Publications

theileria parva: the immune status of calves born of dams immunised against east coast fever.	eight friesian cross cows three months pregnant to a single friesian bull were immunised against east coast fever by infection with theileria parva (muguga) sporozoite stabilate and treatment with pyrrolidino-methyl tetracycline. they were challenged with the homologous stock four times before calving and a fifth time after calving, and resisted all five challenges which killed all of the five groups of five susceptible controls. calves born to these hyperimmunised dams were fully susceptible on ...	1989	2493670
biochemical characterization of activation-associated bovine class i major histocompatibility complex antigens.	utilizing a 'sandwich' elisa assay we have been able to demonstrate that mab w6/32, b1g6 and il-a19 are reactive with three different monomorphic determinants on bovine class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules. sequential immunoprecipitations performed with the mab revealed that class i molecules on pbm comprise a single population with respect to reactivity with the mab in that the beta 2m-associated proteins bear all three epitopes. by contrast, tcgf-driven lymphoblasts and cel ...	1989	2481992
isolation and characterization of rna from the intracellular parasite theileria parva.	using a rapid procedure to isolate schizonts of the intracellular parasite theileria parva from infected bovine lymphocytes, we have prepared parasite rna that is more than 90% pure. characterization of this schizont rna has revealed the presence of two ribosomal rna species of 3.3 kb and 1.8 kb and a third non-adenylated abundant rna species of 1.9 kb. in vitro translation of the isolated schizont mrna has identified about 200 parasite specific polypeptides, only a few of which could be detecte ...	1989	2469012
bovine helper t-cell clones specific for lymphocytes infected with theileria parva (muguga).	t-cell clones specific for lymphocytes infected with theileria parva were derived from animals immunized by infection with t. parva (muguga). these clones were non-cytolytic and had the bot4+ bot8- surface phenotype, bot4 and bot8 being the bovine analogues of human cd4 and cd8 molecules. the clones proliferated in response to irradiated autologous lymphoblasts infected with t. parva (muguga) but not to autologous uninfected lymphoblasts or monocytes. they were parasite strain-specific, in that ...	1987	2442694
alloreactive bovine t lymphocyte clones: an analysis of function, phenotype, and specificity.	a bovine alloreactive cell population was subjected to complement-dependent lysis with monoclonal antibody (mab) il-a11. the original population and the population depleted of cells bearing the determinant recognized by mab il-a11 were cloned. parent cultures and 21 clones were examined for cytolytic function and for expression of determinants recognized by mab il-a11 and two additional mab, il-a12 and il-a17. clones could be classified according to maximal achievable levels of cytolysis by usin ...	1986	2423592
quantitative studies on theileria parva in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults: quantitation and prediction of infection.		1986	2422131
theileria parva: expression of a sporozoite surface coat antigen.	a monoclonal antibody specific for the theileria parva sporozoite, which recognizes a determinant on the surface coat and blocks sporozoite infectivity, was used to investigate the presence of the determinant on other stages of the parasite lifecycle. immunofluorescence techniques did not demonstrate this determinant on the kinete, schizont, merozoite, or piroplasm stages of the parasite. immunoautoradiography, using a tritiated form of the monoclonal antibody, on sections of infected salivary g ...	1985	2410290
bovine alloreactive cytotoxic cells generated in vitro: target specificity in relation to bola phenotype.	cytotoxic cells of bovine origin were generated in primary mlc using stimulator cells of bola w8/w11 phenotype. bovine lymphoblasts transformed by the protozoan parasite theileria parva parva acted as target cells in studies of the specificity of cytotoxicity. when responder cells in mlc did not share w8 or w11 with stimulator cells, cytotoxicity was evident with all targets bearing w8 or w11, or both, and was almost entirely restricted to these products of the bola-a locus. when responder and s ...	1985	2409001
evaluation of infection and treatment methods in immunization of improved cattle against theileriosis in an endemic area of kenya.	five experiments were carried out to determine the efficacy of immunization against theileriosis in an endemic area of kenya using artificial infection with a mixture of stabilates of theileria parva stock or natural infection and treatment with parvaquone or several formulations of oxytetracyclines. for the first four experiments, introduced, susceptible sahiwal/friesian crosses were used and in the fifth, calves of boran/maasai zebu crosses born on the site. cattle were infected either artific ...	1990	2343540
geographical information systems for studying the epidemiology of cattle diseases caused by theileria parva.	data on selected variables which influence the epidemiology of cattle diseases caused by theileria parva were assembled and entered in a computerised geographical information system. variables studied included the distributions of major hosts (cattle and buffalo), the vector ticks (rhipicephalus appendiculatus and related species) and the reported presence of east coast fever, corridor disease and january disease. in addition, the distribution of climatic suitability for r appendiculatus was ass ...	1990	2327044
age resistance to theileria parva bovis infection in calves.	data collected in the zimbabwean province of mashonaland-west, in the period 1980-1988, showed that mortality in calves owing to theileria parva bovis infection (january disease) was significantly lower in animals younger than 7 months than in older cattle. groups of seven holstein-friesian calves from non-immune dams aged approximately 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 months were infected with a theileria parva bovis tick-derived stabilate. the dose chosen was lethal for 40% of the calves in the trial. morta ...	1990	2267723
characterization of a bovine leucocyte differentiation antigen of 145,000 mw restricted to b lymphocytes.	a new bovine b-cell differentiation antigen is described that is detected by three monoclonal antibodies (mab). the antigen is not an immunoglobulin and is precipitated from peripheral b cells as a molecule with an approximate molecular weight (mw) of 120,000 or 145,000 before and after reduction, respectively. data obtained from two-colour cytofluorimetry and immunohistochemistry confirmed that the antigen was found only on mature b cells and on cells with dendritic morphology in the follicles ...	1990	2185984
development of recombinant antigen vaccines for the control of theileriosis.	immunization against theileria parva involves infection with sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with a long-acting tetracycline. for t. annulata, immunization is achieved by inoculation of attenuated schizont-infected lymphocytes. the two methods are inadequate because of the use of live organisms and the methods are also bedevilled by the multiplicity of strains, particularly of t. parva. for these reasons, alternative methods of control are being sought. in this review an attempt is made t ...	1990	2149448
cytotoxic t cells in immunity to theileria parva in cattle.		1990	2137767
recognition of soluble theileria parva antigen by bovine helper t cell clones: characterization and partial purification of the antigen.	theileria parva-specific bovine bot4+ th cell clones were used to characterize ag associated with t. parva schizont-infected lymphoblastoid cells. all of the clones tested responded to cells infected with the immunizing (muguga) as well as heterologous stocks of t. parva, indicating that the t cells are specific for an ag shared by several geographically diverse parasites. the response was apparently mhc-restricted, and induced by ag expressed on the infected cell surface. in the presence of aut ...	1990	2136883
theileria parva: the nature of the immune response and its significance for immunoprophylaxis.	theileria parva is a tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasite of cattle and buffalo which is responsible for considerable economic losses to cattle farming in eastern, central and southern africa. infection with the parasite results in an acute lymphoproliferative disorder with high mortality, but animals which survive infection are solidly immune to homologous challenge. such immunity can be reproduced by infecting cattle with the parasite and treating them with tetracyclines or theilericidal drugs, ...	1990	2132688
a bovine class i major histocompatibility complex molecule plus a theileria parva antigen resembles mouse h-2kd.	two bot2+, bot8+ cytotoxic t cell clones were generated from peripheral blood of a steer immunized with the intracellular protozoan parasite theileria parva. both cytotoxic t cell clones appeared to be restricted by the same major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecule and were specific for the immunizing parasite clone. however, one of the two clones also recognized uninfected mouse cell lines carrying the h-2d haplotype. inhibition of cytotoxicity with monoclonal antibodies specific for pol ...	1990	2125183
immunization of cattle against theileria parva bovis and their exposure to natural challenge.	theileria parva bovis isolates were tested for their immunizing capacity under natural field challenge on willsbridge farm in the highveld of zimbabwe. fifteen susceptible sussex yearlings were immunized with the boleni stock and 15 with a mixture of three isolates from the farm, using tick-derived sporozoite stabilates. no chemoprophylaxis was used. a dose of 0.1 ml of stabilate appeared to be safe in preliminary laboratory experiments, but the reactions were severe in the sussex cattle and one ...	1990	2125158
low-dose oral administration of human interferon alpha can control the development of theileria parva infection in cattle.	two natural human interferon alpha preparations, (nhuifn-alpha [cantell]) and (nhuifn-alpha [isi]), were used for the oral treatment of cattle experimentally infected with theileria parva parva. in the first experiment, 8 friesian bulls were inoculated with a 1 in 10 dilution of a sporozoite stabilate of t.p. parva (marikebuni) stock. four of the cattle were treated daily with 1 international unit/kg body weight (i.u./kg bwt) of nhuifn-alpha (cantell) from day -2 to day 8 p.i. none of the 4 calv ...	1990	2124670
a single exon codes for the enzyme domain of a protozoan cysteine protease.	theileria parva is an intracellular protozoan parasite of cattle. we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a gene and cdna coding for a cysteine protease of t. parva. the gene is divided into two exons. the first exon codes for a signal sequence and for part of the "pro" region of the zymogen. the second exon codes for the remainder of the pro region, including residues thought to be involved in zymogen processing, and for the entire enzyme domain. part of this exon cross-hybridizes, at hig ...	1990	2120221
the effects of oxytetracycline on theileria parva in vitro.	when bovine peripheral blood leucocytes were infected with theileria parva sporozoites, immediate treatment with oxytetracycline (otc) inhibited the development of sporozoites to mature schizonts. the extent of inhibition was dependent on drug concentration and duration of treatment. concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml otc, or higher, for 8 days completely inhibited the establishment of schizonts and their ability to transform host cells. a cytostatic effect on schizont-infected cell lines was fou ...	1990	2107502
il-2 can enhance the cyclosporin a-mediated inhibition of theileria parva-infected t cell proliferation.	the effect of cyclosporin a on the continuous proliferation of theileria parva-infected t cells was tested and compared with its effect on the con a-induced proliferation of bovine lymph node cells. the effect of ril-2 on cyclosporin a-treated cells was also tested. whereas the con a-induced proliferation of bovine lymph node cells was completely inhibited by cyclosporin a, the continuous growth of t. parva-infected cells was only partly inhibited. in both cases the inhibition was accompanied by ...	1990	2104902
expression of tac antigen component of bovine interleukin-2 receptor in different leukocyte populations infected with theileria parva or theileria annulata.	the tac antigen component of the bovine interleukin-2 receptor was expressed as a cro-beta-galactosidase fusion protein in escherichia coli and used to raise antibodies in rabbits. these antibodies were used for flow cytofluorimetric analysis to investigate the expression of tac antigen in a variety of theileria parva-infected cell lines and also in three theileria annulata-infected cell lines. cells expressing tac antigen on their surface were found in all t. parva-infected cell lines tested wh ...	1990	1979317
sfii and noti polymorphisms in theileria stocks detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.	dnas of theileria parva parva, t. p. lawrencei, t. p. bovis and theileria mutans stocks, from kenya, uganda, zanzibar and zimbabwe were digested with either sfii or noti and analysed using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (chef) and field-inversion gel electrophoresis (fige). the sfii-digested t. parva genomic dna resolved into approximately 30 fragments while the noti digestion produced between 4-7 bands. the summation of the sizes of sfii fragments gave an estimate of 9-10 x 10(6) ba ...	1990	1972977
strain specificity of bovine theileria parva-specific cytotoxic t cells is determined by the phenotype of the restricting class i mhc.	to determine whether the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) phenotype of cattle could affect the parasite strain specificity of immunity to theileria parva by influencing the antigenic specificity of theileria-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl), we investigated the parasite strain specificity of theileria-specific ctl clones derived from cattle of different class i mhc phenotypes. thirty-one class i-restricted ctl clones were generated from four cattle immunized with the muguga stock of ...	1990	1968884
oxytetracycline inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis in bovine lymphocytes infected with theileria parva or stimulated by mitogen.	oxytetracycline (otc) significantly inhibited cytochrome c oxidase activity in bovine lymphocytes infected with theileria parva and in uninfected mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. the inhibitory effect was detected in vitro within 24 h of treatment with drug concentrations as low as 1 micrograms/ml. following mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes, concentrations of 3 and 10 micrograms/ml otc completely inhibited an increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity for 48-72 h. this inhibitory activity was co ...	1990	1965455
effects of gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-2 on infection and proliferation of theileria parva-infected bovine lymphoblasts and production of interferon by parasitized cells.	theileria parva is a protozoan parasite that infects bovine b cells and alpha beta and gamma delta t cells and transforms them into continually proliferating cells. cd4+ t. parva-antigen-specific immune t cells have been shown to produce cytokines in response to stimulation with parasitized cells, and t. parva-infected lymphocytes produce and consume t-cell growth factors and interleukin-2 (il-2). to ascertain the role of t-cell cytokines on t. parva infections, we evaluated recombinant gamma in ...	1991	1937812
agarose entrapment method for the production of sfii linking library for theileria parva.	we have developed a simple method for isolation of sfii linking clones from a eukaryotic genomic dna. the method involves the physical separation of the small proportion of plasmids in a plasmid genomic library that are linearized by sfii digestion, from the bulk of molecules that remain circular, by ordinary electrophoresis through high-percentage gels of seaplaque agarose. following the isolation of linearized molecules, their recircularization, and introduction into escherichia coli, 55% of r ...	1991	1931184
a simple and efficient method for purifying and quantifying schizonts from theileria parva-infected cells.	an improved method for the purification of theileria parva schizonts from infected bovine cells is described. the technique is simpler and more rapid than previously described methods and gives rise to greater yields of schizonts with negligible contamination by host-cell components. in addition, a fluorescent staining technique was developed whereby live schizonts purified from infected cells can be enumerated and sorted using the flow cytometer. an assessment of the quality of schizonts prepar ...	1991	1924254
theileria parva: influence of vector, parasite and host relationships on the epidemiology of theileriosis in southern africa.	the protozoan parasite theileria parva, transmitted by the ixodid tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, is the cause of east coast fever (ecf) and the related syndromes of corridor disease and january disease in cattle of eastern, central and southern africa. it is likely that buffalo (syncerus caffer) are the natural host of t. parva. in eastern and southern africa, there exists both buffalo-adapted and cattle-adapted t. parva. disease caused by buffalo-adapted parasites is called corridor disease ...	1991	1907728
epidemiological observations on theileriosis following field immunisation using infection and treatment.	thirty-seven high grade cattle were immunised against corridor disease (theileria parva lawrencei infection) on a farm with a history of heavy and often lethal theilerial challenge. nineteen cattle were immunised by treating with two doses of long-acting oxytetracyclines given at 20 mg/kg on days 0 and 4 after sporozoite stabilate inoculation, while the other 18 were treated with naphthoquinone buparvaquone, given as a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg simultaneously with stabilate inoculation. all the c ...	1991	1907045
activity of buparvaquone against theileria cervi in white-tailed deer.	buparvaquone, a naphthoquinone with known efficacy against theileria parva parva in cattle, was tested for activity against theileria cervi piroplasms in both an in vitro culture system and in vivo in experimentally infected white-tailed deer. the in vitro data showed a significant decrease in the incorporation of 3h-hypoxanthine by infected red blood cells treated with buparvaquone when compared to that seen with imidocarb and chloroquine treatment. in both intact and splenectomized deer treate ...	1991	1902608
analysis of the reactivity of anti-bovine cd8 monoclonal antibodies with cloned t cell lines and mouse l-cells transfected with bovine cd8.	mouse l-cells transfected with bovine cd8 and two theileria parva-infected cloned t cell lines expressing bovine cd8 were used to screen the panel of ten monoclonal antibodies (mabs) submitted to the workshop. eight of the ten mabs reacted with the transfectant and both the cloned t cell lines. however, two mabs cc58 and bat82a did not recognise the transfectant and only reacted with one of the t cell lines. further biochemical studies indicated that the eight mabs react with both homo- and hete ...	1991	1902341
characterization of a polymorphic immunodominant molecule in sporozoites and schizonts of theileria parva.	this study examines several aspects of a polymorphic, immunodominant molecule (pim) found in the protozoan parasite, theileria parva. the antigen is present in all t.p. parva stocks examined, and in the related subspecies, t.p.bovis and t.p.lawrencei. it is the predominant antigen recognized by antisera from immune cattle on western blot analysis of schizont-infected lymphocytes, and is the only antigen which has been shown to react with anti-schizont monoclonal antibodies (moabs) on western blo ...	1991	1901640
the entry of theileria parva sporozoites into bovine lymphocytes: evidence for mhc class i involvement.	we have examined the process of theileria parva sporozoite entry into susceptible bovine lymphocytes and have begun to identify one of the possible molecular interactions involved in the process. the entry process involves a defined series of events and we have used a number of experimental procedures in combination with a method of quantitation to examine various aspects of this process. t. parva sporozoites are nonmotile organisms and the initial sporozoite-lymphocyte interaction is a chance e ...	1991	1901066
lymphocytes infected with theileria parva require both cell-cell contact and growth factor to proliferate.	lymphocytes infected with the intracellular parasite theileria parva proliferate continuously as lymphoblastoid cell lines. we have previously shown that the continuous proliferation of the t. parva-infected (tpi) cell line tpm(803) is mediated in part by an autocrine mechanism (dobbelaere, d. a. e. et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 1988. 85:4730). we now report that continuous proliferation also requires surface stimulation through cell-cell contact. under standard culture conditions this surf ...	1991	1899385
[activation of trans-acting transcription factors in t-lymphocytes infected by the intracellular parasitic protozoan theileria parva].	the intracellular protozoan parasite, theileria parva, causes a lymphoproliferative disease of t-cells in cattle and uncontrolled lymphocyte proliferation in culture. we have identified and characterized in infected cells the trans-acting transcription factors nf-kappa b, ap1 and nf1 controlling lymphocyte-specific expression of several genes. theileria infected lymphocytes contain constitutively high levels of active nf-kappa b in nuclear fraction. factor ap1 had high levels of binding activity ...	1991	1874431
an unusual repetitive gene family in theileria parva which is stage-specifically transcribed.	tpr1 is a repetitive dna element from theileria parva which has previously been shown to be of value in strain characterisation. further characterisation, described here, has shown that tpr1 is present in long tandem arrays. the sequence of 8.1 kb from one end of an array has been determined. the sequence showed that tpr1 is a 1.44-kb element which contains an orf extending from its 5' end to the 3' end. the sequenced region contains 4 large orfs; 2 of these consisted only of tpr1 whilst the thi ...	1991	1840629
cell surface phenotype of two cloned populations of bovine lymphocytes displaying non-specific cytotoxic activity.	monoclonal antibodies specific for t cell differentiation antigens were tested on four cloned populations of lymphocytes derived from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an animal immunised with theileria parva. the clones were defined functionally in terms of cytotoxic activity, mhc restriction and expression of messenger rna for cd3 and t cell receptor (tcr). two clones contained rna transcripts for cd3, tcr-alpha and beta and were positive for cd2, cd5 and cd6; one of these was a typica ...	1991	1826981
exposure of ankole and crossbred cattle to theileriosis in rwanda.	susceptible ankole (sanga: bos indicus/bos taurus) and crossbred ankole x jersey (b. taurus) and ankole x sahiwal (b. indicus) cattle derived from a farm in rwanda with no recent history of theileriosis, were infected with theileria parva stocks from rwanda either by feeding infected rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks on the ears, inoculation of tick derived stabilate or natural exposure to tick challenge. the ankole cattle originated from local stock born and bred in east coast fever (ecf) ende ...	1991	1796523
re-assessment of tick control after immunization against east coast fever in the eastern province of zambia.	east coast fever, caused by the protozoon theileria parva and transmitted by the ixodid tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus is one of the most important cattle diseases in east and central africa, responsible for considerable direct losses and necessitating expensive control measures. traditionally, the disease was controlled by means of intensive tick control. the belgian animal disease control project was requested to study the disease epizootiology and vector ecology in order to formulate and i ...	1991	1793284
dna probes detect theileria parva in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.	the ability of theileria parva-specific dna probes to detect t. parva sporoblasts and sporozoites in samples prepared from the salivary glands of infected rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks was evaluated. the two dna probes used, pgtpm-23 and igtpm-58, were selected from a genomic library of t. parva (muguga) piroplasm dna. in all, 25-200 adult ticks infected with each of 6 different t. parva stocks were tested. one salivary gland from each tick was processed for dna hybridization, whereas the o ...	1991	1792229
a recombinant sporozoite surface antigen of theileria parva induces protection in cattle.	at present immunization against theileria parva is by infection with live sporozoites and simultaneous treatment with a long-acting oxytetracycline. this method has major limitations in that live organisms are used and the immunity engendered is parasite stock specific. in an attempt to develop an alternative immunization procedure, the gene encoding p67, a major surface antigen of sporozoites, has been expressed by using the plasmid expression vector pmg1. the gene, which has been characterized ...	1992	1731322
distinction of naive and memory bocd4 lymphocytes in calves with a monoclonal antibody, cc76, to a restricted determinant of the bovine leukocyte-common antigen, cd45.	a murine igg1 monoclonal antibody (mab), cc76, has been produced that, based on findings of the relative molecular mass of polypeptides that it recognized, staining of leukocytes in blood and tissues, and the biological properties of the t lymphocyte subpopulations with which it reacts, is considered to identify an isoform of the leukocyte common antigen (lca) family of molecules in cattle. the mab is more similar to human cd45r which detect products requiring the presence of the b exon within t ...	1991	1716214
production of interferons by bovine and ovine cell lines infected with theileria annulata or theileria parva.	three bovine cell lines and four ovine cell lines infected with theileria parva or theileria annulata were examined for the production of interferon (ifn). biologically active ifn was detected in the tissue culture supernatants of four of the cell lines. only one, a bovine cell line infected with t. parva, produced ifn-gamma as measured by specific neutralization with a monoclonal antibody to bovine ifn-gamma. this observation was confirmed by analysing rna from the cell lines on northern blots ...	1991	1712932
immunization with theileria parva parasites from buffaloes results in generation of cytotoxic t cells which recognize antigens common among cells infected with stocks of t. parva parva, t. parva bovis, and t. parva lawrencei.	immunity to infection by the protozoan parasite theileria parva in cattle is partially attributable to cytotoxic t cells, which kill lymphocytes infected with the schizont stage of the parasite. here we evaluated five stocks of buffalo-derived t. parva lawrencei parasites and two stocks of cattle-derived t. parva parva parasites for their ability to induce in vivo cytotoxic t cells which can kill lymphocytes infected with a wide variety of strains of t. parva parasites. a group of seven full-sib ...	1990	1699896
identification of lambda gt11 clones encoding the major antigenic determinants expressed by theileria parva sporozoites.	an antiserum, c16, was raised in cattle against freeze-thawed extracts of sporozoites of theileria parva (muguga). this antiserum, which neutralizes sporozoite infectivity in vitro, identified theileria-specific antigens having approximate molecular masses of 105, 90, 85, 69, 67, 52, 47, and 43 kilodaltons (kda) on western blots (immunoblots) of infected tick salivary gland extracts. the antiserum was used to screen an expression library of t. parva (muguga) genomic dna fragments. three recombin ...	1990	1692810
characterisation of the gene encoding a 104-kilodalton microneme-rhoptry protein of theileria parva.	a neutralizing antiserum, c16, raised against sporozoites of theileria parva parva was used to screen a lambda gt11 expression library of t. parva parva (muguga) genomic dna fragments. proteins encoded by one phage clone, lambda tps-17, were reactive with the c16 antiserum. detailed characterisation of the dna insert showed it to encode determinants found on four theilerial antigens of approximately 104, 90, 85 and 35 kda. the sequence encoded by the clone is expressed during sporogony as a sing ...	1990	1689460
growth of theileria annulata and theileria parva macroschizont-infected bovine cells in immunodeficient mice: effect of irradiation and tumour load on lymphocyte subsets.	bovine cells infected with macroschizonts of the protozoan parasites theileria annulata and theileria parva formed solid tumours when injected into irradiated balb/c and irradiated balb/c nude mice. t. annulata tumours grew more vigorously than t. parva tumours, when initiated with similar doses of infected cells in mice exposed to the same doses of gamma-irradiation. in irradiated balb/c mice, tumours of both species of parasites began to regress 2-3 weeks after injection of cells but grew with ...	1992	1644524
constitutive il-2 mrna expression in lymphocytes, infected with the intracellular parasite theileria parva.	theileria parva-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines of t or b cell origin were examined for il-2 mrna expression. t. parva-infected t cell lines could be of the cd4-cd8-, cd4+cd8-, cd4-cd8+, or cd4+cd8+ phenotype and express alpha beta or gamma delta tcr. by northern blot analysis and amplification by the polymerase chain reaction, il-2 mrna could be detected in all t. parva-infected cell lines tested. il-2 mrna expression was also shown to be dependent on the continuous presence of the parasite ...	1992	1624803
restriction mapping of the genome of the protozoan parasite theileria parva.	we have used a modified linking clone strategy and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to derive a map of the 29 sfi i and 4 not i sites in the 10 million base pair genome of the protozoan parasite theileria parva. this was achieved in the absence of classical genetic information. the map reveals four chromosomes. several genes, including those for parasite antigens, have been located on the map, as has the single locus carrying the major repetitive sequence in this organism. the map forms the basi ...	1992	1608931
analysis of theileria parva immunodominant schizont surface antigen by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting.		1992	1584754
standardization of a technique for analysing the frequency of parasite-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte precursors in cattle immunized with theileria parva.	a limiting dilution microculture system was optimized to quantify the frequency of theileria parva-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte precursors (ctlp) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from immune cattle. optimal results were obtained with responder cell input levels ranging from 2 x 10(4)/well to 6.25 x 10(2)/well, along with 1-5 x 10(3)/well stimulator cells in standard supplemented rpmi 1640 medium containing 2.5-5% t cell growth factors. thirty-six microtitre wells were established ...	1992	1570170
cytokines inhibit the development of trophozoite-infected cells of theileria annulata and theileria parva but enhance the proliferation of macroschizont-infected cell lines.	the following bovine (bo) and human (hu) cytokines--bo rtnf-a, bo rifn-g, hu ifn-a, hu ril-1, hu ril-2--significantly inhibited the in vitro development of trophozoite-infected cells of three stocks of theileria annulata and of theileria parva (muguga). however, none of these cytokines inhibited the proliferation of established t. annulata or t. parva macroschizont-infected cell lines. indeed, bo rtnf-a and hu ril-2 consistently enhanced the proliferation of macroschizont-infected cell lines of ...	1992	1570169
how individual cells develop from a syncytium: merogony in theileria parva (apicomplexa).	the central problem for theileria parva during merogony is how to form numerous individual, uninucleate merozoites from a syncytial schizont so that each merozoite contains a single nucleus and a prescribed assortment of organelles. the way t. parva packages all the requisite organelles into free merozoites is by binding these organelles to the nuclear envelope, which in turn becomes associated, both directly and through the rhoptry complex, with the schizont plasma membrane. formation of the me ...	1992	1569119
characterisation of the gene encoding a candidate vaccine antigen of theileria parva sporozoites.	we have cloned and characterised the gene encoding the 67-kilodalton stage-specific surface antigen, p67, of theileria parva (muguga) sporozoites. the gene which is present in a single copy, is divided into 2 exons by an intron 29 bp long and is transcribed into mrna of about 2500 nucleotides. the gene is present in all stocks of t. parva and there is a related gene in theileria annulata. the deduced amino acid sequence of 709 residues predicts that p67 is a membrane protein and that it lacks ta ...	1992	1565135
further evaluation of the use of buparvaquone in the infection and treatment method of immunizing cattle against theileria parva derived from african buffalo (syncerus caffer).	three experiments were undertaken to determine the efficacy of different doses of buparvaquone in the infection and treatment immunization of cattle against theileria parva derived from african buffalo (syncerus caffer). two of these experiments also compared buparvaquone with standard doses of long- and short-acting formulations of oxytetracycline. in addition, different dilutions of stabilates were used in the experiments. in the first experiment, a 10(-1.0) dilution of stabilate was used to i ...	1992	1496799
transformation of theileria parva derived from african buffalo (syncerus caffer) by tick passage in cattle and its use in infection and treatment immunization.	a sporozoite stabilate (st. 199) of theileria parva was obtained by feeding nymphal rhipicephalus appendiculatus on an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and was used to immunize cattle by the infection and treatment method. nymphal ticks were applied to one of the steers 90 days later and it was shown that the resultant adult tick had become infected. using tick/cattle passage, two passage lines of t. parva were established. by the fifth tick/cattle passage, the parasite stocks had changed their ...	1992	1496792
immunisation of cattle against theileriosis in nakuru district of kenya by infection and treatment and the introduction of unconventional tick control.	one hundred and one cross european-boran cattle (50 cows and 51 calves), on a farm in nakuru district, kenya, were immunised against theileriosis using theileria parva lawrencei and theileria parva parva stocks from another district of kenya. the stabilates used were t.p.lawrencei (mara iii) used at 10(-1.7) dilution and t.p.parva (kilae) used at 10(-1.0) dilution. the stabilates were combined and inoculated simultaneously with a short-acting formulation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride given in ...	1992	1496782
development and persistence of cowdria ruminantium specific antibodies following experimental infection of cattle, as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test.	different breeds of cattle were experimentally infected with palm river, a zimbabwean isolate, or ball-3, a south african isolate of cowdria ruminantium, derived from tissue culture or tick or blood stabilates. c. ruminantium specific antibody responses were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) using c. ruminantium-infected bovine aortic endothelial (bae) cell cultures as antigen. the first detection of antibodies to c. ruminantium generally coincided with the peak of the feb ...	1992	1441219
a clinical trial of buparvaquone in the treatment of east coast fever.	a clinical trial was conducted to test buparvaquone (butalex; coopers pitman-moore) in the treatment of east coast fever under field conditions in kenya. data from 229 cases were analysed following treatment with one (69), two (142) or three (18) doses at 2.5 mg/kg. the majority of cattle (95.2 per cent) were exotic (bos taurus) or improved (bos taurus cross bos indicus) and 39.3 per cent were infected with anaplasma marginale. there was an overall recovery rate of 85.6 per cent, with 90.1 per c ...	1992	1441098
the cytotoxic t cell: mhc restriction, strain specificity and role in immunity to theileria parva infection.		1992	1416743
improved isolation of rinderpest virus in transformed bovine t lymphoblast cell lines.	bovine t lymphoblast cell lines transformed by the protozoan theileria parva were compared with bovine kidney (bk) and vero cells for their ability to isolate various strains of rinderpest virus from tissues and infected secretions. all of the strains of rinderpest virus that were tested, including attenuated cell-culture, caprinised and lapinised vaccines, and both mild and virulent pathogenic strains, readily induced syncytial cytopathic effect (cpe) in t lymphoblasts. the cpe could often be d ...	1992	1410806
cloning and characterization of the casein kinase ii alpha subunit gene from the lymphocyte-transforming intracellular protozoan parasite theileria parva.	theileria parva is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite which is the causative agent of east coast fever, an acute, leukemia-like disease of cattle. the intralymphocytic stage of the parasite induces blastogenesis and clonal expansion of quiescent bovid lymphocytes. experiments in our laboratory have shown a marked increase of casein kinase ii- (ck ii-) like activity in t. parva-transformed lymphocytes. we have also detected ck ii activity in purified t. parva schizonts. to explore the s ...	1992	1378299
immune cd4+ t cells specific for theileria parva-infected lymphocytes recognize a 24-kilodalton protein.	theileria parva is a protozoan parasite that infects and transforms bovine lymphocytes. here we report the partial purification of a t. parva-specific protein from infected lymphocytes that is recognized by cd4+ parasite-specific t-cell clones derived from immune cattle. t. parva-infected lymphocytes were homogenized in dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline in the presence of protease inhibitors. the antigen was purified from a postmicrosomal supernatant by using a combination of deae-cellulose c ...	1992	1354201
theileria parva: cd4+ helper and cytotoxic t-cell clones react with a schizont-derived antigen associated with the surface of theileria parva-infected lymphocytes.	theileria parva is a protozoan parasite which infects and transforms bovine lymphocytes, resulting in a fatal lymphoproliferative disease. there is evidence that immunity to the intralymphocytic schizont stage is mediated by t cells. we have previously reported derivation of cd4+ t-cell clones which recognize parasite-derived antigens presented on the surface of infected cells in conjunction with mhc molecules and partial characterization of the antigens. the present study further evaluated one ...	1992	1353459
detection of a carrier state in theileria parva-infected cattle by the polymerase chain reaction.	two sets of oligonucleotide primers, one derived from a repetitive sequence and the other from the gene encoding a 67 kda sporozoite antigen of theileria parva, were used to amplify parasite dna from the blood of t. parva-infected carrier cattle using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). pcr amplification products were obtained from 15 carrier cattle infected with one of 4 different t. parva stocks. successful amplifications were performed using dna from 2 cattle infected with t. p. parva pemba ...	1992	1350672
interactions between chemotherapy and immunity in bovine theileriosis.	in bovine theileriosis the use of chemotherapy to control an infection sufficiently long to permit the establishment of a solid protective immune response has been developed as a routine vaccination procedure. infections with theileria parva and t. annulata can be prevented by the administration of carefully controlled numbers of sporozoites simultaneously with a long acting tetracycline and this form of immunization has been widely used for the control of east coast fever in africa with conside ...	1992	1308933
comparative growth of bovine lymphosarcoma cells and lymphoid cells infected with theileria parva in athymic (nude) mice.		1975	1173457
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. v. preliminary experiments on a new method for infecting ticks with theileria parva and theileria mutans.	bovine blood with a high parasitaemia of theileria mutans was injected through the cuticle into fully engorged nymphs of amblyomma variegatum which had recently detached from a rabbit. after moulting, they transmitted this parasite to a susceptible calf. rhipicephalus appendiculatus transmitted theileria parva in the same way, but results were negative with a. variegatum and t. parva. this method of infecting ticks appears promising for the isolation of theileria strains from the field, and migh ...	1976	1006800
an ultrastructural study of heterokaryons derived from theileria parva-infected bovine lymphoblasts and ehrlich ascites tumour cells.	an ultrastructural study was made of sendai virus induced heterokaryons derived from theileria parva-infected lymphoblasts and ehrlich ascites tumour cells. when fusion occurred, parasites were successfully integrated into the cytoplasm of the resulting heterokaryons where they appeared as morphologically normal macroschizonts. homokaryon formation was also noted. this occurred frequently between ehrlich ascites tumour cells and rarely with lymphoblasts. a small proportion of heterokaryons conta ...	1976	987607
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. iv. a field trial on immunization against east coast fever (theileria parva infection of cattle).	seven cattle, immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of theileria parva (muguga, kiambu 5 and serengeti transformed), and five controls were exposed to natural tick infestation in tanzania, at a site where 2 precontrols had previously contracted fatal east coast fever within 3 weeks. all controls became infected with fatal ecf within a month of exposure. one immunized animal survived, two died from a theileria mutans infection and one from a babesia bigemina infection. the ...	1976	982549
the effect of calf lymph and bovine red blood cells on in vitro cultivation of theileria parva-infected lymphoid cells.	calf lymph introduced to cultures of theileria parva-infected lymphoid cells caused a stimulation of both cells and parasites resulting in the formation of rapidly dividing cells and the developmental stages of the parasite. the presence of piroplasms was confirmed when washed bovine red blood corpuscles were added to the culture	1976	968954
chemotherapy of theileria parva infection.		1976	934316
immunization against east coast fever (theileria parva infection of cattle) by infection and treatment: chemoprophylaxis with n-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline.	cattle were immunized against east coast fever by the inoculation of a tick-derived stabilate of theileria parva infective particles and the intramuscular injection, at daily intervals, of n-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline at a dose level of 5 mg/kg. four doses of the tetracycline, starting on the day of inoculation of the infective stabilate, minimised the ecf reactions in the cattle during immunization. immunity to homologous t. parva stabilate challenge was demonstrated in 27 out of 27 cattle ...	1977	910283
the serological relationship between theileria parva (muguga) and theileria lawrence from rhodesia.	thirty-eight sera from cattle from a herd in rhodesia naturally infected with theileria lawrencei were titrated with the indirect immunofluorescent test against schizont antigens of t parva (muguga) and t lawrencei from rhodesia. t lawrencei was found to be indistinguishable from t parva with the test.	1977	878256
[electron microscope studies on developmental stages of theileria parva (theiler, 1904) in the intestine of the tick hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (koch, 1844) (author's transl)].	the developmental stages of theileria parva within the intestine of ticks were studied by electron microscopy. on the 2nd-4th day post repletionem (p.r.) the intestine of the ticks contained numerous stages, which were very similar to microgamonts and microgametes of haemosporidia. from these results it seemed likely that gamogony of theileria parva takes place in the intestine of ticks, too. the microgamont-like stages were spear-head-like; they measured about 10.5 mum in length with a maximum ...	1976	821188
simulation in vitro of bovine host cycle of theileria parva.		1976	818570
adaptation and possible attenuation of theileria parva-infected cells grown in irradiated mice.		1976	815278
the effect of leucocytes from cattle immunized against east coast fever on the migration of bovine lymphoblasts infected with theileria parva.		1975	812298
hybrid cells, infected with theileria parva, formed by fusion of hamster and mouse cells with parasitised bovine lymphoid cells.	bovine lymphoid cells from a culture line parasitised with theileria parva were fused to mouse heart (mh) and baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells, grown as monolayers, using inactivated sendai virus. the resultant heterokaryons contained macroschizonts of t parva. macroschizonts also occurred in cells that apparently contained only bhk or mh nuclei. parasites underwent varying degrees of development; in some cases microschizonts resulted, and in other cases massive atypical parasite masses were form ...	1975	809820
theileria parva: effects of irradiation on a culture of parasitized bovine lymphoid cells.		1975	807485
the effect of 3, 6, bis-dimethylaminoacridine on cultured bovine lymphoid cells infected with theileria parva and in cattle experimentally infected with east coast fever.		1975	805506
the specific immunoglobulin response in cattle to theileria parva (muguga) infection.	cattle were inoculated with dilutions of theileria parva (muguga) stabilate without concurrent antibiotic treatment. the dilutions were selected to induce severe east coast fever infections, which in some cases would lead to death. serum samples were collected and the complement fixation (cf), indirect haemagglutination (iha) and indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) tests were used to detect t. parva serum antibodies. sera were fractionated on sephadex g200 to determine the activities of specific i ...	1975	804155
heterotransplantation of theileria parva-infected cells to athymic mice.		1975	804142
theileria parva: significance of leukocytes for infecting cattle.		1978	668839
immunization of cattle against theileria parva.		1977	596297
experimental therapy of theileriosis.	a tissue culture method was used to screen compounds for activity against theileria parva, and demonstrated that the hydroxy-alkylated naphthoquinones, 'menoctone' and 993c were highly active, with ed50 values around 0,005 mg/l. when injected into cattle artificially infected the t. parva, menoctone cured all of 7 cattle at a total dosage of 10 mg/kg injected intravenously (i.v.). a further trial showed that injection of menoctone, 10 mg/kg, as a single dose gby the intramuscular (i.m.) route wa ...	1979	553970
serum transaminase activities in the bovine experimentally infected with east coast fever (theileria parva infection).		1979	548138
east coast fever: cultivation in vitro of cell-free schizonts and merozoites of theileria parva and their immunogenicity in cattle.	cell-free schizonts and merozoites of theileria parva and theileria lawrencei, derived from parasitized lymphoid cell lines, were propagated in vitro using enriched medium. use of radioisotopic markers showed that the bovine cell-independent parasites passed through a limited but marked replication by day 4. if normal bovine rbc were inoculated in vitro with the cell-free merozoites, development of piroplasms in the rbc occurred. electron microscopic studies of the merozoites and piroplasms reve ...	1978	415644
development of theileria parva (theiler, 1904) in the gut of rhipicephalus appendiculatus (neumann, 1901).		1977	415285
the use of tetracyclines on the chemotherapy of experimental east coast fever (theileria parva infection of cattle).	in a series of experiments, groups of cattle, undergoing patent east coast fever (ecf) reactions induced by the inoculation of tick-derived stabilates of theileria parva infective particles, were treated by parenteral administration of 2 tetracyclines. ten cattle were treated with n-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline at 15 mg/kg for 5 days, starting on the first day macroschizonts were detected in lymph node biopsy smears. nine of these treated cattle survived ecf reactions induced by an inoculum wh ...	1977	414390
theileria parva piroplasmosis in mice, and its attempted transmission with rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.	theileria parva piroplasm infection of mouse erythrocytes was detected, following intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with irradiated cultures of t. parva-infected bovine lymphoid cells. infection could not be transmitted to cattle using rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.	1977	414389
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. x. a large-scale field trial on immunization against cattle theileriosis.	50 cattle immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of theileria parva (mugaga, kiambu 5 and serengeti transformed), together with 19 controls, were exposed to natural tick infestation in tanzania, in a site where a continuous influx of infected ticks from different regions of the country may be expected to occur. exposure lasted for 2 months, monitoring continued for 3 more weeks after exposure ended. all 19 controls contracted east coast fever and died. 40 of the 50 immuniz ...	1977	414388
east coast fever immunisation trials in uganda: field exposure of zebu cattle immunized with three isolates of theileria parva.		1977	413226
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. viii. experiments with african buffalo (syncerus caffer).	it has been found that african buffalo may remain infective carriers of theileria parva lawrencei for at least 5 years. this infection is now known to exist in buffalo in 3 sites in northern tanzania. it was shown that buffalo can be infected with haematoxenus veliferus and theileria mutans of cattle and retransmission of these parasites from buffalo to cattle was successful. the species of haematoxemus reported in wild buffalo in central and east africa is likely to be h. veliferus, while the p ...	1977	410128
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. vii. additional note on the transmission of theileria parva.	rhipicephalus evertsi successfully transmitted fatal east coast fever (theileria parva infection) in one experiment. a second one gave negative results, as did an attempted transmission of t. parva by amblyomma variegatum.	1977	407682
detection of antibodies in trypanosome-infected cattle by means of a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	a micromodification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was evaluated for its potential application in the immunodiagonsis of bovine trypanosomiasis. serum samples from infected and non-infected zebu cattle and samples from friesian cattle with experimental infections were exmained for the presence of trypanosomal antibodies. there were significant differences between the microelisa values obtained with samples from infected and non-infected cattle. during the course of infection mi ...	1977	333677
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. vi. second field trial on immunization against cattle theileriosis.	nine cattle, immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of theileria parva (muguga, kiambu 5 and serengeti transformed) and nine controls, were exposed to natural tick infestation in tanzania. all controls contracted fatal east coast fever within 2 months of exposure. all immunized animals survived the period of exposure (over 2 months), but later one died of ecf, one of heart-water, one of an undetermined cause (not a theileriosis), and one disappeared from the herd. the 5 re ...	1977	324053
attempts to produce theileria parva-infected mouse cells using cell fusion techniques.	ehrlich ascites tumour (eat) cells were fused with theileria parva-infected bovine lymphoid (c2) cells using inactivated sendai virus. a variety of techniques were employed to try and increase fusion percentage and harvest of heterokaryons. there was no evidence that pre-exposure of c2 cells to sendai virus or phytohaemagglutinin improved fusion percentage, but the percentage was higher when 10(8) c2 cells were fused with 10(7) eat cells, as compared with a ratio of 10(7) c2: 10(6) eat. an incre ...	1976	184506