Publications

rap-pcr fingerprinting reveals time-dependent expression of development-related genes following differentiation process of bacillus thuringiensis.	gene expression profiles are important data to reveal the functions of genes putatively involved in crucial biological processes. rna arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (rap-pcr) and specifically primed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) were combined to screen differentially expressed genes following development of a commercial bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain 8010 (serotype 3a3b). six differentially expressed transcripts (rap1 to rap6) were obtained ...	2015	26191639
operational evaluation of vectomax® wsp (bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis+bacillus sphaericus) against larval culex pipiens in septic tanks (1).	the residual effectiveness of vectomax® wsp (a water-soluble pouch formulation containing a combination of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain am65-52 and b. sphaericus strain abts 1743) when applied to septic tanks against 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae of culex pipiens l. was evaluated in this study. this formulation was evaluated at operational application rates of 1 pouch (10 g) and 2 pouches (20 g) per septic tank. both application rates resulted in >96% control of larvae for 24 day ...	2015	26181699
pest control and resistance management through release of insects carrying a male-selecting transgene.	development and evaluation of new insect pest management tools is critical for overcoming over-reliance upon, and growing resistance to, synthetic, biological and plant-expressed insecticides. for transgenic crops expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis ('bt crops') emergence of resistance is slowed by maintaining a proportion of the crop as non-bt varieties, which produce pest insects unselected for resistance. while this strategy has been largely successful, ...	2015	26179401
molecular cloning and characterization of gloverin from the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. and its interaction with bacterial membrane.	gloverin restricted to lepidoptera is known to be a glycine-rich and heat stable antimicrobial protein. the current research reports a 650 bp full-length cdna encoding gloverin from plutella xylostella (pxglo) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cdna ends. pxglo transcript was detected in both developmental stages and several tissues of 4th instar naïve larvae of p. xylostella with higher levels in the fat bodies. the mrna levels of pxglo increased appre ...	2015	26178746
unlocking the sporicidal potential of ethanol: induced sporicidal activity of ethanol against clostridium difficile and bacillus spores under altered physical and chemical conditions.	due to their efficacy and convenience, alcohol-based hand sanitizers have been widely adopted as the primary method of hand hygiene in healthcare settings. however, alcohols lack activity against bacterial spores produced by pathogens such as clostridium difficile and bacillus anthracis. we hypothesized that sporicidal activity could be induced in alcohols through alteration of physical or chemical conditions that have been shown to degrade or allow penetration of spore coats.	2015	26177038
dominance of cry1f resistance in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on tc1507 bt maize in brazil.	dominance of resistance has been one of the major parameters affecting the rate of evolution of resistance to bt crops. high dose is the capacity of bt crops to kill heterozygous insects and has been an essential component of the most successful strategy to manage resistance to these crops. experiments were conducted to evaluate directly and indirectly whether the tc1507 event is high dose to spodoptera frugiperda (je smith).	2016	26172071
a transformed bacterium expressing double-stranded rna specific to integrin β1 enhances bt toxin efficacy against a polyphagous insect pest, spodoptera exigua.	oral toxicity of double-stranded rna (dsrna) specific to integrin β1 subunit (seint) was known in a polyphagous insect pest, spodoptera exigua. for an application of the dsrna to control the insect pest, this study prepared a transformed escherichia coli expressing dsrna specific to seint.	2015	26171783
cloning and tissue-specific expression of a chitin deacetylase gene from helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and its response to bacillus thuringiensis.	chitin deacetylases (cdas) convert chitin into chitosan, the n-deacetylated form of chitin, which influences the mechanical and permeability properties of structures such as the cuticle and peritrophic matrices. in this article, a new cda encoding gene, hacda2, was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), with an open reading frame of 1,611 bp. the deduced protein composed of 536 amino acid residues with a signal ...	2015	26163665
anthropogenic action shapes the evolutionary ecology of bacillus thuringiensis: response to ruan et al.		2015	26163434
yvoa and ccpa repress the expression of chib in bacillus thuringiensis.	bacillus thuringiensis produces chitinases, which are involved in its antifungal activity and facilitate its insecticidal activity. in our recent work, we found that a 16-bp sequence, drechib (agacttcgtgatgtct), downstream of the minimal promoter region of the chitinase b gene (chib) was a critical site for the inducible expression of chib in b. thuringiensis bti75. in this work, we show that a gntr family transcriptional regulator (named yvoabt), which is homologous to yvoa of bacillus subtilis ...	2015	26162881
sub-lethal effects of vip3a toxin on survival, development and fecundity of heliothis virescens and plutella xylostella.	the assessment of sub-lethal effects is important to interpret the overall insecticide efficacy in controlling insect pest populations. in addition to the lethal effect, sub-lethal effects may also occur in exposed insects. vegetative insecticidal proteins (vips) have shown a broad spectrum of insecticidal activity against many insect pest species. in this study the sub-lethal effects of the bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal toxin vip3a on the development and reproduction of helioth ...	2015	26162322
the specificity of immune priming in silkworm, bombyx mori, is mediated by the phagocytic ability of granular cells.	in the past decade, the phenomenon of immune priming was documented in many invertebrates in a large number of studies; however, in most of these studies, behavioral evidence was used to identify the immune priming. the underlying mechanism and the degree of specificity of the priming response remain unclear. we studied the mechanism of immune priming in the larvae of the silkworm, bombyx mori, and analyzed the specificity of the priming response using two closely related gram-negative pathogeni ...	2015	26159492
the use of polystyrene beads to prepare arrayed samples of bacillus thuringiensis for microscopic examination.	a common activity in the global search for useful cry toxins is the microscopic screening of bacterial colonies for the presence of bacillus thuringiensis. high-throughput screens require that aliquots from large numbers of colonies be arrayed on a microscopic slide. however, precisely placing a small amount of bacteria on a slide, and at a density that is useful for microscopic examination, is both difficult to achieve and time consuming. herein we share a simple technique that utilizes a hooke ...	2015	26155980
induction of rapid and selective cell necrosis in drosophila using bacillus thuringiensis cry toxin and its silkworm receptor.	genetic ablation of target cells is a powerful tool to study the origins and functions of cells, tissue regeneration, or pathophysiology in a human disease model in vivo. several methods for selective cell ablation by inducing apoptosis have been established, using exogenous toxins or endogenous proapoptotic genes. however, their application is limited to cells with intact apoptotic machinery.	2015	26152191
resistance to bio-insecticides or how to enhance their sustainability: a review.	after more than 70 years of chemical pesticide use, modern agriculture is increasingly using biological control products. resistances to conventional insecticides are wide spread, while those to bio-insecticides have raised less attention, and resistance management is frequently neglected. however, a good knowledge of the limitations of a new technique often provides greater sustainability. in this review, we compile cases of resistance to widely used bio-insecticides and describe the associated ...	2015	26150820
transgenic cry1c(⁎) gene rough rice line t1c-19 does not change the host preferences of the non-target stored product pest, rhyzopertha dominica (fabricius) (coleoptera: bostrichidae), and its parasitoid wasp, anisopteromalus calandrae (howard) (hymenoptera: pteromalidae).	rough rice grains are often stored for extended periods before they are used or consumed. however, during storage, the rough rice is vulnerable to insect infestation, resulting in significant economic loss. previous studies have shown that volatiles cues, physical characteristics, and taste chemicals on the grains could be the important key behavior factors for storage insect pests to locate the hosts and select oviposition sites. it is also well known that the transgenic bt rough rice line t1c- ...	2015	26150137
a two-domain protein triggers heat shock pathway and necrosis pathway both in model plant and nematode.	the entomopathogen bacillus thuringiensis is equipped with multiple virulent factors. the genome sequence of b. thuringiensis ybt1520 revealed the presence of a two-domain protein named nel which is composed of a necrosis-inducing phytophthora protein 1-like domain found in phytopathogens and a ricin b-like lectin domain. the merging of two distantly related domains is relatively rare. nel induced necrosis and pathogen-triggered immunity (pti) on model plants. the nel also exhibited inhibition a ...	2015	26147248
activity of vegetative insecticidal proteins vip3aa58 and vip3aa59 of bacillus thuringiensis against lepidopteran pests.	vegetative insecticidal proteins (vips) secreted by some isolates of bacillus thuringiensis show activity against insects and are regarded as insecticides against pests. a number of b. thuringiensis strains harbouring vip3a genes were isolated from different sources and identified by using a pcr based approach. the isolates with the highest insecticidal activity were indicated in screening tests, and their vip genes were cloned and sequenced. the analysis revealed two polymorphic vip protein for ...	2015	26146224
enhancement of rhodobacter sphaeroides growth and carotenoid production through biostimulation.	bacillus thuringiensis/cereus l2 was added as a biostimulant to enhance the biomass accumulation and carotenoid yield of rhodobacter sphaeroides using wastewater as the culturing medium. results showed that biostimulation could significantly enhance the r. sphaeroides biomass production and carotenoid yield. the optimal biostimulant proportion was 40 μl (about 6.4×10(5) cfu). through the use of biostimulation, chemical oxygen demand removal, r. sphaeroides biomass production, carotenoid concentr ...	2015	26141874
susceptibility of northern corn rootworm diabrotica barberi (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) to mcry3a and ecry3.1ab bacillus thuringiensis proteins.	the susceptibility of the northern corn rootworm diabrotica barberi (smith & lawrence) to mcry3a and ecry3.1ab proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was determined using a diet bioassay. northern corn rootworm neonates were exposed to different concentrations of mcry3a and ecry3.1ab, incorporated into artificial diet. larval mortality was evaluated after 7 d. the mcry3a and ecry3.1ab proteins were found to be toxic to the northern corn rootworm larvae. the lc50 and lc99 values for mc ...	2016	26140383
complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis serovar tolworthi strain pasteur institute standard.	the genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis serovar tolworthi strain pasteur institute standard was determined. the genome consists of a 5.9-mb chromosome and eight plasmids, one of which is linear. the second largest plasmid (293 kb) carries the genes encoding insecticidal proteins.	2015	26139717
assembling of holotrichia parallela (dark black chafer) midgut tissue transcriptome and identification of midgut proteins that bind to cry8ea toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.	holotrichia parallela is one of the most severe crop pests in china, affecting peanut, soybean, and sweet potato crops. previous work showed that cry8ea toxin is highly effective against this insect. in order to identify cry8ea-binding proteins in the midgut cells of h. parallela larvae, we assembled a midgut tissue transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing and used this assembled transcriptome to identify cry8ea-binding proteins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). fi ...	2015	26135984
novel toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis strains against the melon fruit fly, bactrocera cucurbitae (diptera: tephritidae).	bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fruit fly) is one of the most detrimental vegetable-damaging pests in bangladesh. the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been reported against a few genera of bactrocera in addition to numerous other insect species. bt strains, harbouring cry1a-type genes were, therefore, assayed in vivo against the 3(rd) instar larvae of b. cucurbitae in this study. the biotype-based prevalence of cry1 and cry1a genes was calculated to be 30.8% and 11.16%, respectively, of ...	2015	26133509
making pathogens sociable: the [corrected] emergence of high relatedness through limited host invasibility.	cooperation depends upon high relatedness, the high genetic similarity of interacting partners relative to the wider population. for pathogenic bacteria, which show diverse cooperative traits, the population processes that determine relatedness are poorly understood. here, we explore whether within-host dynamics can produce high relatedness in the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis. we study the effects of host/pathogen interactions on relatedness via a model of host invasion and fit paramet ...	2015	26125685
toxicity of chlortetracycline and its metal complexes to model microorganisms in wastewater sludge.	complexation of antibiotics with metals is a well-known phenomenon. wastewater treatment plants contain metals and antibiotics, thus it is essential to know the effect of these complexes on toxicity towards microorganisms, typically present in secondary treatment processes. in this study, stability constants and toxicity of chlortetracycline (ctc) and metal (ca, mg, cu and cr) complexes were investigated. the calculated stability constants of ctc-metal complexes followed the order: mg-ctc>ca-ctc ...	2015	26119381
combined remediation of cd-phenanthrene co-contaminated soil by pleurotus cornucopiae and bacillus thuringiensis fq1 and the antioxidant responses in pleurotus cornucopiae.	remediation of soil co-contaminated with heavy metals and pahs by mushroom and bacteria is a novel technique. in this study, the combined remediation effect of mushroom (pleurotus cornucopiae) and bacteria (fq1, bacillus thuringiensis) on cd and phenanthrene co-contaminated soil was investigated. the effect of bacteria (b. thuringiensis) on mushroom growth, cd accumulation, phenanthrene degradation by p. cornucopiae and antioxidative responses of p. cornucopiae were studied. p. cornucopiae could ...	2015	26117363
potential prepore trimer formation by the bacillus thuringiensis mosquito-specific toxin: molecular insights into a critical prerequisite of membrane-bound monomers.	the insecticidal feature of the three-domain cry δ-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis is generally attributed to their capability to form oligomeric pores, causing lysis of target larval midgut cells. however, the molecular description of their oligomerization process has not been clearly defined. here a stable prepore of the 65-kda trypsin-activated cry4ba mosquito-specific toxin was established through membrane-mimetic environments by forming an ∼200-kda octyl-β-d-glucoside micelle-induced ...	2015	26112409
virulence plasmids of spore-forming bacteria.	plasmid-encoded virulence factors are important in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by spore-forming bacteria. unlike many other bacteria, the most common virulence factors encoded by plasmids in clostridium and bacillus species are protein toxins. clostridium perfringens causes several histotoxic and enterotoxin diseases in both humans and animals and produces a broad range of toxins, including many pore-forming toxins such as c. perfringens enterotoxin, epsilon-toxin, beta-toxin, and netb. ...	2014	26104459
molecular characterisation of bacillus thuringiensis strain meb4 highly toxic to the mediterranean flour moth ephestia kuehniella zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae).	cry2 proteins play an essential role in current bacillus thuringiensis (bt) applications and in the prevention of insect resistance to cry1a toxins. this paper reports on the screening and characterisation of novel bt strains harbouring effective cry2a-type genes and higher insecticidal activity to ephestia kuehniella.	2016	26103535
complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis yc-10, a novel active strain against plant-parasitic nematodes.	bacillus thuringiensis is an important microbial biopesticide for controlling agricultural pests by the production of toxic parasporal crystals proteins.here,we report the finished annotated genome sequence of b. thuringiensis yc-10,which is highly toxic to nematodes.the complete genome sequence consists of a circular chromosome and nine circular plasmids,which the biggest plasmid harbors six parasporal crystals proteins genes consisting of cry1aa, cry1ac, cry1ia, cry2aa, cry2ab and cryb1. the c ...	2015	26100235
linkage of an abcc transporter to a single qtl that controls ostrinia nubilalis larval resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis cry1fa toxin.	field evolved resistance of insect populations to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystalline (cry) toxins expressed by crop plants has resulted in reduced control of insect feeding damage to field crops, and threatens the sustainability of bt transgenic technologies. a single quantitative trait locus (qtl) that determines resistance in ostrinia nubilalis larvae capable of surviving on reproductive stage transgenic corn that express the bt cry1fa toxin was previously mapped to linkage group 12 (lg12 ...	2015	26093031
fluorinated aromatic amino acids distinguish cation-π interactions from membrane insertion.	cation-π interactions, where protein aromatic residues supply π systems while a positive-charged portion of phospholipid head groups are the cations, have been suggested as important binding modes for peripheral membrane proteins. however, aromatic amino acids can also insert into membranes and hydrophobically interact with lipid tails. heretofore there has been no facile way to differentiate these two types of interactions. we show that specific incorporation of fluorinated amino acids into pro ...	2015	26092728
the effect of aeration conditions, characterized by the volumetric mass transfer coefficient k(l)a, on the fermentation kinetics of bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki.	the aeration is a key factor for bacillus thuringiensis growth, sporulation and δ-endotoxins production. the objective of our work was to study the effect of aeration on the fermentation kinetics of bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (btk), cultivated in a cereal milling byproduct (cmb) mono-component medium, in order to improve the δ-endotoxins productivity. aeration conditions were systematically characterized by the volumetric mass transfer coefficient kla. in the 6% cmb culture medium, differen ...	2015	26091772
toxicological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses demonstrating that cry1c and cry2a are not toxic to larvae of the honeybee, apis mellifera.	the honey bee, apis mellifera, is commonly used as a test species for the regulatory risk assessment of insect-resistant genetically engineered (irge) plants. in the current study, a dietary exposure assay was developed, validated, and used to assess the potential toxicity of cry1c and cry2a proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to a. mellifera larvae; cry1c and cry2a are produced by different irge crops. the assay, which uses the soybean trypsin inhibitor (sbti) as a positive control and bo ...	2015	26084400
proposed measures of control management of the grape moth, lobesia botrana den and schiff (lepidoptera: tortricidae), in reference to infestation percentages, yield loss and economics of control in egypt.	this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of five measures; including the release of two strains of trichogramma, bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.). sweetened b.t. and the environmentally friend insecticide (tracer®), to manage the grape moth, lobesia botrana that infested the grape vines c.v. "thompson seedless " in egypt severely during the two successive years of 2011 and 2012. in concern to the release of the worldwide, trichogramma evanescens westwood., the mean total grape yield ranged from 8.0 ...	2014	26084105
risk assessment of genetically engineered maize resistant to diabrotica spp.: influence on above-ground arthropods in the czech republic.	transgenic maize mon88017, expressing the cry3bb1 toxin from bacillus thuringiensis (bt maize), confers resistance to corn rootworms (diabrotica spp.) and provides tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. however, prior to commercialization, substantial assessment of potential effects on non-target organisms within agroecosystems is required. the mon88017 event was therefore evaluated under field conditions in southern bohemia in 2009-2011, to detect possible impacts on the above-ground arthropod ...	2015	26083254
[screening and identification of indoleacetic acid producing endophytic bacterium in panax ginseng].	endophytic bacteria which was producing indoleacetic acid was screened from panax ginseng by using the salkowski method. the active strain was also tested for its ability of nitrogen fixation by using the ashby agar plates, the pkv plates and quantitative analysis of mo-sb-ascrobiology acid colorimetry was used to measure its ability of phosphate solubilization, for its ability of potassium solubilization the silicate medium and flame spectrophotometry was used, for its ability of producing side ...	2015	26080547
evidence of two mechanisms involved in bacillus thuringiensis israelensis decreased toxicity against mosquito larvae: genome dynamic and toxins stability.	biopesticides based on bacillus thuringiensis israelensis are the most used and most successful around the world. this bacterium is characterized by a dynamic genome able to win or lose genetic materials which leads to a decrease in its effectiveness. the detection of such phenomena is of great importance to monitor the stability of b. thuringiensis strains in industrial production processes of biopesticides. new local b. thuringiensis israelensis isolates were investigated. they present variabl ...	2015	26070692
cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis active against diamondback moth and fall armyworm.	biopesticides based on bacillus thuringiensis and genetically modified plants with genes from this bacterium have been used to control plutella xylostella (l.) and spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith). however, the selection pressure imposed by these technologies may undermine the efficiency of this important alternative to synthetic insecticides. toxins with different modes of action allow a satisfactory control of these insects. the purpose of this study was to characterize the protein and gene ...	2015	26070631
curing both virulent mega-plasmids from bacillus anthracis wild-type strain a16 simultaneously using plasmid incompatibility.	plasmid-cured derivative strains of bacillus anthracis are frequently used in laboratory studies. plasmid incompatibility, which does not increase the risk of chromosomal mutation, is a useful method for plasmid curing. however, in bacteria containing multiple plasmids, it often requires the sequential introduction of multiple, specific incompatibility plasmids. this lengthy process renders the traditional plasmid incompatibility method inefficient and mutation-prone. in this study, we successfu ...	2015	26059513
generation of a transcriptome in a model lepidopteran pest, heliothis virescens, using multiple sequencing strategies for profiling midgut gene expression.	heliothine pests such as the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (f.), pose a significant threat to production of a variety of crops and ornamental plants and are models for developmental and physiological studies. the efforts to develop new control measures for h. virescens, as well as its use as a relevant biological model, are hampered by a lack of molecular resources. the present work demonstrates the utility of next-generation sequencing technologies for rapid molecular resource generation ...	2015	26047101
host-pathogen coevolution: the selective advantage of bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes.	reciprocal coevolution between host and pathogen is widely seen as a major driver of evolution and biological innovation. yet, to date, the underlying genetic mechanisms and associated trait functions that are unique to rapid coevolutionary change are generally unknown. we here combined experimental evolution of the bacterial biocontrol agent bacillus thuringiensis and its nematode host caenorhabditis elegans with large-scale phenotyping, whole genome analysis, and functional genetics to demonst ...	2015	26042786
control methods against invasive aedes mosquitoes in europe: a review.	five species of invasive aedes mosquitoes have recently become established in europe: ae. albopictus, ae. aegypti, ae. japonicus japonicus, ae. koreicus and ae. atropalpus. these mosquitoes are a serious nuisance for people and are also competent vectors for several exotic pathogens such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. as they are a growing public health concern, methods to control these mosquitoes need to be implemented to reduce their biting and their potential for disease transmission. the ...	2015	26037532
relevance of bt toxin interaction studies for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops.	in recent years, different bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin-encoding genes have been combined or 'stacked' in genetically modified (gm) crops. synergism between bt proteins may occur and thereby increase the impact of the stacked gm event on nontarget invertebrates compared to plants expressing a single bt gene. on the basis of bioassay data available for bt toxins alone or in combination, we argue that the current knowledge of bt protein interactions is of limited relevance in environmental ri ...	2015	26032006
cry protein crystals: a novel platform for protein delivery.	protein delivery platforms are important tools in the development of novel protein therapeutics and biotechnologies. we have developed a new class of protein delivery agent based on sub-micrometer-sized cry3aa protein crystals that naturally form within the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis. we demonstrate that fusion of the cry3aa gene to that of various reporter proteins allows for the facile production of cry3aa fusion protein crystals for use in subsequent applications. these cry3aa fusion pr ...	2015	26030844
identification of metabolism pathways directly regulated by sigma(54) factor in bacillus thuringiensis.	sigma(54) (σ(54)) regulates nitrogen and carbon utilization in bacteria. promoters that are σ(54)-dependent are highly conserved and contain short sequences located at the -24 and -12 positions upstream of the transcription initiation site. σ(54) requires regulatory proteins known as bacterial enhancer-binding proteins (bebps) to activate gene transcription. we show that σ(54) regulates the capacity to grow on various nitrogen sources using a bacillus thuringiensis hd73 mutant lacking the sigl g ...	2015	26029175
the mechanism of uranium transformation from u(vi) into nano-uramphite by two indigenous bacillus thuringiensis strains.	the mechanism of uranium transformation from u(vi) into nano-uramphite by two indigenous bacillus thuringiensis strains was investigated in the present work. our data showed that the bacteria isolated from uranium mine possessed highly accumulation ability to u(vi), and the maximum accumulation capacity was around 400 mg u/g biomass (dry weight). x-ray powder diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ...	2015	26026850
the pqqd homologous domain of the radical sam enzyme thnb is required for thioether bond formation during thurincin h maturation.	thurincin h is a 31-residue, ribosomally synthesized bacteriocin originating from the thn operon of bacillus thuringiensis sf361. it is the only known sactipeptide carrying four thioether bridges between four cysteines and the α-carbons of a serine, an asparagine and two threonine residues. by analysis of the thn operon and use of in vitro studies we now reveal that thnb is a radical s-adenosylmethionine (sam) enzyme containing two [4fe-4s] clusters. furthermore, we confirm the involvement of th ...	2015	26026269
resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry2ab in trichoplusia ni is conferred by a novel genetic mechanism.	the resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin cry2ab in a greenhouse-originated trichoplusia ni strain resistant to both bt toxins cry1ac and cry2ab was characterized. biological assays determined that the cry2ab resistance in the t. ni strain was a monogenic recessive trait independent of cry1ac resistance, and there existed no significant cross-resistance between cry1ac and cry2ab in t. ni. from the dual-toxin-resistant t. ni strain, a strain resistant to cry2ab only was isolated, an ...	2015	26025894
two-component system yvqec-dependent bacterial resistance against vancomycin in bacillus thuringiensis.	yvqec is one of the two-component signal transduction systems that may respond to cell envelope stress and enable cells to adjust multiple cellular functions. it consists of a histidine kinase yvqe and a response regulator yvqc. in this study, we separately constructed a single gene mutant δyvqe and a double gene mutant δyvqec in bacillus thuringiensis bmb171 through a homing endonucleases i-scei mediated markerless gene deletion method. we found that the deletion of either yvqe or yvqec weakene ...	2015	26025304
potential use of bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with mastitis in dairy goats.	mastitis caused by microbial infections in dairy goats reduces milk yield, modifies milk composition, and potentially contributes to morbidity in herds and consumers of dairy products. microorganisms associated with mastitis in dairy goats are commonly controlled with antibiotics, but it is known that continued use of these chemical agents promotes antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations. recently, it has been shown that bacteriocins of bacillus thuringiensis inhibit growth of food-bor ...	2016	26022411
[bt transgenic crops for insect-resistance and modification of bt protein and utilization of stacking strategy].	insecticidal protein genes from bacillus thuringiensis are currently the most widely used insect-resistant genes. they have been transferred to many crops for breeding and production. among them, cotton, maize, potato and other insect-resistant crops are commercialized, creating considerable economic benefit. in this review, we summarized advances in identifying functional genes and transgenic crops for insect resistance, compared different strategies for enhancing vigor of insecticidal protein ...	2015	26021079
transgenic maize event tc1507: global status of food, feed, and environmental safety.	maize (zea mays) is a widely cultivated cereal that has been safely consumed by humans and animals for centuries. transgenic or genetically engineered insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize, are commercially grown on a broad scale. event tc1507 (oecd unique identifier: das-ø15ø7-1) or the herculex®(#) i trait, an insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize expressing cry1f and pat proteins, has been registered for commercial cultivation in the us since 2001. a science-based safety asses ...	2015	26018138
field resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis protein cry1ac expressed in bollgard(®) hybrid cotton in pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders), populations in india.	bollgard(®) cotton, expressing cry1ac insecticidal protein, was approved for commercial planting in india in 2002, and by 2009 constituted 87% of the indian crop, reducing losses from lepidopteran pests, including pink bollworm (pbw), pectinophora gossypiella. inadequate control of pbw in fields of single-gene bollgard cotton was reported in 2009; surveys revealed heavy infestations of pbw in bollgard, restricted to gujarat state, but not elsewhere in india.	2016	26016704
multilevel assessment of cry1ab bt-maize straw return affecting the earthworm eisenia fetida.	non-target effects of two varieties of bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-maize straw (5422bt1 [event bt11] and 5422cbcl [mon810]) return on the eisenia fetida were investigated by using multilevel assessments, compared to near-isogenic non-bt-maize (5422). 5422bt1 straw return had no deleterious effects on adult earthworms and had significantly positive effects on juveniles over three generations. negative, no, and positive effects on adults treated with 5422cbcl straw were observed in the 1st, 2nd an ...	2015	26011413
a novel integrin function in innate immunity from chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis).	integrins belong to a superfamily of conserved α β heterodimeric cell surface receptors that have critical function in cell migration, differentiation, and survival. in this study, an integrin called esintegrin was identified from chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis. esintegrin cdna is 4415 bp long with a 2457 bp open reading frame that encodes an 818 amino acid protein. esintegrin contains a signal peptide, an integrin beta subunit (n-terminal portion of extracellular region) inb domain, an ...	2015	26004499
acaricidal effect and histological damage induced by bacillus thuringiensis protein extracts on the mite psoroptes cuniculi.	the mite psoroptes cuniculi is a common worldwide ectoparasite and the most frequently found in rabbit farms. it causes significant economic losses on commercial rabbit breeding associated with poor leather quality, reduced conception rates, weight loss, poor growth and death. several strategies have been proposed for the treatment of mange caused by this mite, ranging from the use of acaricides, entomopathogenic fungi, essential oils and vaccines. however, therapy and control of both human scab ...	2015	26003809
biodegradation of diesel oil by a novel microbial consortium: comparison between co-inoculation with biosurfactant-producing strain and exogenously added biosurfactants.	bioremediation, involving the use of microorganisms to detoxify or remove pollutants, is the most interesting strategy for hydrocarbon remediation. in this aim, four hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were isolated from oil-contaminated soil in tunisia. they were identified by the 16s rdna sequence analysis, as lysinibacillus bronitolerans ri18 (kf964487), bacillus thuringiensis ri16 (km111604), bacillus weihenstephanensis ri12 (km094930), and acinetobacter radioresistens ri7 (kj829530). moreover, a ...	2015	25994261
dissimilar regulation of antimicrobial proteins in the midgut of spodoptera exigua larvae challenged with bacillus thuringiensis toxins or baculovirus.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) and lysozymes are the main effectors of the insect immune system, and they are involved in both local and systemic responses. among local responses, midgut immune reaction plays an important role in fighting pathogens that reach the insect body through the oral route, as do many microorganisms used in pest control. under this point of view, understanding how insects defend themselves locally during the first phases of infections caused by food-borne pathogens is imp ...	2015	25993013
rna interference: applications and advances in insect toxicology and insect pest management.	since its discovery, rna interference (rnai) has revolutionized functional genomic studies due to its sequence-specific nature of post-transcriptional gene silencing. in this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature and summarize the current knowledge and advances in the applications of rnai technologies in the field of insect toxicology and insect pest management. many recent studies have focused on identification and validation of the genes encoding insecticide target ...	2015	25987228
gm trees with increased resistance to herbivores: trait efficiency and their potential to promote tree growth.	climate change, as well as a more intensive forestry, is expected to increase the risk of damage by pests and pathogens on trees, which can already be a severe problem in tree plantations. recent development of biotechnology theoretically allows for resistance enhancement that could help reduce these risks but we still lack a comprehensive understanding of benefits and tradeoffs with pest resistant gm (genetically modified) trees. we synthesized the current knowledge on the effectiveness of gm f ...	2015	25983736
homologs to cry toxin receptor genes in a de novo transcriptome and their altered expression in resistant spodoptera litura larvae.	insect resistance threatens sustainability of insecticides based on cry proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt). since high levels of resistance to cry proteins involve alterations in cry-binding midgut receptors, their identification is needed to develop resistance management strategies. through illumina sequencing we generated a transcriptome containing 16,161 annotated unigenes for the oriental leafworm (spodoptera litura). transcriptome mining identified 6 contigs with identi ...	2015	25981133
chromosome-directed pcr-based detection and quantification of bacillus cereus group members with focus on b. thuringiensis serovar israelensis active against nematoceran larvae.	bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis is a wide-spread soil bacterium affiliated with the b. cereus group (bcg) and is widely used in biocontrol products applied against mosquito and black fly larvae. for monitoring and quantification of applied b. thuringiensis serovar israelensis and its effect on indigenous b. thuringiensis serovar israelensis and bcg assemblages, efficient and reliable tools are essential. the abundance and properties of b. thuringiensis serovar israelensis strains in t ...	2015	25979887
comparative performance of modified full-length and truncated bacillus thuringiensis-cry1ac genes in transgenic tomato.	bt-cry1ac gene has been reputedly effective against helicoverpa armigera a notorious lepidopteran pest. reports on the expression of full-length and truncated cry1ac genes in plants for effective resistance against helicoverpa sp. have been documented however, their performance is still ambiguous. moreover, the question remains to be addressed that truncation of 3' end of the native gene was documented and suggested for active insecticidal toxin production while the most successful transgenic ev ...	2015	25977893
genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis strain btm27, an egyptian isolate highly toxic to cotton leafworm.	bacillus thuringiensis is a potent microbial control agent against insect pests. here, we present the draft genome of the egyptian strain btm27 that shows high toxicity toward the cotton leafworm. the genome contains three insecticidal genes cry1ac9, cry2ab1, and vip3v that have been implicated in conferring toxicity toward lepidoptera.	2015	25977430
the food and environmental safety of bt crops.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. the cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several cry proteins have been modified to increase biological activity against the target pest(s). additionally, the domains of ...	2015	25972882
fate of the insecticidal cry1ab protein of gm crops in two agricultural soils as revealed by ¹⁴c-tracer studies.	insecticidal delta-endotoxins of bacillus thuringiensis are among the most abundant recombinant proteins released by genetically modified (gm) crops into agricultural soils worldwide. however, there is still controversy about their degradation and accumulation in soils. in this study, (14)c-labelled cry1ab protein was applied to soil microcosms at two concentrations (14 and 50 μg g(-1) soil) to quantify the mineralization of cry1ab, its incorporation into the soil microbial biomass, and its pers ...	2015	25967657
insecticidal efficacy and persistence of a co-occluded binary mixture of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) variants in protected and field-grown tomato crops on the iberian peninsula.	a binary co-occluded mixture (hearsp1b:lb6) of helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) variants was previously found to be highly pathogenic under laboratory conditions. the insecticidal efficacy and persistence of this mixture were determined in greenhouse and field-grown tomato crops in spain and portugal.	2016	25960129
crystal structure of cry51aa1: a potential novel insecticidal aerolysin-type β-pore-forming toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.	the structures of several bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal crystal proteins have been determined by crystallographic methods and a close relationship has been explicated between specific toxicities and conserved three-dimensional architectures. in this study, as a representative of the coleopteran- and hemipteran-specific cry51a group, the complete structure of cry51aa1 protoxin has been determined by x-ray crystallography at 1.65 å resolution. this is the first report of a coleopteran-a ...	2015	25957471
protection and delivery of anthelmintic protein cry5b to nematodes using mesoporous silicon particles.	the ability of nano- and microparticles of partially oxidized mesoporous silicon (psi) to sequester, protect, and deliver the anthelmintic pore-forming protein cry5b to nematodes is assessed in vitro and in vivo. thermally oxidized psi particles are stable under gastric conditions and show relatively low toxicity to nematodes. fluorescence images of rhodamine-labeled psi particles within the nematodes caenorhabditis elegans and ancylostoma ceylanicum show that ingestion is dependent on particle ...	2015	25950754
a seed mixture increases dominance of resistance to bt cotton in helicoverpa zea.	widely grown transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) can benefit agriculture, but adaptation by pests threatens their continued success. refuges of host plants that do not make bt toxins can promote survival of susceptible insects and delay evolution of resistance, particularly if resistance is inherited as a recessive trait. however, data have been lacking to compare the dominance of resistance when bt and non-bt seeds are planted in random mixtures ver ...	2015	25950459
comparative proteomics of bt-transgenic and non-transgenic cotton leaves.	as the rapid growth of the commercialized acreage in genetically modified (gm) crops, the unintended effects of gm crops' biosafety assessment have been given much attention. to investigate whether transgenic events cause unintended effects, comparative proteomics of cotton leaves between the commercial transgenic bt + cpti cotton sgk321 (bt) clone and its non-transgenic parental counterpart sy321 wild type (wt) was performed.	2015	25949214
lead-resistant strain kqbt-3 inoculants of tricholoma lobayensis heim that enhance remediation of lead-contaminated soil.	to enhance lead-detoxifying efficiency of tricholoma lobayensis heim, one lead-resistant strain kqbt-3 (bacillus thuringiensis) was applied owing to its excellent ability to tolerate pb. kqbt-3 domesticated in liquid medium with increasing lead concentrations could tolerate pb(no3)2 up to a concentration of 800 mg l(-1). pot experiments showed that the kqbt-3 not only could promote the growth of t. lobayensis, but also could enhance its pb accumulation ability under heavy metal stress. biomass a ...	2015	25939805
evaluation of larvicidal activity and effects on post embrionary development of laboratory reared lucilia cuprina (wiedemann, 1830) (diptera: calliphoridae), treated with brevibacillus laterosporus.	the blowfly lucilia cuprina is an economically important livestock pest that is also associated with human myiasis. to date, methods including the application of chemical pesticides, plant extracts, insect growth regulators and a range of bacillus thuringiensis strains have been used, with varying degrees of success, to control this pest. the present study evaluated the larvicidal activity and the induction of sub lethal effects upon post embrionary development following ingestion of 12 strains ...	2015	25937186
expression and characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from bacillus thuringiensis.	lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (lpmos) are recently discovered oxidative enzymes that are capable of oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin or cellulose. despite the importance of lpmos in biomass conversion and the large number of lpmo genes in microorganisms, only a few lpmos have been well studied, and further characterization of these proteins is thus of interest. in this study, a chitin-active aa10 family lpmo from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, btlp ...	2015	25936286
effects of the p20 protein from bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on insecticidal crystal protein cry4ba.	the accessory protein p20 from bacillus thuringiensis israelensis has been defined as an important molecular chaperone for forming crystal cyt1aa, and enhancing cry11aa and cry4aa expression. to investigate its putative role in cry4ba delta-endotoxin production and toxicity, a p20 gene was cloned and introduced into b. thuringiensis recombinant strain expressing cry4ba type gene (cry4blb). the delta-endotoxin synthesis was enhanced by 262%. the generated inclusions were assayed against third ins ...	2015	25931398
cell differentiation in a bacillus thuringiensis population during planktonic growth, biofilm formation, and host infection.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is armed to complete a full cycle in its insect host. during infection, virulence factors are expressed under the control of the quorum sensor plcr to kill the host. after the host's death, the quorum sensor nprr controls a necrotrophic lifestyle, allowing the vegetative cells to use the insect cadaver as a bioincubator and to survive. only a part of the bt population sporulates in the insect cadaver, and the precise composition of the whole population and its evoluti ...	2015	25922389
a deletion mutant ndv200 of the bacillus thuringiensis vip3br insecticidal toxin gene is a prospective candidate for the next generation of genetically modified crop plants resistant to lepidopteran insect damage.	ectopic expression of a deletion mutant ( ndv200 ) of bacillus thuringiensis vip3br gene in tobacco plant provided almost complete protection against major crop pests cotton boll worm ( helicoverpa armigera ), black cut worm ( agrotis ipsilon ) and cotton leaf worm ( spodoptera littoralis ). whereas vip3br transgenic tobacco plant failed to protect themselves from these insects and showed resistance towards cotton leaf worm only. an analogous form of the bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa insecticida ...	2015	25912191
use of bacillus thuringiensis supernatant from a fermentation process to improve bioremediation of chlorpyrifos in contaminated soils.	the aim of this research was to investigate the potential of a nutrient-rich organic waste, namely the cell-free supernatant of bacillus thuringiensis (bts) gathered from fermentation, as a biostimulating agent to improve and sustain microbial populations and their enzymatic activities, thereby assisting in the bioremediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil at a high dose (70 mg kg(-1)). experiments were performed for up to 80 d. chlorpyrifos degradation and its major metabolic product, 3,5,6- ...	2015	25910975
bacterial cooperation causes systematic errors in pathogen risk assessment due to the failure of the independent action hypothesis.	the independent action hypothesis (iah) states that pathogenic individuals (cells, spores, virus particles etc.) behave independently of each other, so that each has an independent probability of causing systemic infection or death. the iah is not just of basic scientific interest; it forms the basis of our current estimates of infectious disease risk in humans. despite the important role of the iah in managing disease interventions for food and water-borne pathogens, experimental support for th ...	2015	25909384
intraperitoneal immunization with cry1ac protoxin from bacillus thuringiensis provokes upregulation of fc-gamma-ii/and fc-gamma-iii receptors associated with igg in the intestinal epithelium of mice.	in humans, intestinal epithelial fcrn is expressed throughout life and mediates the bidirectional transport of igg, but in mice, it is markedly expressed in neonatal intestine. in adults, its expression is only faintly upregulated after intestinal igg induction such as that elicited by i.p. immunization with cry1ac protoxin (pcry1ac) bacillus thuringiensis. this led us to suggest that additional fcγ receptors (fcγ-r) may be participating in epithelial igg uptake. so, first we determined whether ...	2015	25904149
chemical composition of rosmarinus and lavandula essential oils and their insecticidal effects on orgyia trigotephras (lepidoptera, lymantriidae).	to evaluate toxic activities of essential oils obtained from rosmarinus officinalis and lavandula stoechas against the fourth larval instars of orgyia trigotephras.	2015	25902022
hematotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluations in swiss mice intraperitoneally exposed to bacillus thuringiensis (var kurstaki) spore crystals genetically modified to express individually cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, or cry2aa.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been widely used in foliar sprays as part of integrated pest management strategies against insect pests of agricultural crops. since the advent of genetically modified plants expressing bt δ-endotoxins, the bioavailability of cry proteins has increased, and therefore for biosafety reasons their adverse effects should be studied, mainly for nontarget organisms. we evaluated, in swiss mice, the hematotoxicity and genotoxicity of the genetically modified strains of b ...	2016	25899034
strategies of a thirteen year surveillance programme on aedes albopictus (stegomyia albopicta) in southern switzerland.	in ticino, a canton located south of the alps in switzerland, a surveillance programme on aedes albopictus (stegomyia albopicta) started in 2000 seeing that the region was considered at high risk of introduction based on the rapid spread of this mosquito in neighbouring italy.	2015	25890173
food safety assessment of cry8ka5 mutant protein using cry1ac as a control bt protein.	cry8ka5 is a mutant protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) that has been proposed for developing transgenic plants due to promising activity against coleopterans, like anthonomus grandis (the major pest of brazilian cotton culture). thus, an early food safety assessment of cry8ka5 protein could provide valuable information to support its use as a harmless biotechnological tool. this study aimed to evaluate the food safety of cry8ka5 protein following the two-tiered approach, based on weights o ...	2015	25890087
a toxin-binding alkaline phosphatase fragment synergizes bt toxin cry1ac against susceptible and resistant helicoverpa armigera.	evolution of resistance by insects threatens the continued success of pest control using insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in sprays and transgenic plants. in this study, laboratory selection with cry1ac yielded five strains of cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, with resistance ratios at the median lethal concentration (lc50) of activated cry1ac ranging from 22 to 1700. reduced activity and reduced transcription of an alkaline phosphatase prot ...	2015	25885820
mapk signaling pathway alters expression of midgut alp and abcc genes and causes resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin in diamondback moth.	insecticidal crystal toxins derived from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are widely used as biopesticide sprays or expressed in transgenic crops to control insect pests. however, large-scale use of bt has led to field-evolved resistance in several lepidopteran pests. resistance to bt cry1ac toxin in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), was previously mapped to a multigenic resistance locus (btr-1). here, we assembled the 3.15 mb btr-1 locus and found high-level resistan ...	2015	25875245
two specific membrane-bound aminopeptidase n isoforms from aedes aegypti larvae serve as functional receptors for the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin implicating counterpart specificity.	the interaction between bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins and their receptors on midgut cells of susceptible insect larvae is the critical determinant in toxin specificity. besides gpi-linked alkaline phosphatase in aedes aegypti mosquito-larval midguts, membrane-bound aminopeptidase n (aaeapn) is widely thought to serve as a cry4ba receptor. here, two full-length aaeapn isoforms, aaeapn2778 and aaeapn2783, predicted to be gpi-linked were cloned and successfully expressed in spodoptera frugiperd ...	2015	25871797
endophytic bacteria from pinellia ternata, a new source of purine alkaloids and bacterial manure.	pinellia ternata (thunb.) berit., a perennial herb belonging to araceae, is one of the few medicinal plants to produce purine alkaloids. it is speculated that endophytic bacteria from p. ternata may produce guanosine or inosine. however, there is no report about endophytic bacteria in p. ternata.	2015	25868618
inheritance of field-relevant resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis protein cry1ac in pectinophora gossypiella (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) collected from india.	the inheritance and phenotypic expression of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac insecticidal protein were studied in selected populations of pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders), that were collected from bollgard cotton in india. the individual populations in the pool were cry1ac resistant and sourced from cry1ac-containing bt cotton (bollgard) hybrids in 2010.	2016	25864528
reactance and resistance: main properties to follow the cell differentiation process in bacillus thuringiensis by dielectric spectroscopy in real time.	during growth, bacillus thuringiensis presents three phases: exponential phase (ep), transition state (ts), and sporulation phase (sp). in order to form a dormant spore and to synthesize delta-endotoxins during sp, bacteria must undergo a cellular differentiation process initiated during the ts. dielectric spectroscopy is a technique that can be utilized for continuous and in situ monitoring of the cellular state. in order to study on-line cell behavior in b. thuringiensis cultures, we conducted ...	2015	25862207
a temperature shock can lead to trans-generational immune priming in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.	trans-generational immune priming (tgip) describes the transfer of immune stimulation to the next generation. as stress and immunity are closely connected, we here address the question whether trans-generational effects on immunity and resistance can also be elicited by a nonpathogen stress treatment of parents. general stressors have been shown to induce immunity to pathogens within individuals. however, to our knowledge, it is as of yet unknown whether stress can also induce trans-generational ...	2015	25859336
complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis 4aa1, a typical strain with toxicity to coleopteran insects.	bacillus thuringiensis serovar morrisoni biovar tenebrionis has been developed as an bioinsecticide to control coleopteran insects in agriculture and forestry for a few decades. its major crystal protein cry3aa was also applied to transgenic crops. here we report the complete genome sequence of strain tenebrionis 4aa1, which has one chromosome of 5,652,292bp and six plasmids. two crystal protein genes, cry3aa and cry15aa, locate on one single plasmid named pbmb51. this strain also possesses plen ...	2015	25858156
biodegradation of carbofuran in soils within nzoia river basin, kenya.	carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) has been used within the nzoia river basin (nrb), especially in bunyala rice irrigation schemes, in kenya for the control of pests. in this study, the capacity of native bacteria to degrade carbofuran in soils from nrb was investigated. a gram positive, rod-shaped bacteria capable of degrading carbofuran was isolated through liquid cultures with carbofuran as the only carbon and nitrogen source. the isolate degraded 98% of 100- ...	2015	25844859
quantitative x-ray phase contrast waveguide imaging of bacterial endospores.	quantitative waveguide-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has been carried out on the level of single, unstained, unsliced and freeze-dried bacterial cells of bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus subtilis using hard x-rays of 7.9 kev photon energy. the cells have been prepared in the metabolically dormant state of an endospore. the quantitative phase maps obtained by iterative phase retrieval using a modified hybrid input-output algorithm allow for mass and mass density determinations on the leve ...	2015	25844079
overproduction of the bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa16 toxin and study of its insecticidal activity against the carob moth ectomyelois ceratoniae.	the vip3aa16 gene of bacillus thuringiensis strain bupm95 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. optimization of vip3a16 protein expression was conducted using plackett-burman design and response surface methodology. accordingly, the optimum vip3a16 toxin production was 170μg/ml at 18h post-induction time and 39°c post-induction temperature. this corresponds to an improvement of 21times compared to the starting conditions. the insecticidal activity, evaluated against ectomyelois ceratonia ...	2015	25843935
do sesamia nonagrioides (lepidoptera; noctuidae) gravid females discriminate between bt or multivitamin corn varieties? role of olfactory and visual cues.	the mediterranean corn borer, sesamia nonagrioides lefèbvre, is a key pest of corn and a main target of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn in northeast spain. trends for future biotechnology crops indicate that bt, non-bt, and stacked corn varieties with metabolic pathways for vitamin-increased traits could coexist in same region. knowledge of the oviposition response of gravid females of s. nonagrioides to these different varieties could be extremely important for managing strategies aimed for de ...	2015	25843586
influences of cry1ac broccoli on larval survival and oviposition of diamondback moth.	larval survival and oviposition behavior of three genotypes of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae), (homozygous cry1ac-susceptibile, cry1ac-resistant, and their f1 hybrids), on transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) broccoli expressing different levels of cry1ac protein were evaluated in laboratory. these bt broccoli lines were designated as relative low, medium, and high, respectively, according to the cry1ac content. untransformed brocccoli plants were used as c ...	2015	25843583
mortality patterns of simulium vittatum larvae (diptera: simuliidae) following exposure to insecticidal proteins produced by bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.	products containing insecticidal crystalline proteins (icps) produced by bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti icps) are used to suppress vector and nuisance populations of black flies. the efficacy of an application of these products is often determined by a posttreatment evaluation of larval mortality. larvae are typically removed from the substrate at some point in time after application of the product and mortality is determined. the time necessary for the effects of bti icps to cause ...	2015	25843175
sr450 and superhawk xp applications of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis against culex quinquefasciatus.	sprayer comparisons and larval morality assays were conducted following sr450 backpack mist blower and superhawk xp thermal fogger applications of vectobac® wdg bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) against culex quinquefasciatus. bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was applied at maximum label rate in a 232.26-m(2) field plot located in north-central florida with containers placed at 2 heights (ground level and 1.52 m above ground) on stakes positioned 3.04, 6.09, 9.14, 12.19, and 15.24 m fro ...	2014	25843094