Publications

seasonal variation in antibodies against ebola virus in kenyan fever patients.		1986	2871413
a study of viral and rickettsial exposure and causes of fever in juba, southern sudan.	patients presenting at the juba teaching hospital, either with fever of undetermined origin or with a clinical cause of fever, gave evidence of exposure to a wide range of viral and rickettsial agents. serological tests showed high antibody levels to flaviviruses (56.9%) and alphaviruses (29.2%), with lesser levels of bunyamweraviruses (3.8%), rift valley fever (2.3%), and sandfly fever (0.75%). flavivirus exposure was significantly associated with clinical evidence of liver disease; repeated ex ...	1988	2855284
viral diseases involving the liver.	even though hav, hbv and hnanb viruses are responsible for most of the viral hepatitis cases, many other viruses have been reported to cause hepatic injury. these viruses may involve the liver, either as part of a systemic illness (e.g. ebv, cmv, hsv) or as the primary target organ (e.g. yellow fever virus, lassa fever virus, ebola virus). clinically overt hepatocellular dysfunction is rare in such viral infections. biochemical disturbance of hepatic functions shown, for example, by rises in ast ...	1987	2822180
firsthand clinical observations of hemorrhagic manifestations in ebola hemorrhagic fever in zaire.	about 5 weeks after the beginning of the outbreak of ebola virus fever in yambuku, zaire, several acute cases of the disease were observed. all of those affected had the following common signs and symptoms: sudden onset of high fever, with chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, sore throat, expressionless face, and profound prostration. in some cases, on around the fifth day of the acute phase, the appearance of an exanthematous rash on the trunk announced the hemorrhagic m ...	1989	2749110
the nucleoprotein gene of ebola virus: cloning, sequencing, and in vitro expression.	genomic and messenger rnas of a zaire strain of ebola virus were cloned, and inserts specific for the nucleoprotein gene were isolated and sequenced. the nucleoprotein gene is located proximal to the 3' end of the genome and is preceeded by a putative leader sequence. the gene begins with the transcriptional start site sequence 3'-uacuccuucuaauu..., and ends with the polyadenylation site sequence 3'-... uaauucuuuuuu. the predicted coding region is 2217 bases in length and encodes a protein that ...	1989	2718390
arbovirus infections and viral haemorrhagic fevers in uganda: a serological survey in karamoja district, 1984.	sera collected in may 1984 from 132 adult residents of karamoja district, uganda, were examined by haemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies against selected arboviruses, namely chikungunya and semliki forest alphaviruses (togaviridae); dengue type 2, wesselsbron, west nile, yellow fever and zika flaviviruses (flaviviridae); bunyamwera, ilesha and tahyna bunyaviruses (bunyaviridae); and sicilian sandfly fever phlebovirus (bunyaviridae); and by immunofluorescence tests against certain hae ...	1989	2559514
prospects for treatment of viral hemorrhagic fevers with ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.	ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, is active against hemorrhagic fever viruses (with the exception of ebola virus) in cell culture systems. in model infections with arenaviruses in guinea pigs and monkeys, ribavirin has demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. in therapeutic studies it has not prevented late-onset neurologic disease. in human cases of lassa fever, it significantly reduces mortality when administered before day 7 of illness to persons at high risk. in rod ...	1989	2546248
epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever viruses.	twelve distinct viruses associated with hemorrhagic fever in humans are classified among four families: arenaviridae, which includes lassa, junin, and machupo viruses; bunyaviridae, which includes rift valley fever, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, and hantaan viruses; filoviridae, which includes marburg and ebola viruses; and flaviviridae, which includes yellow fever, dengue, kyasanur forest disease, and omsk viruses. most hemorrhagic fever viruses are zoonoses, with the possible exception of t ...	1989	2546247
antibodies to haemorrhagic fever viruses in madagascar populations.	sera of 381 adult people from 5 areas in madagascar were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence method for antibodies against congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever and rift valley fever viruses (bunyaviridae), ebola (strains zaire and sudan) and marburg viruses (filoviridae), and lassa virus (arenaviridae). the highest prevalence rate was that of ebola virus (4.5%). as no haemorrhagic syndrome has been found associated with this virus, the possible presence of a less pathogenic, antigenically rela ...	1989	2515626
ebola virus infection in imported primates--virginia, 1989.		1989	2511410
antibody prevalence against haemorrhagic fever viruses in randomized representative central african populations.	between 1985 and 1987, 5,070 randomly selected persons living in 6 central african countries (cameroon, central african republic, chad, congo, equatorial guinea and gabon) were checked for serological evidence of haemorrhagic fever. rural and urban areas were studied, including ecoclimatic zones ranging from dry savana to tropical rain forest. virus-reactive antibodies were found with all antigens tested, and the global prevalence of positive sera was distributed as follows: crimean-congo haemor ...	1989	2505350
ebola virus infection in imported primates--united states.	in late november 1989, ebola virus was isolated from cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) imported into the united states from the philippines via amsterdam and new york. during quarantine in a primate facility in virginia, numerous macaques died, some with findings consistent with simian hemorrhagic fever (shf). the us army medical research institute of infectious diseases tested 10 animals and, from 3, isolated shf from tissues and serum; however, 5 other animals of the 10 tested were posi ...	1990	2302743
use of immunoelectron microscopy to show ebola virus during the 1989 united states epizootic.	a filovirus, serologically related to ebola virus, was detected by "post-embedment" immunoelectron microscopical examination of ma-104 cells. these had been infected by inoculation with serum samples obtained during the 1989 epizootic in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis), imported from the philippines and maintained at reston, virginia, usa, a primate holding facility. the immunoelectron microscopy method, when used in conjunction with standard transmission electron microscopy (tem) of in ...	1990	2229429
primate viral diseases in perspective.	the recent occurrence of fatal herpesvirus simiae (b virus) infection in human subjects has again focused the attention of primatologists on this virus. b virus, however, is only one of a number of viral diseases that plays a role in primate colony management. this report is to emphasize to the primatologist a number of viruses other than h. simiae, with high morbidity and mortality rates, of importance for health management of nonhuman primate animal colonies. this concept is supported by the r ...	1990	2174083
ebola virus.		1990	2167118
[the other types of viral hepatitis].	hepatitis due to viruses other than a, b, c, d, e are numerous but uncommon in adults. among the group of herpesviridae (hsv, cmv, ebv, vzv), clinical hepatitis is usually suggestive of disseminated viral infection. fulminant hepatitis occasionally observed in immunocompromised hosts are due to hsv, and vzv, but exceptionally to ebv. many new techniques using specific monoclonal antibodies permit an accurate and fast diagnosis. three drugs (vidarabine, acyclovir, ribavirine) have been shown to b ...	1990	2164704
update: ebola-related filovirus infection in nonhuman primates and interim guidelines for handling nonhuman primates during transit and quarantine.		1990	2104655
rapid identification of ebola virus and related filoviruses in fluid specimens using indirect immunoelectron microscopy.	recent filoviral outbreaks in animal primates have raised public awareness of the potential for filoviruses to become a public health concern; methods that efficiently identify these viruses are therefore of high priority. an indirect immunoelectron microscopy method, which uses homologous guinea pig polyclonal antiserum, successfully identified ebola-related (reston) virus particles in serum and tissue culture fluid specimens with infectivity titres of 300 plaque forming units (pfu) per ml or m ...	1991	2066435
detection of ebola-like viruses by immunofluorescence.		1990	1979412
preliminary report: isolation of ebola virus from monkeys imported to usa.	an epizootic caused by an ebola-related filovirus and by simian haemorrhagic fever virus began among cynomolgus monkeys in a us quarantine facility after introduction of monkeys from the philippines. this incident, the first in which a filovirus has been isolated from non-human primates without deliberate infection, raises the possibility that cynomolgus monkeys could be a reservoir of ebola virus infection.	1990	1968529
sequence of the major nucleocapsid protein gene of pneumonia virus of mice: sequence comparisons suggest structural homology between nucleocapsid proteins of pneumoviruses, paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses and filoviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of gene 3 of pneumonia virus of mice has been determined, and the 5' end of the mrna mapped using a modification of the polymerase chain reaction technique. the gene contains a single open reading frame, beginning with a 5'-proximal aug initiation codon, encoding a polypeptide with a predicted mr of 43141. expression of the gene 3 protein in escherichia coli and in vitro showed that it reacted with virus-specific antiserum and comigrated with the major nucleocaps ...	1991	1848602
virus zoonoses and their potential for contamination of cell cultures.	silent virus infections of laboratory animals present a human health hazard, from direct exposure and from contamination of biological products for human use. here we report two recent examples. in 1989, an outbreak of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv) infections was recognized among workers at a cancer research center after an animal caretaker developed viral meningitis. investigation revealed that multiple tumor cell lines at the facility were infected with lcmv, as were research anima ...	1991	1794619
seroepidemiological study of filovirus related to ebola in the philippines.		1991	1671441
update: nonhuman primate importation.	beginning in november 1989, a number of cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) imported into the united states were found to have been infected with a previously unrecognized ebola-like filovirus. this report summarizes findings of surveillance and serologic testing of nonhuman primates imported under special permits from june 1990 through september 1991.	1991	1656185
outbreak of fatal illness among captive macaques in the philippines caused by an ebola-related filovirus.	following the detection of an ebola-like virus in cynomolgus macaques recently imported into the united states from the philippines, studies were initiated to document transmission at export facilities located in the latter country. at one export facility, 52.8% of 161 monkeys that died over a 2.5-month period were shown to be infected with this virus using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antigen in liver homogenates. a case fatality rate of 82.4% was documented for the infected m ...	1992	1621890
association of ebola-related reston virus particles and antigen with tissue lesions of monkeys imported to the united states.	during 1989-1990, an epizootic involving a filovirus closely related to ebola virus occurred in a reston, virginia, primate-holding facility. tissues were collected from cynomolgus monkeys and examined by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry for ebola-related viral antigen. viral replication was extensive in fixed tissue macrophages, interstitial fibroblasts of many organs, circulating macrophages and monocytes, and was observed less frequently in vascular endothelial cells, hepatocytes, ...	1992	1597531
evidence for occurrence of filovirus antibodies in humans and imported monkeys: do subclinical filovirus infections occur worldwide?	in the present serological study 120 monkey sera from different species originating from the philippines, china, uganda and undetermined sources and several groups of human sera comprising a total of 1288 specimens from people living in germany were examined for the presence of antibodies directed against filoviruses (marburg virus, strain musoke/ebola virus, subtype zaire, strain mayinga/reston virus). sera were screened using a filovirus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). elis ...	1992	1579085
enzyme immunosorbent assay for ebola virus antigens in tissues of infected primates.	a sandwich enzyme immunosorbent assay (eia) using a mixture of mouse monoclonal antibodies for antigen capture and polyclonal hyperimmune rabbit anti-ebola virus serum for antigen detection was developed and evaluated on the tissues of monkeys naturally or experimentally infected with strains of ebola viruses. when compared with virus isolation, the antigen detection eia was both sensitive and specific: 44 of 45 (97.7%) liver homogenates and 38 of 41 (92.7%) spleen homogenates that were culture ...	1992	1572982
sequence analysis of the marburg virus nucleoprotein gene: comparison to ebola virus and other non-segmented negative-strand rna viruses.	the first 3000 nucleotides from the 3' end of the marburg virus (mbg) genome were determined from cdna clones produced from genomic rna and mrna. identified in the sequence was a short putative leader sequence at the extreme 3' end, followed by the complete nucleoprotein (np) gene. the 5' end of the np mrna was determined as was the polyadenylation site for the np gene. the transcriptional start (3' uucuucuuauaauu..) and termination (3' ..uaauucuuuuu) signals of the mbg np gene are very similar ...	1992	1538192
pathogenic potential of filoviruses: role of geographic origin of primate host and virus strain.	african filoviruses have caused outbreaks of fulminating hemorrhagic fever among humans. in 1989, related filoviruses were isolated from cynomolgus monkeys imported into the united states from the philippines. the pathogenic potential of these new filoviruses was compared in 16 asian monkeys (macaca fascicularis-cynomolgus) and 16 african monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops-african green) using african filoviruses from zaire (ebola virus) and sudan or asian filoviruses (reston and pennsylvania). afr ...	1992	1527410
filovirus contamination of cell cultures.	the filoviruses marburg and ebola comprise a newly recognized family of viruses. the first filovirus to be isolated was marburg virus in 1967. this virus was imported in shipments of african green monkeys from uganda and infected several cell-culture technicians, with serious illness resulting. the rarity of marburg and ebola virus transmission, decreasing use of imported african monkeys, and quarantine efforts have presumably been responsible for the lack of additional episodes until 1989, when ...	1992	1478345
surveillance and control of emerging zoonoses.	"emerging zoonoses" are defined as zoonotic diseases caused either by apparently new agents, or by previously known microorganisms, appearing in places or in species in which the disease was previously unknown. new animal diseases with an unknown host spectrum are also included in this definition. natural animal reservoirs represent a more frequent source of new agents of human disease than the sudden appearance of a completely new agent. factors explaining the emergence of a zoonotic or potenti ...	1992	1462655
filovirus clearance in non-human primates.	there has been concern in the usa and europe about filovirus outbreaks in recently imported monkeys, and possible transmission to human beings. healthy monkeys have been found to have low-titre immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) to asian filoviruses (reston and pennsylvania viruses) as well as to the african filoviruses that caused fulminating human outbreaks in the 1970s (ebola [zaire] and sudan viruses). we have assessed whether such monkeys are a risk to man. we studied 42 non-human primates; ...	1992	1354784
combined simian hemorrhagic fever and ebola virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys.	simian hemorrhagic fever (shf) virus and a new strain of ebola virus were isolated concurrently in recently imported cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) being maintained in a quarantine facility. ebola virus had never been isolated in the u.s. previously and was presumed to be highly pathogenic for humans. a chronology of events including measures taken to address the public health concerns is presented. the clinicopathologic features of the disease were abrupt anorexia, splenomegaly, marke ...	1992	1318446
the envelope glycoprotein of ebola virus contains an immunosuppressive-like domain similar to oncogenic retroviruses.	genomic rna of a zaire strain of ebola virus was cloned, and cdna inserts specific for the glycoprotein gene were isolated and sequenced. the determined sequence has only one open reading frame encoding 318 amino acids and is part of orf-4 on the plus rna strand. the putative transcriptional stop site (3' aauucuuuuu 5') and the transcriptional start site (3' aacuacuucuaauu..5') were identified. computer-assisted comparison of the amino acid sequence of the c-terminal part of protein encoded by o ...	1992	1299611
[ebola virus reproduction in cell cultures].	ebola-zaire virus production in vero and bgm cells was studied. the cpe developed in both cell cultures. the cell monolayer destruction by 80-90% was seen at a low multiplicity of infection in 7-8 days after virus inoculation. an overlay composition was developed for virus titration using plaque assay. the plaque production was shown to be directly proportional to the virus dose. the curve of ebola virus production in vero cell culture fluid was determined. at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 ...	1992	1279896
negative-pressure plastic isolator for patients with dangerous infections.	a negative-pressure plastic isolator is effective for dealing with patients suffering from dangerous infections. so far it has been used to treat seven patients suspected of having infections due to lassa, marburg, or ebola viruses. one patient spent 32 days in the isolator. the isolator was proved comfortable and acceptable to patients, and it gives the nursing and medical attendants a high degree of protection. all routine nursing and medical procedures can be carried out with minimal interfer ...	1977	890419
a case of ebola virus infection.	in november 1976 an investigator at the microbiological research establishment accidentally inoculated himself while processing material from patients in africa who had been suffering from a haemorrhagic fever of unknown cause. he developed an illness closely resembling marburg disease, and a virus was isolated from his blood that resembled marburg virus but was distinct serologically. the course of the illness was mild and may have been modified by treatment with human interferon and convalesce ...	1977	890413
ebola virus infectons.		1977	890411
ultrastructure of ebola virus particles in human liver.	electron microscopy of tissues from two necropsies carried out in the sudan on patients with ebola virus infection identified virus particles in lung and spleen, but the main concentrations of ebola particles were seen in liver sections. viral precursor proteins and cores were found in functional liver cells, often aligned in membrane-bound aggregations. complete virions, usually found only extracellularly, were mainly seen as long tubular forms, some without cores. many tubular forms had 'enlar ...	1978	641193
lassa fever, marburg and ebola virus diseases and other exotic diseases: is there a risk to canada?	there are seven exotic diseases of concern; three of these, the most unpredictable and least understood, are lassa fever, marburg virus disease and ebola virus disease. in this article the epidemiologic aspects of these diseases are discussed, with particular emphasis on exportation from their indigenous areas in africa and on the occurrence of secondary cases. any of these conditions could be brought into canada either by aeromedical evacuation or inadvertently. between 1972 and 1978 there were ...	1979	570088
[recent lassa, marbourg and ebola viruses in african tropical viruses. i. semiology--physiopathology--diagnosis--treatment (author's transl)].	three new viruses have been identified in africa during the present decade. they may cause sporadic cases or limited outbreaks, and they are probably endemic in areas which are still ill-defined. severe forms of infection lead to the haemorrhagic syndrome or to hypovolemic shock, the physiopathology of which is being studied. the case-fatality ratio of severe cases is between 30 and 85 per cent. nosocomial outbreaks have been observed, but they can be avoided if appropriate barrier nursing measu ...	1978	569288
lassa, marburg and ebola: newly described african fevers.		1978	564739
ebola virus virulence for newborn mice.		1979	536744
[african hemorrhagic fever caused by ebola virus].		1979	503930
44 contacts of ebola virus infection--salisbury.		1979	432398
ebola haemorrhagic fever: experimental infection of monkeys.	experimental infection of rhesus and vervet monkeys with ebola virus produced a uniformly fatal illness. the course of the disease resembled that found in man with weight loss, anorexia, fever, haemorrhages and skin rash being frequently seen. viraemia was obvious within two days of infection and persisted until death which occurred between days five and eight. virus was found in high concentrations in several organs but particularly in the liver, spleen, and lungs.	1978	418537
measurement of antibodies to ebola virus in human sera from n. w.-zaire.		1979	395911
[lassa, marbourg and ebola viruses: new features of african tropical pathology. ii. epidemiology. public health problems (author's transl)].	lassa, marbourg and ebola viruses are characterised by their endemo-epidemicity in tropical africa, by their potential of inter-human transmission, by their gravity (30 to 50% mortality in cases admitted to hospital) and by the difficulty of their aetiological diagnosis. this results in a public health problem for countries in non-endemic regions receiving travellers coming from africa. this problem is related to the risk of importation of cases, a risk which should not be exaggerated but nor sh ...	1978	364408
[marburg, lassa and ebola virus as cause of hemorrhagic fever].		1978	352653
viral haemorrhagic fevers of man.	this article reviews the current state of knowledge on the viral haemorrhagic fevers that infect man, namely smallpox, chikungunya fever, dengue fever, rift valley fever, yellow fever, crimean haemorrhagic fever, kyasanur forest disease, omsk haemorrhagic fever, argentinian haemorrhagic fever (junin virus), bolivian haemorrhagic fever (machupo virus), lassa fever, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and marburg and ebola virus diseases.	1978	310725
ebola haemorrhagic fever in zaire, 1976.	between 1 september and 24 october 1976, 318 cases of acute viral haemorrhagic fever occurred in northern zaire. the outbreak was centred in the bumba zone of the equateur region and most of the cases were recorded within a radius of 70 km of yambuku, although a few patients sought medical attention in bumba, abumombazi, and the capital city of kinshasa, where individual secondary and tertiary cases occurred. there were 280 deaths, and only 38 serologically confirmed survivors.the index case in ...	1978	307456
ebola haemorrhagic fever in sudan, 1976. report of a who/international study team.	a large outbreak of haemorrhagic fever (subsequently named ebola haemorrhagic fever) occurred in southern sudan between june and november 1976. there was a total of 284 cases; 67 in the source town of nzara, 213 in maridi, 3 in tembura, and 1 in juba. the outbreak in nzara appears to have originated in the workers of a cotton factory. the disease in maridi was amplified by transmission in a large, active hospital. transmission of the disease required close contact with an acute case and was usua ...	1978	307455
[the epidemic of ebola haemorrhagic fever in sudan and zaire, 1976: introductory note].		1978	307454
[infections by marburg and ebola viruses: guide for their diagnosis, treatment and control].		1978	150845
ebola and marburg viruses: ii. thier development within vero cells and the extra-cellular formation of branched and torus forms.	the development of marburg virus and the sudanese and zaire strains of ebola virus in vero cells as visualized by electron microscopy is described. despite differences in timing, all three strains appear to pass through identical stages of development. initially there is a large increase in nucleolus material, and viral precursor material arranges itself in spirals and then into tubes. the cells fill with core material, which passes to the plasmalemma, which often proliferates. each virion passe ...	1979	119829
[ebola virus three years later (author's transl)].	sporadic cases and data from serologic surveys give evidence that ebola virus is still active in northern zaïre after the first outbreak in 1976. it is also active in southern sudan where it is, from august 1979, responsible of a new epidemic focus. in addition, serological surveys demonstrate that its dispersion area comprises several other african countries. physicians practising in central africa must be aware of this fact. serological test is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. this confirma ...	1979	119124
ebola virus and hemorrhagic fever: andromeda strain or localized pathogen?		1979	111590
ebola virus: a comparison, at ultrastructural level, of the behaviour of the sudan and zaire strains in monkeys.	histopathological and electron microscopical examination of human liver specimens collected during the ebola haemorrhagic fever outbreaks in zaire and sudan indicated that zairean strains of the virus produced more extensive lesions. experimental infection of rhesus monkeys wiht zairean and sudanese strains of ebola virus produced similar changes to those found in man. in zairean strain infections large numbers of virus particles were found in the liver, lung and spleen accompanied by extensive ...	1978	106868
the pathology of experimental ebola virus infection in monkeys.	six rhesus and two vervet monkeys were infected intraperitoneally with ebola virus. they developed an acute haemorrhagic fever with skin rash 4 days later and died 6--12 days after infection. histopathological lesions of acute necrosis were present in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and testes. the presence of fibrin thrombi in several organs was suggestive of the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation during the infection.	1978	102747
ebola and marburg viruses: i. some ultrastructural differences between strains when grown in vero cells.	a strain of marburg virus and two strains of ebola virus grown in vero cells were compared by electron microscopy. the outer coat of the marburg virion appeared to be more resistant to erosion by negative staining techniques than that of the epbola strains. marburg virus commonly produced "torus" forms and short filaments; the zaire strain of ebola produced extensive branched forms and very long filaments; the sudan strain of ebola produced shorter, less branched structures but very many aberran ...	1979	94087
after marburg, ebola.		1977	65668
isolation of the etiologic agent of korean hemorrhagic fever.	lung tissues from 73 rodents (apodemus agrarius coreae) gave specific immunofluorescent reactions when they reacted with sera from patients convalescing from korean hemorrhagic fever. similar staaining was observed in the lungs of a. agrarius inoculated with acute-phase sera obtained from two patients with this disease. the unidentified agent was successfully propagated in adult a. agrarius through eight passages representing a cumulative dilution of greater than 10(-17). experimentally inoculat ...	1978	24670