Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| involvement of residues 147vyyeigk153 in binding of lethal factor to protective antigen of bacillus anthracis. | anthrax toxin is a complex of protective antigen (pa, 735 aa), lethal factor (lf, 776 aa), and edema factor (ef, 767 aa). pa binds to cell surface receptors and is cleaved by cell surface proteases into pa63, while lf and ef compete for binding to pa63. the pa63-lf/ef complex is internalized into the cytosol and causes different pathogenic responses in animals and cultured cells. 1-300 amino acid residues of lf have been viewed as the region responsible for the high affinity binding of lf to pa. ... | 2001 | 11162493 |
| the mammalian safety of bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides. | the united states environmental protection agency between the years 1961 and 1995 registered 177 products containing viable bacillus thuringiensis (bt). numerous laboratory studies have demonstrated that bt and bt products are noninfectious and are toxic to mammals only at a dose > or =10(8) colony forming units (cfu) per mouse (a human equivalent based on the weight of >10(11) cfu). in contrast, as few as three vegetative cells of bacillus anthracis can kill mice (a human equivalent of >10(3) c ... | 2001 | 11161988 |
| macrophage-derived cell lines do not express proinflammatory cytokines after exposure to bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. | we present evidence that bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (lt) suppresses rather than induces proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. suppression is observed with extremely low levels of lt and involves inhibition of transcription of cytokine messenger rna. thus, lt may contribute to anthrax pathogenesis by suppressing the inflammatory response. | 2001 | 11160016 |
| use of anthrax vaccine in the united states. | these recommendations concern the use of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed cell-free anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed [ava], bioport corporation, lansing, mi) in the united states for protection against disease caused by bacillus anthracis. in addition, information is included regarding the use of chemoprophylaxis against b. anthracis. | 2000 | 11145529 |
| adverse reactions to anthrax immunisation in a military field hospital. | to determine the outcome of anthrax immunisation. | 2000 | 11143687 |
| anthrax in pondicherry, south india. | 2000 | 11129726 | |
| cytosolic delivery and characterization of the tcdb glucosylating domain by using a heterologous protein fusion. | tcdb from clostridium difficile glucosylates small gtpases (rho, rac, and cdc42) and is an important virulence factor in the human disease pseudomembranous colitis. in these experiments, in-frame genetic fusions between the genes for the 255 amino-terminal residues of anthrax toxin lethal factor (lfn) and the tcdb(1-556) coding region were constructed, expressed, and purified from escherichia coli. lfntcdb(1-556) was enzymatically active and glucosylated recombinant rhoa, rac, cdc42, and substra ... | 2001 | 11119561 |
| [personal experience with use of the antimicrobial agent, neloren r, in maxillofacial surgery]. | during the treatment of sick as well as injured and operated patients it was used the therapy according to the clinical experience of doctors and possibility of the choice of some antibiotic. it was used the therapy according to antibiogram whenever it was possible. in the study the results of using of neloren-antibiotic, linkomicin, produced in "bosnalijek" sarajevo, were followed up comparing to the other antibiotics. neloren effects on streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus penumoniae, s. viri ... | 2000 | 11117015 |
| point mutations in anthrax protective antigen that block translocation. | the protective antigen (pa) moiety of anthrax toxin delivers the toxin's enzymatic moieties to the cytosol of mammalian cells by a mechanism associated with its ability to heptamerize and form a transmembrane pore. here we report that mutations in lys-397, asp-425, or phe-427 ablate killing of cho-k1 cells by a cytotoxic pa ligand. these mutations blocked pa's ability to mediate pore formation and translocation in cells but had no effect on its receptor binding, proteolytic activation, or abilit ... | 2001 | 11113126 |
| design of toxins that can be activated by cell-specific proteases and their potential use in targeted cell killing. | protein toxins designed to eliminate specific cell types, e.g. disease-associated cells, have mainly made by linking the active domain of the toxin to a protein that only binds to certain cells. a different approach for the construction of toxins capable of killing disease-associated cells is suggested here, based on the knowledge that many of these cells express specific proteases that are not expressed in normal tissue. the construction of toxins that become activated through cleavage by the p ... | 2000 | 11111928 |
| lethal factor of bacillus anthracis cleaves the n-terminus of mapkks: analysis of the intracellular consequences in macrophages. | the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis consists of two proteins, pa and lf, which together induce lethal effects in some animal species and cause macrophage lysis. lf is a zinc-binding protein with metalloprotease activity. with a two-hybrid system approach we identified map kinase kinases (mapkks) mekl and mek2 as proteins interacting with lf. lf was shown to cleave mek1 and mek2 and an additional mapkk family member mkk3, within their n-terminal region. we examined macrophage cell lines and pr ... | 2000 | 11111921 |
| characterization of a plasmid region involved in bacillus anthracis toxin production and pathogenesis. | the germination of spores within the host is the initial step of anthrax infection. we have shown, using immunofluorescence staining, confocal scanning laser microscopy and image cytometry analysis, that the alveolar macrophage is the primary site of b. anthracis germination in a murine inhalation infection model. b. anthracis germinated inside macrophages, in vesicles derived from the phagosomal compartment. we have demonstrated that the toxin genes and their trans-activator, atxa, are expresse ... | 2000 | 11111904 |
| robert koch's debt to ferdinand cohn. | 1999 | 11108127 | |
| control of zoonoses in cyprus. | the excellent results achieved in the control of animal diseases in cyprus have allowed the veterinary services to take a leading role in the elimination, surveillance and investigation of important zoonoses. the programmes for the control of echinococcosis, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, anthrax and taeniasis, and the measures taken to prevent the importation of rabies are described. public awareness of the risks posed by the presence of zoonoses and the efficient and effective intersectoral ... | 2000 | 11107615 |
| the role of the clinical laboratory in managing chemical or biological terrorism. | domestic and international acts of terrorism using chemicals and pathogens as weapons have recently attracted much attention because of several hoaxes and real incidents. clinical laboratories, especially those affiliated with major trauma centers, should be prepared to respond rapidly by providing diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of specific agents, so that specific therapy and victim management can be initiated in a timely manner. as first-line responders, clinical laborat ... | 2000 | 11106318 |
| susceptibility of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family members to proteolysis by anthrax lethal factor. | the lethal factor (lf) produced by toxigenic strains of bacillus anthracis is a zn(2+)-endopeptidase that cleaves the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mapkks) mek1, mek2 and mkk3. using genetic and biochemical approaches, we have extended the study of lf proteolytic specificity to all known mapkk family members and found that lf also cleaves mkk4, mkk6 and mkk7, but not mek5. the peptide bonds hydrolysed by lf within all mapkks were identified. cleavage invariably occurs within the n-te ... | 2000 | 11104681 |
| facial cutaneous anthrax in a pregnant woman: a case report. | anthrax remains an uncommon, but worldwide problem, particularly in countries in which domestic animals and processing of animal by-products are an important part of the economy. the disease has received attention recently because of its potential for use in biologic warfare. in poland during the last 10 years, several human cases of cutaneous anthrax occurred. we report here a case of a pregnant woman with this disease. the lesion was atypical and in a potentially dangerous location since it wa ... | 1998 | 11103023 |
| homoduplex and heteroduplex polymorphisms of the amplified ribosomal 16s-23s internal transcribed spacers describe genetic relationships in the "bacillus cereus group". | bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus weihenstephanensis are closely related in phenotype and genotype, and their genetic relationship is still open to debate. the present work uses amplified 16s-23s internal transcribed spacers (its) to discriminate between the strains and species and to describe the genetic relationships within the "b. cereus group," advantage being taken of homoduplex-heteroduplex polymorphisms (h ... | 2000 | 11097928 |
| tumor cell-selective cytotoxicity of matrix metalloproteinase-activated anthrax toxin. | matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are overexpressed in a variety of tumor tissues and cell lines, and their expression is highly correlated to tumor invasion and metastasis. to exploit these characteristics in the design of tumor cell-selective cytotoxins, we constructed two mutated anthrax toxin protective antigen (pa) proteins in which the furin protease cleavage site is replaced by sequences selectively cleaved by mmps. these mmp-targeted pa proteins were activated rapidly and selectively on t ... | 2000 | 11085528 |
| the flow cytometry of bacillus anthracis spores revisited. | the potential use of bacillus anthracis spores as a weapon of terror has rekindled interest in the rapid detection and identification of the spores of these bacteria. prior efforts to utilize flow cytometry (fcm) for this purpose resulted in tedious and time-consuming protocols. advances in rapid immunoassays suggest a reinvestigation of the use of fcm because this may allow for the development of a rapid and sensitive system for detection and/or identification of spores in suspect samples. | 2000 | 11084608 |
| injectional anthrax in a heroin skin-popper. | anthrax is rare in western europe but may arise sporadically in people exposed to animal products from endemic areas. a heroin-injecting drug user presented with a severe soft-tissue infection at the injection site, septic shock, and meningitis. a gram-positive endospore-forming aerobic rod was isolated from the soft tissue and cerebrospinal fluid; confirmation of bacillus anthracis was made by pcr. since contaminated heroin was the probable source of infection, this case is of concern and warra ... | 2000 | 11075776 |
| case definitions. anthrax. | 2000 | 11070947 | |
| molecular identification by "suicide pcr" of yersinia pestis as the agent of medieval black death. | medieval black death is believed to have killed up to one-third of the western european population during the 14th century. it was identified as plague at this time, but recently the causative organism was debated because no definitive evidence has been obtained to confirm the role of yersinia pestis as the agent of plague. we obtained the teeth of a child and two adults from a 14th century grave in france, disrupted them to obtain the pulp, and applied the new "suicide pcr" protocol in which th ... | 2000 | 11058154 |
| pcr amplification on a microarray of gel-immobilized oligonucleotides: detection of bacterial toxin- and drug-resistant genes and their mutations. | pcr amplification on a microarray of gel-immobilized primers (microchip) has been developed. one of a pair of pcr primers was immobilized inside a separate microchip polyacrylamide porous gel pad of 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.02 (or 0.04) micron in size and 0.2 (or 0.4) nl in volume. the amplification was carried out simultaneously both in solution covering the microchip array and inside gel pads. each gel pad contained the immobilized forward primers, while the fluorescently labeled reverse primers, as well ... | 2000 | 11056816 |
| expression, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of recombinant bacillus anthracis lethal factor. | the lethal factor (lf) produced by bacillus anthracis is a zn(2+)-dependent endopeptidase which specifically cleaves the n-terminal tail of several map kinase kinases (mapkks). the recombinant expression, purification and crystallization of lf and of an inactive mutant consisting of a single amino-acid substitution in the conserved catalytic site are reported here. both proteins crystallize in the cubic space group i432. | 2000 | 11053848 |
| anthrax: the investigation of a deadly outbreak. | 2000 | 11041763 | |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. human ingestion of bacillus anthracis-contaminated meat--minnesota, august 2000. | 2000 | 11041741 | |
| fears over anthrax vaccination driving away us reservists. | 2000 | 11039953 | |
| use of anthrax toxin fusions to stimulate immune responses. | 2000 | 11036663 | |
| dehydroepiandrosterone and melatonin prevent bacillus anthracis lethal toxin-induced tnf production in macrophages. | the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis, which is composed of two separate proteinaceous exotoxins, namely protective antigen and lethal factor, is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. low levels of this toxin are known to induce release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha). in the present study we investigated the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea), melatonin (mlt), or dhea + mlt on production of lethal toxin-induced tnf-alpha in mouse peritoneal macrophages. we f ... | 2000 | 11032360 |
| comparison of pcr-rflp, ribotyping and eric-pcr for typing bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus strains. | pcr-rflp analysis of the vrra gene and cerab gene was used to investigate the genomic diversity in 21 strains of bacillus anthracis and 28 strains of bacillus cereus, and was compared with results obtained by ribotyping and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-pcr (eric-pcr) analysis. vrra-typing divided the b. anthracis into four groups. except for one pasteur vaccine strain, the vrra pcr-rflp profiles of the b. anthracis were separated into three groups, which were different from th ... | 2000 | 11021577 |
| bacillus anthracis diversity in kruger national park. | the kruger national park (knp), south africa, has a recorded history of periodic anthrax epidemics causing widespread disease among wild animals. bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a disease primarily affecting ungulate herbivores. worldwide there is little diversity among b. anthracis isolates, but examination of variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) loci has identified six major clones, with the most dissimilar types split into the a and b branches. both the a and b types are ... | 2000 | 11015402 |
| anthrax. an old disease returns as a bioterrorism weapon. | 2000 | 11011551 | |
| anthrax: of bison and bioterrorism. | 2000 | 11006776 | |
| the poison center role in biological and chemical terrorism. | nuclear, biological and chemical (nbc) terrorism countermeasures are a major priority with municipalities, healthcare providers, and the federal government. significant resources are being invested to enhance civilian domestic preparedness by conducting education at every response level in anticipation of a nbc terroristic incident. the key to a successful response, in addition to education, is integration of efforts as well as thorough communication and understanding the role that each agency w ... | 2000 | 11003124 |
| [inhalation anthrax]. | the use of bacillus anthracis as a biological weapon has the potential of causing considerable loss of human life compared to other pathogens. inhalational anthrax has a very high mortality and can be induced by spraying an aerosol of anthrax spores. research in recent years has increased our knowledge, especially of pathogenesis and treatment. a short review is presented here. | 2000 | 10994373 |
| antibacterial activity of chaff vinegar and its practical application. | since enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157, salmonella, etc., sometimes contaminate animal feces and may cause infectious diseases to humans, it is important to remove pathogenic bacteria from domestic animal waste. for the purpose, we examined the antibacterial activity of chaff vinegar. we found that the chaff vinegar inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria immediately in vitro but not efficiently spores and lactic acid bacteria. further, it removes bacteria, especially enterobacteriace ... | 2000 | 10993188 |
| protective antigen-mediated antibody response against a heterologous protein produced in vivo by bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis secretes a lethal toxin composed of two proteins, the lethal factor (lf) and the protective antigen (pa), which interact within the host or in vitro at the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. immunization with attenuated b. anthracis strains induces an antibody response against pa and lf. the lf-specific response is potentiated by the binding of lf to pa. in this study, we investigated the capacity of pa to increase the antibody response against a foreign antigen. we constructed a c ... | 2000 | 10992478 |
| short of vaccine, the pentagon slows anthrax inoculations. | 2000 | 10981901 | |
| bioterrorism threats: learning from inappropriate responses. | between april 1997 and june 1999, some 200 mailed or telephoned bioterrorism threats were received at a variety of locations. usually claiming that anthrax had been released, the threats all proved to be hoaxes. in many instances, local emergency responders treated the more than 13,000 potential victims inappropriately, in particular requiring victims to strip and undergo decontamination with bleach solutions. narratives of several incidents indicated that many victims were distressed and embarr ... | 2000 | 10977619 |
| taking the terror out of bioterrorism: planning for a bioterrorist event from a local perspective. | there is a growing concern in the public health community over the potential for domestic biological and chemical acts of terrorism. these types of events do not respect city limits, county lines, or other geopolitical borders and pose a unique challenge for local health departments that have a critical role in detecting, preparing for, and responding to such events. because direct support for most public health service, including bioterrorism preparedness, occurs primarily at the local level, t ... | 2000 | 10977608 |
| bacterial slh domain proteins are non-covalently anchored to the cell surface via a conserved mechanism involving wall polysaccharide pyruvylation. | several bacterial proteins are non-covalently anchored to the cell surface via an s-layer homology (slh) domain. previous studies have suggested that this cell surface display mechanism involves a non-covalent interaction between the slh domain and peptidoglycan-associated polymers. here we report the characterization of a two-gene operon, csaab, for cell surface anchoring, in bacillus anthracis. its distal open reading frame (csab) is required for the retention of slh-containing proteins on the ... | 2000 | 10970841 |
| characterization of the operon encoding the alternative sigma(b) factor from bacillus anthracis and its role in virulence. | the operon encoding the general stress transcription factor sigma(b) and two proteins of its regulatory network, rsbv and rsbw, was cloned from the gram-positive bacterium bacillus anthracis by pcr amplification of chromosomal dna with degenerate primers, by inverse pcr, and by direct cloning. the gene cluster was very similar to the bacillus subtilis sigb operon both in the primary sequences of the gene products and in the order of its three genes. however, the deduced products of sequences ups ... | 2000 | 10960085 |
| anthrax: clinical features, pathogenesis, and potential biological warfare threat. | 2000 | 10943532 | |
| a pediatrician's view. skin manifestations of bioterrorism. | the physician must be in contact with the local public health infrastructure as soon as a potential biological agent is perceived as possible. most states are now setting up contingency plans and means to address these issues in a systematic way. this involves using local health departments, police departments, fire departments, national guard units, and federal agencies such as the cdc and the fbi. the key component, however, is actually identifying a biological agent in the community and then ... | 2000 | 10941763 |
| bioterrorism. dod retreats on plan for anthrax vaccine. | anthrax bacterium, once the deadly scourge of goat-hair workers, has become the bane of the u.s. defense establishment. without infecting a single soldier, it has created a logistical headache for the pentagon, as military contractors have fallen far short of supplying a vaccine that will protect all troops and be acceptable to health authorities. last week military officials were forced to beat a hasty retreat in their current efforts, raising the hackles of legislators who already had serious ... | 2000 | 10939944 |
| anthrax vaccination is based on medical evidence. | 2000 | 10937023 | |
| ostrich diseases. | scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely absent in most cases. salmonella typhimurium is common in multispecies collections and causes mortality in chicks younger than three months on commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks older than six months, or slaughter birds of twelve to fourteen months in southern africa. campylobacter jejuni and chlamydia psittaci are occ ... | 2000 | 10935285 |
| anthrax vaccine: increasing intervals between the first two doses enhances antibody response in humans. | the influence of dosing interval on the human antibody response to anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava) was evaluated in two retrospective serological studies. in both studies, the interval between the first two doses was 2, 3 or 4 weeks. in the first study, banked sera were selected from 89 at-risk individuals at a mean time of 13 days after the second dose of vaccine. in the second study, banked sera were selected from 51 at-risk individuals at a mean time of 48 days following the first dose of ava. ... | 2000 | 10930675 |
| an extended conformation of calmodulin induces interactions between the structural domains of adenylyl cyclase from bacillus anthracis to promote catalysis. | the edema factor exotoxin produced by bacillus anthracis is an adenylyl cyclase that is activated by calmodulin (cam) at resting state calcium concentrations in infected cells. a c-terminal 60-kda fragment corresponding to the catalytic domain of edema factor (ef3) was cloned, overexpressed in escherichia coli, and purified. the n-terminal 43-kda domain (ef3-n) of ef3, the sole domain of edema factor homologous to adenylyl cyclases from bordetella pertussis and pseudomonas aeruginosa, is highly ... | 2000 | 10926933 |
| [the effect of heterologous bacilli on the infectious process in anthrax in an experiment]. | the possibility of the survival of guinea pigs after the simultaneous administration of different doses of bacillus anthracis virulent strain 81/1 in combination with both b. anthracis vaccine strain sti and heterologous bacilli (b. subtilis strain pac) has been experimentally shown. on the basis of the results of these experiments suggestion has been made that the "survival phenomenon" is the process involving the lysosomal systems of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. | 2000 | 10925867 |
| anthrax toxin-mediated delivery of cholera toxin-a subunit into the cytosol of mammalian cells. | the protective antigen (pa) component of anthrax toxin mediates delivery of either lethal factor (lf) or oedema factor into the cytosol of mammalian cells. the n-terminal domain of lf(1-254) (amino acids 1-254 of lf) binds to pa and, when fused to heterologous proteins, delivers such proteins into the cytosol. in the present study, we fused the catalytic subunit of cholera toxin (ct-a) with lf(1-254) and showed that the fusion protein lf(1-254)-ct-a retains adp-ribosylation activity in solution ... | 2000 | 10918040 |
| intracellular calcium antagonist protects cultured peritoneal macrophages against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. | the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. using primary cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have demonstrated that intracellular calcium release inhibitors protect against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. the cytolytic effect of anthrax lethal toxin was markedly reduced by dantrolene, an inhibitor of calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. pretreatment of macrophages with cyclosporin a, which has been shown to be a potent inhi ... | 2000 | 10917569 |
| risk-based selection of respirators against infectious aerosols: application to anthrax spores. | this article presents two methods for estimating infection risk among individuals wearing air-purifying respirators against airborne pathogens, with the overall aim of selecting appropriate respiratory protection. necessary data inputs are the parameters for the ambient pathogen concentration distribution, the respirator penetration distribution, and the infectious dose distribution, along with the breathing rate, duration of a respirator use period, and the number of use periods. the first meth ... | 2000 | 10914342 |
| prevalence and control of zoonotic diseases: collaboration between public health workers and veterinarians in burkina faso. | zoonotic diseases constitute a public health problem throughout the world, particularly in the tropics, where their control is restricted by inadequate infrastructure and financial resources. additionally, there is a lack of information on their significance and distribution. this study, conducted jointly by the ministries of health and animal resources, aimed to assess the prevalence of zoonotic diseases in burkina faso. the data were taken from internal reports of each ministry covering the pe ... | 2000 | 10913767 |
| human behavioural factors implicated in outbreaks of human anthrax in the tamale municipality of northern ghana. | the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices of cattle owners, herdsmen, butchers and meat consumers about anthrax were used to provide a better understanding of the major factors responsible for the frequent outbreaks of human anthrax in the tamale municipality of northern ghana. a total of 96% of the respondents, made up of 50 cattle owners, 50 herdsmen, 25 butchers and 125 consumers, knew of anthrax and the clinical signs indicative of anthrax in cattle. however, very few knew the causative ... | 2000 | 10913766 |
| images in medicine. cutaneous anthrax. | 2000 | 10908373 | |
| attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant bacillus anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax. | several highly attenuated spore-forming nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated bacillus anthracis vaccines differing in levels of expression of recombinant protective antigen (rpa) were constructed. biochemical analyses (including electrospray mass spectroscopy and n terminus amino acid sequencing) as well as biological and immunological tests demonstrated that the rpa retains the characteristics of native pa. a single immunization of guinea pigs with 5 x 10(7) spores of one of these recombinant str ... | 2000 | 10899854 |
| in vitro development of resistance to ofloxacin and doxycycline in bacillus anthracis sterne. | 2000 | 10896651 | |
| ultrasensitive, direct detection of a specific dna sequence of bacillus anthracis in solution. | a very fast and ultrasensitive method has been developed for the detection and quantitation of specific nucleic and sequences of bacterial origin in solution. the method is based on a two-color, single fluorescent molecule detection technique developed in our laboratory. the technique was applied to the detection of bacillus anthracis dna in solution. | 2000 | 10885062 |
| genetically modified anthrax lethal toxin safely delivers whole hiv protein antigens into the cytosol to induce t cell immunity. | bacillus anthrax lethal toxin can be engineered to deliver foreign proteins to the cytosol for antigen presentation to cd8 t cells. vaccination with modified toxins carrying 8-9 amino acid peptide epitopes induces protective immunity in mice. to evaluate whether large protein antigens can be used with this system, recombinant constructs encoding several hiv antigens up to 500 amino acids were produced. these candidate hiv vaccines are safe in animals and induce cd8 t cells in mice. constructs en ... | 2000 | 10884430 |
| [anthrax]. | 2000 | 10883239 | |
| deaths among heroin users present a puzzle. | 2000 | 10877703 | |
| vrrb, a hypervariable open reading frame in bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis appears to be the most molecularly homogeneous bacterial species known. extensive surveys of worldwide isolates have revealed vanishingly small amounts of genomic variation. the biological importance of the resting-stage spore may lead to very low evolutionary rates and, perhaps, to the lack of potentially adaptive genetic variation. in contrast to the overall homogeneity, some gene coding regions contain hypervariability that is translated into protein variation. during marke ... | 2000 | 10869077 |
| phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of 23 strains from the bacillus cereus complex for a selection of known and putative b. thuringiensis virulence factors. | sixteen bacillus thuringiensis, four bacillus cereus and three bacillus anthracis isolates were screened for a selection of known and putative b. thuringiensis virulence factors. pcr primers were designed to detect genes for phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase c, phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase c, immune inhibitor a, vegetative insecticidal protein 3a, a protein proposed to be involved in capsule synthesis, a newly identified ser/thr kinase homologue and enterotoxin ents. moti ... | 2000 | 10867226 |
| [the capacity of the causative agent of anthrax to reduce methylene blue]. | 1999 | 10852066 | |
| [the intrastrain heterogeneity of the causative agent of anthrax]. | 1999 | 10851999 | |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. surveillance for adverse effects associated with anthrax vaccination--us department of defense, 1998-2000. | 2000 | 10847805 | |
| behind the scenes at usamridd. the united states army medical research institute of infectious diseases. | 2000 | 10835223 | |
| bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis--one species on the basis of genetic evidence. | bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis are members of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects. b. anthracis causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity. b. thuringiensis produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. b. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil ... | 2000 | 10831447 |
| a quantitative study of the interactions of bacillus anthracis edema factor and lethal factor with activated protective antigen. | bacillus anthracis secretes three proteins, which associate in binary combinations to form toxic complexes at the surface of mammalian cells. receptor-bound protective antigen (pa) is proteolytically activated, yielding a 63 kda fragment (pa(63)). pa(63) oligomerizes into heptamers, which bind edema factor (ef) or lethal factor (lf) to form the toxic complexes. we undertook a quantitative analysis of the interactions of ef with pa(63) by means of surface plasmon resonance (spr) measurements. hep ... | 2000 | 10828989 |
| bacillus anthracis sepsis in a newborn. | 2000 | 10819356 | |
| surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination--u.s. department of defense, 1998-2000. | concerns about the potential use of anthrax as a biologic weapon prompted the u.s. department of defense (dod) to announce on december 15, 1997, anthrax vaccination of all u.s. military personnel. this effort is coordinated by the anthrax vaccine immunization program (avip). avip plans a phased vaccination process to achieve total force protection against anthrax by 2004. the current phase of implementation includes vaccination of all service members and mission-essential dod civilian employees ... | 2000 | 10817479 |
| [anthrax in man with reference to alimentary infection and environmental conditions]. | based on already published data, the following issues have been covered in the present review: epidemiology, epizootiology and the occurrence of anthrax in man with reference to current data. moreover, in the paper are presented some problems of intestinal anthrax with emphasis on environment conditions, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of this clinical form. | 1999 | 10800568 |
| vaccines for preventing anthrax. | anthrax is an acute bacterial skin disease which may be fatal. three anthrax vaccines are commercially available but their comparative effectiveness and safety is not clear. | 2000 | 10796564 |
| characterization of bacillus anthracis strains used for vaccination. | three bacillus anthracis strains, formerly used as anti-anthrax vaccine strains in argentina, were characterized from genetic and pathogenic perspectives. southern blotting and pcr with pxo1 and pxo2 probes and primers, as well as pathogenicity and protection tests in guinea pigs and mice, were performed. two of the b. anthracis strains contained both pxo1 and pxo2 plasmids, as did the fully virulent strains, while the third was a sterne-type strain (pxo1+, pxo2-). the three strains were, howeve ... | 2000 | 10792523 |
| would you have thought of anthrax? | 1999 | 10787705 | |
| discovery of the anthrax toxin: the beginning of in vivo studies on pathogenic bacteria. | 2000 | 10785632 | |
| multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis is one of the most genetically homogeneous pathogens described, making strain discrimination particularly difficult. in this paper, we present a novel molecular typing system based on rapidly evolving variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) loci. multiple-locus vntr analysis (mlva) uses the combined power of multiple alleles at several marker loci. in our system, fluorescently labeled pcr primers are used to produce pcr amplification products from eight vntr regions in the b. ant ... | 2000 | 10781564 |
| death of a president. | 2000 | 10777385 | |
| [suspected palpebral anthrax in children. (apropos of 3 cases)]. | anthrax is an infectious disease caused by bacillus anthracis. it is primarily a disease of domestic animals. human beings can be infected by contact with infected animals, soiled objects, thorns or insect stings. in its cutaneous form, it may produce lesions of the eyelids. the authors report three suspected cases of palpebral anthrax in children. the clinical diagnosis was evident. scraping from the necrotic tissue showed thick gram positive rods in two children. this aspect evokes bacillus. a ... | 2000 | 10774488 |
| a specific activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (mek1) is required for golgi fragmentation during mitosis. | incubation of permeabilized cells with mitotic extracts results in extensive fragmentation of the pericentriolarly organized stacks of cisternae. the fragmented golgi membranes are subsequently dispersed from the pericentriolar region. we have shown previously that this process requires the cytosolic protein mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (mek1). extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1 and erk2, the known downstream targets of mek1, are not required for this fragmentation (achar ... | 2000 | 10769026 |
| optimized production and purification of bacillus anthracis lethal factor. | bacillus anthracis lethal factor (lf) is a 90-kda zinc metalloprotease that plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. lf has previously been purified from escherichia coli and bacillus anthracis. the yields and purities of these preparations were inadequate for crystal structure determination. in this study, the genes encoding wild-type lf and a mutated, inactive lf (lf-e687c) were placed in an e. coli-bacillus shuttle vector so that lf was produced with the protective antigen (p ... | 2000 | 10733882 |
| microbial genomics. culling genes early yields rich harvest. | 2000 | 10733416 | |
| ["biological weapons"--the return of epidemics?]. | 2000 | 10731764 | |
| role of toxin functional domains in anthrax pathogenesis. | we investigated the role of the functional domains of anthrax toxins during infection. three proteins produced by bacillus anthracis, the protective antigen (pa), the lethal factor (lf), and the edema factor (ef), combine in pairs to produce the lethal (pa+lf) and edema (pa+ef) toxins. a genetic strategy was developed to introduce by allelic exchange specific point mutations or in-frame deletions into b. anthracis toxin genes, thereby impairing either lf metalloprotease or ef adenylate cyclase a ... | 2000 | 10722564 |
| microbial metalloproteases and pathogenesis. | zinc metalloproteases produced by human pathogenic microorganisms show a wide variety of pathological actions. in local infections, the proteases cause necrotic or hemorrhagic tissue damage through digestion of structural components of the ground substance, and also form edematous lesions through generation of inflammatory mediators, while in systemic infections, the proteases act as a synergistic virulence factor through disordered proteolysis of many plasma proteins. clostridial neurotoxins, b ... | 2000 | 10717546 |
| protecting the health of u.s. military forces: a national obligation. | 2000 | 10716172 | |
| infections and intoxications associated with animal feed and forage which may present a hazard to human health. | animal feed or forage may be the source of a limited number of infections for farm animals that could lead to human illness. likely organisms include salmonella enterica, toxoplasma gondii, trichinella spiralis and possibly the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. the risk to human health from other infectious agents which may contaminate either feed or forage appear to be either negligible, e.g. bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium bovis, or non-existent, e.g. clostridium botulinum toxin ... | 2000 | 10712800 |
| [monitoring of life-threatening infection pathogens in relation to the problem of prediction of critical situations]. | the epidemic situation in the context of many infectious diseases caused by bacteria is presently assessed as being poor in russia and other countries. the spectrum of the pathogens that can deteriorate epidemic well-being is highly wide. the epidemic situation in terms of many infectious diseases, including those caused by such causative agents as bacillus anthracis, vibrio cholerae, yersinia pestis, francisella tularensis and others may deteriorate due to the emergence of their modified forms ... | 1999 | 10709458 |
| anthrax: the investigation of a deadly outbreak. | 2000 | 10700213 | |
| anthrax threats: a report of two incidents from salt lake city. | the threat of anthrax as an agent of bioterrorism in the u.s. is very real, with 47 incidents of possible exposure involving 5664 persons documented by the federal bureau of investigation over a 14-month period in 1998 and 1999. the highly visible and potentially devastating effects of these threats require a well-coordinated and well-organized emergency medical services (ems) and emergency department (ed) response to minimize panic and reduce the potential spread of an active and deadly biologi ... | 2000 | 10699528 |
| [progress on the study of prevention and control of anthrax in china]. | 1999 | 10682520 | |
| sensitive and rapid identification of biological threat agents. | 1999 | 10681982 | |
| bacterial toxins with intracellular protease activity. | the recent determination of their primary sequence has lead to the discovery of the metallo-proteolytic activity of the bacterial toxins responsible for tetanus, botulism and anthrax. the protease domain of these toxins enters into the cytosol where it displays a zinc-dependent endopeptidase activity of remarkable specificity. tetanus neurotoxin and botulinum neurotoxins type b, d, f and g cleave vamp, an integral protein of the neurotransmitter containing synaptic vesicles. botulinum neurotoxin ... | 2000 | 10675723 |
| [natural biological risks and military biological risks]. | the iraqi biological program, the activities of sect aum in japan and the extensive endemicity of plague prove the existence of military, terrorist and natural biological risks. among the agents of natural risk (viruses, bacteria.), plague is induced by modification of the ecosystem. present since 1921 in the high plateau of madagaskar, the disease evolves under two modes, endemic (natural) or epidemic (urban). since the control of endemicity is impossible, the decrease of incidence will be obta ... | 2000 | 10669810 |
| the threat of biological terrorism: a public health and infection control reality. | bioterrorism is an emerging public health and infection control threat. potential biological agents include smallpox, anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulinum toxin, brucellosis, q fever, viral encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, and staphylococcal enterotoxin b. an understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of the more likely candidate agents is critical to limiting morbidity and mortality from a biological event. effective response requires an increased index of suspi ... | 2000 | 10656359 |
| antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults. | antimicrobial prophylaxis is used by clinicians for the prevention of numerous infections, including sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus infection, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, recurrent cellulitis, meningococcal disease, recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis, influenza, malaria, infective endocarditis, pertussis, plague, anthrax, early-onset group b streptococcal disease in neonates, and ... | 2000 | 10630764 |
| comparison of noninvasive sampling sites for early detection of bacillus anthracis spores from rhesus monkeys after aerosol exposure. | bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium, is the etiologic agent of anthrax. b. anthracis spores can be aerosolized, are relatively easy to produce, and are capable of producing high mortality when inhaled. the prompt use of postexposure antibiotics combined with vaccination greatly increases the survival rate. rapid detection of exposure is critical to effective case management. using common collection swabs, culture medium, and culturing equipment, we compared six different noninvasive sa ... | 1999 | 10628152 |
| anthrax. | 2000 | 10627218 |