Publications

applicability of universal bacteroidales genetic marker for microbial monitoring of drinking water sources in comparison to conventional indicators.	water quality monitoring is essential for the provision of safe drinking water. in this study, we compared a selection of fecal indicators with universal bacteroidales genetic marker to identify fecal pollution of a variety of drinking water sources. a total of 60 samples were collected from water sources. the microbiological parameters included total coliforms, fecal coliforms, escherichia coli and fecal streptococci as the fecal indicator bacteria (fib), clostridium perfringens and h2s bacteri ...	2014	25023746
structure of a c. perfringens enterotoxin mutant in complex with a modified claudin-2 extracellular loop 2.	cpe (clostridium perfringens enterotoxin) is the major virulence determinant for c. perfringens type-a food poisoning, the second most common bacterial food-borne illness in the uk and usa. after binding to its receptors, which include particular human claudins, the toxin forms pores in the cell membrane. the mature pore apparently contains a hexamer of cpe, claudin and, possibly, occludin. the combination of high binding specificity with cytotoxicity has resulted in cpe being investigated, with ...	2014	25020226
cytotoxicity comparison of quercetin and its metabolites from in vitro fermentation of several gut bacteria.	part of quercetin is coerced into the colon after ingestion and interacts with the gut microbiota. the interaction between quercetin and gut microbiota will influence human health. the cytotoxicity of quercetin and its metabolites from human gut bacteria in vitro fermentation was investigated in this study. the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) (mtt) and agar diffusion disc methods were individually applied in vitro to examine their inhibitory effect on three cultured ...	2014	25015032
correlation between in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo lethal activity in mice of epsilon toxin mutants from clostridium perfringens.	epsilon toxin (etx) from clostridium perfringens is a pore-forming protein with a lethal effect on livestock, producing severe enterotoxemia characterized by general edema and neurological alterations. site-specific mutations of the toxin are valuable tools to study the cellular and molecular mechanism of the toxin activity. in particular, mutants with paired cysteine substitutions that affect the membrane insertion domain behaved as dominant-negative inhibitors of toxin activity in mdck cells. ...	2014	25013927
necrotizing myositis in a neutropenic patient: the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of atypical presentations.	we report a case of fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection (nsti) due to clostridium perfringens (cp) in a neutropenic patient with diabetes mellitus. as in many cases, by the time a diagnosis was made, the condition had rapidly progressed to its late stages, resulting in a fatal outcome. the emergency physician should be aware of nsti as a complication when patients present with pain out of proportion to physical findings and/or signs of soft tissue compromise. negative prognostic factors for ...	2014	25013733
[a patient with sepsis and a gas-forming liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens treated with continuous perfusion drainage].	a 64-year-old man presented with diarrhea, fever, and disturbance of consciousness; he was subsequently diagnosed with acute renal and hepatic disorder. abdominal computed tomography identified a gas-forming liver abscess, and the patient underwent emergency drainage. however, his condition did not improve, and clostridium perfringens was observed in his blood culture. continuous perfusion drainage was performed by placing an additional drainage tube, which resulted in abscess shrinkage and impr ...	2014	24998733
b-cell epitope of beta toxin of clostridium perfringens genetically conjugated to a carrier protein: expression, purification and characterization of the chimeric protein.	beta toxin (btx) is the prime virulence factor for the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type c strain, known to cause necrotic enteritis and enterotoxaemia in mammalian species. the existing vaccines targeting btx are formaldehyde inactivated culture filtrates of clostridium. these filtrates raise antigenic load in the host leading to nonspecific and poor responses. the present study aimed to overcome these drawbacks and generate a chimeric protein carrying in silico identified b-cell epi ...	2014	24996028
challenging the roles of cd44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor in conveying clostridium perfringens iota toxin cytotoxicity in breast cancer.	translational exploration of bacterial toxins has come to the forefront of research given their potential as a chemotherapeutic tool. studies in select tissues have demonstrated that clostridium perfringens iota toxin binds to cd44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr) cell-surface proteins. we recently demonstrated that lsr expression correlates with estrogen receptor positive breast cancers and that lsr signaling directs aggressive, tumor-initiating cell behaviors. herein, we ide ...	2014	24990559
cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domains confer multiple forms of mg2+-dependent cooperativity to family ii pyrophosphatases.	regulated family ii pyrophosphatases (cbs-ppases) contain a nucleotide-binding insert comprising a pair of cystathionine β-synthase (cbs) domains, termed a bateman module. by binding with high affinity to the cbs domains, amp and adp usually inhibit the enzyme, whereas atp activates it. here, we demonstrate that amp, adp, and atp bind in a positively cooperative manner to cbs-ppases from four bacteria: desulfitobacterium hafniense, clostridium novyi, clostridium perfringens, and eggerthella lent ...	2014	24986864
detection of pathogenic clostridia in biogas plant wastes.	as the number of biogas plants has grown rapidly in the last decade, the amount of potentially contaminated wastes with pathogenic clostridium spp. has increased as well. this study reports the results from examining 203 biogas plant wastes (bgws). the following clostridium spp. with different frequencies could be isolated via a new enrichment medium (krüne medium) and detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms): clostridium perfringens ...	2015	24984829
public health campaign to promote hand hygiene before meals in a college of veterinary medicine.	veterinary students can be exposed to environmental infectious agents in school that may include zoonotic pathogens. encouraging effective hand hygiene can minimize the spread of zoonoses and promote public health and the one health concept among veterinary students. the purpose of this study was to determine if a campaign could improve hand hygiene among veterinary students at extracurricular meetings serving meals. nine kansas state university college of veterinary medicine (ksu-cvm) extracurr ...	2014	24981423
progress and problems in vaccination against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.	necrotic enteritis in broilers is caused by clostridium perfringens type a strains that produce the netb toxin. necrotic enteritis is one of the gastrointestinal diseases in poultry that has gained worldwide importance during the last decade due to efforts to improve broiler performance. prevention strategies include avoiding predisposing factors, such as coccidiosis, and in-feed supplementation with a variety of feed additives. however, vaccination with modified toxin or other secreted immunoge ...	2014	24980518
clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from wild carnivore species in brazil.	despite some case reports, the importance of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile for wild carnivores remains unclear. thus, the objective of this study was to identify c. perfringens and c. difficile strains in stool samples from wild carnivore species in brazil. a total of 34 stool samples were collected and subjected to c. perfringens and c. difficile isolation. suggestive colonies of c. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major c. perfringens toxins (alpha, bet ...	2014	24979683
cryptosporidium and giardia in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: estimation of bathing-associated disease risks.	sewage is a major contributor to pollution problems involving human pathogens in tropical coastal areas. this study investigated the occurrence of intestinal protozoan parasites (giardia and cryptosporidium) in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with sewage. the potential risks of cryptosporidium and giardia infection from recreational water exposure were estimated from the levels of viable (oo) cysts (dic+, dapi+, pi-) found in near-shore swimming areas using an exponential dose r ...	2014	24975093
loss of endothelial barrier antigen immunoreactivity as a marker of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin-induced microvascular damage in rat brain.	the epsilon toxin elaborated by clostridium perfringens type d in the intestine of domestic livestock is principally responsible for the neurological disease produced after its absorption in excessive quantities into the systemic circulation. the fundamental basis of the cerebral damage induced by epsilon toxin appears to be microvascular injury with ensuing severe, diffuse vasogenic oedema. endothelial barrier antigen (eba), which is normally expressed by virtually all capillaries and venules i ...	2015	24973988
comparative neuropathology of ovine enterotoxemia produced by clostridium perfringens type d wild-type strain cn1020 and its genetically modified derivatives.	clostridium perfringens type d causes enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. the disease is mediated by epsilon toxin (etx), which affects the cerebrovascular endothelium, increasing vascular permeability and leading to cerebral edema. in the present study, we compared the distribution and severity of the cerebrovascular changes induced in lambs by c. perfringens type d strain cn1020, its isogenic etx null mutant, and the etx-producing complemented mutant. we also applied histochemical and immunohist ...	2015	24964921
application of lactobacillus johnsonii expressing phage endolysin for control of clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is frequently found in food and the environment and produces potent toxins that have a negative impact on both human and animal health and particularly on the poultry industry. lactobacillus johnsonii fi9785, isolated from the chicken gastrointestinal tract, has been demonstrated to exclude cl. perfringens in poultry. we have investigated the interaction of wild-type lact. johnsonii fi9785 or an engineered strain expressing a cell wall-hydrolysing endolysin with cl. perfr ...	2014	24961379
clostridium perfringens sepsis and liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.	clostridium perfringens sepsis with intravascular haemolysis is a catastrophic process with a reported mortality of between 90 to 100%. we successfully treated a case of severe clostridial infection with a liver abscess following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the first to our knowledge. a 59-year-old man presented one week after an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy with jaundice, peritonism, sepsis and acute renal failure. he was found to have a haemolytic anaemia, unconjugated hyperbiliru ...	2012	24960720
m cell-targeting strategy facilitates mucosal immune response and enhances protection against cvb3-induced viral myocarditis elicited by chitosan-dna vaccine.	efficient delivery of antigen to mucosal associated lymphoid tissue is a first and critical step for successful induction of mucosal immunity by vaccines. considering its potential transcytotic capability, m cell has become a more and more attractive target for mucosal vaccines. in this research, we designed an m cell-targeting strategy by which mucosal delivery system chitosan (cs) was endowed with m cell-targeting ability via conjugating with a cpe30 peptide, c terminal 30 amino acids of clost ...	2014	24958702
clostridial pore-forming toxins: powerful virulence factors.	pore formation is a common mechanism of action for many bacterial toxins. more than one third of clostridial toxins are pore-forming toxins (pfts) belonging to the β-pft class. they are secreted as soluble monomers rich in β-strands, which recognize a specific receptor on target cells and assemble in oligomers. then, they undergo a conformational change leading to the formation of a β-barrel, which inserts into the lipid bilayer forming functional pore. according to their structure, clostridial ...	2014	24952276
a claudin 3 and claudin 4-targeted clostridium perfringens protoxin is selectively cytotoxic to psa-producing prostate cancer cells.	prostate cancer is the second leading cause of non-cutaneous cancer-related death in males, and effective strategies for treatment of metastatic disease are currently limited. the tight junction proteins, claudin 3 and claudin 4, serve as cell-surface receptors for the pore-forming clostridium perfringens enterotoxin [cpe]. most prostate cancer cells overexpress claudin 3 and claudin 4, and claudins are aberrantly distributed over the plasma membrane, making these cells particularly sensitive to ...	2014	24952257
prevention and treatment of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin intoxication in mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (c4d7) produced in nicotiana benthamiana.	epsilon toxin (etx), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, is among the most lethal toxins known. etx is a potential bioterrorism threat that was listed as a category b agent by the u.s. centers for disease control until 2012 and it still remains a toxin of interest for several government agencies. we produced a monoclonal antibody (mab) against etx (etx mab c4d7) in nicotiana benthamiana and characterized its preventive and therapeutic efficacy in mice. the etx preparation used was ...	2014	24950050
clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ...	2014	24944124
infectious diseases in large-scale cat hoarding investigations.	animal hoarders accumulate animals in over-crowded conditions without adequate nutrition, sanitation, and veterinary care. as a result, animals rescued from hoarding frequently have a variety of medical conditions including respiratory infections, gastrointestinal disease, parasitism, malnutrition, and other evidence of neglect. the purpose of this study was to characterize the infectious diseases carried by clinically affected cats and to determine the prevalence of retroviral infections among ...	2014	24934262
survival of salmonella spp. and fecal indicator bacteria in vietnamese biogas digesters receiving pig slurry.	small-scale biogas digesters are widely promoted worldwide as a sustainable technology to manage livestock manure. in vietnam, pig slurry is commonly applied to biogas digesters for production of gas for electricity and cooking with the effluent being used to fertilize field crops, vegetables and fish ponds. slurry may contain a variety of zoonotic pathogens, e.g. salmonella spp., which are able to cause disease in humans either through direct contact with slurry or by fecal contamination of wat ...	2014	24933419
antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria in ontario, 2010-2011.	the local epidemiology of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in anaerobic bacteria is important in guiding the empiric treatment of infections. however, susceptibility data are very limited on anaerobic organisms, particularly among non-bacteroides organisms. to determine susceptibility profiles of clinically-significant anaerobic bacteria in ontario canada, anaerobic isolates from sterile sites submitted to public health ontario laboratory (phol) for identification and susceptibility testing ...	2014	24923267
haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins.	large clostridial glucosylating toxins (lcgts) are produced by toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium novyi and clostridium sordellii. while most c. sordellii strains solely produce lethal toxin (tcsl), c. sordellii strain vpi9048 co-produces both hemorrhagic toxin (tcsh) and tcsl. here, the sequences of tcsh-9048 and tcsl-9048 are provided, showing that both toxins retain conserved lcgt features and that tcsl and tcsh are highly related to toxin a (tcda ...	2014	24905543
differential regulation of microrna transcriptome in chicken lines resistant and susceptible to necrotic enteritis disease.	necrotic enteritis (ne) is a re-emerging disease as a result of increased restriction on the use of antibiotics in poultry. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ne are unclear. small rna transcriptome analysis was performed using spleen and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iel) from 2 inbred chicken lines selected for resistance or susceptibility to marek's disease (md) in an experimentally induced model of avian ne to investigate whether microrna (mirna) contr ...	2014	24879688
effects of long-term heat stress in an experimental model of avian necrotic enteritis.	stressful conditions are predisposing factors for disease development. heat stress is one of the most important stressors in poultry production. the reemergence of some previously controlled diseases [e.g., avian necrotic enteritis (ne)] has been extensively reported. the combination of bacterial infection and certain environmental factors have been reported to trigger the disease. the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of long-term heat stress (35 ± 1°c) on the development of ne in br ...	2014	24879684
investigating an outbreak of clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in a school using smartphone technology, london, march 2013.	on 22 march 2013, 150 of 1,255 students (13–17 years) and staff at a school in london reported gastrointestinal symptoms; onset peaked 8 to 12 hours after a lunch served in the school on 21 march. we performed a retrospective cohort study of all students and staff. we defined cases as school attenders on 20 and 21 march with onset of gastrointestinal symptoms between 20 and 23 march. we tested food, environmental and stool samples of cases for common pathogens and bacterial toxins. we administer ...	2014	24852955
porcine group a rotaviruses with heterogeneous vp7 and vp4 genotype combinations can be found together with enteric bacteria on belgian swine farms.	group a rotaviruses (rva) are an important cause of diarrhea in young piglets, resulting in significant economic losses. however, the role of rva in the etiology of piglet diarrhea on belgian swine farms was previously unreported. in the present study, different techniques, including fast antigen detection tests, virus isolation, rt-pcr and rt-qpcr have been applied for detection of rva in diarrheic (n=28) and asymptomatic (n=6) fecal samples collected on belgian pig farms. rt-qpcr was shown to ...	2014	24837191
evaluation of clostridium perfringens as a tracer of sewage contamination in sediments by two enumeration methods.	a traditional method of enumerating clostridium perfringens using membrane filtration (mf) as an indicator of fecal contamination was compared to recently developed rapid method using rapid fung double tube (rfdt) in an evaluation to characterize the extent of sewage contamination in sediments of the great lakes. evaluation of these two methods included determining c. perfringens concentrations and recovery efficiencies from sewage, sewage-spiked sediments, and water (surface and bottom) and sed ...	2014	24833022
development of a flow cytometric bead immunoassay and its assessment as a possible aid to potency evaluation of enterotoxaemia vaccines.	enterotoxaemia, an economically important disease of sheep, goats and calves, is caused by systemic effects of the epsilon toxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens type d. the only practical means of controlling the occurrence of enterotoxaemia is to immunise animals by vaccination. the vaccine is prepared by deriving a toxoid from the bacterial culture filtrate and the potency of the vaccine is tested with the in vivo mouse neutralisation test (mnt). due to ethical, eco ...	2014	24832497
clostridium perfringens surgical site infection after osteotomy for knee deformity correction in a non-immunocompromised child.	clostridium perfringens myonecrosis following an elective surgical procedure in a previously healthy child is a rare incident.	2014	24828080
bovicin hj50-like lantibiotics, a novel subgroup of lantibiotics featured by an indispensable disulfide bridge.	lantibiotics are ribosomally-synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides with potent antimicrobial activities. discovery of novel lantibiotics has been greatly accelerated with the soaring release of genomic information of microorganisms. as a unique class ii lantibiotic, bovicin hj50 is produced by streptococcus bovis hj50 and contains one rare disulfide bridge. by using its precursor bova as a drive sequence, 16 bova-like peptides were revealed in a wide variety of species. from them ...	2014	24821187
structural basis of sialidase in complex with geranylated flavonoids as potent natural inhibitors.	sialidase catalyzes the removal of a terminal sialic acid from glycoconjugates and plays a pivotal role in nutrition, cellular interactions and pathogenesis mediating various infectious diseases including cholera, influenza and sepsis. an array of antiviral sialidase agents have been developed and are commercially available, such as zanamivir and oseltamivir for treating influenza. however, the development of bacterial sialidase inhibitors has been much less successful. here, natural polyphenoli ...	2014	24816104
antibacterial activity against clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin.	in the present study, the antimicrobial and antiradical activities of 15 essential oils were investigated. the antimicrobial activities were determined by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against clostridium genus and antioxidant properties of essential oils by testing their scavenging effect on dpph radicals activities. we determined the antibacterial activity of clostridium butyricum, clostridium hystoliticum, clostridium intestinale, clostridium perfringens and clostr ...	2014	24813985
effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, and resistance to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections: a review.	melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, works directly and indirectly as a free radical scavenger. its other physiological or pharmacological activities could be dependent or independent of receptors located in different cells, organs, and tissues. in addition to its role in promoting sleep and circadian rhythms regulation, it has important immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects suggesting that this indole must be considered as a therapeutic alternative against inf ...	2014	24811367
use of essential oils and extracts from spices in meat protection.	the hydro distillation method was used in this study to get essential oils (eos) from cumin (cuminum cyminum l.), clove (eugenia caryohyllata) and elecampane (inula helenium l.) and the co-hydro distillation method (addition of fatty acid ethyl esters as extraction cosolvents) to get functional extracts (efs). the mic (minimum inhibitory concentration) and the mbc (minimum bactericidal concentration) were determined on five pathogenic strains (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, listeria monoc ...	2011	24803704
perfringolysin o structure and mechanism of pore formation as a paradigm for cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.	cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) constitute a family of pore forming toxins secreted by gram-positive bacteria. these toxins form transmembrane pores by inserting a large β-barrel into cholesterol-containing membrane bilayers. binding of water-soluble cdcs to the membrane triggers the formation of oligomers containing 35-50 monomers. the coordinated insertion of more than seventy β-hairpins into the membrane requires multiple structural conformational changes. perfringolysin o (pfo), secr ...	2014	24798008
biofilm formation of clostridium perfringens and its exposure to low-dose antimicrobials.	clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxemia in animal species. very little is known on the biofilm of c. perfringens and its exposure to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials. this study was undertaken to address these issues. most of the c. perfringens human and animal isolates tested in this study were able to form biofilm (230/277). porcine clinical isolates formed significantly more biofilm than the p ...	2014	24795711
eutrophication and bacterial pathogens as risk factors for avian botulism outbreaks in wetlands receiving effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants.	due to the scarcity of water resources in the "mancha húmeda" biosphere reserve, the use of treated wastewater has been proposed as a solution for the conservation of natural threatened floodplain wetlands. in addition, wastewater treatment plants of many villages pour their effluent into nearby natural lakes. we hypothesized that certain avian pathogens present in wastewater may cause avian mortalities which would trigger avian botulism outbreaks. with the aim of testing our hypothesis, 24 loca ...	2014	24795377
effects of in ovo injection with selenium on immune and antioxidant responses during experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.	this study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of se on modulating the immune system and antioxidant responses in broiler chickens with experimental necrotic enteritis. broiler eggs were injected at 18 d of embryo age with either 100 μl of pbs alone or sodium selenite (na2seo3) in pbs, providing 0 (ss0), 10 (ss10), or 20 (ss20) μg of se/egg. at 14 d posthatch, pbs-treated and uninfected chickens were kept as the control group, whereas the remaining chickens were orally i ...	2014	24795303
analysis of genetic similarities between clostridium perfringens isolates isolated from patients with gas gangrene and from hospital environment conducted with the use of the pfge method.	the objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of genetic similarity, with the use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge), of clostridium perfringens isolates originating from patients with gas gangrene and from the hospital environment. the study encompassed two patients with a clinical and microbiological diagnosis of gas gangrene, who were hospitalized in one of the hospitals of the małopolska province in the time period between 31st march 2012 and 18th may 2012. clostri ...	2014	24791817
essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots.	in this paper, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of angelica archangelica l. (apiaceae) roots from central italy were analyzed. the major constituents of the oil were α-pinene (21.3%), δ-3-carene (16.5%), limonene (16.4%) and α-phellandrene (8.7%). the oil shows a good antimicrobial activity against clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, enterococcus faecalis, eubacterium limosum, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and candida albicans with minimum ...	2014	24788027
structure and stability of an azoreductase with an fad cofactor from the strict anaerobe clostridium perfringens.	azoreductase enzymes present in many microorganisms exhibit the ability to reduce azo dyes, an abundant industrial pollutant, to produce carcinogenic metabolites that threaten human health. all biochemically-characterized azoreductases, around 30 to date, have been isolated from aerobic bacteria, except for azoc, the azoreductase of clostridium perfringens, which is from a strictly anaerobic bacterium. azoc is a recently biochemically-characterized azoreductase. the lack of structural informatio ...	2014	24779771
pathogen exclusion properties of canine probiotics are influenced by the growth media and physical treatments simulating industrial processes.	manufacturing process used in preparation of probiotic products may alter beneficial properties of probiotics. the effect of different growth media and inactivation methods on the protective properties of canine-originated probiotic bacteria against adhesion of canine enteropathogens was investigated.	2014	24779583
synergistic effects of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and beta toxin in rabbit small intestinal loops.	the ability of clostridium perfringens type c to cause human enteritis necroticans (en) is attributed to beta toxin (cpb). however, many en strains also express c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), suggesting that cpe could be another contributor to en. supporting this possibility, lysate supernatants from modified duncan-strong sporulation (mds) medium cultures of three cpe-positive type c en strains caused enteropathogenic effects in rabbit small intestinal loops, which is significant since cpe i ...	2014	24778117
beta2 toxin is not involved in in vitro cell cytotoxicity caused by human and porcine cpb2-harbouring clostridium perfringens.	clostridium perfringens is a common cause of intestinal disease in animals and humans. its pathogenicity is attributed to the toxins it can produce, including the beta2 toxin. the presence of cpb2, the gene encoding the beta2 toxin, has been associated with diarrhoea in neonatal piglets and humans. however, the exact role of the beta2 toxin in the development of diarrhoea is still unknown. in this study we investigated the level of cytotoxicity to porcine ipi-21 and human caco-2 cell-lines cause ...	2014	24768003
fulminating septic shock from clostridium perfringens in an early breast cancer patient with severe myalgia after docetaxel treatment.	anaerobic bacteraemia could be a life-threatening condition in neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy. taxane therapy is associated with necrotising inflammation of the caecum (named also typhlitis) that could be a potential source for bacteraemia. we report the case of a sudden onset of septic shock by clostridium perfringens in a young patient treated with docetaxel as adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. a mini-review of the literature has been performed.	2011	24765295
towards an understanding of the role of clostridium perfringens toxins in human and animal disease.	clostridium perfringens uses its arsenal of >16 toxins to cause histotoxic and intestinal infections in humans and animals. it has been unclear why this bacterium produces so many different toxins, especially since many target the plasma membrane of host cells. however, it is now established that c. perfringens uses chromosomally encoded alpha toxin (a phospholipase c) and perfringolysin o (a pore-forming toxin) during histotoxic infections. in contrast, this bacterium causes intestinal disease ...	2014	24762309
antibiotic resistance of clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens in egypt.	the use of antibiotic feed additives in broiler chickens results in a high prevalence of resistance among their enteric bacteria, with a consequent emergence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic enteropathogens. despite growing concerns about the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, which show varying prevalences in different geographic regions, little work has been done to investigate this issue in the middle east. this study provides insight into one of the world's most common and financ ...	2013	24761735
hepatic emphysema associated with ultrasound-guided liver biopsy in a dog.	an eleven-year-old chinese crested powder puff dog presented with polydipsia/polyuria, inappetence, diarrhea and vomiting underwent an ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy. two days post-biopsy the clinical condition of the dog acutely deteriorated with fever, dyspnea, ataxia and subcutaneous emphysema. radiographs and ultrasound showed focal severe hepatic emphysema in the region of the previous liver biopsy. post-mortem examination revealed chronic hepatitis with dissecting fibrosis, ac ...	2014	24758285
the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain and mortality in 4 danish pig herds.	the study evaluated the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain (adg) and mortality and described the clinical manifestations in four herds suffering from the syndrome. nnpds is a diarrhoeic syndrome affecting piglets within the first week of life, which is not caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a/c, clostridium difficile (c. difficile), rotavirus a, coronavirus, cystoisospora suis, strongyloide ...	2014	24755093
gas-forming liver abscess associated with rapid hemolysis in a diabetic patient.	we experienced a case of liver abscess due to clostridium perfringens (cp) complicated with massive hemolysis and rapid death in an adequately controlled type 2 diabetic patient. the patient died 6 h after his first visit to the hospital. cp was later detected in a blood culture. we searched for case reports of cp septicemia and found 124 cases. fifty patients survived, and 74 died. of the 30 patients with liver abscess, only 3 cases survived following treatment with emergency surgical drainage. ...	2014	24748935
hypermotility in clostridium perfringens strain sm101 is due to spontaneous mutations in genes linked to cell division.	clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic pathogen of humans and animals. although they lack flagella, c. perfringens bacteria can still migrate across surfaces using a type of gliding motility that involves the formation of filaments of bacteria lined up in an end-to-end conformation. in strain sm101, hypermotile variants are often found arising from the edges of colonies on agar plates. hypermotile cells are longer than wild-type cells, and video microscopy of their gliding motility ...	2014	24748614
the impact of major earthquakes and subsequent sewage discharges on the microbial quality of water and sediments in an urban river.	a series of large earthquakes struck the city of christchurch, new zealand in 2010-2011. major damage sustained by the sewerage infrastructure required direct discharge of up to 38,000 m(3)/day of raw sewage into the avon river of christchurch for approximately six months. this allowed evaluation of the relationship between concentrations of indicator microorganisms (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and f-rna phage) and pathogens (campylobacter, giardia and cryptosporidium) in recreatio ...	2014	24747258
'core species' in three sources of indoor air belonging to the human micro-environment to the exclusion of outdoor air.	although we spend the majority of our lives indoors, the airborne microbial content of enclosed spaces still remains inadequately described. the objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity of indoor air in three different enclosed spaces with three levels of occupancy, and, in particular, to highlight the 'core' species, the opportunistic pathogens and their origins. our findings provide an overall description of bacterial diversity in these indoor environments. data gath ...	2014	24747243
relationship between gastrointestinal dysbiosis and clostridium botulinum in dairy cows.	the gastrointestinal tract is a balanced ecosystem that can get out of balance and predisposed to clostridial diseases or other pathological conditions. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the gut microbiota in dairy cows suffering from chronic botulism. cows were investigated for clostridium (c.) botulinum in faeces and rumen fluids. in order to study the relationship between botulism and gastrointestinal microbiota, faeces and rumen fluid were tested for bacterial composition us ...	2014	24747040
retinal microvascular damage and vasogenic edema produced by clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in rats.	when the brain is exposed to large circulating levels of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin (ext), microvascular damage with resulting severe, generalized, vasogenic edema seems to be principally responsible for the ensuing acute, and frequently fatal, neurologic disorder. however, although the blood-retinal barrier resembles in many respects the blood-brain barrier, retinal changes in livestock with acute epsilon intoxication have not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously report ...	2014	24741023
liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens.		2014	24739619
lrp1 is a receptor for clostridium perfringens tpel toxin indicating a two-receptor model of clostridial glycosylating toxins.	large glycosylating toxins are major virulence factors of various species of pathogenic clostridia. prototypes are clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which cause antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the current model of the toxins' action suggests that receptor binding is mediated by a c-terminal domain of combined repetitive oligopeptides (crop). this model is challenged by the glycosylating clostridium perfringens large cytotoxin (tpel toxin) that is devoid of the c ...	2014	24737893
application of a real-time pcr method for salmonella spp., escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens detection in water samples.	the diagnostic assessment of water sanitary state is based mainly on the cultivation of bacteria retained on membrane filters. however classical microbiology methods have a lot of disadvantages. more and more frequently, rapid detection and identification of pathogens present in water is based on molecular biology techniques. the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and usefulness of a real-time pcr method, when compared to the recommended bacteria culture method, in diagnostics ...	2013	24730140
haemorhagic enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type c and type a in silver foxes.	type c and type a of c. perfringens were detected in the seat of natural infections in silver foxes characterized by symptoms of haemorrhagic enterotoxemia. in all of the dead foxes characteristic changes were noted in the small intestine and parenchymatous organs. the production of alpha and beta toxins by isolated bacteria was confirmed by the bioassay using white mice and by pcr. the results of the drug sensitivity testing showed that isolated strains were highly susceptible to amoxicillin wi ...	2014	24724490
complication of invasive molar pregnancy with clostridium perfringens sepsis.	clostridium perfringens (cp) is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus associated with malignant diseases and near-term pregnancies. the necrotic tissue that results from these disease processes fuels the proliferation of cp, leading to gas gangrene and subsequently sepsis. herein, we report a case of a 41-year-old female patient with a history of invasive molar pregnancy that was further complicated with a cp infection. although past research has shown a link between clostridium infection and cho ...	2014	24716030
necrotic enteritis in chickens: development of a straightforward disease model system.	the interaction between eimeria species and clostridium perfringens was investigated in two different necrotic enteritis (ne) models: 120-day-old broilers were used in two separate experiments consisting of six groups (n=10) each. besides controls, chickens were infected with coccidia on study day (sd) 18 (eimeria maxima and eimeria acervulina (experiment 1) or eimeria tenella and eimeria brunetti (experiment 2) and/or a netb toxin positive c perfringens strain (both experiments: sd 14 or sd 22, ...	2014	24714053
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant y30a-y196a as a recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia.	epsilon toxin (etx) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens toxinotypes b and d and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia, a severe, often fatal disease of ruminants that causes significant economic losses to the farming industry worldwide. this study aimed to determine the potential of a site-directed mutant of etx (y30a-y196a) to be exploited as a recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia. replacement of y30 and y196 with alanine generated a stable variant ...	2014	24709588
perfrin, a novel bacteriocin associated with netb positive clostridium perfringens strains from broilers with necrotic enteritis.	necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens is associated with netb positive clostridium perfringens type a strains. it is known that c. perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of necrotic enteritis are more capable of secreting factors inhibiting growth of other c. perfringens strains than strains isolated from the gut of healthy chickens. this characteristic could lead to extensive and selective presence of a strain that contains the genetic make-up enabling to secrete toxins that cause gut les ...	2014	24708344
heterologous protection against alpha toxins of clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus induced by binding domain recombinant chimeric protein.	clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus are the two important bacteria frequently associated with majority of the soft tissue infections. the severity and progression of the diseases caused by these pathogens are attributed primarily to the alpha toxins they produce. previously, we synthesized a non-toxic chimeric molecule r-αcs encompassing the binding domains of c. perfringens and s. aureus alpha toxins and demonstrated that the r-αcs hyperimmune polysera reacts with both the native ...	2014	24699467
[spondylodiscitis due to clostridium perfringens].		2014	24684888
utility of the clostridial site-specific recombinase tnpx to clone toxic-product-encoding genes and selectively remove genomic dna fragments.	tnpx is a site-specific recombinase responsible for the excision and insertion of the transposons tn4451 and tn4453 in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile, respectively. here, we exploit phenotypic features of tnpx to facilitate genetic mutagenesis and complementation studies. genetic manipulation of bacteria often relies on the use of antibiotic resistance genes; however, a limited number are available for use in the clostridia. the ability of tnpx to recognize and excise specific ...	2014	24682304
clostridium perfringens challenge and dietary fat type affect broiler chicken performance and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract.	the aim of the present work was to examine how different fats commonly used in the feed industry affect broiler performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens challenged with virulent clostridium perfringens strains. two experiments were carried out, each including 480-day-old male broilers (ross 308), which were randomly distributed to eight experimental groups using six replicate pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. in exper ...	2014	24674938
x-ray structure of a novel endolysin encoded by episomal phage phism101 of clostridium perfringens.	gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall composed of a mesh polymer of peptidoglycans, which provides physical protection. endolysins encoded by phages infecting bacteria can hydrolyse peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall, killing the host bacteria immediately. the endolysin (psm) encoded by episomal phage phism101 of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens type a strain sm101 exhibits potent lytic activity towards most strains of clostridium perfringens. psm has an n-terminal catal ...	2014	24674022
production of human metabolites by gastrointestinal bacteria as a potential source of post-mortem alteration of antemortem drug/metabolite concentrations.	previous studies have demonstrated that bacterial species are capable of transforming complex chemical substances. several of these species, native to the human gastrointestinal tract, are active in postmortem decomposition. they have potential to cause biotransformations affecting compound-to-metabolite ratios within the human body, especially after death. investigation of postmortem effects could supply valuable information, especially concerning compound identification and confirmation. the p ...	2015	24665046
bec, a novel enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens found in human clinical isolates from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.	clostridium perfringens is a causative agent of food-borne gastroenteritis for which c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been considered an essential factor. recently, we experienced two outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis in which non-cpe producers of c. perfringens were strongly suspected to be the cause. here, we report a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens isolates, bec (binary enterotoxin of c. perfringens). culture supernatants of the c. perfringens strains showed fluid-accum ...	2014	24664508
empathy dolls: are they a source of cross-contamination between patients?	following a cluster of two patients with identical strains of clostridium perfringens prosthetic joint infections on an ortho-geriatric ward in a teaching hospital in england, investigations were conducted into infection control practices. it emerged that empathy dolls were being used to help alleviate agitation in dementia patients; this had been introduced without consultation with the infection prevention and control team. environmental testing of the doll pre and post laundry at different te ...	2014	24661788
synergistic antibacterial effect of honey and herba ocimi basilici against some bacterial pathogens.	to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the combination of different honey brands and methanolic fraction of herba ocimi basilici using agar well diffusion assay.	2013	24660616
evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples of paediatric patients.	we evaluated a multiplex pcr assay, the seeplex diarrhoea ace detection, that simultaneously detects 15 enteric pathogens, including salmonella spp., shigella spp., vibrio spp., toxin b producer clostridium difficile, campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, yersinia enterocolitica, aeromonas spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli, adenovirus, group a rotavirus, norovirus gi and gii, and astrovirus. we compared this assay with clinical methods routinely used ...	2014	24656922
molecular analysis of infant fecal microbiota in an asian at-risk cohort-correlates with infant and childhood eczema.	studies have suggested that selective microbial targets prevail in the fecal microbiota of infants with eczema. this study evaluated the composition of fecal microbiota of infants who developed eczema in the first 5 years of life and compared these with those of healthy controls.	2014	24650346
clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin damages the rabbit colon.	clostridium perfringens enterotoxin causes the gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms of c. perfringens type a food poisoning and cpe-associated non-food-borne human gi diseases. it is well established that cpe induces fluid accumulation and severe tissue damage in ligated small intestinal loops of rabbits and other animals. however, a previous study had also reported that cpe binds to rabbit colonic cells yet does not significantly affect rabbit colonic loops. to the contrary, the current study determi ...	2014	24643537
membrane vesicles of clostridium perfringens type a strains induce innate and adaptive immunity.	vesicle shedding from bacteria is a universal process in most gram-negative bacteria and a few gram-positive bacteria. in this report, we isolate extracellular membrane vesicles (mvs) from the supernatants of gram-positive pathogen clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens). we demonstrated vesicle production in a variety of virulent and nonvirulent type a strains. mvs did not contain alpha-toxin and netb toxin demonstrated by negative reaction to specific antibody and absence of specific proteins ...	2014	24631214
modulation of micrornas in two genetically disparate chicken lines showing different necrotic enteritis disease susceptibility.	micrornas (mirna) play a critical role in post-transcriptional regulation by influencing the 3'-utr of target genes. using two inbred white leghorn chicken lines, line 6.3 and line 7.2 showing marek's disease-resistant and -susceptible phenotypes, respectively, we used small rna high-throughput sequencing (hts) to investigate whether mirnas are differently expressed in these two chicken lines after inducing necrotic enteritis (ne). the 12 mirnas, selected from the most down-regulated or up-regul ...	2014	24629767
fluorescence in situ hybridization investigation of potentially pathogenic bacteria involved in neonatal porcine diarrhea.	neonatal diarrhea is a multifactorial condition commonly present on pig farms and leads to economic losses due to increased morbidity and mortality of piglets. immature immune system and lack of fully established microbiota at birth predispose neonatal piglets to infection with enteric pathogens. the microorganisms that for decades have been associated with enteritis and diarrhea in suckling piglets are: rotavirus a, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), clostridium perfringens t ...	2014	24628856
identification of a key residue for oligomerisation and pore-formation of clostridium perfringens netb.	necrotic enteritis toxin b (netb) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by clostridium perfringens and has been identified as a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant economic damage to the poultry industry worldwide. in this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify amino acids that play a role in netb oligomerisation and pore-formation. netb k41h showed significantly reduced toxicity towards lmh cells and human red blood cel ...	2014	24625763
antibacterial and antioxidant activities in extracts of fully grown cladodes of 8 cultivars of cactus pear.	the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some cultivars of the nopal cactus have not been determined. in this study, 8 cultivars of nopal cacti from mexico were assayed for phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activities against campylobacter jejuni, vibrio cholera, and clostridium perfringens. plant material was washed, dried, and macerated in methanol. minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. antioxidant acti ...	2014	24621296
draft genome sequence of clostridium perfringens strain jjc, a highly efficient hydrogen producer isolated from landfill leachate sludge.	clostridium perfringens strain jjc is an effective biohydrogen and biochemical producer that was isolated from landfill leachate sludge. here, we present the assembly and annotation of its genome, which may provide further insights into the gene interactions involved in efficient biohydrogen production.	2014	24604637
short- and medium-chain fatty acids as a feed supplement for weaning and nursery pigs.	the effect of supplementing piglet diets with acidifiers containing the short-chain fatty acids - scfa (propionic c3 and formic) together with medium-chain fatty acids -- mcfa (caprylic c8 and capric c10) on performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and small intestine structure was investigated. the study was performed on 326 piglets allocated to 5 experimental groups. they were fed a standard diet (group i - control) or a standard diet supplemented with 0.5% propionic ...	2013	24597298
isolation and identification of quercetin degrading bacteria from human fecal microbes.	quercetin has a wide range of biological properties. the gut microflora can often modulate its biological activity and their potential health effects. there still is a lack of information about gut bacteria involving in this process. the strains of gut microbes from human feces that can transform quercetin were isolated and identified by in vitro fermentation. the results showed that escherichia coli, stretococcus lutetiensis, lactobacillus acidophilus, weissella confusa, enterococcus gilvus, cl ...	2014	24594786
key design factors affecting microbial community composition and pathogenic organism removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands.	constructed wetlands constitute an interesting option for wastewater reuse since high concentrations of contaminants and pathogenic microorganisms can be removed with these natural treatment systems. in this work, the role of key design factors which could affect microbial removal and wetland performance, such as granular media, water depth and season effect was evaluated in a pilot system consisting of eight parallel horizontal subsurface flow (hssf) constructed wetlands treating urban wastewat ...	2014	24594738
claudin and ovarian cancer.	claudins are a family of proteins and the most important component of the tight junction. they constitute a paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space of an epithelium. although it seems that claudin should be down regulated in cancer cell, some claudins are, in fact highly elevated in various human cancers, including ovarian cancer. whereas the functional significance of claudin overexpression in ovarian carcinoma is unclear, these proteins are important ...	2010	24591894
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.	measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...	2014	24588853
mechanistic investigations of unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase from clostridium perfringens.	experiments were carried out to probe the details of the hydration-initiated hydrolysis catalyzed by the clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase of glycoside hydrolase family 88 in the cazy classification system. direct (1)h nmr monitoring of the enzymatic reaction detected no accumulated reaction intermediates in solution, suggesting that rearrangement of the initial hydration product occurs on-enzyme. an attempt at mechanism-based trapping of on-enzyme intermediates using a 1, ...	2014	24573682
growth conditions of clostridium perfringens type b for production of toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines.	the diseases caused for clostridium perfringens are generically called enterotoxemias because toxins produced in the intestine may be absorbed into the general circulation. c. perfringens type b, grown in batch fermentation, produced toxins used to obtain veterinary vaccines. glucose in concentrations of 1.4-111.1 mm was used to define the culture medium. the minimum concentration for a satisfactory production of vaccines against clostridial diseases was 55.6 mm. best results were brought forth ...	2014	24573216
xylanase supplementation of a wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestion and mrna expression of intestinal nutrient transporters in broiler chickens infected with clostridium perfringens.	necrotic enteritis caused by clostridium perfringens has become prevalent in the european union due to the withdrawal of antibiotics in poultry feed. in an experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks (ross 308) were assigned to 4 groups with or without c. perfringens challenge and fed wheat-based diets supplemented with or without xylanase at 5,500 u/kg of diet. the study aimed to investigate effects of xylanase addition on growth performance as well as nut ...	2014	24570428
effects of clostridium butyricum on growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88.	this study was conducted to investigate the effects of clostridium butyricumon growth performance, immune function, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k88. three hundred sixty 1-d-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments: negative control (nc) birds were fed a basal diet and not challenged with e. coli k88; positive control (pc) birds were fed a basal diet and challenged with e. coli k88; c. butyricum treatment (cb) birds were fed a diet ...	2014	24570422
opioid analgesics stop the development of clostridial gas gangrene.	gas gangrene is a potentially fatal disease that is primarily caused by the ubiquitous, anaerobic bacteria clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum. treatment is limited to antibiotic therapy, debridement of the infected tissue, and, in severe cases, amputation. the need for new treatment approaches is compelling. opioid-based analgesics such as buprenorphine and morphine also have immunomodulatory properties, usually leading to faster disease progression. however, here we show that mice ...	2014	24550443
[studies on prophylactic action of phenoxymethyl penicillin in experimental anaerobic infections].		2014	24544291
the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) and dextran on experimental clostridium perfringens myonecrosis.		1956	24543959
antibiotic prophylaxis of experimental clostridial infections. ii. penicillin prophylaxis of clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum infections.		1952	24542145
[effect of dietary antibiotics on number of clostridium perfringens in feces of chickens].		1952	24542054