaposi’s sarcoma associated virus (kshv), a gamma 2 rhadinovirus, have many features in common. they share an architecture that is typical of all members of the herpesvirus family, they share an ability to establish latency in lymphocytes, and they are both initiators or potentiators of human tumors. for the virologist some of the challenges they present are the same, in particular ... | 2007 | 21348095 |
| comparative analysis of herpesvirus-common proteins | despite the evolutionary and biological divergence represented by the nine human herpesviruses that have been classified into three broad subgroups, a large number of herpesvirus-common (core) gene products are evolutionarily conserved (table 4.1 see chapter 2). these appear to carry out functions upon which every herpesvirus relies because all exhibit a common virion structure, a core genome replication process, and similar entry and egress pathways. these herpesvirus co ... | 2007 | 21348093 |
| gammaherpesviruses of new world primates | numerous gamma-herpesviruses, a large subfamily of the herpes group, have limited pathogenic potential upon primary infection of their natural host. they are most relevant however as tumor viruses of the hematopoietic system and form an important chapter of viral oncology. the prototype of the genus lymphocryptovirus (γ1-herpesvirus), epstein-barr virus (ebv), was the first clearly identified human herpesvirus. ebv causes lymphomas of b-cell origin and other lymphoproliferati ... | 2007 | 21348092 |
| maintenance and replication during latency | the human gammaherpesviruses epstein–barr virus (ebv) and kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) are associated with a variety of malignancies involving cells of various lineages. | 2007 | 21348090 |
| comparative virion structures of human herpesviruses | the herpesvirus family consists of a group of viruses distinguished by the large size of their linear double-stranded dna genomes (∼130–250 kbp) and a common architecture of infectious particles (fig. 3.1) (chiu and rixon, 2002; gibson, 1996; steven and spear, 1997). indeed, before the birth of molecular biology and the availability of genomic sequencing, the common hallmark structural features shared by these viruses were the most important criteria for the classification of ... | 2007 | 21348089 |
| introduction to the human γ-herpesviruses | this chapter will provide a brief background into the γ-herpesviruses family in comparison to other members of the herpesvirus family; but the primary focus of this chapter will be to recount the discovery of the two human γ-herpesviruses (ebv and kshv) and the diseases associated with infection of each virus, a brief introduction into their life cycles, and finally a description of the genome characteristics of the viruses including a description of their respective geno ... | 2007 | 21348088 |
| hhv-6a, 6b, and 7: pathogenesis, host response, and clinical disease | human herpesvirus 6(hhv-6) is a human pathogen of emerging clinical significance. hhv-6 was first isolated from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders in 1986 (salahuddin et al., 1986). hhv-6 isolates are classified into two groups as variants a(hhv-6a) and variant b(hhv-6b) (schirmer et al., 1991. the two variants are closely related but show consistent differences in biological, immunological, epidemiological, and molecular properties. hhv-6b is the major caus ... | 2007 | 21348085 |
| comparative genome and virion structure | the two major lineages in the betaherpesvirinae are the cytomegaloviruses (the cytomegalovirus and muromegalovirus genera, plus a number of other viruses whose taxonomy is only partially defined) and the roseolovirus genus (see chapter 1). the best characterized members of these lineages are hcmv (the prototype of the subfamily) and hhv-6, respectively. cytomegaloviruses are present in a wide range of mammalian species, and have been termed “salivary gland viruses” because of the ... | 2007 | 21348083 |
| immediate–early viral gene regulation and function | betaherpesviruses such as human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpesvirus-6a and 6b (hhv-6), and human herpesvirus-7 (hhv-7) replicate more slowly than alphaherpesviruses, are highly species-specific for infection, and establish latency in progenitor cells of the bone marrow and monocytes of the blood. hcmv has been the prototype of the betaherpesviruses for studies of gene expression and regulation. in cell culture, hcmv strains have been adapted to preferentially infect ... | 2007 | 21348077 |
| the epidemiology of kshv and its association with malignant disease | in 1872, moritz kaposi, a hungarian dermatologist, described six patients with multifocal brown–red or blue–red nodules or plaques on the feet and hands (kaposi, 1872). initially called “idiopathisches multiples pigmentsarcoma der haut” (multiple idiopathic sarcoma of the skin) by kaposi, the condition later became known as kaposi’s sarcoma (ks). decades later, after the epidemiology of ks began to be investigated, its uneven geographic distribution suggested that exogen ... | 2007 | 21348075 |
| human herpesviruses: biology, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis | this comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. this group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, epstein–barr virus, kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytom-egalovirus, hhv6a, 6b, and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. the viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of d ... | 2007 | 21348071 |
| kshv-induced oncogenesis | human infection by kshv is associated with the development of at least three proliferative disorders: kaposi’s sarcoma (ks), primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and a subset of multicentric castleman’s disease (mcd). in keeping with the classification of kshv as a lymphotropic (γ2) herpesvirus, two of these (pel and mcd) are primary disorders of the b cell lineage. the third, ks, is a more complex lesion driven by proliferation of cells of endothelial lineage. kshv is the sec ... | 2007 | 21348069 |
| epstein–barr virus vaccines | primates and their γ-herpesviruses enjoy a largely peaceful coexistence where a balance of power has been reached over evolutionary time. coevolution probably began before primate speciation and has allowed these viruses to develop sophisticated systems for the evasion of host immune responses. as a consequence, herpesvirus vaccines have been especially difficult to design because of viral latency, persistence, and immune modulation. epstein–barr virus (ebv) persists for ... | 2007 | 21348066 |
| hhv-6a, 6b, and 7: molecular basis of latency and reactivation | the human β-herpesvirus subfamily consists of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), and human herpesvirus 7 (hhv-7). hhv-6 and hhv-7 belong to the roseolovirus genus of the β-herpesviruses, and the hhv-6 species are divided into two variants: hhv-6a and hhv-6b. these viruses establish a lifelong infection of their host, reactivate frequently, and reactivated viruses are shed into the saliva (jordan, 1983; krueger et al., 1990). some evidence sugg ... | 2007 | 21348064 |
| klrg1+nkg2a+ cd8 t cells mediate protection and participate in memory responses during ?-herpesvirus infection. | functional cd8 t cell effector and memory responses are generated and maintained during murine ?-herpesvirus 68 (?hv68) persistent infection despite continuous presentation of viral lytic ags. however, the identity of the cd8 t cell subpopulations that mediate effective recall responses and that can participate in the generation of protective memory to a ?-herpesvirus infection remains unknown. during ?hv68 persistence, ~75% of ?hv68-specific cd8 t cells coexpress the nk receptors killer cell le ... | 2011 | 21346231 |
| a 128-base-pair sequence containing the pac1 and a presumed cryptic pac2 sequence includes cis elements sufficient to mediate efficient genome maturation of human cytomegalovirus. | herpesvirus dna replication proceeds via concatemeric replicative intermediates that are comprised of head-to-tail linked genomes. genome maturation is carried out by the terminase, an enzyme complex that mediates both the insertion of concatemer dna into capsids and its subsequent cleavage to release genomes within these capsids. this cleavage is sequence specific, but the governing cis-acting dna sequences are only partially characterized. two highly conserved motifs, the pac1 and pac2 motifs, ... | 2011 | 21345955 |
| kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor 3 inhibits gamma interferon and major histocompatibility complex class ii expression. | kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) carries four genes with homology to human interferon regulatory factors (irfs). one of these irfs, the viral interferon regulatory factor 3 (virf-3), is expressed in latently infected primary effusion lymphoma (pel) cells and required for their continuous proliferation. moreover, virf-3 is known to be involved in modulation of the type i interferon (ifn) response. we now show that virf-3 also interferes with the type ii interferon system and antigen ... | 2011 | 21345951 |
| cytomegalovirus ul103 controls virion and dense body egress. | human cytomegalovirus ul103 encodes a tegument protein that is conserved across herpesvirus subgroups. mutant viruses lacking this gene product exhibit dramatically reduced accumulation of cell-free virus progeny and poor cell-to-cell spread. given that viral proteins and viral dna accumulate with normal kinetics in cells infected with mutant virus, ul103 appears to function during the late phase of replication, playing a critical role in egress of capsidless dense bodies and virions. few dense ... | 2011 | 21345947 |
| new aspects of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. | drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (dihs) is caused by a limited number of specific drugs and is characterized by late onset, infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms, and herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) reactivation. recently, the involvement of herpes viruses other than hhv-6, such as epstein-barr virus and cytomegalovirus, has been reported. many approaches have been used to analyze the pathological mechanism, and have revealed new aspects of dihs. here, we focused on three key recent findings regard ... | 2011 | 21342223 |
| review: the neurobiology of varicella zoster virus infection. | varicella zoster virus (vzv) is a neurotropic herpesvirus that infects nearly all humans. primary infection usually causes chickenpox (varicella), after which virus becomes latent in cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia along the entire neuraxis. although vzv cannot be isolated from human ganglia, nucleic acid hybridization and, later, polymerase chain reaction proved that vzv is latent in ganglia. declining vzv-specific host immunity decades after primary infection a ... | 2011 | 21342215 |
| diagnosis and treatment of persistent oral lesions caused by herpesvirus in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris. | 2011 | 21342166 | |
| analysis of cytomegalovirus gene expression by transfection. | human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), a human herpesvirus, is the leading viral cause of birth defects (1,2). in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) patients, hcmv can cause severely debilitating colitis and retinitis; it is now an increasingly common cause of life-threatening pneumonitis in transplant patients (3-5). hcmv has a severely restricted host range in culture. it grows efficiently only in primary human diploid fibroblasts (hff) and a few selected human cell lines (6-9). monocytes serve ... | 2000 | 21340953 |
| immunological methods for the detection of human cytomegalovirus. | human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), a double-stranded dna virus in the herpesvirus family, is a ubiquitous virus that infects greater than 40-60% of the general population and up to 100% within some subpopulations and/or geographic areas (1). hcmv has a complex pathobiology because infection of immunocompetent individuals is rarely associated with severe clinical symptoms and in most cases is simply asymptomatic, whereas hcmv infections can cause a wide range of severe diseases, including mononucleosi ... | 2000 | 21340949 |
| active lytic infection of human primary tonsillar b cells by kshv and its noncytolytic control by activated cd4+ t cells. | kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is a b-lymphotropic virus whose primary site of replication is the oropharynx. kshv can infect both t and b cells from primary tonsillar explant cultures. however, t cells do not support lytic replication, while b cells spontaneously produce substantial amounts of infectious virus. here, we provide evidence for a mechanism by which activated t cells may promote or stabilize latency of kshv infection in b cells. when mixed cultures of b cells and activ ... | 2011 | 21339648 |
| kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv) vflip oncoprotein induces b cell transdifferentiation and tumorigenesis in mice. | kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv) is specifically associated with kaposi sarcoma (ks) and 2 b cell lymphoproliferative diseases, namely primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and multicentric castleman disease (mcd). ks, pel, and mcd are largely incurable and poorly understood diseases most common in hiv-infected individuals. here, we have revealed the role of viral flice-inhibitory protein (vflip) in the initiation of pel and mcd by specifically expressing vflip at different stages of b cell different ... | 2011 | 21339646 |
| unraveling virus-induced lymphomagenesis. | kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv), a human gammaherpesvirus, is the etiological agent for the endothelial-derived kaposi sarcoma (ks) and also for certain lymphoproliferative disorders. in these lymphoproliferations, the kshv-infected cells carry the stigmata of b lymphocytes, with plasmablastic features. the jci has published three manuscripts addressing key questions related to b cell infection and viral latent expression in b cells. myoung and ganem provide evidence that cd4(+) lymphocytes su ... | 2011 | 21339638 |
| bid and bim collaborate during induction of t cell death in persistent infection. | upon ag encounter, naive t cells undergo extensive ag-driven proliferation and can differentiate into effector cells. up to 95% of these cells die leaving a small residual population of t cells that provide protective memory. in this study, we investigated the contribution of the bh3-only family protein bid in the shutdown of t cell responses after acute and persistent infection. influenza virus pathogenicity has been proposed to be mediated by a peptide encoded in the basic polymerase (pb1-rf2) ... | 2011 | 21339359 |
| comparative genomic sequence analysis of the marek's disease vaccine strain sb-1. | marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus, induces a rapid onset t-cell lymphoma and demyelinating disease in chickens. since the 1970s the disease has been controlled through mass vaccination with herpesvirus of turkeys [meleagrid herpesvirus type 1 (mehv-1)]. over time this vaccine's efficacy decreased, and in the 1980s a bivalent vaccine consisting of mehv-1 and a non-oncogenic gallid herpesvirus type 3 (gahv-3) strain known as sb-1 was introduced. the complete dna sequence ( ... | 2011 | 21336949 |
| herpesvirus protease assays. | herpesviruses encode a serine protease that is essential for the maturation of viral capsids (1,2). the protease is expressed as part of a polyprotein. the catalytic domain is contained within the n-terminal third of the protein, and the remainder comprises a structural "scaffold" protein. the scaffold protein is independently expressed in excess to the polyprotein from an internal initiation codon. the protease cleaves the polyprotein at two sites: one at the c-terminus of the protease catalyti ... | 2000 | 21331908 |
| monitoring drug resistance for herpesviruses. | herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human cytomegalovirus (cmv) cause diseases that are usually self-limiting in the immunocompetent host. however, hsv-1, hsv-2, vzv, and cmv are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised patient. prolonged antiviral treatment is often required for the clinical management of herpesvirus infections in the immunocompromised patient, and this favors the emergence of drug-resistant strains. the iso ... | 2000 | 21331907 |
| antiviral screening assays for human herpesviruses 6 and 7. | human herpesviruses 6 and 7 are ubiquitous herpesviruses that normally infect their hosts early in life. there are two variant groups of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6): variants a (hhv-6a) and b (hhv-6b). variant a has not been unambiguously associated with a specific disease but may contribute to disease in immunocompromised patients; variant b is the major etiologic agent of roseola (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum) and other febrile illnesses of young children, and has been associated with ... | 2000 | 21331905 |
| high incidence of cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, and epstein-barr virus reactivation in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy for adult t cell leukemia. | the etiology of cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6), and epstein-barr virus (ebv) reactivation and the potential for complications following cytotoxic chemotherapy in the absence of allogeneic transplantation are not clearly understood. patients with adult t cell leukemia (atl) are susceptible to opportunistic infections. in this study, the incidence, kinetics and clinical significance of reactivation of cmv, hhv-6, and ebv in atl patients were investigated. viral dna in a total o ... | 2011 | 21328386 |
| consistent inhibition of hiv-1 replication in cd4+ t cells by acyclovir without detection of human herpesviruses. | acyclovir, a nucleoside analog, is thought to be specific for the human herpesviruses because it requires a virally encoded enzyme to phosphorylate it to acyclovir monophosphate. recently, acyclovir triphosphate was shown to be a direct inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase. here, we showed that acyclovir is an inhibitor of hiv-1 replication in cd4(+) t cells from cord blood that have undetectable levels of the eight human herpesviruses. additionally, acy ... | 2011 | 21325417 |
| the central repeat domain 1 of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) latency associated-nuclear antigen 1 (lana1) prevents cis mhc class i peptide presentation. | kshv lana1, a latent protein expressed during chronic infection to maintain a viral genome, inhibits major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc i) peptide presentation in cis as a means of immune evasion. through deletional cloning, we localized this function to the lana1 central repeat 1 (cr1) subregion. other cr subregions retard lana1 translation and proteasomal processing but do not markedly inhibit lana1 peptide processing by mhc i. inhibition of proteasomal processing ablates lana1 pept ... | 2011 | 21324504 |
| the ul4 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 is not essential for replication or pathogenesis and inhibits gene expression controlled by viral and heterologous promoters. | defective interfering particles (dip) of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) inhibit standard virus replication and mediate persistent infection. the dip genome is comprised of only three genes: ul3, ul4, and a hybrid gene composed of portions of the ir4 (eicp22) and ul5 (eicp27) genes. the hybrid gene is important for dip interference, but the function(s) of the ul3 and ul4 genes are unknown. here, we show that ul4 is an early gene activated solely by the immediate early protein. the ul4 protein (ul4p ... | 2011 | 21324502 |
| comparative analysis of replication characteristics of bohv-1 subtypes in bovine respiratory and genital mucosa explants: a phylogenetic enlightenment. | abstract: in general, members of the alphaherpesvirinae use the epithelium of the upper respiratory and/or genital tract as a preferential site for primary replication. bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bohv-1) may replicate at both sites and cause two major clinical entities designated as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis/balanoposthitis (ipv/ipb) in cattle. it has been hypothesized that subtype 1.1 invades preferentially the upper respiratory mucosa wherea ... | 2011 | 21324115 |
| antiviral inhibition targeting the hcmv kinase pul97 requires pul27-dependent degradation of tip60 acetyltransferase and cell-cycle arrest. | infection with the ß-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is lifelong, causing limited disease in healthy adults, but life threatening in immunocompromised individuals. the viral kinase pul97, a functional ortholog of cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), is critical for hcmv replication and a target for antiviral drug development. upon kinase inhibition, drug-resistant strains emerge with mutations in ul27, an hcmv gene of unknown function. using a proteomics approach, we discovered tha ... | 2011 | 21320693 |
| molecular characteristics of polish field strains of marek's disease herpesvirus isolated from vaccinated chickens. | twenty-nine marek's disease virus (mdv) strains were isolated during a 3 year period (2007-2010) from vaccinated and infected chicken flocks in poland. these strains had caused severe clinical symptoms and lesions. in spite of proper vaccination with mono- or bivalent vaccines against marek's disease (md), the chickens developed symptoms of md with paralysis.because of this we decided to investigate possible changes and mutations in the field strains that could potentially increase their virulen ... | 2011 | 21320336 |
| systemic herpesvirus infection in an azara's night monkey (aotus azarae). | intra- and inter-species transmission of human herpesvirus type 1 were noticed. in the present study, the herpesviral infection of a 1-year-old azara's night monkey (aotus azarae) was investigated. | 2011 | 21320132 |
| treatment of viral conjunctivitis with antiviral drugs. | viral conjunctivitis is one of the most common disorders observed in ophthalmic emergency departments, yet no established treatment exists. lately, antiviral medications have been introduced into clinical practice; however, a systematic review focusing on their use and effectiveness in the treatment of viral conjunctivitis has not been previously reported. we systemically reviewed the literature to identify studies where antiviral drugs were used to treat viral conjunctivitis. currently, aciclov ... | 2011 | 21319870 |
| infection of cultured bovine cells with bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) or sendai virus induces different beta interferon subtypes. | in contrast to mice or humans, cattle contain three beta interferon (ifn-ß) genes with distinct transcriptional promoters suggesting ifn-ß gene expression is not stimulated the same by different viruses. to test this hypothesis, we compared expression of the three ifn-ß subtypes after infection with a rna virus, sendai, versus a large dna virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1). infection of low passage bovine kidney (bk) or established bovine kidney cells (crib) with sendai virus has consistently l ... | 2011 | 21316405 |
| experimental infection of pacific oyster crassostrea gigas spat by ostreid herpesvirus 1: demonstration of oyster spat susceptibility. | abstract: in 2008 and 2009, acute mortalities occurred in france among pacific cupped oyster, crassostrea gigas, spat. different hypothesis including the implication of environmental factors, toxic algae and/or pathogens have been explored. diagnostic tests indicated that oshv-1 including a particular genotype, termed oshv-1 µvar, was detected in most of samples and especially in moribund oysters with the highlighting of virus particles looking like herpes viruses by tem examination. in this stu ... | 2011 | 21314910 |