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oxldl enhances choroidal neovascularization lesion through inducing vascular endothelium to mesenchymal transition process and angiogenic factor expression.oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein (oxldl) can impact the formation of choroidal neovascularization (cnv) via regulating endothelial cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory and angiogenic factors, but the specific molecular mechanism is not clear. in this study, we evaluated the role of molecular pathways that affect angiogenesis at different stages. in vivo, we found that intravitreal injection of oxldl following the laser photocoagulation significantly enhanced the cnv size. in vitro exp ...202032087305
extraretinal spike normalization in retinal ganglion cell axons.spike conduction velocity characteristically differs between myelinated and unmyelinated axons. here we test whether spikes of myelinated and unmyelinated paths differ in other respects by measuring rat retinal ganglion cell (rgc) spike duration in the intraretinal, unmyelinated nerve fiber layer and the extraretinal, myelinated optic nerve and optic chiasm. we find that rapid spike firing and illumination broaden spikes in intraretinal axons but not in extraretinal axons. rgc axons thus initiat ...202032086286
short-term caloric restriction attenuates obesity-induced pro-inflammatory response in male rhesus macaques.white adipose tissue (wat) hypertrophy is an essential hallmark of obesity and is associated with the activation of resident immune cells. while the benefits of caloric restriction (cr) on health span are generally accepted, its effects on wat physiology are not well understood. we previously demonstrated that short-term cr reverses obesity in male rhesus macaques exposed to a high-fat western-style diet (wsd). here, we analyzed subcutaneous wat biopsies collected from this cohort of animals bef ...202032085416
long-term evolution and remodeling of soft drusen in rhesus macaques.to characterize the evolution and structure of soft drusen in aged rhesus macaques using in vivo multimodal retinal imaging and ex vivo histologic and ultrastructural analyses as a nonhuman primate model of early age-related macular degeneration (amd).202032084273
induction of transient virus replication facilitates antigen-independent isolation of siv-specific monoclonal antibodies.structural characterization of the hiv-1 envelope (env) glycoprotein has facilitated the development of env probes to isolate hiv-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs). however, preclinical studies have largely evaluated these virus-specific mabs against chimeric viruses, which do not naturally infect non-human primates, in contrast to the unconstrained simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)mac239 clone. given the paucity of native-like reagents for the isolation of siv-specific b cells, we examine ...202032083148
mechanisms that allow cortical preparatory activity without inappropriate movement.we reveal a novel mechanism that explains how preparatory activity can evolve in motor-related cortical areas without prematurely inducing movement. the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields (fefsem) is a critical node in the neural circuit controlling smooth pursuit eye movement. preparatory activity evolves in the monkey fefsem during fixation in parallel with an objective measure of visual-motor gain. we propose that the use of fefsem output as a gain signal rather than a movem ...202032081130
immune correlates of postexposure vaccine protection against marburg virus.postexposure immunization can prevent disease and reduce transmission following pathogen exposure. the rapid immunostimulatory properties of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv)-based vaccines make them suitable postexposure treatments against the filoviruses ebola virus and marburg virus (marv); however, the mechanisms that drive this protection are undefined. previously, we reported 60-75% survival of rhesus macaques treated with rvsv vectors expressing marv glycoprotein (gp) 20-30 mi ...202032080323
comparison of shortened mosaic hiv-1 vaccine schedules: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial (ipcavd010/hpx1002) and a preclinical study in rhesus monkeys (nhp 17-22).current efficacy studies of a mosaic hiv-1 prophylactic vaccine require four vaccination visits over one year, which is a complex regimen that could prove challenging for vaccine delivery at the community level, both for recipients and clinics. in this study, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of shorter, simpler regimens of trivalent ad26.mos.hiv expressing mosaic hiv-1 env/gag/pol antigens combined with aluminium phosphate-adjuvanted clade c gp140 protein.202032078815
nf-κb duplications in the promoter-variant hiv-1c ltr impact inflammation without altering viral replication in the context of simian human immunodeficiency viruses and opioid-exposure.recent spread of the promoter variant (4-κb) human immunodeficiency virus-1 clade c (hiv-1c) strain is attributed to duplication of the nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb) binding sites and potential increased heroin consumption in india. to study the underlying biology of 4-κb hiv-1c in rhesus macaques, we engineered a promoter-chimera variant (4nf-κb) simian human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) by substituting the hiv-1c long terminal repeat (ltr) region consisting of 4 nf-κb and 3 sp-1 sites with t ...202032076422
immune checkpoint modulation enhances hiv-1 antibody induction.eliciting protective titers of hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) is a goal of hiv-1 vaccine development, but current vaccine strategies have yet to induce bnabs in humans. many bnabs isolated from hiv-1-infected individuals are encoded by immunoglobulin gene rearrangments with infrequent naive b cell precursors and with unusual genetic features that may be subject to host regulatory control. here, we administer antibodies targeting immune cell regulatory receptors ctla-4, pd-1 or ox4 ...202032075963
a bivalent, spherical virus-like particle vaccine enhances breadth of immune responses against pathogenic ebola viruses in rhesus macaques.the 2013-2016 ebola outbreak in west africa led to accelerated efforts to develop vaccines against these highly virulent viruses. a live, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine has been deployed in outbreak settings and appears highly effective. vaccines based on replication-deficient adenovirus vectors either alone or in combination with a multivalent modified vaccinia ankara (mva) ebola vaccine also appear promising and are progressing in clinical evaluation. however, the ability ...202032075939
nef-mediated cd3-tcr downmodulation dampens acute inflammation and promotes siv immune evasion.the inability of nef to downmodulate the cd3-t cell receptor (tcr) complex distinguishes hiv-1 from other primate lentiviruses and may contribute to its high virulence. however, the role of this nef function in virus-mediated immune activation and pathogenicity remains speculative. here, we selectively disrupted this nef activity in sivmac239 and analyzed the consequences for the virological, immunological, and clinical outcome of infection in rhesus macaques. the inability to downmodulate cd3-t ...202032075764
oral microbiome and gingival transcriptome profiles of ligature-induced periodontitis.this investigation evaluated the relationship of the oral microbiome and gingival transcriptome in health and periodontitis in nonhuman primates (macaca mulatta). subgingival plaque samples and gingival biopsies were collected from healthy sites and at sites undergoing ligature-induced periodontitis. microbial samples were analyzed with 16s amplicon sequencing to identify bacterial profiles in young (3 to 7 y) and adult (12 to 23 y) animals. the gingival transcriptome was determined with a micro ...202032075482
spatial neuronal integration supports a global representation of visual numerosity in primate association cortices.our sense of number rests on the activity of neurons that are tuned to the number of items and show great invariance across display formats and modalities. whether numerosity coding becomes abstracted from local spatial representations characteristic of visual input is not known. we mapped the visual receptive fields (rfs) of numerosity-selective neurons in the pfc and ventral intraparietal area in rhesus monkeys. we found numerosity selectivity in pfc and ventral intraparietal neurons irrespect ...202032073351
rearing condition may alter neonatal development of captive bolivian squirrel monkeys (saimiri boliviensis boliviensis).nursery rearing has well-known consequences for primate species. relative to some other primate species, research has indicated a reduced impact of nursery rearing on squirrel monkeys, particularly in terms of rates, severity, and persistence of abnormal behavior. we administered the primate neonatal neurobehavioral assessment to 29 dam-reared and 13 nursery-reared squirrel monkeys (saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) at 2 and 6 weeks of age. mixed-model anovas comparing composite scores and indivi ...202032072635
kinship, association, and social relationships in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).data on social interactions with matrilineal kin were collected from two groups of rhesus monkeys for 6 years. all behavioral states, including time within one meter of another, involved kin more often than would be expected by chance. significant associations were also found between kinship and the frequencies of various forms of agonistic as well as affiliative acts. frequency of social interaction, however, was not a simple function of time in proximity. although animals spent more time with ...199332070084
methylphenidate affects task-switching and neural signaling in non-human primates.low doses of psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (mph), which increase extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine by inhibiting their reuptake, are the most commonly used treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd). therapeutic doses of these drugs may improve focused attention at the expense of hindering other cognitive functions, including the ability to adapt behavior in response to changing circumstances-cognitive flexibility. cognitive flexibility is thought to depend ...202032067136
the role of the posterior parietal cortex in saccadic error processing.ocular saccades rapidly displace the fovea from one point of interest to another, thus minimizing the loss of visual information and ensuring the seamless continuity of visual perception. however, because of intrinsic variability in sensory-motor processing, saccades often miss their intended target, necessitating a secondary corrective saccade. behavioral evidence suggests that the oculomotor system estimates saccadic error by relying on two sources of information: the retinal feedback obtained ...202032065255
spontaneous color preferences in rhesus monkeys: what is the advantage of primate trichromacy?color perception and color signaling play an important role in various aspects of animal behavior. however, in mammals, trichromatic vision characterized by three retinal photopigments tuned to peak short, middle and long wavelengths is limited only to some primate species. in old and new world primates a second photopigment has appeared repeatedly during phylogeny, allowing red colors to be distinguished from yellows and greens. several hypotheses aspire to explain the adaptive benefits of tric ...202032061913
high-throughput identification of mhc class i binding peptides using an ultradense peptide array.rational vaccine development and evaluation requires identifying and measuring the magnitude of epitope-specific cd8 t cell responses. however, conventional cd8 t cell epitope discovery methods are labor intensive and do not scale well. in this study, we accelerate this process by using an ultradense peptide array as a high-throughput tool for screening peptides to identify putative novel epitopes. in a single experiment, we directly assess the binding of four common indian rhesus macaque mhc cl ...202032060132
suprachoroidal and subretinal injections of aav using transscleral microneedles for retinal gene delivery in nonhuman primates.retinal gene therapy using adeno-associated viruses (aavs) is constrained by the mode of viral vector delivery. intravitreal aav injections are impeded by the internal limiting membrane barrier, while subretinal injections require invasive surgery and produce a limited region of therapeutic effect. in this study, we introduce a novel mode of ocular gene delivery in rhesus macaques using transscleral microneedles to inject aav8 into the subretinal or suprachoroidal space, a potential space betwee ...202032055646
prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (gs-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of mers-cov infection.the continued emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) cases with a high case fatality rate stresses the need for the availability of effective antiviral treatments. remdesivir (gs-5734) effectively inhibited mers coronavirus (mers-cov) replication in vitro, and showed efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov in a mouse model. here, we tested the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment in a nonhuman primate model of mers-cov infection, the r ...202032054787
age-related differences in the gut microbiome of rhesus macaques.aging is a multifactorial process characterized by progressive changes in gut physiology and the intestinal mucosal immune system. these changes, along with alterations in lifestyle, diet, nutrition, inflammation and immune function alter both composition and stability of the gut microbiota. given the impact of environmental influences on the gut microbiota, animal models are particularly useful in this field. to understand the relationship between the gut microbiota and aging in nonhuman primat ...202032052009
presence of inflammatory group i and iii innate lymphoid cells in the colon of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques.chronic, low-grade, systemic, and mucosal inflammation correlates with increased morbidity and poor clinical outcomes among patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). these long-term complications are linked to the disruption of gastrointestinal (gi) tract epithelial barrier integrity and subsequent microbial translocation. however, the mechanisms responsible for these downstream effects of infection are unknown. here, we demonstrate that during the disruption of the gi tract and i ...202032051277
effects of corneal crosslinking on corneal shape stabilization after orthokeratology.orthokeratology (ortho-k) works to reshape cornea and is the only non-surgical way to enable vision without corrective aids. however, its effect is only temporary, and successful stabilization requires ongoing ortho-k wear to maintain the reshaping effect. corneal crosslinking (cxl) is a commonly-used technique in clinical practice to stabilize corneal shape in keratoconic eyes. however, whether or not cxl can stabilize corneal shape after ortho-k in normal cornea has not been reported. therefor ...202032047218
progesterone increases mitochondria membrane potential in non-human primate oocytes and embryos.mitochondrial activity is critical and correlates with embryo development. the identification of a novel human mitochondrial progesterone receptor (pr-m) that increases cellular respiration brings into question a role for progesterone in oocyte and preimplantation embryo development. oocytes and embryos were generated from three rhesus non-human primates (macaca mulatta) undergoing in vitro fertilization. immunohistochemical (ihc) staining for the progesterone receptor and mitochondria, rt-pcr w ...202032046426
postural control of arm and fingers through integration of movement commands.every movement ends in a period of stillness. current models assume that commands that hold the limb at a target location do not depend on the commands that moved the limb to that location. here, we report a surprising relationship between movement and posture in primates: on a within-trial basis, the commands that hold the arm and finger at a target location depend on the mathematical integration of the commands that moved the limb to that location. following damage to the corticospinal tract, ...202032043973
associative models fail to characterize transitive inference performance in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).it has been suggested that non-verbal transitive inference (if a > b and b > c, then a > c) can be accounted for by associative models. however, little is known about the applicability of such models to primate data. in experiment 1, we tested the fit of two associative models to primate data from both sequential training, in which the training pairs were presented in a backward order, and simultaneous training, in which all training pairs are presented intermixed from the beginning. we found th ...202032040696
the role of protein and free amino acids on intake, metabolism, and gut microbiome: a comparison between breast-fed and formula-fed rhesus monkey infants.background: compared to breast-fed (bf), formula-fed (ff) infants exhibit more rapid weight gain, a different fecal microbial profile, as well as elevated serum insulin, insulin growth factor 1 (igf-1), and branched chain amino acids (bcaas). since infant formula contains more protein and lower free amino acids than breast milk, it is thought that protein and/or free amino acids may be key factors that explain phenotypic differences between bf and ff infants. methods: newborn rhesus monkeys (mac ...201932039120
in vivo tracking of adoptively transferred natural killer cells in rhesus macaques using 89zirconium-oxine cell labeling and pet imaging.trials of adoptive natural killer (nk)-cell immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies have thus far shown only marginal effects, despite the potent in vitro antitumor activity of these cells. homing of infused cells to tumor microenvironments is critical for efficacy, but has not been well characterized. we established a novel method to track and quantify the distribution of adoptively transferred nk cells using rhesus macaques (rm) as a clinically relevant preclinical model.202032034075
the metabolomic signature of the placenta in spontaneous preterm birth.the placenta is metabolically active and supports the growth of the fetus. we hypothesize that deficits in the capacity of the placenta to maintain bioenergetic and metabolic stability during pregnancy may result in spontaneous preterm birth (sptb). to explore this hypothesis, we performed a nested cased control study of metabolomic signatures in placentas from women with sptb (<36 weeks gestation) compared to normal pregnancies (≥38 weeks gestation). to control for the effects of gestational ag ...202032033212
a novel immunogen selectively eliciting cd8+ t cells but not cd4+ t cells targeting immunodeficiency virus antigens.optimization of immunogen is crucial for induction of effective t-cell responses in the development of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccine. conventional t-cell-based vaccines have been designed to induce virus-specific cd4+ t as well as cd8+ t cells. however, it has been indicated that induction of hiv-specific cd4+ t cells, preferential targets for hiv infection, by vaccination may be detrimental and accelerate viral replication after hiv exposure. in the present study, we present a no ...202032024773
social subordination alters estradiol-induced changes in cortico-limbic brain volumes in adult female rhesus monkeys.women have a higher risk of developing stress-related disorders compared to men and the experience of a stressful life event is a potent risk-factor. the rodent literature suggests that chronic exposure to stressors as well as 17β-estradiol (e2) can result in alterations in neuronal structure in corticolimbic brain regions, however the translation of these data to humans is limited by the nature of the stressor experienced and issues of brain homology. to address these limitations, we used a wel ...202032023501
neonatal rhesus macaques have distinct immune cell transcriptional profiles following hiv envelope immunization.hiv-1-infected infants develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) more rapidly than adults, suggesting differences in the neonatal versus adult responses to the hiv-1 envelope (env). here, trimeric forms of hiv-1 env immunogens elicit increased gp120- and gp41-specific antibodies more rapidly in neonatal macaques than adult macaques. transcriptome analyses of neonatal versus adult immune cells after env vaccination reveal that neonatal macaques have higher levels of the apoptosis regulator ...202032023469
expression of bitter taste receptors in the intestinal cells of non-human primates.(1) background: recent studies have investigated the expression of taste-related genes in the organs of various animals, including humans; however, data for additional taxa are needed to facilitate comparative analyses within and among species. (2) methods: we investigated the expression of taste-related genes in the intestines of rhesus macaques, the non-human primates most commonly used in experimental models. (3) results: based on rnaseq and qrt-pcr, genes encoding bitter taste receptors and ...202032019181
molecular analysis of lymphoid tissue from rhesus macaque rhadinovirus-infected monkeys identifies alterations in host genes associated with oncogenesis.rhesus macaque (rm) rhadinovirus (rrv) is a simian gamma-2 herpesvirus closely related to human kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). rrv is associated with the development of diseases in simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) co-infected rm that resemble kshv-associated pathologies observed in hiv-infected humans, including b cell lymphoproliferative disorders (lpd) and lymphoma. importantly, how de novo kshv infection affects the expression of host genes in humans, and how these alterat ...202032017809
cloning and functional testing of rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) il-9 and il-33.il-9 and il-33 can profoundly influence immune responses. as a necessary first step toward defining their impact in the rhesus macaque model, we confirmed their endogenous expression and sequence identity and generated expression vectors for the recombinant expression of rhesus il-9 and il-33.202032017131
development of an antibody cocktail for treatment of sudan virus infection.antibody-based therapies are a promising treatment option for managing ebolavirus infections. several ebola virus (ebov)-specific and, more recently, pan-ebolavirus antibody cocktails have been described. here, we report the development and assessment of a sudan virus (sudv)-specific antibody cocktail. we produced a panel of sudv glycoprotein (gp)-specific human chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mabs) using both plant and mammalian expression systems and completed head-to-head in vitro and in vivo ...202032015126
does the superior fronto-occipital fascicle exist in the human brain? fiber dissection and brain functional mapping in 90 patients with gliomas.the presence of the superior fronto-occipital fascicle (sfof) has been reported in the rhesus monkey; however, it is a subject of controversy in humans. the aim of this study is to identify the sfof using both in vitro and in vivo anatomo-functional analyses. this study consisted of two approaches. first, one acallosal brain and 12 normal postmortem hemispheres (five left and seven right sides) were dissected under a microscope using klingler's fiber dissection technique. we focused on the media ...202032014826
functional mait cells are associated with reduced simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection.mucosa-associated invariant t (mait) cells are recently characterized as a novel subset of innate-like t cells that recognize microbial metabolites as presented by the mhc-1b-related protein mr1. the significance of mait cells in anti-bacterial defense is well-understood but not clear in viral infections such as siv/hiv infection. here we studied the phenotype, distribution, and function of mait cells and their association with plasma viral levels during chronic shiv infection in rhesus macaques ...201932010135
network models predict that pyramidal neuron hyperexcitability and synapse loss in the dlpfc lead to age-related spatial working memory impairment in rhesus monkeys.behavioral studies have shown spatial working memory impairment with aging in several animal species, including humans. persistent activity of layer 3 pyramidal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlpfc) neurons during delay periods of working memory tasks is important for encoding memory of the stimulus. in vitro studies have shown that these neurons undergo significant age-related structural and functional changes, but the extent to which these changes affect neural mechanisms underlying spatial w ...201932009920
kappa opioid agonists reduce oxycodone self-administration in male rhesus monkeys.combinations of mu and kappa opioid receptor (kor) agonists have been proposed as potential analgesic formulations with reduced abuse liability. the current studies extend previous work by investigating the typical kor agonist, salvinorin a, and the atypical kor agonist, nalfurafine, as deterrents of oxycodone self-administration using a progressive ratio (pr) schedule of reinforcement.202032006048
understanding the structural basis of hiv-1 restriction by the full length double-domain apobec3g.apobec3g, a member of the double-domain cytidine deaminase (cd) apobec, binds rna to package into virions and restrict hiv-1 through deamination-dependent or deamination-independent inhibition. mainly due to lack of a full-length double-domain apobec structure, it is unknown how cd1/cd2 domains connect and how dimerization/multimerization is linked to rna binding and virion packaging for hiv-1 restriction. we report rhesus macaque a3g structures that show different inter-domain packing through a ...202032005813
overexpression of cd6 and pd-1 identifies dysfunctional cd8+ t-cells during chronic siv infection of rhesus macaques.effective cd8+ t-cell responses play an important role in determining the course of siv/hiv viral infection. here we identified a unique population of dysfunctional cd8+ t-cells in lymphoid tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) of rhesus macaques with chronic siv infection characterized by co-expression of cd6 and pd-1. the frequency of cd6 and pd-1 co-expressing cd8+ t-cells was significantly increased in lymphoid tissues and bal during chronic siv infection compared to pre-infection levels. ...201931998302
outcome expectancy and suboptimal risky choice in nonhuman primates.animals will favor a risky option when a stimulus signaling reward bridges the choice and the outcome. the present experiments investigated signal-induced risky choices and reward-outcome expectations in rhesus and capuchin monkeys. risky choice was assessed by preference for a large-probabilistic reward over a modest-certain reward. outcome expectancy was assessed by providing a truncation-response to shorten the delay period. in experiment 1 both species generally favored the risky option comp ...202031997252
primate phonation: anterior cingulate lesion effects on response rate and acoustical structure.four juvenile rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) that were conditioned to emit a discriminative vocal response underwent unilateral and bilateral lesions of anterior cingulate gyrus in stepwise sequence. pre- and post-lesion measures of vocal response rate and acoustical features (call duration, amplitude, and fundamental frequency) were obtained for the conditioned task and for vocalization in the home colony (spontaneous vocalization). unilateral lesions produced little consistent change in spont ...198131995953
allomaternal behavior in a group of free-ranging patas monkeys.a free-ranging group of patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) containing 18 individually identifiable adult females was observed for approximately 400 hours, equally distributed over two two-month periods corresponding to the breeding and birth seasons, at the la parguera facility of the caribbean primate research center. the large number of infants born in the spring and early summer (n = 14) allowed for detailed observations of alloparental behaviors, with a focus on allomothering by the adult fe ...198131995950
the association between rank and reproductive success of male rhesus monkeys.the paternity of 202 of 220 offspring of rhesus monkeys housed in six separate half-acre field cages at the california primate research center was determined by genetic marker techniques. reproductive success of the adult males was statistically significantly correlated (r = 0.76, p <0.0005) with rank. marked systematic changes in reproductive success were, however, observed for two adult males during the three years covered by this study. based upon these results and those of another study, it ...198131995948
brief repot: interactions with infants by full siblings, paternal half-siblings, and nonrelatives in a captive group of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).six mother-infant pairs in a group of captive rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were observed for six months. "infant grabs" by others and mothers' resistance to grabs were scored. more full siblings grabbed infants than either paternal half-siblings or nonrelatives. mothers resisted grabbing by more nonrelatives than by paternal half-siblings. although the maternal effect suggested by full sib-infant interactions is expected, the paternal effect revealed by mothers' tolerance of paternal half-sib ...198131995945
seminal parameters in rhesus monkeys under physiological conditions and in studies for male fertility control using fsh antibodies or lh-rh-agonists.to characterize the male rhesus monkey as a nonhuman primate model for human testicular functions, parameters of exocrine and endocrine testicular function were monitored in 16 adult male-rhesus monkeys for 1 and 5 years respectively. testicular volumes in-season (october-january) were twice as great as in out-of-season animals (march-june). ejaculations, both spontaneous and electrostimulated, ceased out-of-season. in 37 ejaculates obtained by electrostimulation in-season, sperm counts ranged f ...198131995938
micropuncture and microanalytical studies of rhesus monkey and baboon epididymis and the human ductus deferens.using micropuncture and microanalytical techniques, we studied the microenvironment surrounding the maturing spermatozoa in different regions along the epididymis of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta; 3 animals) and the baboon (papio cynocephalus; 1 animal) and in the human ductus deferens. in the monkey and baboon, samples of luminal contents (luminal fluid and spermatozoa) of approximately 50 to 300 nanolitres were collected from several epididymal sites and the luminal fluid analyzed for inos ...198131995936
epididymal compounds and their influence on the metabolism and survival of spermatozoa.epididymal fluid, which is derived from testicular fluid, contains several unusual compounds. little information is available on the composition of the testicular fluid of primates, but the fluid of the ram, bull, boar, and rat contains high concentrations of inositol and certain amino acids. analyses have been made of epididymal fluid collected from the cauda epididymis of the rhesus monkey and several nonprimate species (e.g., ram, bull, dog, stallion, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, and hamster), bu ...198131995935
primates: their use in research on vasectomy.studies based on experimental vasectomies clearly reveal marked species differences in response to vasectomy. in rats, vasectomy invariably results in granuloma formation at the surgical site. in rabbits, immune-complex orchitis develops. allergic orchitis may also develop in guinea pigs, and the morphological lesions can be adoptively transferred. my co-workers and i have been able to study systematically, biochemically, hormonally, pathologically, and immunologically, primates vasectomized up ...198131995929
diagonal walking in captive infant vervet monkeys.the frequency of use of diagonal walking by three motorically immature vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) is discussed. the subjects were housed at the balcones research center (austin, texas) and ranged from 15-105 days of age. mixed longitudinal data taken from film indicated that lateral walknig was the first gait employed by the infant vervets studied, but that diagonal walking completely replaced lateral walking by 81 days of age. these data were compared with those of captive infant m ...198231995905
a description of the upper thoracic autonomic nervous system in the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta).the purpose of this study was to describe the autonomic innervation of the carotid sinus and heart in the rhesus monkey. nine male rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) and one male crab-eating macaque (m. fascicularis) were carefully dissected from the origin of the vagus nerves and superior cervical ganglia to the level of the fourth thoracic ganglion. the specimens were either freshly killed or obtained no later than 24 hours post mortem. the macaque monkeys were found to possess an innervation pat ...198231995903
aerosol delivery of synthetic mrna to vaginal mucosa leads to durable expression of broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv.there is a clear need for low-cost, self-applied, long-lasting approaches to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in both men and women, even with the advent of pre-exposure prophylaxis (prep). broadly neutralizing antibodies represent an option to improve hiv prophylaxis, but intravenous delivery, cold-chain stability requirements, low cervicovaginal concentrations, and cost may preclude their use. here, we present an approach to express the anti-gp120 broadly neutralizing antib ...202031995741
age-related changes in sound onset and offset intensity coding in auditory cortical fields a1 and cl of rhesus macaques.inhibition plays a key role in shaping sensory processing in the central auditory system and has been implicated in sculpting receptive field properties such as sound intensity coding and also in shaping temporal patterns of neuronal firing such as onset- or offset-evoked responses. there is substantial evidence supporting a decrease in inhibition throughout the ascending auditory pathway in geriatric animals. we therefore examined intensity coding of onset (on) and offset (off) responses in aud ...202031995426
characterization of ubrogepant: a potent and selective antagonist of the human calcitonin gene‒related peptide receptor.a growing body of evidence has implicated the calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) receptors in migraine pathophysiology. with the recent approval of monoclonal antibodies targeting cgrp or the cgrp receptor, the inhibition of cgrp-mediated signaling has emerged as a promising approach for preventive treatments of migraine in adults. however, there are no small-molecule anti-cgrp treatments available for treating migraine. the current studies aimed to characterize the pharmacologic properties ...202031992609
brief report: population dynamics of free-ranging rhesus monkeys in different ecological conditions in india.data are presented on group size, composition, and reproductive rates of nine free-ranging rhesus monkey groups inhabiting different habitats in india, based on 7,300 observation hours spread over 1975-1980. analysis suggests that groups increased in size irrespective of the habitat occupied.198331992015
polyspecific groups of macaques on the kowloon peninsula, new territories, hong kong.three polyspecific groups of free-ranging macaques were observed in july and august of 1980 and 1981 in the forests of the new territories of mainland hong kong. two groups were composed of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) and long-tailed or crab-eating monkeys (m. fascicularis), and one group was composed of both the former plus japanese macaques (m. fuscata). all three groups contained hybrids between m. mulatta and m. fascicularis. this combination of species within the same social group is an ...198331992014
induction of marginal zinc deficiency in female rhesus monkeys.although severe zinc deficiency has been previously induced in rhesus monkeys, marginal zinc deprivation, a state more analogous to that found in human populations has not been characterized. to address this issue, zinc deficiency was induced in mature female rhesus monkeys by restriction of dietary zinc in a semipurified diet based on sprayed egg white as the protein source. groups of monkeys were fed dietary levels of 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, or 100 ppm zinc. plasma zinc concentration fell from a ...198231992003
assessment of glucoregulation in rhesus monkeys sedated with ketamine.glucose, insulin, and cortisol were measured in the blood of rhesus monkeys under several conditions. glucose and insulin concentrations were higher and cortisol lower shortly after the morning meal than after an overnight fast. ketamine had no detectable effect on basal (fasting) glucose or insulin values in normal monkeys, even when sedation was maintained for more than 2 h. ketamine did not appear to affect the response to a glucose load or to insulininduced hypoglycemia. it is concluded that ...198231992002
a five-year study of tetanus in the cayo santiago rhesus monkey colony: behavioral description and epizootiology.tetanus is a major cause of death in the free-ranging rhesus moonkey colony on the island of cayo santiago, puerto rico. during the five-year period of observation (july 1, 1976 through june 30, 1981), the mean annual tetanus mortality rate (± 1 sd) was 1.74% (±0.15). the mean annual total mortality rate was 6.77% (±0.78). the tetanus mortality rate varied sigificantly (p < 0.005) among the six troops on the island. clinically confirmed tetanus accounted for 24.68% of the 231 deaths which occurr ...198231991997
a fatal epizootic of undetermined etiology in new world monkeys.a peracute epizootic disease, strikingly characterized by profuse terminal hemorrhaging from the lungs, caused the deaths of 104 squirrel monkeys and 3 capuchin monkeys over a 22-month period. the case fatality rate was 100%. the pulmonary hemorrhaging was often accompanied by pulmonary edema and congestion, interstitial pneumonia, and hydrothorax. additional histologic lesions included interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and hepatic necrosis, adrenalitis and adrenal necrosis, myocarditis, splenic ...198231991987
nasal and cutaneous anatrichosomiasis in the free-ranging rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) of cayo santiago.one hundred and twenty-nine free-ranging rhesus monkeys on the island of cayo santiago were surveyed for the nematode anatrichosoma cutaneum. the purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of the nasal and cutaneous forms of this parasite in untreated rhesus monkeys maintained in a seminatural subtropical environment. the average prevalence of the nasal form in the sampled cayo santiago macaques was 23.2%. adults were more commoly effected than yearling monkeys with 31.2% and 12.8% par ...198231991982
visual and social responses in infant rhesus monkeys.this paper reviews a program of research on the development of visual functions and social responsiveness in infant rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). one study involved a clinical examination of simple visual reflexes (e.g., orienting) and more complex visuo-motor responses (e.g., gaze aversion and reaching). such responses changed dramatically over the first two weeks of life. two other studies used infrared corneal-reflection techniques to monitor visual scanning: one determined when infant mon ...198231991981
the social development of an orphaned rhesus infant on cayo santiago: male care, foster mother-orphan interaction and peer interaction.the social development of a free-ranging male rhesus (macaca mulatta) infant is described qualitatively and quantitatively from birth to orphaning at nearly 11 weeks of age, and then to 30 weeks of age. initially the orphan was cared for by four males, but was subsequently adopted by his nulliparous sister. measures of foster mother-orphan interaction were compared with measures of mother-infant interaction for a control sample of 20 mother-infant pais within the same group. signs of depression, ...198231991979
a comparison of the behavior of macaca fascicularis and macaca mulatta in relation to the menstrual cycle.observations on oppositely sexed pairs of m. fascicularis and m. mulatta revealed certain differences. m. fascicularis showed single-mount copulations, higher potency, less grooming activity, and milder but more frequent aggressive exchanges than the rhesus monkey. these differences might be due to the lower dominance gradient between the sexes and less sexual dimorphism in m. fascicularis than in m. mulatta. there were changes in the sexual, grooming, and aggressive interaction in relation to t ...198331991973
effect of testosterone on epididymal proteins in castrated rhesus monkeys.the effect of testosterone on regulation of epididymal protein synthesis has been investigated in castrated rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). the proteins in the treated monkeys were characterized using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (under nondenaturing and denaturing conditions) and electrofocusing. at least four distinct proteins have been shown to be synthesized by the monkey epididymis under testosterone influence. two of these proteins were detected following two days of testosterone tr ...198331991971
use of a radioreceptorassay (rra) for human luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (hlh/cg) for detection of early pregnancy and estimation of time of ovulation in macaques.a radioreceptorassay (rra) for macaque luteinizing hormone (lh)/chorionic gonadotropin (cg) was adapted from the clinical rra for human lh/cg, biocept-g™, for the purposes of detection of pregnancy prior to day 20 of gestation and for estimation of the time of ovulation in macaques. the 90-min assay procedure was simple, accurate, and reliable. seventy-five rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) and 20 crab-eating monkeys (macaca fascicularis) were tested for the presence of cg in the serum on estimate ...198331991966
banding patterns of the chromosomes of presbytis cristatus pyrrhus and p. obscurus.the g- and q-bands and the location of the nucleolar organizer regions (nor) in the chromosomes of presbytis obscurus and the q- and c-bands of p. cristatus pyrrhus are described. their chromosomes are compared to those of macaca mulatta and to other cercopithecidae and hylobatidae. the origin of the two different banding patterns of pair no. 1 in our specimen of p. cristatus pyrrhus is discussed.198331991963
seasonal changes in reproductive behavior in two ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys treated year-round with estradiol.two ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys treated year-round with estradiol-filled capsules were used in hour-long behavioral tests with male rhesus monkeys both in and out of the normal breeding season. the study was designed primarily to test male hormonal responses to copulatory behavior and it was expected that behavior of the females would be essentially the same under both seasonal conditions. several behaviors of the female, however, were found to fluctuate on a seasonal basis, namely (1) ...198331991961
the hemogram, serum biochemistry, and electrolyte profile of the free-ranging cayo santiago rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).sixty-four male and 33 female free-ranging rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) from one of six social groups on the island of cayo santiago, puerto rico, were surveyed to establish normal values for the hemogram and serum biochemical and electrolytes for the colony. mean values (± 1 sd) are reported by sex for each of three age groups (2-3, 4-9 and ≥ 10 years). all adult females (≥ 4 years) were pregnant. there were significant differences for a number of variables compared to the range reported in ...198331991958
the effects of dominance on mating behavior and paternity in a captive troop of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).the effects of social dominance on male mating behavior and paternity in a troop of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were examined. a wild-caught troop of monkeys, captured in india in 1972, has been monitored in captivity for eight years. some animals have been culled from this troop, but no new animals have been added except through births. the social structure of the troop has remained fairly stable over the eight years, although the number of adult males at any given time has ranged from four ...198331991947
optimization of a plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein repeat vaccine using the tobacco mosaic virus platform.plasmodium falciparum vaccine rts,s/as01 is based on the major npna repeat and the c-terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein (csp). rts,s-induced npna-specific antibody titer and avidity have been associated with high-level protection in naïve subjects, but efficacy and longevity in target populations is relatively low. in an effort to improve upon rts,s, a minimal repeat-only, epitope-focused, protective, malaria vaccine was designed. repeat antigen copy number and flexibility was optim ...202031988134
brief report: outbreak of severe aggression in captive macaca mulatta.an outbreak of severe aggression occurred among females in a rhesus macaque breeding group at the california primate research center four years after the group was established. during the breeding season in which this occurred, the incidence of injured females in other breeding groups at the primate center was significantly higher than in the previous year. this breeding season was the first in which a large number of females reached sexual maturity. the group in which the most severe aggression ...198331986862
seasonal breeding in rhesus monkeys: influence of the behavioral environment.the accepted model of breeding seasonality in rhesus monkeys states that females become reproductively active in response to an environmental cue and that males become sexually active in response to ovulating females. this model must be modified to include direct responses of the male to the physical environment, endocrine responses of males to sexual activity, and responses of the female to the sexual activation of fellow group members. the complex set of social stimuli that influences the bree ...198331986861
brief report: chromosomal analysis of perinatal death in macaca mulatta and macaca radiata.peripheral blood samples from 53 macaque perinatal deaths at the california primate research center (cprc) were cultured to produce chromosomes for analysis. karyotypes were constructed for 26 successful cultures and revealed no apparent chromosomal anomalies. a genetic screening program at primate breeding facilities is important for estimating the frequency of chromosomal anomalies in macaques and for understanding the contribution of chromosomal anomalies to reproductive loss and congenital m ...198331986849
fetotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) for rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).the fetotoxic and teratogenic potential of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) for rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) was tested through oral administration to monkeys early in pregnancy. a single or divided dose, 1 μg of tcdd/kg of body weight, was followed by abortion in 13 of 16 pregnant monkeys treated between days 20 and 40 of gestation. one of four aborted at 0.2 μg/kg, and two of two at 5 μg/kg. none of the mothers given 0.2 μg/kg showed signs of toxicity. eight of the monkeys aborti ...198431986843
a test of the generalizability of the interval scale developed for social behavior of rhesus monkeys.an interval scale of behavior would be useful in the study of social relations because it would allow the whole behavioral repertory to be used simultaneously and would allow greater flexibility in statistical manipulation. maxim has developed such a scale using isolated dyads of unfamiliar monkeys. the typical social environment of monkeys, however, consists of familiar monkeys in mixed age and sex groups. this study replicates maxim's procedure and tests the applicability of a scale developed ...198431986842
low potency of intact male rhesus monkeys after long-term visual contact with their female partners.we have examined the possibility that prolonged visual contact between future sexual partners, in the absence of any direct sexual contact and mating activity, is sufficient to produce the familiar-female phenomenon and is associated loss of male potency. for 1 year, 32 intact, feral-reared male rhesus monkeys were housed so that 14 males were in constant visual contact with their four future testing females, and 18 of the males were without any visual contact with females. after 1 year, each ma ...198431986829
agonistic aiding: kinship, rank, age, and sex influences.an analysis of 3,774 episodes of agonistic aiding collected during a two-year study of a rhesus monkey group (macaca, mulatta) indicated the differential influence of kinship and rank relationships on the participation of different age-sex classes in both aid to victims and aid to aggressors. most aiding favored victims rather than aggressors and was much more likely to occur when matrilineal kin were involved. females were more likely to aid than were males, and the frequency of their participa ...198531986822
effects of ovarian hormones on the behavior of captive macaca fascicularis.to examine the effects of ovarian hormones on the behavior of female macaca fascicularis and their male partners, daily 1-hr behavior tests were conducted while ovariectomized females were (1) untreated, (2) given estradiol benzoate (eb) (5 μg subcutaneously [s.c.]/day), (3) given estradiol benzoate together with increasing doses of progesterone (p) (5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg. s.c./day), and (4) given testosterone propionate (tp) (0.25 mg s.c./day) (six pairs, 540 tests). weekly blood samples were ...198531986815
infant-directed behavior in young rhesus monkeys: sex differences and effects of prenatal androgens.young (3-4 years old) laboratory-reared rhesus monkeys were observed in five 15-minute tests with 1-15-day-old infants. males and females were equally likely to investigate infants. females communicated more with infants by grin-lipsmacking and gurgling--gestures that were not shown by any males. more females presented the ventrum to infants than did males. females contacted infants more than did males by grooming, crouching over, and having full body contact with them. to see whether prenatal a ...198531986813
multidimensional scaling of macaque social interaction.observations of social behavior in 120 pairs of rhesus macaques were organized into three matrices: male-male interactions, female-female interactions, and male-female interactions. the alternating least-squares dimensional analysis (alscal-4) was applied to each matrix to derive one-, two-, three-, and four-dimensional solutions. for each matrix, the two-dimensional solution gave the best fit with least stress. the loadings for each category on the two dimensions were then compared with previou ...198531986805
factors associated with birth rate and live birth rate in multi-male breeding groups of rhesus monkeys.reproductive records of 284 female rhesus monkeys housed in six multimale corrals at the california primate research center were examined for the birth seasons 1977-1982 to determine possible associations between the probability of birth or live birth and female age, parity, origin, parturition in the previous season, infant birth date, and infant birth date in previous season. multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantitate the effects of factors on the probability of ...198531986803
high-resolution chromosomes of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).late-prophase high-resolution chromosomes were successfully cultured for 22 of 27 macaca mulatta samples. twelve of the successful cultures were adequate for karyotyping high-resolution spreads. high-resolution chromosome technique provides an important contribution to primate genetics because it can be used to identify chromosomal anomalies undetected in metaphase spreads and may be useful for paternity exclusion analysis.198531986798
behavioral flexibility in alcohol-drinking monkeys: the morning after.heavy alcohol drinking has aspects of inflexible behavior. this study addressed the consequences of chronic alcohol drinking on cognitive and sensory-motor domains of behavioral flexibility in rhesus monkeys.202031984521
molecular and functional networks linked to sarcopenia prevention by caloric restriction in rhesus monkeys.caloric restriction (cr) improves survival in nonhuman primates and delays the onset of age-related morbidities including sarcopenia, which is characterized by the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. a shift in metabolism anticipates the onset of muscle-aging phenotypes in nonhuman primates, suggesting a potential role for metabolism in the protective effects of cr. here, we show that cr induced profound changes in muscle composition and the cellular metabolic environment. bioinformati ...202031982367
study of integrated protective immunity induced in rhesus macaques by the intradermal administration of a bivalent ev71-ca16 inactivated vaccine.enterovirus type 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a 16 (ca16) are recognized as the major pathogens responsible for human hand-foot-mouth disease. to develop a bivalent ev71-ca16 vaccine, rhesus macaques immunized with two doses of this vaccine via the intradermal route were challenged with ev71 or ca16, and their clinical symptoms, viral shedding, neutralizing antibodies, ifn-γ-specific elispots, and tissue viral load were examined longitudinally. specific immunity against ev71 and ca16 was observe ...202031982260
lorcaserin maintenance fails to attenuate heroin vs. food choice in rhesus monkeys.the current opioid crisis has reinvigorated preclinical research in the evaluation of non-opioid candidate treatments for opioid use disorder (oud). emerging evidence suggests 5-ht2c receptor agonists may attenuate the abuse-related effects of opioids. this study evaluated effectiveness of 7-day treatment with the clinically available 5-ht2c agonist lorcaserin (belviq®) on heroin-vs.-food choice in rhesus monkeys. lorcaserin effects were compared to effects produced by 7-day saline substitution ...202031982193
muscle-directed delivery of an aav1 vector leads to capsid-specific t cell exhaustion in nonhuman primates and humans.with the us food and drug administration (fda) and european medicines agency (ema) approvals for zolgensma, luxturna, and glybera, recombinant adeno-associated viruses (raavs) are considered efficient tools for gene transfer. however, studies in animals and humans demonstrate that intramuscular (im) aav delivery can trigger immune responses to aav capsids and/or transgenes. im delivery of raav1 in humans has also been described to induce tolerance to raav characterized by the presence of capsid- ...202031982038
transcriptomic and open chromatin atlas of high-resolution anatomical regions in the rhesus macaque brain.the rhesus macaque is a prime model animal in neuroscience. a comprehensive transcriptomic and open chromatin atlas of the rhesus macaque brain is key to a deeper understanding of the brain. here we characterize the transcriptome of 416 brain samples from 52 regions of 8 rhesus macaque brains. we identify gene modules associated with specific brain regions like the cerebral cortex, pituitary, and thalamus. in addition, we discover 9703 novel intergenic transcripts, including 1701 coding transcri ...202031980617
social interactions among female rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) during the nonbreeding season: responses to the introduction of males.when rhesus monkeys are observed in social groups during the breeding season, increases in interfemale aggression coincide with midcycle increases in sexual activity between males and females. however, some investigators have suggested that both aggressive and affiliative interactions between females are influenced by the presence or absence of males, irrespective of menstrual cycle stage. in the present study, social interactions among members of a captive group of rhesus females were measured ...198531979503
secondary sex ratio variation in the cayo santiago macaque population.secondary sex ratios (ssr) were calculated from 1,385 offspring delivered by 372 females in the cayo santiago population of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) from 1976 through 1984. the ssr for the entire colony ranged from 0.86 to 1.46 males per female (combined total: 1.08), but no significant difference was observed (p > .05). ssr values were compared among the troops for each year. the ssr differed significantly among the six social groups (p < .05) only in 1978. the annual ssr of ...198631979498
a visual exploration apparatus for infant monkeys.an apparatus was constructed to study visual exploration in infant rhesus macaques. it consisted of an enclosed two-chamber box with a peephole at each end. the floor was made of stainless steel bars, and the walls and top were made of plexiglas covered with masonite. the peepholes were recessed in alcoves. an infrared photobeam crossed the alcoves in front of each peephole so that whenever the monkey looked out its head broke the photobeam. slides of complex scenes were projected on back-lit fr ...198631979491
a demographic analysis of the wisconsin regional primate center rhesus colony, 1962-1982.a detailed demographic analysis was made of the wisconsin regional primate research center rhesus colony from vital statistics recorded over a 20-year period. techniques used were based on demographic and epidemiological methods developed for human populations, which provide the potential for making standardized measurements within captive primate colonies. a life table based on 1,086 deaths showed an abnormally high survivorship at the older ages, probably caused by a tendency to retain especia ...198631979485
modification of aggression through socialization and the special case of adult and adolescent male rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).significant differences exist in the frequencies with which age-sex classes of rhesus macaques engage in agonistic interactions with other age-sex classes. in the study reported here, individuals engaged in significantly more agonistic interactions within their own age-sex classes, but, adult females also showed significantly more aggression toward infants and young females whereas adult males directed significantly more aggression toward adolescent males. infants directed aggression toward infa ...198631979484
dominance index: a simple measure of relative dominance status in primates.a simple measure of relative dominance status (cardinal rank) is described which we have termed the dominance index. like more familiar techniques for assessing rank order, it is based on the direction of aggressive and submissive behaviors between all possible paired combinations of animals in a social group. using data from five groups of female rhesus monkeys, it reliably produced the same ordinal ranks as fight interaction matrices. there was also good agreement with the cardinal ranks produ ...198631979473
estradiol increases somatomedin-c concentrations in adolescent rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).estradiol (e2) may enhance somatomedin-c (sm-c) secretion during puberty in female rhesus monkeys. the present study evaluated the importance of age and acute changes in e2 on sm-c secretion. intact (int) females at their first ovulation (age 3.5 yr; n = 6) had higher levels of sm-c across the ovulatory cycle than did intact adults (adt) (n = 5). levels of sm-c were similar for both groups during the follicular and luteal phases despite higher follicular phase levels of e2. young, ovariectomized ...198631979463
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