Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| infections and training headaches plague uk's government health system. | 2007 | 17927038 | |
| risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a quebec medical intensive care unit. | our study was conducted to determine whether use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increased the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a medical intensive care unit of one of the first hospitals to be threatened by the current cdad epidemic in quebec, canada. our findings suggest that efforts to determine risk factors for cdad should focus on other areas, such as older age and antibiotic use. | 2007 | 17926283 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in patients in a small rural hospital. | to determine the risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a 25-bed rural hospital and to compare antimicrobial use ratios at the study hospital with those at a large academic medical center. | 2007 | 17926273 |
| changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. | to determine temporal trends in the incidence rate for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a pediatric patient population. | 2007 | 17926272 |
| infection control policies and practices for iowa long-term care facility residents with clostridium difficile infection. | to identify infection control policies and practices used by iowa long-term care facilities (ltcfs) for residents with clostridium difficile infection or c. difficile-associated diarrhea and to assess use of antimicrobial agents. | 2007 | 17926271 |
| the emerging infectious challenge of clostridium difficile-associated disease in massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. | to estimate the clinical and economic burden of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in massachusetts over 2 years. | 2007 | 17926270 |
| the aging gut: physiology. | changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract with aging are less obvious than are seen in other organs, such as the brain. nevertheless, physiologic changes play a role in the anorexia of aging, postprandial hypotension, aspiration pneumonia, increased clostridium difficile infections, fecal incontinence, gallstones, and altered drug metabolism. | 2007 | 17923336 |
| characteristics and incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in the netherlands, 2005. | during a 2-month period in 2005, 13 laboratories participated in a surveillance study of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in 17 hospitals in the netherlands. the median incidence rate of cdad was 16/10 000 patient admissions (2.2/10 000 patient-days) and varied from 1 to 46/10 000 patient admissions according to hospital. in total, 81 patients with cdad were reported; 49 (61%) patients had nosocomial cdad, and 29 (36%) patients were admitted to hospital when already suffering from ... | 2007 | 17922780 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the major cause of health care-associated infectious diarrhea. current laboratory testing lacks a single assay that is sensitive, specific, and rapid. the purpose of this work was to design and validate a sensitive and specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostic test for cdad. | 2007 | 17918076 |
| fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease within a veterans administration health care system. | prompted by the changing profile of clostridium difficile infection and the impact of formulary policies in hospitals, we performed this study when an increase in the incidence of c. difficile-associated disease was noted at our health care center (veterans administration puget sound health care system, seattle, washington). | 2007 | 17918075 |
| colitis associated with clostridium difficile in specific-pathogen-free c3h-scid mice. | soft feces and a decreased delivery rate were observed in a specific-pathogen-free (spf) c3h-scid mouse breeding colony. grossly, the ceca were shrunken and edematous in the affected mice. histopathologically, severe edema in the cecal submucosa as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ceca and colon were observed. no pathogenic microorganisms were detected by the routine microbiological tests. by anaerobic bacterial-examination, clostridium (c.) d ... | 2007 | 17917386 |
| nadph oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke. | cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is associated with reactive oxygen species (ros) generation, and nadph oxidases are important sources of ros. we hypothesized that nadph oxidases mediate blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption and contribute to tissue damage in ischemia/reperfusion. | 2007 | 17916764 |
| potential use of inhibitors of bacteria spore germination in the prophylactic treatment of anthrax and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | spore germination is the first step in establishing bacillus and clostridium infections. germination is triggered by the binding of small molecules by the resting spore. subsequently, the activated spore secretes dipicolinic acid and calcium, the spore core is rehydrated and spore structures are degraded. inhibition of any of the germination-related events will prevent development to the vegetative stage. inhibition of spore germination has been studied intensively in the prevention of food spoi ... | 2007 | 17914913 |
| bugs among us. | 2007 | 17914302 | |
| [molecular fingerprint of bacterial communities and 16s rdna intra-species heterogeneity: a pitfall that should be considered]. | molecular fingerprinting methods are currently used to study microbial communities by culture independent approaches. they are proposed as identification tool owing to the availability of rapid automated methods. the 16s rrna gene (16s rdna) is an efficient marker for bacterial identification and microbial communities analysis. however, the 16s rdna polymorphism among strains of the same species is an underestimated pitfall of the fingerprinting approaches. | 2007 | 17913388 |
| safety concerns with fluoroquinolones. | to review the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety of fluoroquinolones. | 2007 | 17911203 |
| excess hospitalisation burden associated with clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. an increasing number of cases of c difficile colitis occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd)-crohn's disease (cd), ulcerative colitis (uc). | 2008 | 17905821 |
| [interest of the disk diffusion method for screening clostridium difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics]. | in vitro determination of clostridium difficile susceptibility to antibiotics is not routinely performed. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of antibiotic susceptibility determination with the disk diffusion method for screening c. difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. | 2007 | 17905536 |
| clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis? | reactive arthritis usually presents as a sterile, inflammatory, asymmetric oligoarthritis, affecting large lower extremity joints. extra-articular features (conjunctivitis, uveitis, enthesopathy, urethritis, balanitis, keratoderma blenorrhagicum) may occur. common causes of enteric reactive arthritis are preceding infections attributable to salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia. in contrast, clostridium difficile is an uncommon cause of reactive arthritis, with only approximately 40 ... | 2008 | 17902012 |
| clostridium difficile glucosyltransferase toxin b-essential amino acids for substrate binding. | recently the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b was solved ( reinert, d. j., jank, t., aktories, k., and schulz, g. e. (2005) j. mol. biol. 351, 973-981 ). on the basis of this structure, we studied the functional role of several amino acids located in the catalytic center of toxin b. besides the (286)dxd(288) motif and trp(102), which were shown to be necessary for mn(2+) and udp binding, respectively, we identified by alanine scanning asp(270), arg(273), ... | 2007 | 17901056 |
| safety and cost savings of an improved three-day rule for stool culture in hospitalised children and adults. | stools sent for culture from patients after three days of hospitalisation have a low yield (<1%) for bacterial enteric pathogens (bep), excluding clostridium difficile, and are expensive to process. a 'three-day rule' for rejection of specimens has previously been validated in adults. we evaluated a three-day rule for paediatric stool samples by retrospective review of all stool culture results from 1995 to 2002. excluding c. difficile, yield for bep in samples sent within three days following a ... | 2007 | 17900758 |
| outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of nap1/027. | to reassess the comparative efficacy of vancomycin versus metronidazole in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) after the emergence in 2003 of the hypervirulent nap1/027 strain. | 2007 | 17900327 |
| the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the intestinal microbiota and bowel movements in healthy volunteers taking the antibiotic amoxycillin. | one of the side effects of antimicrobial therapy is a disturbance of the intestinal microbiota potentially resulting in antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). in this placebo-controlled double-blind study, the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota and bowel habits was studied in healthy volunteers taking amoxycillin. | 2008 | 17900321 |
| statins enhance toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine gene expression in astrocytes: implication of rho proteins in negative feedback regulation. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) are sentinels of innate immunity that recognize pathogenic molecules and trigger inflammatory response. because inflammatory mediators are detrimental to the host, the tlr response is regulated by feedback inhibition. statins, the inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis, have been shown to be potent modulators of tlr activity, and this modulation may provide insight regarding mechanisms of the feedback inhibition. in the present study, we examined feedback mechanisms tha ... | 2008 | 17896797 |
| morphological and genetic diversity of temperate phages in clostridium difficile. | eight temperate phages were characterized after mitomycin c induction of six clostridium difficile isolates corresponding to six distinct pcr ribotypes. the hypervirulent c. difficile strain responsible for a multi-institutional outbreak (nap1/027 or qcd-32g58) was among these prophage-containing strains. observation of the crude lysates by transmission electron microscopy (tem) revealed the presence of three phages with isometric capsids and long contractile tails (myoviridae family), as well a ... | 2007 | 17890338 |
| the potential impact of substitutive therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin on the outcome of heart transplant recipients with infections. | hypogammaglobulinemia has been proposed to be a risk factor for infection after heart transplantation (oht). infection is a leading cause of morbility and mortality among these patients. in a retrospective study we analyzed the impact of substitutive therapy with nonspecific intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) on the outcomes of heart transplant patients with infections. we analyzed the outcome of 123 consecutive heart transplant recipients in our center from june 1996 to november 2005. their mean ... | 2007 | 17889198 |
| clostridium difficile: emergence of hypervirulence and fluoroquinolone resistance. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of sporadic and healthcare-associated diarrhea. multihospital outbreaks due to a single strain and outbreaks associated with antibiotic selective pressure, especially clindamycin, have been well documented. severe cases and fatalities from c. difficile are uncommon. the recent global emergence of a hypervirulent strain containing binary toxin (toxinotype iii ribotype 027), with or without deletion in a regulatory gene (tcdc gene), together with high-le ... | 2007 | 17885732 |
| what is the true burden of clostridium difficile disease? | 2007 | 17884251 | |
| reported clostridium difficile rates: accurate and targeting the problem? | 2007 | 17884249 | |
| a case of norovirus and clostridium difficile infection: casual or causal relationship? | 2007 | 17884245 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and odor. | 2007 | 17879938 | |
| asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization: is this the tip of another iceberg? | 2007 | 17879914 | |
| asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. | asymptomatic fecal carriage of clostridium difficile is common in patients staying in health care facilities, but the importance of asymptomatic carriers with regard to disease transmission is unclear. | 2007 | 17879913 |
| first isolation and report of clusters of clostridium difficile pcr 027 cases in ireland. | 2007 | 17868610 | |
| distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in british hospitals. | 2007 | 17868609 | |
| inflammation and apoptosis in clostridium difficile enteritis is mediated by pge2 up-regulation of fas ligand. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes acute inflammation and fluid secretion in experimental animals and patients with c difficile infection. we previously reported that toxin a increased cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) expression and apoptosis in human colonocytes. here, we assessed the role of secreted pge(2) in inflammation and enterocyte apoptosis in toxin a enteritis. | 2007 | 17854595 |
| early and late onset clostridium difficile-associated colitis following liver transplantation. | clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) remains a serious and common complication after liver transplantation (lt). four hundred and sixty-seven consecutive lts in 402 individuals were performed between 1998 and 2001 at our center. standard immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids. cd toxins a and b were detected by using a rapid immunoassay or enzyme immunoassay. cdc was diagnosed in 32 patients (5-1999 days post-lt), with 93.8% (30/32) of patients developing cdc durin ... | 2007 | 17854444 |
| clostridium difficile: dealing with a silent menace. | clostridium difficile infection is a growing problem and infection is not confined to acute hospitals. people with c. difficile may be cared for in community hospitals or at home. some people with c. difficile suffer recurrent bouts of infection, others are left with ongoing bowel problems as a result of the infection. prevention, wherever possible, through prudent antibiotic prescribing and scrupulous infection control procedures can reduce infection risks. prompt diagnosis and treatment can re ... | 2007 | 17851307 |
| cytomegalovirus and clostridium difficile ischemic colitis in a renal transplant recipient: a lethal complication of anti-rejection therapy? | intestinal ischemia is reported to be the most common gastrointestinal complication of renal transplantation and a potential cause of morbidity and mortality. the recent use of more potent immunosuppressive drug regimens has reduced the incidence of acute rejection, increasing the incidence of potentially fatal infectious complications, such as clinically important cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection. a 42-year-old kidney transplant recipient experienced on postoperative day 10 a dehiscence of the u ... | 2007 | 17851290 |
| prospective study of clostridium difficile infections in europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. | a 2-month prospective study of clostridium difficile infections was conducted in 38 hospitals from 14 different european countries in order to obtain an overview of the phenotypic and genotypic features of clinical isolates of c. difficile during 2005. of 411 isolates from diarrhoeagenic patients with suspected c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), 354 were toxigenic, of which 86 (24.3%) were toxin-variant strains. major toxinotypes included toxinotypes 0 (n = 268), v (n = 28), viii (n = 22) ... | 2007 | 17850341 |
| hse clears infection death managers. | 2007 | 17847612 | |
| intensive session: new approaches to medical issues in long-term care. | this article, based on a series of presentations at the american medical directors association, briefly highlights new advances in medical areas of interest to long-term care physicians. the areas discussed are heart failure, vitamin d, falls, new treatments for diabetes mellitus, blood pressure measurement, anemia, clinical nutrition, pressure ulcers, clostridium difficile, insomnia, and antipsychotic therapy. | 2007 | 17845944 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in heart transplant recipients: is hypogammaglobulinemia the answer? | information regarding clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) after solid-organ transplantation (sot) is scarce, particularly after heart transplantation (ht). although host immune response to c. difficile plays a substantial role in the outcome of this infection, the responsibility of hypogammaglobulinemia (hgg) as a predisposing condition for cdad has not been studied in sot. we analyzed the incidence, clinical presentation, outcome and risk factors, including hgg, of cdad after ht. | 2007 | 17845929 |
| widespread environmental contamination associated with patients with diarrhea and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. | patients colonized with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) may contaminate their immediate environment with this organism. however, the extent to which gastrointestinal colonization with mrsa affects environmental contamination is not known. we investigated the frequency of environmental contamination in the rooms of patients with diarrheal stools and heavy gastrointestinal colonization with mrsa. | 2007 | 17828690 |
| prokinetic therapy for feed intolerance in critical illness: one drug or two? | to compare the efficacy of combination therapy, with erythromycin and metoclopramide, to erythromycin alone in the treatment of feed intolerance in critically ill patients. | 2007 | 17828038 |
| role of retinol in protecting epithelial cell damage induced by clostridium difficile toxin a. | vitamin a (retinol), a fat-soluble vitamin, is an essential nutrient for the normal functioning of the visual system, epithelial cell integrity and growth, immunity, and reproduction. our group has investigated the effect of high doses of oral vitamin a on early childhood diarrhea in our prospective community-based studies from northeast brazil and found a beneficial role in reducing the mean duration but not incidence of diarrheal episodes. in this study, we explored the role of retinol supplem ... | 2007 | 17825865 |
| fucoidin prevents clostridium difficile toxin-a-induced ileal enteritis in mice. | recent reports suggest increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated diseases. these facts have raised the need for additional clarification of pathogenesis and for a search for new therapeutic strategies. this study evaluated the effects of the polysaccharide fucoidin, an l-selectin blocker, on toxin-a-induced mouse enteritis. fucoidin (25 mg/kg) or saline (0.1 ml) were injected systemically (ocular plexus) 5 min prior to local challenge with toxin a (5 microg/ileal loop) ... | 2008 | 17805968 |
| yield of stool culture with isolate toxin testing versus a two-step algorithm including stool toxin testing for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. | we examined the incremental yield of stool culture (with toxin testing on isolates) versus our two-step algorithm for optimal detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. per the two-step algorithm, stools were screened for c. difficile-associated glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) antigen and, if positive, tested for toxin by a direct (stool) cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna). in parallel, stools were cultured for c. difficile and tested for toxin by both indirect (isolate) ccna ... | 2007 | 17804652 |
| [probiotics as prophylactic agents against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients]. | antibiotic associated diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized elderly patients. probiotics may shorten the duration and reduce the recurrence incidence of this problem. the researchers assessed the protective effects of probiotics in hospitalized patients. | 2007 | 17803164 |
| review article: yeast as probiotics -- saccharomyces boulardii. | probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms which confer a health benefit on the host. although most probiotics are bacteria, one strain of yeast, saccharomyces boulardii, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind clinical studies. | 2007 | 17767461 |
| opportunistic infections mimicking gastrointestinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. | patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who are on chronic immunosuppressive therapy are at risk for developing infectious complications. we present 2 cases of immunosuppressed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with abdominal complaints without other systemic lupus symptoms. these patients were initially thought to have gastrointestinal vasculitis based on preliminary pathologic reports; however, further workup and careful review of the pathologic specimens confirmed an ... | 2007 | 17762457 |
| repression of clostridium difficile toxin gene expression by cody. | cody, a global regulator of gene expression in low g + c gram-positive bacteria, was found to repress toxin gene expression in clostridium difficile. inactivation of the cody gene resulted in derepression of all five genes of the c. difficile pathogenicity locus during exponential growth and stationary phase. cody was found to bind with high affinity to a dna fragment containing the promoter region of the tcdr gene, which encodes a sigma factor that permits rna polymerase to recognize promoters ... | 2007 | 17725558 |
| prevalence of enterotoxin producing staphylococcus aureus in stools of patients with nosocomial diarrhea. | nosocomial diarrhea causes prolonged hospital stay leading to additional diagnostic and therapeutic procedures resulting in higher costs. a total of 20%-25% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) cases are attributed to clostridium difficile. other microorganisms like clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus are discussed to be associated with aad. | 2007 | 17721737 |
| new issues in infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea remains a leading cause of both mortality and morbidity worldwide. novel organisms recently have been described as causes of previously undiagnosed diarrhea. in addition, changes in epidemiologic trends of known pathogens, such as clostridium difficile, are occurring, including multiple outbreaks of a newly recognized epidemic strain associated with increased severity of cases and poor response to current antibiotics. given rising resistance rates, new antimicrobial agents ar ... | 2005 | 17713455 |
| is it clostridium difficile infection or something else? a case-control study of 352 hospitalized patients with new-onset diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states, and may be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. diarrhea is also very common among hospitalized patients and is often related to a variety of factors not related to c difficile infection. | 2007 | 17713303 |
| spread and epidemiology of clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027/toxinotype iii in the netherlands. | after reports of emerging outbreaks in canada and the united states, clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) due to polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 was detected in 2 medium-to-large hospitals in the netherlands in 2005. | 2007 | 17712752 |
| does emergency colectomy reduce mortality in patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease? | 2007 | 17712324 | |
| diagnosis and management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | this article outlines the diagnosis, treatment and nursing management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2007 | 17711247 |
| clostridium difficile infection in an urban medical center: five-year analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and association with the use of proton pump inhibitors. | c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has become a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized patients. in this study of five-year (2001-2005, inclusive) trends of incidence of cdad among adults in an inner-city medical center, the overall annual incidence increased from 5.08 to 8.42 cases/10(3) admissions (p = 0.0005). age distribution remained fairly constant for 2001-2004 but decreased significantly in 2005 (p = 0.005); no significant change was observed for gender. during the five-year perio ... | 2007 | 17709687 |
| the epidemiology and treatment of infections in cancer patients. | significant changes in the epidemiology of infectious complications in cancer patients have emerged during the past decade. among blood culture isolates from febrile neutropenic patients, gram-positive pathogens have become predominant, and an increasing spread of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci must be taken into consideration. risk factors such as indwelling venous catheters or chemotherapy-induced mucosal damage are associated with an increased ... | 2008 | 17703922 |
| risk of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in critically ill patients treated with erythromycin-based prokinetic therapy for feed intolerance. | to determine the incidence of clostridium difficile (cd) diarrhoea in feed-intolerant, critically ill patients who received erythromycin-based prokinetic therapy. | 2008 | 17701160 |
| effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in persistent diarrhea in indian children: a randomized controlled trial. | to evaluate the role of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) as probiotic in persistent diarrhea (pd) in children of north bengal, india. | 2007 | 17700424 |
| c. difficile outbreaks in gatineau, sault ste. marie. | 2007 | 17698816 | |
| evidence for low risk of clostridium difficile infection associated with tigecycline. | broad-spectrum antibiotics are often associated with a relatively high risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). however, exceptions to this rule, e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam, show that marked inhibition of gut flora is not synonymous with cdi risk. tigecycline has marked broad-spectrum activity that includes gram-positive and gram-negative facultative and obligate anaerobes. antibiotic susceptibility, gut model and clinical trial data suggest that tigecycline is associated with a relativ ... | 2007 | 17697004 |
| binary toxin production in clostridium difficile is regulated by cdtr, a lyttr family response regulator. | clostridium difficile binary toxin (cdt) is an actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase that is produced by various c. difficile isolates, including the "hypervirulent" nap1/027 epidemic strains. in contrast to the two major toxins from c. difficile, toxin a and toxin b, little is known about the role of cdt in virulence or how c. difficile regulates its production. in this study we have shown that in addition to the cdta and cdtb toxin structural genes, a functional cdt locus contains a third gene ... | 2007 | 17693517 |
| cwp84, a surface-associated protein of clostridium difficile, is a cysteine protease with degrading activity on extracellular matrix proteins. | clostridium difficile pathogenicity is mediated mainly by its a and b toxins, but the colonization process is thought to be a necessary preliminary step in the course of infection. the aim of this study was to characterize the cwp84 protease of c. difficile, which is highly immunogenic in patients with c. difficile-associated disease and is potentially involved in the pathogenic process. cwp84 was purified as a recombinant his-tagged protein, and specific antibodies were generated in rabbits. tr ... | 2007 | 17693508 |
| fucidic acid use in metronidazole nonresponders with clostridium difficile infection. | 2007 | 17687186 | |
| predictors of clostridium difficile colitis infections in hospitals. | hospital-level predictors of high rates of 'clostridium difficile-associated disease' (cdad) were evaluated in over 2300 hospitals across california, arizona, and minnesota. american hospital association data were used to determine hospital characteristics associated with high rates of cdad. significant correlations were found between hospital rates of cdad, common infections and other identified pathogens. hospitals in urban areas had higher average rates of cdad; yet, irrespective of geographi ... | 2008 | 17686193 |
| clinical management of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) and its serious complications (including colectomy and death) have been increasing worldwide. this phenomenon is strongly associated with the appearance of a new "hypervirulent" strain in several countries. more-effective strategies are needed for the prevention and treatment of this entity. this article will review the current approaches using antimicrobials, probiotics, immunomodulation, surgery, and miscellaneous adjuvants to pr ... | 2007 | 17683016 |
| impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent nap1/027 strain. | a series of measures were implemented, in a secondary/tertiary-care hospital in quebec, to control an epidemic of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated disease (n-cdad) caused by a virulent strain; these measures included the development of a nonrestrictive antimicrobial stewardship program. interrupted time-series analysis was used to evaluate the impact of these measures on n-cdad incidence. from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, total and targeted antibiotic consumption, respectively, decreased b ... | 2007 | 17683015 |
| emergency colectomy in severe clostridium difficile-associated disease: the sooner the better for some. | 2007 | 17681191 | |
| playing host to the difficult clostridium. | 2007 | 17678842 | |
| pneumatosis intestinalis caused by clostridium difficile in a neutropenic child. | 2007 | 17678836 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in a large teaching hospital in singapore. | we undertook this study to define the incidence of toxigenic clostridium difficile in our hospital and to characterise the isolates. | 2007 | 17676487 |
| computer-aided identification of polymorphism sets diagnostic for groups of bacterial and viral genetic variants. | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and genes that exhibit presence/absence variation have provided informative marker sets for bacterial and viral genotyping. identification of marker sets optimised for these purposes has been based on maximal generalized discriminatory power as measured by simpson's index of diversity, or on the ability to identify specific variants. here we describe the not-n algorithm, which is designed to identify small sets of genetic markers diagnostic for user-specifi ... | 2007 | 17672919 |
| a case of toxic megacolon secondary to clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea worsened after administration of an antimotility agent and molecular analysis of recovered isolates. | 2007 | 17671768 | |
| increased detection of clostridium difficile during a norovirus outbreak. | 2007 | 17669553 | |
| ce offering--introductory offer clostridium difficile associated disease (cdad). | 2007 | 17668836 | |
| genome sequence of fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies polymorphum - a genetically tractable fusobacterium. | fusobacterium nucleatum is a prominent member of the oral microbiota and is a common cause of human infection. f. nucleatum includes five subspecies: polymorphum, nucleatum, vincentii, fusiforme, and animalis. f. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum atcc 10953 has been well characterized phenotypically and, in contrast to previously sequenced strains, is amenable to gene transfer. we sequenced and annotated the 2,429,698 bp genome of f. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum atcc 10953. plasmid pfn3 from the stra ... | 2007 | 17668047 |
| clostridium difficile--second international symposium (icds). | 2007 | 17665327 | |
| performance of techlab c. diff quik chek and techlab c. difficile tox a/b ii for the detection of clostridium difficile in stool samples. | two membrane-bound enzyme immunoassays by techlab, blacksburg, va, were evaluated and compared with the triage micro c. difficile panel (biosite diagnostics, san diego, ca), with culture, and with cytotoxic assay. the techlab panels were c. diff quik chek (qc-gdh) and c. difficile tox a/b ii (qc-toxina/b), which detect glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and clostridium difficile toxins a and b, respectively. the triage panel detects gdh (tr-gdh) and toxin a (tr-toxina). | 2007 | 17662566 |
| viral gastroenteritis increases the reports of clostridium difficile infection. | 2007 | 17662506 | |
| elucidating the in vivo targets of bacterial toxins. | many bacterial pathogens release soluble proteins, referred to as toxins, which damage host cells during disease. in the past, bacterial toxins have been studied extensively using cultured cells, and in vitro biochemical systems. however, little is known about the types of cells targeted by toxins during the disease process while within the host. this has limited our understanding of these important virulence factors. to address this problem, we have recently used transparent zebrafish embryos t ... | 2007 | 17661678 |
| clostridium difficile comes of age. | 2006 | 17661635 | |
| a case of recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is an important and increasingly common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. recent epidemics of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) reveal a pathogen that is becoming more virulent, leading to an increase in disease severity, treatment failures, and relapses. those of advanced age are at a particular risk of acquiring this debilitating and costly disease. this case describes cdad recurring in an 87-year-old resident of a long-term care facility, which caused hospitalization. a ... | 2007 | 17658971 |
| the clostron: a universal gene knock-out system for the genus clostridium. | progress in exploiting clostridial genome information has been severely impeded by a general lack of effective methods for the directed inactivation of specific genes. those few mutants that have been generated have been almost exclusively derived by single crossover integration of a replication-deficient or defective plasmid by homologous recombination. the mutants created are therefore unstable. here we have adapted a mutagenesis system based on the mobile group ii intron from the ltrb gene of ... | 2007 | 17658189 |
| faecal excretion of brush border membrane enzymes in patients with clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | to look for the presence of intestinal brush border membrane (bbm) enzymes in the faecal samples of patients with clostridium difficile association. | 2002 | 17657066 |
| probiotics and diarrhea: no high risk antibiotics? | 2007 | 17656513 | |
| detection of a genetic linkage between genes coding for resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin in clostridium difficile. | elements carrying more than one antibiotic resistance gene have never been found in clostridium difficile, one of the major causes of nosocomial diarrheic diseases. in this study, c. difficile isolates were investigated for a possible genetic linkage between tet(m) and erm(b), the most frequent genes found in strains resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin. in the majority of c. difficile strains, tet(m) is carried by tn5397. however, tet(m) genes carried by tn916-like elements have been foun ... | 2007 | 17650959 |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile at a university teaching hospital in japan: a shift in the predominant type over a five-year period. | clostridium difficile isolates recovered from patients admitted to a teaching hospital in japan over a 5-year period were analyzed. two molecular typing systems, pcr ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis, were used. twenty-six pcr ribotypes were found among the 148 isolates. the predominant type at our hospital appeared to shift during the study period, from pcr ribotype a in 2000 (15/33, 45%) to pcr ribotype f in 2004 (18/28, 64%). by using pfge with thiourea added to ... | 2007 | 17647032 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea rates and global antibiotic consumption in five quebec institutions from 2001 to 2004. | a massive outbreak of a new clostridium difficile clone affected the province of quebec between 2002 and 2004. there are several theories as to the exact cause of the emergence of this new clone, including the overuse of some classes of antibiotics. antibiotic prescription is associated with c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), but which class has the highest risk is still the subject of debate. we analysed the global antibiotic consumption patterns in five institutions in quebec, three in ... | 2007 | 17644347 |
| clostridium difficile: new therapeutic options. | clostridium difficile disease is the major, known cause of nosocomial diarrhea and is an emerging cause of community-associated diarrhea. recent outbreaks due to a strain of apparent increased virulence, bi/nap1, and recognition of increasing metronidazole treatment failures as well as the morbidity associated with recurrent c. difficile disease have begun to spur studies to develop new therapies for c. difficile disease. nitazoxanide, tolevamer, ramoplanin, and rifaximin are key agents being ev ... | 2007 | 17644040 |
| acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. | acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (acpo) is a syndrome of massive dilation of the colon without mechanical obstruction that develops in hospitalised patients with serious underlying medical and surgical conditions. acpo is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and, therefore, requires urgent gastroenterologic evaluation. appropriate evaluation of the markedly distended colon involves excluding mechanical obstruction and other causes of toxic megacolon such as clostridium difficile ... | 2007 | 17643908 |
| antibiotic associated diarrhoea: infectious causes. | nearly 25% of antibiotic associated diarrhoeas (aad) is caused by clostridium difficile, making it the commonest identified and treatable pathogen. other pathogens implicated infrequently include clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella oxytoca, candida spp. and salmonella spp. most mild cases of aad are due to non-infectious causes which include reduced break down of primary bile acids and decrease metabolism of carbohydrates, allergic or toxic effects of antibiotic on intesti ... | 2003 | 17642966 |
| clostridium difficile: an emerging epidemic in nursing homes. | clostridium difficile is currently recognized as the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in the nursing home setting. data from the centers for disease control and prevention confirm that the incidence of c. difficile has doubled in recent years and accounts for approximately 3 million cases of diarrhea and colitis each year. overall mortality associated with c. difficile infectious diarrhea is estimated to be 17% but is even higher in the older adult population. older adults are ... | 2007 | 17642100 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen and the most frequently diagnosed cause of infectious hospital-acquired diarrhoea. toxigenic strains usually produce toxin a and toxin b, which are the primary virulence factors of c. difficile. some recently described strains produce an additional toxin, an adenosine-diphosphate ribosyltransferase known as binary toxin, the role of which in pathogenicity is unknown. there has been concern about the emergence of a hypervirulent fluoroquin ... | 2007 | 17640189 |
| effects of transcription factor activator protein-1 on interleukin-8 expression and enteritis in response to clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes acute colitis associated with intense infiltration of neutrophils. although c. difficile toxin a is known to induce nuclear factor-kappab-mediated chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells, little is known about its effect on the regulation of activator protein-1 (ap-1) by mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk). in the present study, we investigated whether the mapk and ap-1 signaling pathway is involved in interleukin (il)-8 expression and enteric ... | 2007 | 17639289 |
| increasing prevalence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients in the united states. | to evaluate changes in the epidemiological features of clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients in the united states (c difficile is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea that has been shown to be increasing in virulence in canada and across europe). | 2007 | 17638799 |
| the long-term outcome of treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | 2007 | 17638211 | |
| high resolution fesem and tem reveal bacterial spore attachment. | transmission electron microscopy (tem) studies in the 1960s and early 1970s using conventional thin section and freeze fracture methodologies revealed ultrastructural bacterial spore appendages. however, the limited technology at that time necessitated the time-consuming process of imaging serial sections and reconstructing each structure. consequently, the distribution and function of these appendages and their possible role in colonization or pathogenesis remained unknown. by combining high re ... | 2007 | 17637074 |