Publications

regulation of motility and phenazine pigment production by flia is cyclic-di-gmp dependent in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.	the transcription factor flia, also called sigma 28, is a major regulator of bacterial flagellar biosynthesis genes. growing evidence suggest that in addition to motility, flia is involved in controlling numerous bacterial behaviors, even though the underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. by using a transcriptional fusion to gfp that responds to cyclic (c)-di-gmp, this study revealed a higher c-di-gmp concentration in the flia deletion mutant of pseudomonas aeruginosa than in its wild-t ...	2016	27175902
genotyping and antibiotic resistance of thermophilic campylobacter isolated from chicken and pig meat in vietnam.	campylobacter species are recognized as the most common cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. in this study nine campylobacter strains isolated from chicken meat and pork in hanoi, vietnam, were characterized using molecular methods and tested for antibiotic resistance.	2016	27175218
the impact of biosecurity and partial depopulation on campylobacter prevalence in irish broiler flocks with differing levels of hygiene and economic performance.	campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial food-borne pathogen within the european union (eu), and poultry meat is the primary route for transmission to humans.	2016	27171888
comparative analysis of prophage-like elements in helicobacter sp. genomes.	prophages are regarded as one of the factors underlying bacterial virulence, genomic diversification, and fitness, and are ubiquitous in bacterial genomes. information on helicobacter sp. prophages remains scarce. in this study, sixteen prophages were identified and analyzed in detail. eight of them are described for the first time. based on a comparative genomic analysis, these sixteen prophages can be classified into four different clusters. phylogenetic relationships of cluster a helicobacter ...	2016	27169002
bacteria in an intense competition for iron: key component of the campylobacter jejuni iron uptake system scavenges enterobactin hydrolysis product.	to acquire essential fe(iii), bacteria produce and secrete siderophores with high affinity and selectivity for fe(iii) to mediate its uptake into the cell. here, we show that the periplasmic binding protein ceue of campylobacter jejuni, which was previously thought to bind the fe(iii) complex of the hexadentate siderophore enterobactin (kd ∼ 0.4 ± 0.1 µm), preferentially binds the fe(iii) complex of the tetradentate enterobactin hydrolysis product bis(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-l-ser) (h5-bisdhbs) (kd ...	2016	27162326
potential use of fosfomycin-tromethamine for treatment of recurrent campylobacter species enteritis.	we report 2 cases of recurrent campylobacter coli enteritis caused by macrolide- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains in 2 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, successfully treated with a prolonged course of fosfomycin-tromethamine with no side effects. fosfomycin-tromethamine may be a feasible alternative therapy for recurrent enteritis caused by campylobacter species resistant to first-line drugs.	2016	27161640
irritable bowel syndrome: new insights into symptom mechanisms and advances in treatment.	despite being one of the most common conditions leading to gastroenterological referral, irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is poorly understood. however, recent years have seen major advances. these include new understanding of the role of both inflammation and altered microbiota as well as the impact of dietary intolerances as illuminated by magnetic resonance imaging (mri), which has thrown new light on ibs. this article will review new data on how excessive bile acid secretion mediates diarrhea ...	2016	27158477
use of a novel report protein to study the secretion signal of flagellin in bacillus subtilis.	flagellin (also called hag) is the main component of bacterial flagellum and is transported across the cytoplasmic membrane by flagellar secretion apparatus. because flagella play an essential role in the pathogenesis of numerous pathogens, the flagellins of escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, campylobacter jejuni, and vibrio cholerae have been intensively studied; however, very few studies have focused on the flagellin of bacillus subtilis, which is considered to b ...	2016	27154466
hostphinder: a phage host prediction tool.	the current dramatic increase of antibiotic resistant bacteria has revitalised the interest in bacteriophages as alternative antibacterial treatment. meanwhile, the development of bioinformatics methods for analysing genomic data places high-throughput approaches for phage characterization within reach. here, we present hostphinder, a tool aimed at predicting the bacterial host of phages by examining the phage genome sequence. using a reference database of 2196 phages with known hosts, hostphind ...	2016	27153081
draft genome sequences of three multiantibiotic-resistant campylobacter jejuni strains (2865, 2868, and 2871) isolated from poultry at retail outlets in malaysia.	campylobacter jejuni is a frequent cause of human bacterial gastrointestinal foodborne disease worldwide. antibiotic resistance in this species is of public health concern. the draft genome sequences of three multiantibiotic-resistant c. jejuni strains (2865, 2868, and 2871) isolated from poultry at retail outlets in malaysia are presented here.	2016	27151799
histoplasma capsulatum-induced cytokine secretion in lung epithelial cells is dependent on host integrins, src-family kinase activation, and membrane raft recruitment.	histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a human systemic mycosis with worldwide distribution. in the present work, we demonstrate that h. capsulatum yeasts are able to induce cytokine secretion by the human lung epithelial cell line a549 in integrin- and src-family kinase (sfk)-dependent manners. this conclusion is supported by small interfering rna (sirna) directed to α3 and α5 integrins, and pp2, an inhibitor of sfk activation. sirna and pp2 red ...	2016	27148251
fluoroquinolone-resistant enteric bacteria in sub-saharan africa: clones, implications and research needs.	fluoroquinolones came into widespread use in african countries in the early 2000s, after patents for the first generation of these drugs expired. by that time, quinolone antibacterial agents had been used intensively worldwide and resistant lineages of many bacterial species had evolved. we sought to understand which gram negative enteric pandemic lineages have been reported from africa, as well as the nature and transmission of any indigenous resistant clones. a systematic review of articles in ...	2016	27148238
protist-bacteria associations: gammaproteobacteria and alphaproteobacteria are prevalent as digestion-resistant bacteria in ciliated protozoa.	protistan bacterivory, a microbial process involving ingestion and digestion, is ecologically important in the microbial loop in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. while bacterial resistance to protistan ingestion has been relatively well understood, little is known about protistan digestion in which some ingested bacteria could not be digested in cells of major protistan grazers in the natural environment. here we report the phylogenetic identities of digestion-resistant bacteria (drb) that co ...	2016	27148188
use of lactobacillus plantarum strains as a bio-control strategy against food-borne pathogenic microorganisms.	lactobacillus plantarum is one of the most versatile species extensively used in the food industry both as microbial starters and probiotic microorganisms. several l. plantarum strains have been shown to produce different antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, and also bacteriocins and antimicrobial peptides, both denoted by a variable spectrum of action. in recent decades, the selection of microbial molecules and/or bacterial strains able to produce antagoni ...	2016	27148172
l-fucose influences chemotaxis and biofilm formation in campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are zoonotic pathogens once considered asaccharolytic, but are now known to encode pathways for glucose and fucose uptake/metabolism. for c. jejuni, strains with the fuc locus possess a competitive advantage in animal colonization models. we demonstrate that this locus is present in > 50% of genome-sequenced strains and is prevalent in livestock-associated isolates of both species. to better understand how these campylobacters sense nutrient availabili ...	2016	27145048
campylobacter jejuni colonization promotes the translocation of escherichia coli to extra-intestinal organs and disturbs the short-chain fatty acids profiles in the chicken gut.	for a long time campylobacter was only considered as a commensal microorganism in avian hosts restricted to the ceca, without any pathogenic features. the precise reasons for the symptomless chicken carriers are still unknown, but investigations of the gastrointestinal ecology of broiler chickens may improve our understanding of the microbial interactions with the host. therefore, the current studies were conducted to investigate the effects of campylobacter jejuni colonization on escherichia co ...	2016	27143773
overview of zika virus (zikv) infection in regards to the brazilian epidemic.	zika virus (zikv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, belongs to the flaviviridae family, genus flavivirus. zikv was initially isolated in 1947 from a sentinel monkey in the zika forest, uganda. little clinical importance was attributed to zikv, once only few symptomatic cases were reported in some african and southeast asiatic countries. this situation changed in 2007, when a large outbreak was registered on the yap island, micronesia, caused by the asian zikv lineage. between 2013 and 2014, zikv spr ...	2016	27143174
toll-like receptor-4 dependent intestinal gene expression during arcobacter butzleri infection of gnotobiotic il-10 deficient mice.	we have previously shown that arcobacter butzleri infection induces toll-like receptor (tlr) -4 dependent immune responses in perorally infected gnotobiotic il-10(-/-) mice. here, we analyzed tlr-4-dependent expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading gelatinases mmp-2 and -9 in the small and large intestines of gnotobiotic tlr-4-deficient il-10(-/-) mice that were perorally infected with a. butzleri strains ccug 30485 or c1, of human and chicken origin, respectively ...	2016	27141316
intestinal expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators and gelatinases during arcobacter butzleri infection of gnotobiotic il-10 deficient mice.	we have previously shown that arcobacter butzleri induces intestinal, extra-intestinal, and systemic immune responses in perorally infected gnotobiotic il-10(-/-) mice in a strain-dependent fashion. here, we present a comprehensive survey of small and large intestinal expression profiles of inflammatory and regulatory mediators as well as of the matrix-degrading gelatinases mmp-2 and mmp-9 following murine a. butzleri infection. gnotobiotic il-10(-/-) mice were infected with a. butzleri strains ...	2016	27141315
primary gastro intestinal lymphoma presenting as perforation peritonitis.	primary gastrointestinal lymphoma is very rare compared to gastrointestinal tract lymphoma arising secondary to primary nodal disease. extra nodal lymphoma can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly being the stomach followed by small intestine and ileocecal region. they are indistinguishable from other benign and malignant conditions and clinically non-specific. here, we have an interesting case where a patient presented with peritonitis and was found to have a perforated ...	2016	27134938
campylobacter jejuni in musca domestica: an examination of survival and transmission potential in light of the innate immune responses of the house flies.	the house fly, musca domestica, has been implicated as a vector of campylobacter spp., a major cause of human disease. little is known whether house flies serve as biological amplifying hosts or mechanical vectors for campylobacter jejuni. we investigated the period after c. jejuni had been ingested by house flies in which viable c. jejuni colonies could be isolated from whole bodies, the vomitus and the excreta of adult m. domestica and evaluated the activation of innate immune responses of hou ...	2016	27134186
the influence of age on campylobacter jejuni infection in chicken.	campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni)-host-interaction may be affected by the maturation stage of the chicken's immune system and the developing gut microbiota composition. we compared these parameters between birds c. jejuni-inoculated at day one, 10, 22 and 31 post hatch. the highest c. jejuni-colonization rate and numbers of colony forming units (cfu) were detected in caecal content of day-one-inoculated birds while the lowest was detected in 22-days-old birds. the low bacterial colonization of 22 ...	2016	27131855
in silico analysis of the cadf gene and development of a duplex polymerase chain reaction for species-specific identification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by campylobacter jejuni and c. coli. the cadf gene is considered as a genus-specific gene while other genes are mainly used for discrimination at the species level.	2016	27127589
complete genome sequence of uv-resistant campylobacter jejuni rm3194, including an 81.08-kilobase plasmid.	campylobacter jejuni strain rm3194 was originally isolated from a human with enteritis and contains a novel 81,079-bp plasmid. rm3194 has exhibited superior survival compared to other campylobacter jejuni strains when challenged with uv light. the chromosome of rm3194 was determined to be 1,651,183 bp, with a g+c content of 30.5%.	2016	27125483
guillain-barré syndrome occurring synchronously with systemic lupus erythematosus as initial manifestation treated successfully with low-dose cyclophosphamide.	systemic lupus erythematous (sle) is frequently encountered in clinical practice; a widespread immunological response can involve any organ system, sometimes leading to rare and diagnostically challenging presentations. we describe a 38-year-old female who presented with symmetric numbness and tingling of the hands and feet, and cervical pain. imaging studies were not diagnostic of any serious underlying pathology. the patient developed ascending paresis involving lower extremities and cranial m ...	2016	27124163
the microbiome and mental health: looking back, moving forward with lessons from allergic diseases.	relationships between gastrointestinal viscera and human emotions have been documented by virtually all medical traditions known to date. the focus on this relationship has waxed and waned through the centuries, with noted surges in interest driven by cultural forces. here we explore some of this history and the emerging trends in experimental and clinical research. in particular, we pay specific attention to how the hygiene hypothesis and emerging research on traditional dietary patterns has he ...	2016	27121424
photoinactivation of eight health-relevant bacterial species: determining the importance of the exogenous indirect mechanism.	it is presently unknown to what extent the endogenous direct, endogenous indirect, and exogenous indirect mechanisms contribute to bacterial photoinactivation in natural surface waters. in this study, we investigated the importance of the exogenous indirect mechanism by conducting photoinactivation experiments with eight health-relevant bacterial species (bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, campylobacter jejuni, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli k12, e. coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar ...	2016	27121126
dynamic duo-the salmonella cytolethal distending toxin combines adp-ribosyltransferase and nuclease activities in a novel form of the cytolethal distending toxin.	the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) is a well characterized bacterial genotoxin encoded by several gram-negative bacteria, including salmonella enterica (s. enterica). the cdt produced by salmonella (s-cdt) differs from the cdt produced by other bacteria, as it utilizes subunits with homology to the pertussis and subtilase toxins, in place of the traditional cdta and cdtc subunits. previously, s-cdt was thought to be a unique virulence factor of s. enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhi, ...	2016	27120620
elucidation of the roles of adhe1 and adhe2 in the primary metabolism of clostridium acetobutylicum by combining in-frame gene deletion and a quantitative system-scale approach.	clostridium acetobutylicum possesses two homologous adhe genes, adhe1 and adhe2, which have been proposed to be responsible for butanol production in solventogenic and alcohologenic cultures, respectively. to investigate their contributions in detail, in-frame deletion mutants of each gene were constructed and subjected to quantitative transcriptomic (mrna molecules/cell) and fluxomic analyses in acidogenic, solventogenic, and alcohologenic chemostat cultures.	2016	27118994
biosynthesis of conjugate vaccines using an o-linked glycosylation system.	conjugate vaccines are known to be one of the most effective and safest types of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. previously, vaccine biosynthesis has been performed by using n-linked glycosylation systems. however, the structural specificity of these systems for sugar substrates has hindered their application. here, we report a novel protein glycosylation system (o-linked glycosylation via neisseria meningitidis) that can transfer virtually any glycan to produce a conjugate vaccine. we suc ...	2016	27118590
biochar, bentonite and zeolite supplemented feeding of layer chickens alters intestinal microbiota and reduces campylobacter load.	a range of feed supplements, including antibiotics, have been commonly used in poultry production to improve health and productivity. alternative methods are needed to suppress pathogen loads and maintain productivity. as an alternative to antibiotics use, we investigated the ability of biochar, bentonite and zeolite as separate 4% feed additives, to selectively remove pathogens without reducing microbial richness and diversity in the gut. neither biochar, bentonite nor zeolite made any signific ...	2016	27116607
host, pathogen and the environment: the case of macrobrachium rosenbergii, vibrio parahaemolyticus and magnesium.	macrobrachium rosenbergii is well-known as the giant freshwater prawn, and is a commercially significant source of seafood. its production can be affected by various bacterial contaminations. among which, the genus vibrio shows a higher prevalence in aquatic organisms, especially m. rosenbergii, causing food-borne illnesses. vibrio parahaemolyticus, a species of vibrio is reported as the main causative of the early mortality syndrome. vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in m. rosenbergii was studi ...	2016	27114742
antibacterial derivatives of marine algae: an overview of pharmacological mechanisms and applications.	the marine environment is home to a taxonomically diverse ecosystem. organisms such as algae, molluscs, sponges, corals, and tunicates have evolved to survive the high concentrations of infectious and surface-fouling bacteria that are indigenous to ocean waters. both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae (diatoms) contain pharmacologically active compounds such as phlorotannins, fatty acids, polysaccharides, peptides, and terpenes which combat bacterial invasion. the resistance of pathogenic bact ...	2016	27110798
protein chips for detection of salmonella spp. from enrichment culture.	food pathogens are the cause of foodborne epidemics, therefore there is a need to detect the pathogens in food productions rapidly. a pre-enrichment culture followed by selective agar plating are standard detection methods. molecular methods such as qpcr have provided a first rapid protocol for detection of pathogens within 24 h of enrichment culture. biosensors also may provide a rapid tool to individuate a source of salmonella contamination at early times of pre-enrichment culture. forty ml of ...	2016	27110786
recombinant expression of streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides in escherichia coli.	currently, streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for over 14 million cases of pneumonia worldwide annually, and over 1 million deaths, the majority of them children. the major determinant for pathogenesis is a polysaccharide capsule that is variable and is used to distinguish strains based on their serotype. the capsule forms the basis of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (ppv23) that contains purified capsular polysaccharide from 23 serotypes, and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv ...	2016	27110302
detection of campylobacter jejuni in rectal swab samples from rousettus amplexicaudatus in the philippines.	bats are the second diversity species of mammals and widely distributed in the world. they are thought to be reservoir and vectors of zoonotic pathogens. however, there is scarce report of the evidence of pathogenic bacteria kept in bats. the precise knowledge of the pathogenic bacteria in bat microbiota is important for zoonosis control. thus, metagenomic analysis targeting the v3-v4 region of the 16s rrna of the rectal microbiota in rousettus amplexicaudatus was performed using high throughput ...	2016	27109214
a screening algorithm for diagnosing bacterial gastroenteritis by real-time pcr in combination with guided culture.	we have introduced a real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., shigella spp./enteroinvasive escherichia coli and yersinia enterocolitica in fecal samples in our routine laboratory. this new approach showed consistent results, with minimal inter-sample variation. when compared to conventional culture, the hands-on time decreased by 13 h/wk, and the median turnaround time drastically shortened from 73 to 29 h (p < .0001). moreover, the detection rate of ...	2016	27107537
detection of pathogenic campylobacter, e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella spp. in wastewater by pcr assay.	the aim of this study was the evaluation of the occurrence of pathogenic campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, e. coli virulence genes and salmonella spp. in different wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) using a method based on an enrichment step and pcr. this method was sensitive enough to detect low levels (∼2 cfu100 ml(-1) of raw sewage) of all the investigated pathogens. in the wwtp samples, e. coli o157:h7 dna and the eae gene were never found, but 33 % of influents and effluents exhibit ...	2016	27106076
isolation of an aptamer that binds specifically to e. coli.	escherichia coli is a bacterial species found ubiquitously in the intestinal flora of animals, although pathogenic variants cause major public health problems. aptamers are short oligonucleotides that bind to targets with high affinity and specificity, and have great potential for use in diagnostics and therapy. we used cell-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (cell-selex) to isolate four single stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers that bind strongly to e. coli cells (atcc g ...	2016	27104834
virb8-like protein trah is crucial for dna transfer in enterococcus faecalis.	untreatable bacterial infections caused by a perpetual increase of antibiotic resistant strains represent a serious threat to human healthcare in the 21(st) century. conjugative dna transfer is the most important mechanism for antibiotic resistance and virulence gene dissemination among bacteria and is mediated by a protein complex, known as type iv secretion system (t4ss). the core of the t4ss is a multiprotein complex that spans the bacterial envelope as a channel for macromolecular secretion. ...	2016	27103580
glycoengineered outer membrane vesicles: a novel platform for bacterial vaccines.	the world health organization has indicated that we are entering into a post-antibiotic era in which infections that were routinely and successfully treated with antibiotics can now be lethal due to the global dissemination of multidrug resistant strains. conjugate vaccines are an effective way to create a long-lasting immune response against bacteria. however, these vaccines present many drawbacks such as slow development, high price, and batch-to-batch inconsistencies. alternate approaches for ...	2016	27103188
the influence of feeding crimped kernel maize silage on growth performance and intestinal colonization with campylobacter jejuni of broilers.	an infection trial and a production trial over 35 days were conducted in parallel to study the influence of feeding crimped kernel maize silage (ckms) on the intestinal campylobacter jejuni colonization and broiler performance, respectively. the ckms was used at dietary inclusion levels of 15% and 30% in maize-based diets. broilers were orally inoculated with 2 × 10(5) log cfu/ml c. jejuni on day 14. four birds from each pen were randomly selected and killed by cervical dislocation on days 3, 6, ...	2016	27100153
the biofilm matrix of campylobacter jejuni determined by fluorescence lectin-binding analysis.	campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the most common bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis. despite its fastidious growth, it can survive harsh conditions through biofilm formation. in this work, fluorescence lectin-binding analysis was used to determine the glycoconjugates present in the biofilm matrix of two well-described strains. screening of 72 lectins revealed strain-specific patterns with six lectins interacting with the biofilm matrix of both strains. the most common sugar moiety contai ...	2016	27097059
inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the small intestine mimicking acute appendicitis: a case report and review of the literature.	inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare tumor of a borderline malignancy. although it is commonly seen in children, the number of childhood cases in the current literature is limited. the lung is the most commonly affected location. however, cases that have been documented in the mesentery-omentum have mostly been located in the mesentery of the small bowel and not in the antimesenteric edge as in our patient.	2016	27094797
biocontrol and rapid detection of food-borne pathogens using bacteriophages and endolysins.	bacteriophages have been suggested as natural food preservatives as well as rapid detection materials for food-borne pathogens in various foods. since listeria monocytogenes-targeting phage cocktail (listshield) was approved for applications in foods, numerous phages have been screened and experimentally characterized for phage applications in foods. a single phage and phage cocktail treatments to various foods contaminated with food-borne pathogens including e. coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica ...	2016	27092128
exploring the secretomes of microbes and microbial communities using filamentous phage display.	microbial surface and secreted proteins (the secretome) contain a large number of proteins that interact with other microbes, host and/or environment. these proteins are exported by the coordinated activities of the protein secretion machinery present in the cell. a group of bacteriophage, called filamentous phage, have the ability to hijack bacterial protein secretion machinery in order to amplify and assemble via a secretion-like process. this ability has been harnessed in the use of filamento ...	2016	27092113
novel anti-campylobacter compounds identified using high throughput screening of a pre-selected enriched small molecules library.	campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and infections can be fatal. the emergence of antibiotic-resistant campylobacter spp. necessitates the development of new antimicrobials. we identified novel anti-campylobacter small molecule inhibitors using a high throughput growth inhibition assay. to expedite screening, we made use of a "bioactive" library of 4182 compounds that we have previously shown to be active against diverse microbes. screening for growt ...	2016	27092106
the genomic architecture of resistance to campylobacter jejuni intestinal colonisation in chickens.	campylobacter is the leading cause of foodborne diarrhoeal illness in humans and is mostly acquired from consumption or handling of contaminated poultry meat. in the absence of effective licensed vaccines and inhibitors, selection for chickens with increased resistance to campylobacter could potentially reduce its subsequent entry into the food chain. campylobacter intestinal colonisation levels are influenced by the host genetics of the chicken. in the present study, two chicken populations wer ...	2016	27090510
synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of amixicile-based inhibitors of the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductases of anaerobic bacteria and epsilonproteobacteria.	amixicile is a promising derivative of nitazoxanide (an antiparasitic therapeutic) developed to treat systemic infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, anaerobic parasites, and members of the epsilonproteobacteria (campylobacter and helicobacter). amixicile selectively inhibits pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) and related enzymes by inhibiting the function of the vitamin b1 cofactor (thiamine pyrophosphate) by a novel mechanism. here, we interrogate the amixicile scaffold, guided by doc ...	2016	27090174
comparison of methods to identify pathogens and associated virulence functional genes in biosolids from two different wastewater treatment facilities in canada.	the use of treated municipal wastewater residues (biosolids) as fertilizers is an attractive, inexpensive option for growers and farmers. various regulatory bodies typically employ indicator organisms (fecal coliforms, e. coli and salmonella) to assess the adequacy and efficiency of the wastewater treatment process in reducing pathogen loads in the final product. molecular detection approaches can offer some advantages over culture-based methods as they can simultaneously detect a wider microbia ...	2016	27089040
influence of 6 different intestinal bacteria on beltsville small white turkey semen.	the turkey industry relies totally on artificial insemination to continue and improve production. if something compromises the insemination process, such as contaminated semen, it becomes a detrimental loss to the industry. bacteria have been found in broiler breeder males to reduce sperm motility. the sperm quality index (sqi) is a quick method to determine avian sperm motility using the sperm quality analyzer (sqa). therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if bacteria have an ef ...	2016	27081196
draft genome sequence of lactobacillus crispatus jcm5810, which can reduce campylobacter jejuni colonization in chicken intestine.	we present the 2.05-mb draft genome sequence oflactobacillus crispatusjcm5810, a chicken intestinal isolate with the ability to reducecampylobacter jejunicolonization in chickens. the genome sequence will provide insights on the probiotic mechanisms ofl. crispatusjcm5810.	2016	27081134
[shifting cellulitis in a patient with x-linked hypogammaglobulinemia].	in cases of immunodeficiency, a systemic infection may be revealed by atypical symptoms, particularly those involving the skin.	2016	27080822
campylobacter jejuni fatal sepsis in a patient with non-hodgkin's lymphoma: case report and literature review of a difficult diagnosis.	campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) bacteremia is difficult to diagnose in individuals with hematological disorders undergoing chemotherapy. the cause can be attributed to the rarity of this infection, to the variable clinical presentation, and to the partial overlapping symptoms underlying the disease. here, we report a case of a fatal sepsis caused by c. jejuni in a 76-year-old caucasian man with non-hodgkin's lymphoma. after chemotherapeutic treatment, the patient experienced fever associated wi ...	2016	27077849
cytokine responses in birds challenged with the human food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni implies a th17 response.	development of process orientated understanding of cytokine interactions within the gastrointestinal tract during an immune response to pathogens requires experimentation and statistical modelling. the immune response against pathogen challenge depends on the specific threat to the host. here, we show that broiler chickens mount a breed-dependent immune response to campylobacter jejuni infection in the caeca by analysing experimental data using frequentist and bayesian structural equation models ...	2016	27069644
antibiotic resistance and polymorphism in the quinolone resistance-determining region of campylobacter spp. isolated from 1-day-old ducklings.	thirty-three isolates of campylobacter coli and three isolates of campylobacter jejuni were recovered from 150 1-day-old ducklings. all isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and amikacin, but resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (sxt) by the disc diffusion method. most isolates were susceptible to tetracycline and erythromycin, but resistant to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. of the 33 c. coli isolates, nine were positive for the tetracycline resistance gene tet(o), although only two of ...	2016	27068149
role of host type ia phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway components in invasin-mediated internalization of yersinia enterocolitica.	many bacterial pathogens subvert mammalian type ia phosphoinositide 3-kinase (pi3k) in order to induce their internalization into host cells. how pi3k promotes internalization is not well understood. also unclear is whether type ia pi3k affects different pathogens through similar or distinct mechanisms. here, we performed an rna interference (rnai)-based screen to identify components of the type ia pi3k pathway involved in invasin-mediated entry of yersinia enterocolitica, an enteropathogen that ...	2016	27068087
superphy: predictive genomics for the bacterial pathogen escherichia coli.	predictive genomics is the translation of raw genome sequence data into a phenotypic assessment of the organism. for bacterial pathogens, these phenotypes can range from environmental survivability, to the severity of human disease. significant progress has been made in the development of generic tools for genomic analyses that are broadly applicable to all microorganisms; however, a fundamental missing component is the ability to analyze genomic data in the context of organism-specific phenotyp ...	2016	27067409
molecular markers for tracking the origin and worldwide distribution of invasive strains of puccinia striiformis.	investigating the origin and dispersal pathways is instrumental to mitigate threats and economic and environmental consequences of invasive crop pathogens. in the case of puccinia striiformis causing yellow rust on wheat, a number of economically important invasions have been reported, e.g., the spreading of two aggressive and high temperature adapted strains to three continents since 2000. the combination of sequence-characterized amplified region (scar) markers, which were developed from two s ...	2016	27066253
proteomics as a tool for studying bacterial virulence and antimicrobial resistance.	proteomic studies have improved our understanding of the microbial world. the most recent advances in this field have helped us to explore aspects beyond genomics. for example, by studying proteins and their regulation, researchers now understand how some pathogenic bacteria have adapted to the lethal actions of antibiotics. proteomics has also advanced our knowledge of mechanisms of bacterial virulence and some important aspects of how bacteria interact with human cells and, thus, of the pathog ...	2016	27065974
growth phase, oxygen, temperature, and starvation affect the development of viable but non-culturable state of vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae can enter into a viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state in order to survive in unfavorable environments. in this study, we studied the roles of five physicochemical and microbiological factors or states, namely, different strains, growth phases, oxygen, temperature, and starvation, on the development of vbnc of v. cholerae in artificial sea water (asw). different strains of the organism, the growth phase, and oxygen levels affected the progress of vbnc development. it was found t ...	2016	27065970
properties and phylogeny of 76 families of bacterial and eukaryotic organellar outer membrane pore-forming proteins.	we here report statistical analyses of 76 families of integral outer membrane pore-forming proteins (ompps) found in bacteria and eukaryotic organelles. 47 of these families fall into one superfamily (sfi) which segregate into fifteen phylogenetic clusters. families with members of the same protein size, topology and substrate specificities often cluster together. virtually all ompp families include only proteins that form transmembrane pores. nine such families, all of which cluster together in ...	2016	27064789
combined campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli rapid testing and molecular epidemiology in conventional broiler flocks.	campylobacter spp. are important causes of bacterial zoonosis, most often transmitted by contaminated poultry meat. from an epidemiological and risk assessment perspective, further knowledge should be obtained on campylobacter prevalence and genotype distribution in primary production. consequently, 15 austrian broiler flocks were surveyed in summer for their thermophilic campylobacter spp. contamination status. chicken droppings, dust and drinking water samples were collected from each flock at ...	2016	27061601
involvement of vitamin b6 biosynthesis pathways in the insecticidal activity of photorhabdus luminescens.	photorhabdus luminescens is a gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium which symbiotically associates with the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis bacteriophora p. luminescens is highly virulent to many insects and nonsymbiotic nematodes, including caenorhabditis elegans to understand the virulence mechanisms of p. luminescens, we obtained virulence-deficient and -attenuated mutants against c. elegans through a transposon-mutagenized library. from the genetic screening, we identified the p ...	2016	27060119
epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni infections in sweden, november 2011-october 2012: is the severity of infection associated with c. jejuni sequence type?	campylobacter jejuni is among the most frequent causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in europe. over 8,000 c. jejuni multilocus sequence typing sequence types (sts) have been described; st-21 and st-45 have been identified as the most frequent types in all human studies so far. in contrast to other sts, st-22 has been associated with the guillain-barré syndrome and st-677 was recently linked to severe systemic infections in finland. we investigated risk factors associated with hospitalisation in ...	2016	27059819
guillain-barré syndrome (42 cases) occurring during a zika virus outbreak in french polynesia.	zika virus (transmitted by mosquitoes) reached french polynesia for the first time in 2013, leading to an epidemic affecting 10% of the total population. so far, it has not been known to induce any neurological complications, but, a few weeks after the outbreak, an unexpectedly high number of 42 patients presented with guillain-barré syndrome.we report the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of this series. males predominated with a sex ratio of 2.82 (mean age: 46). all patients (e ...	2016	27057874
acute motor axonal neuropathy (aman) with motor conduction blocks in childhood; case report.	objective acute motor axonal neuropathy (aman), characterized with decreased compound muscle action potentials (cmap) and absence of demyelinating findings in electrophysiological studies, is a subtype of guillain-barre syndrome (gbs). a 4 yr-old male patient presented with ascending weakness, dysarthria and dysphagia to istanbul dr. lütfi kırdar kartal training and research hospital neurology outpatient for three days to in 2012. dysphonia, restricted eye movements, flaccid tetraplegia and aref ...	2016	27057191
draft genome sequence of campylobacter jejuni bf, an atypical strain able to grow under aerobiosis.	in this study, we describe the draft genome sequence of acampylobacter jejuniclinical isolate issued from a french patient suffering from severe campylobacteriosis. this atypical strain is characterized by an unusual resistance to oxygen and the ability to grow under an aerobic atmosphere, a characteristic as-of-yet unique to this species.	2016	27056213
vaxar: a web-based database of laboratory animal responses to vaccinations and its application in the meta-analysis of different animal responses to tuberculosis vaccinations.	animal models are indispensable for vaccine research and development. however, choosing which species to use and designing a vaccine study that is optimized for that species is often challenging. vaxar (http://www.violinet.org/vaxar/) is a web-based database and analysis system that stores manually curated data regarding vaccine-induced responses in animals. to date, vaxar encompasses models from 35 animal species including rodents, rabbits, ferrets, primates, and birds. these 35 species have be ...	2016	27053566
campylobacter growth rates in four different matrices: broiler caecal material, live birds, bolton broth, and brain heart infusion broth.	the objective of this study was to characterise campylobacter growth in enrichment broths (bolton broth, brain heart infusion broth), caecal material (in vitro), and in the naturally infected live broilers (in vivo) in terms of mean lag periods and generation times as well as maximum growth rates and population (cell concentration) achieved.	2016	27052025
utilization of carrageenan, citric acid and cinnamon oil as an edible coating of chicken fillets to prolong its shelf life under refrigeration conditions.	the present study was conducted to determine efficacy of edible coating of carrageenan and cinnamon oil to enhance the shelf life of chicken meat stored under refrigeration conditions.	2016	27051203
crystal structure of cota laccase complexed with 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) at a novel binding site.	the cota laccase from bacillus subtilis is an abundant component of the spore outer coat and has been characterized as a typical laccase. the crystal structure of cota complexed with 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (abts) in a hole motif has been solved. the novel binding site was about 26 å away from the t1 binding pocket. comparison with known structures of other laccases revealed that the hole is a specific feature of cota. the key residues arg476 and ser360 were directly bo ...	2016	27050268
the bacteriophage carrier state of campylobacter jejuni features changes in host non-coding rnas and the acquisition of new host-derived crispr spacer sequences.	incorporation of self-derived crispr dna protospacers in campylobacter jejuni pt14 occurs in the presence of bacteriophages encoding a crispr-like cas4 protein. this phenomenon was evident in carrier state infections where both bacteriophages and host are maintained for seemingly indefinite periods as stable populations following serial passage. carrier state cultures of c. jejuni pt14 have greater aerotolerance in nutrient limited conditions, and may have arisen as an evolutionary response to s ...	2016	27047470
molecular identification of campylobacter jejuni and coli from chicken, calves and dogs to determine its potential threat on human being.	campylobacter is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and one of the leading cause of foodborne infection worldwide and it has been isolated from a variety of animal species. the aim of this study was to identify campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from dogs, calves, and poultry using polymerase chain reaction (pcr).	2015	27047055
prevalence of campylobacter species in milk and milk products, their virulence gene profile and anti-bio gram.	during the last decades, number of food poisoning cases due to campylobacter occurred, immensely. after poultry, raw milk acts as a second main source of campylobacter. therefore, the present study was undertaken to detect the prevalence of campylobacters in milk and milk products and to know the antibiotic sensitivity and virulence gene profile of campylobacter spp. in anand city, gujarat, india.	2015	27046986
onset of ulcerative colitis after helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a case report.	in japan, helicobacter pylori eradication has been approved since 2013 for treatment of h pylori-induced chronic gastritis, in an attempt to reduce the prevalence of gastric cancer, a leading cancer in japan. h pylori infection affects more than 50% of the world's population. h pylori eradication therapy is generally safe. to our knowledge, no case of newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis occurring immediately after h pylori eradication therapy has previously been reported.a 63-year-old man receive ...	2016	27043835
hyperendemic campylobacter jejuni in guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) raised for food in a semi-rural community of quito, ecuador.	domestic animals and animal products are the source of pathogenic campylobacter jejuni and c. coli in industrialized countries, yet little is known about the transmission of these bacteria in developing countries. guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) are commonly raised for food in the andean region of south america, however, limited research has characterized this rodent as a reservoir of zoonotic enteric pathogens. in this study, we examined the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in 203 fecal samples f ...	2016	27043446
tracing isolates from domestic human campylobacter jejuni infections to chicken slaughter batches and swimming water using whole-genome multilocus sequence typing.	campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and chicken is considered a major reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis. in this study, we investigated temporally related finnish human (n=95), chicken (n=83) and swimming water (n=20) c. jejuni isolates collected during the seasonal peak in 2012 using multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and whole-genome mlst (wgmlst). our objective was to trace domestic human c. jejuni infections to c. jejuni isolates from chicken ...	2016	27041390
evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of combination heat-killed immunogens from three entero-invasive bacteria in rabbit model.	diarrhea is a very common health problem in both developing and developed countries. among the major entero-invasive bacteria, shigella, salmonella and campylobacter cause serious problems in different geographic regions. recently we have shown immunogenicity and protective efficacy of heat killed multi-serotype shigella immunogen in different animal models. in our present study, we have advanced our research by preparing a combination heat-killed immunogen of three different entero-invasive bac ...	2016	27039316
mycoplasma agalactiae secretion of β-(1→6)-glucan, a rare polysaccharide in prokaryotes, is governed by high-frequency phase variation.	mycoplasmas are minimal, wall-less bacteria but have retained the ability to secrete complex carbohydrate polymers that constitute a glycocalyx. in members of the mycoplasma mycoides cluster, which are important ruminant pathogens, the glycocalyx includes both cell-attached and cell-free polysaccharides. this report explores the potential secretion of polysaccharides by m. agalactiae, another ruminant pathogen that belongs to a distant phylogenetic group. comparative genomic analyses showed that ...	2016	27037120
effect of propionic acid on campylobacter jejuni attached to chicken skin during refrigerated storage.	the ability of propionic acid to reduce campylobacter jejuni on chicken legs was evaluated. chicken legs were inoculated with campylobacter jejuni. after dipping legs in either water (control), 1% or 2% propionic acid solution (vol/vol), they were stored at 4ºc for 8 days. changes in c. jejuni, psychrotrophs and pseudomonas counts were evaluated. washing in 2% propionic acid significantly reduced c. jejuni counts compared to control legs, with a decrease of about 1.62 log units after treatment. ...	2015	27036744
subtyping of salmonella enterica subspecies i using single-nucleotide polymorphisms in adenylate cyclase.	methods to rapidly identify serotypes of salmonella enterica subspecies i are of vital importance for protecting the safety of food. to supplement the serotyping method dkgb-linked intergenic sequence ribotyping (isr), single-nucleotide polymorphisms were characterized within adenylate cyclase (cyaa). the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) database had 378 cyaa sequences from s. enterica subspecies i, which included 42 unique dna sequences and 19 different amino acid sequences. ...	2016	27035032
modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases.	gut microbiome is an integral part of the gut-brain axis. it is becoming increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to normal cognitive and emotional processing. it was known that altered emotional state and chronic stress can change the composition of gut microbiome, but it is becoming more evident that interaction between gut microbiome and central nervous system is bidirectional. alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome can potent ...	2016	27032544
campylobacter jejuni infections associated with raw milk consumption--utah, 2014.	in may 2014, the utah public health laboratory (uphl) notified the utah department of health (udoh) of specimens from three patients infected with campylobacter jejuni yielding indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. all three patients had consumed raw (unpasteurized and nonhomogenized) milk from dairy a. in utah, raw milk sales are legal from farm to consumer with a sales permit from the utah department of agriculture and food (udaf). raw milk dairies are required to ...	2016	27031585
multidrug efflux systems in helicobacter cinaedi.	helicobacter cinaedi causes infections, such as bacteremia, diarrhea and cellulitis in mainly immunocompromised patients. this pathogen is often problematic to analyze, and insufficient information is available, because it grows slowly and poorly in subculture under a microaerobic atmosphere. the first-choice therapy to eradicate h. cinaedi is antimicrobial chemotherapy; however, its use is linked to the development of resistance. although we need to understand the antimicrobial resistance mecha ...	2012	27029418
resistance-nodulation-division multidrug efflux pumps in gram-negative bacteria: role in virulence.	resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) efflux pumps are one of the most important determinants of multidrug resistance (mdr) in gram-negative bacteria. with an ever increasing number of gram-negative clinical isolates exhibiting mdr phenotypes as a result of the activity of rnd pumps, it is clear that the design of novel effective clinical strategies against such pathogens must be grounded in a better understanding of these pumps, including their physiological roles. to this end, recent evidence s ...	2013	27029297
copper-containing anti-biofilm nanofiber scaffolds as a wound dressing material.	copper particles were incorporated into nanofibers during the electrospinning of poly-d,l-lactide (pdlla) and poly(ethylene oxide) (peo). the ability of the nanofibers to prevent pseudomonas aeruginosa pa01 and staphylococcus aureus (strain xen 30) to form biofilms was tested. nanofibers containing copper particles (cu-f) were thinner (326 ± 149 nm in diameter), compared to nanofibers without copper (cf; 445 ± 93 nm in diameter). the crystalline structure of the copper particles in cu-f was conf ...	2016	27028292
efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water, quaternary ammonium and lactic acid-based solutions in controlling microbial contamination of food cutting boards using a manual spraying technique.	bactericidal activity of neutral electrolyzed water (new), quaternary ammonium (quat), and lactic acid-based solutions was investigated using a manual spraying technique against salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7, campylobacter jejuni, listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus that were inoculated onto the surface of scarred polypropylene and wooden food cutting boards. antimicrobial activity was also examined when using cutting boards in preparation of raw chopped beef, chi ...	2016	27027449
uncomplicated urinary tract infections and antibiotic resistance-epidemiological and mechanistic aspects.	uncomplicated urinary tract infections are typically monobacterial and are predominantly caused by escherichia coli. although several effective treatment options are available, the rates of antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates of e. coli have increased during the last decade. knowledge of the actual local rates of antibiotic resistant pathogens as well as the underlying mechanisms are important factors in addition to the geographical location and the health state of the patient for choosing ...	2014	27025749
focus on the outer membrane factor oprm, the forgotten player from efflux pumps assemblies.	antibiotics have been used extensively during several decades and we are now facing the emergence of multidrug resistant strains. it has become a major public concern, urging the need to discover new strategies to combat them. among the different ways used by bacteria to resist antibiotics, the active efflux is one of the main mechanisms. in gram-negative bacteria the efflux pumps are comprised of three components forming a long edifice crossing the complete cell wall from the inside to the outs ...	2015	27025640
anti-ganglioside antibodies are removed from circulation in mice by neuronal endocytosis.	see van doorn and jacobs doi101093/brain/aww078 for a scientific commentary on this article : in axonal forms of guillain-barré syndrome, anti-ganglioside antibodies bind gangliosides on nerve surfaces, thereby causing injury through complement activation and immune cell recruitment. why some nerve regions are more vulnerable than others is unknown. one reason may be that neuronal membranes with high endocytic activity, including nerve terminals involved in neurotransmitter recycling, are able ...	2016	27017187
unusual non-fluorescent broad spectrum siderophore activity (sid egyii) by pseudomonas aeruginosa strain egyii dsm 101801 and a new insight towards simple siderophore bioassay.	present study highlights an unusual non-fluorescent hydroxamate broad spectrum siderophore (sid egyii) activity from pseudomonas aeruginosa strain egyii dsm 101801, a soil bacterial isolate, along with simple low cost effective siderophore bioassay. detection of sid egyii activity qualitatively was proved by masking this activity against erwinia amylovora strain egy1 dsm 101800, an indicator strain, in well-cut diffusion assay containing 100 µm fecl3. sid egyii activity was expressed quantitativ ...	2016	27015845
gut microbiota: the brain peacekeeper.	gut microbiota regulates intestinal and extraintestinal homeostasis. accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may also regulate brain function and behavior. results from animal models indicate that disturbances in the composition and functionality of some microbiota members are associated with neurophysiological disorders, strengthening the idea of a microbiota-gut-brain axis and the role of microbiota as a "peacekeeper" in the brain health. here, we review recent discoveries on th ...	2016	27014255
multidrug resistant shigella flexneri infection simulating intestinal intussusception.	shigella enteritis remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity in all age groups, in developing as well as developed countries. owing to the emerging resistance to multiple antibiotics among shigella spp., it has been recognized as a major global public health concern and warrants constant monitoring of its resistance pattern. we report a case of segmental ileitis caused by non.-esbl producing multidrug resistant shigella flexneri in an infant clinically mimicking intussusception, whic ...	2016	27013815
escherichia coli o104 in feedlot cattle feces: prevalence, isolation and characterization.	escherichia coli o104:h4, an hybrid pathotype of shiga toxigenic and enteroaggregative e. coli, involved in a major foodborne outbreak in germany in 2011, has not been detected in cattle feces. serogroup o104 with h type other than h4 has been reported to cause human illnesses, but their prevalence and characteristics in cattle have not been reported. our objectives were to determine the prevalence of e. coli o104 in feces of feedlot cattle, by culture and pcr detection methods, and characterize ...	2016	27010226
survival capacity of arcobacter butzleri inoculated in poultry meat at two different refrigeration temperatures.	arcobacter spp. are emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents that can be transmitted by food and water, being considered a public health risk. the high isolation rate of these bacteria from poultry products suggests that it may be a major source of human infections. one hallmark for differentiating the genus arcobacter from campylobacter includes their growing capacity at low temperatures (15-30 °c) under aerobic conditions. however, little is known about the population density var ...	2016	27007565
can attention to the intestinal microbiota improve understanding and treatment of anorexia nervosa?	anorexia nervosa (an) is characterized by severe dietary restriction or other weight loss behaviors and exhibits the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. therapeutic renourishment in an is founded primarily on clinical opinion and guidelines, with a weak evidence base. genetic factors do not fully account for the etiology of an, and non-genetic factors that contribute to the onset and persistence of this disease warrant investigation. compelling evidence that the intestinal microb ...	2016	27003627
temporal variation in the prevalence and species richness of campylobacter spp. in a prairie watershed impacted by urban and agricultural mixed inputs.	campylobacter spp. are a substantial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. human infection can result from ingestion of contaminated food or water from a variety of sources, including the consumption of fresh produce that is contaminated with the pathogen via the use of contaminated irrigation water. using molecular methods, we investigated the occurrence of campylobacter in the qu'appelle river watershed, an important source of irrigation water for vegetable producers in southern saskatchewan, ca ...	2016	27003220
molecular subtyping and erythromycin resistance of campylobacter in china.	to investigate the erythromycin resistance patterns and mechanism for campylobacter isolates in china.	2016	26999516
coevolution theory of the genetic code at age forty: pathway to translation and synthetic life.	the origins of the components of genetic coding are examined in the present study. genetic information arose from replicator induction by metabolite in accordance with the metabolic expansion law. messenger rna and transfer rna stemmed from a template for binding the aminoacyl-rna synthetase ribozymes employed to synthesize peptide prosthetic groups on rnas in the peptidated rna world. coevolution of the genetic code with amino acid biosynthesis generated trna paralogs that identify a last unive ...	2016	26999216