Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| absence of pseudomembranes in clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients using immunosuppression agents. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients. although pseudomembranes are crucial evidence for diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), some cases do not show any pseudomembranes. the aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that pseudomembranes are not generated in immunosuppressed patients because of the absence of immunoreactions. | 2009 | 18781540 |
| comparison of oritavancin versus vancomycin as treatments for clindamycin-induced clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 infection in a human gut model. | to compare the efficacy of oritavancin and vancomycin in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) using an in vitro human gut model. | 2008 | 18772161 |
| clathrin-independent endocytosis of erbb2 in geldanamycin-treated human breast cancer cells. | the epidermal growth factor (egf)-receptor family member erbb2 is commonly overexpressed in human breast cancer cells and correlates with poor prognosis. geldanamycin (ga) induces the ubiquitylation, intracellular accumulation and degradation of erbb2. whether ga stimulates erbb2 internalization is controversial. we found that erbb2 was internalized constitutively at a rate that was not affected by ga in sk-br-3 breast cancer cells. instead, ga treatment altered endosomal sorting, causing the tr ... | 2008 | 18765569 |
| clostridium difficile: a reemerging pathogen. | clostridium difficile is an important health care-associated pathogen, especially among older adults who are disproportionately affected by c difficile infection (cdi). during the current decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence and severity of health care-associated cdi. these clinically relevant changes are temporally associated with the emergence of a hypervirulent strain of c difficile that has now become widely disseminated. the increased burden of disease and incidence o ... | 2008 | 18763846 |
| trusts warned c diff probe decision sets no precedent. | 2008 | 18763346 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in the hiv-infected patient. | 2008 | 18762141 | |
| first cases of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 acquired in austria. | 2008 | 18761973 | |
| clostridium difficile: summary of actions in the european union. | 2008 | 18761907 | |
| update of clostridium difficile infection due to pcr ribotype 027 in europe, 2008. | outbreaks of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) with increased severity, high relapse rate and significant mortality have been related to the emergence of a new, hypervirulent c. difficile strain in north america and europe. this emerging strain is referred to as pcr ribotype 027 (type 027). since 2005, individual countries have developed surveillance studies about the spread of type 027.c. difficile type 027 has been reported in 16 european countries. it has been responsible for outbreaks i ... | 2008 | 18761903 |
| increasing rates in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among hospitalised patients, spain 1999-2007. | limited information is available on the burden and epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in spain. the present report communicates the secular trends in prevalence of cdi among hospitalised patients in spain from 1999 through 2007. data were obtained through the epine study (estudio de prevalencia de las infecciones nosocomiales en los hospitales españoles), a point prevalence study series of nosocomial infections among patients admitted to hospital in spain. a total of 378 cases ... | 2008 | 18761902 |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease, singapore. | 2008 | 18760029 | |
| clindamycin-resistant clone of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027, europe. | 2008 | 18760028 | |
| [ulcerous colitis and infection with cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and clostridium difficile]. | the treatment of severe flares of ulcerative colitis is based on systemic corticosteroids, immunomodulators such as cyclosporine and azathioprine and in some cases tnf-alpha-antagonists, respectively. these immunosuppressed patients are susceptible for infectious pathogens. here we report the case of a patient with a severe flare of ulcerative colitis that was first treated with systemic corticosteroids combined with immunomodulators and subsequent with infliximab. the patient then experienced a ... | 2008 | 18759202 |
| update in infectious disease treatment. | studies published during the past year on the treatment of several infectious diseases provide valuable information that should enable us to treat our patients more effectively. among those findings: oral vancomycin (vancocin) is superior to oral metronidazole (flagyl) for treating patients with severe clostridium difficile-associated disease. the risk of death from any cause may be higher with the use of cefepime (maxipime) than with other beta-lactam antibiotics. in patients presenting to prim ... | 2008 | 18756840 |
| severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. | three cases of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children were detected within a short time interval. intensive therapy was required in 2 cases with colectomy in one of them. one of the severe cases was community-acquired. two patients had underlying diseases (hirschprung disease, down syndrome) and also tested positive for enteric viruses (rotavirus, calicivirus). | 2008 | 18756189 |
| clathrin- and caveolae-independent entry of feline infectious peritonitis virus in monocytes depends on dynamin. | feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv), a coronavirus that causes a lethal chronic disease in cats, enters feline monocytes via endocytosis. in this study, the pathway of internalization is characterized by evaluating the effect of chemical inhibitors and/or expression of dominant-negative (dn) proteins on the percentage of internalized virions per cell and infection. further, co-localization studies were performed to determine the involvement of certain cellular internalization proteins. fi ... | 2008 | 18753224 |
| new advances in clostridium difficile infection: changing epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control. | clostridium difficile infection and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) are growing worldwide health threats. recent studies have identified new host risk factors, diagnostic approaches and therapies of cdad. the present review focuses on scientific papers published in the past 18 months in an attempt to provide the latest information on the topic. | 2008 | 18725800 |
| in vitro activity of opt-80 tested against clinical isolates of toxin-producing clostridium difficile. | agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing (clsi, m11-a7, 2007) performed for 208 toxin-producing clinical isolates of clostridium difficile resulted in opt-80 mics ranging from 0.06 to 1 microg/ml, with 90% of the isolates inhibited by a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml. the in vitro activity of opt-80 was independent of the susceptibilities of isolates to nine other antimicrobial agents. | 2008 | 18725442 |
| chronic multifocal osteomyelitis due to clostridium difficile in an adolescent with sickle cell anemia. | 2008 | 18724265 | |
| a clinical risk index for clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. | identification of a population at high risk for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) would enable cdi prevention strategies to be designed. the purpose of this study was to create a clinical risk index that would predict those at risk for cdi. a cdi risk index was therefore developed, based on a cohort of hospital patients given broad-spectrum antibiotics, and divided into a development and validation cohort. logistic regression equations helped identify significant predictors of cdi. a scoring ... | 2008 | 18723249 |
| [treatment of osteoarticular infections with clindamycin in adults]. | the main characteristics of clindamycin are adequate for treatment of osteoarticular infections (oai): good bone diffusion, broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and oral use. | 2008 | 18718729 |
| effects of exposure of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes 027 and 001 to fluoroquinolones in a human gut model. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection is increasing, with reports implicating fluoroquinolone use. a three-stage chemostat gut model was used to study the effects of three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) on the gut microbiota and two epidemic c. difficile strains, strains of pcr ribotypes 027 and 001, in separate experiments. c. difficile total viable counts, spore counts, and cytotoxin titers were determined. the emergence of c. difficile isolates wit ... | 2009 | 18710908 |
| an elderly woman with 'red man syndrome' in association with oral vancomycin therapy: a case report. | abstract: | 2008 | 18710566 |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea threatens the patient safety!]. | 2008 | 18710154 | |
| infection control and prevention in perioperative practice. | the personal and financial consequences of avoidable infection are enormous in personal and global terms (dh 2003, stone, larson & kawar 2002). patients expect to be treated and cared for in clean conditions, and not be exposed to the risks of acquiring an infection by poor practice on the part of healthcare workers (dh 2005, health care commission 2005). infection control and prevention in perioperative settings assumes an even greater significance because of the vulnerability of patients who a ... | 2008 | 18710124 |
| molecular characterization of a clostridium difficile bacteriophage and its cloned biologically active endolysin. | clostridium difficile infection is increasing in both frequency and severity, with the emergence of new highly virulent strains highlighting the need for more rapid and effective methods of control. here, we show that bacteriophage endolysin can be used to inhibit and kill c. difficile. the genome sequence of a novel bacteriophage that is active against c. difficile was determined, and the bacteriophage endolysin gene was subcloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the partially purified endoly ... | 2008 | 18708505 |
| benefit-risk assessment of linezolid for serious gram-positive bacterial infections. | linezolid is an oxazolidinone, a new class of antibacterial with a unique mechanism of action, namely inhibition of the formation of a functional 70s initiation complex in the 50s bacterial ribosomal subunit. linezolid is highly active against multidrug-resistant gram-positive cocci, including meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant s. aureus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci; its spectrum of activity also includes some anaerobic ba ... | 2008 | 18707190 |
| combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin improves fulminant pseudomembranous colitis by reducing the elevated endogenous cannabinoids and inflammatory cytokines: report of a case. | this paper reports a case of fulminant pseudo-membranous colitis which did not lead to septic shock. the case was improved by combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin. direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber has been demonstrated to have excellent therapeutic effects for the treatment of septic shock by removing circulating lipopolysaccharide. in the present case, the combination therapy dramatically improved clinical ... | 2008 | 18705306 |
| gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | evidence for the association between clostridium difficile (c. difficile) and the use of proton pump inhibitor (ppi) is unclear. this study investigated the relationship between clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and exposure to acid suppressive therapy in hospitalized adult patients while controlling for the most common predisposing risk factors. | 2008 | 18702653 |
| activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide system against environmental clostridium difficile contamination in elderly care wards. | clostridium difficile causes serious healthcare-associated infections. infection control is difficult, due in part to environmental contamination with c. difficile spores. these spores are relatively resistant to cleaning and disinfection. the activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide decontamination system (sterinis) against environmental c. difficile contamination was assessed in three elderly care wards. initial sampling for c. difficile was performed in 16 rooms across a variety of wards and ... | 2008 | 18694613 |
| inappropriate use of loperamide worsens clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2008 | 18694612 | |
| orally administered beta-lactamase enzymes represent a novel strategy to prevent colonization by clostridium difficile. | antibiotics that are excreted into the intestinal tract and that disrupt the indigenous microbiota may promote infection by clostridium difficile. we previously demonstrated that oral administration of a proteolysis-resistant, recombinant class a beta-lactamase inactivates ampicillin or piperacillin excreted into the small intestine during parenteral treatment. we hypothesized that oral administration of this beta-lactamase in conjunction with parenteral ampicillin or piperacillin would preserve ... | 2008 | 18693236 |
| emergence of reduced susceptibility to metronidazole in clostridium difficile. | antimicrobial treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has typically been metronidazole, although reports have questioned the efficacy of this option. we screened recently isolated c. difficile (2005-06) for susceptibility to metronidazole and compared results for historic isolates (1995-2001). | 2008 | 18693234 |
| [rectal prolapse in a 3-year-8-month-old child]. | starting from a recent clinical case, we present the different causes of rectal prolapse and their specific treatments. in this case, the relation to infectious colitis was questionable. | 2008 | 18693092 |
| amebic colitis in an antigenically and serologically negative patient: usefulness of a small-subunit ribosomal rna gene-based polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis. | specific identification of entamoeba histolytica in clinical specimens is an essential confirmatory diagnostic step in the management of amebiasis. here, we report an unusual case of amebic colitis in a 20-year-old female immigrant from south china. the patient had experienced diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, and fever for approximately 3 weeks prior to admission to hospital and had treated herself at home with metronidazole. on admission, stool microscopy and serology for e. histolytica were ne ... | 2008 | 18691843 |
| clostridium difficile in adult patients with nosocomial diarrhea in a costa rican hospital. | stool samples from 104 adult patients with nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea were analyzed for clostridium difficile by cultivation, toxin a inmunoenzymatic detection, and toxin b cytotoxic detection. the isolates were additionally screened for the toxin genes by polymerase chain reaction. c. difficile was isolated from 26 samples, and the toxins were directly detected in another 5 samples. toxin a and b genes were detected in all toxigenic bacterial isolates. the detection rate of 30% i ... | 2008 | 18689617 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea]. | most of the cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea are benign, self-limited and presumably related to functional consequences of the alteration of gut microflora. in few cases, changes in the gut flora ecosystem allow pathogens to proliferate. clostridium difficile is responsible for approximately 10% of the cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the community, most of the cases of antibiotic-associated colitis, and almost all the cases of pseudomembranous colitis. according to anatomoclini ... | 2008 | 18689117 |
| [acute infectious diarrhea in adults]. | acute infectious diarrhoea are common and usually self-limited but their management is often inadequate due to over-prescriptions of stool cultures and antibiotics. from a clinical point of view, the most important point is to promptly identify presentations at risk of complications (severe dehydration, septic shock, surgical complications) such as elderly patients, co-morbidity, diabetes, renal or heart deficiency, immune deficiency...). when the epidemiological context is suggestive, physician ... | 2008 | 18689113 |
| emphysematous cholecystitis: a case report. | abstract: a 65-year-old greek man with a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was admitted because of right upper quadrant pain, nausea and palpable right quadrant mass. on admission the patient was febrile (38.8 degrees c) with a total bilirubin level of 1.99 mg/dl (direct 0.59 mg/dl); sgot 1.26 mg/dl; na 135 mmol/l and k 2.9 mmol/l. the white blood count was 15200/mul with 92.2% neutrophiles. axial sections of single slice ct imaging (section thickness 10 mm), revealed emphysematous c ... | 2008 | 18687128 |
| clostridium difficile infection in critically injured trauma patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasing problem worldwide. to our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating specifically the incidence of cdi in the critically injured trauma population. | 2008 | 18687049 |
| aurintricarboxylic acid upregulates the thrombomodulin expression of endothelial cells and peripheral blood monocytes. | thrombomodulin has a central role in the regulation of coagulation through its ability to promote generation of the potent anticoagulant, activated protein c. aurintricarboxylic acid (ata) has been reported to inhibit platelet function by blocking von willebrand factor binding to platelet glycoprotein ib and to impede thrombosis development in vivo. in the present study, we demonstrated a novel antithrombotic effect of ata. the surface thrombomodulin expression of endothelial cells and periphera ... | 2008 | 18685431 |
| european centre warns of need for better surveillance of c difficile. | 2008 | 18682480 | |
| smart approaches for reducing nosocomial infections in the icu. | nosocomial infections are problematic in the icu because of their frequency, morbidity, and mortality. the most common icu infections are pneumonia, bloodstream infection, and urinary tract infection, most of which are device related. surgical site infection is common in surgical icus, and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is occurring with increasing frequency. prospective observational studies confirm that use of evidence-based guidelines can reduce the rate of these icu infections, es ... | 2008 | 18682466 |
| [results of the application of a prevention protocol for clostridium difficile infection in an acute geriatric unit]. | 2008 | 18682125 | |
| rates of clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from spanish hospitals, 1997-2005. | we analyzed the spanish hospital discharges registered from 1997 to 2005 with patient diagnoses of "intestinal infection due to clostridium difficile." the mean annual incidence rate was 41.2 diagnoses per 100,000 discharges. a significant increase was found from 1997 to 2005 (slope of the regression line [b], 5.12; p < .001). overall rates were 2.5 times as high in the group of patients aged at least 65 years as in the group aged 45-64 years. | 2008 | 18681812 |
| assessment of reporting bias for clostridium difficile hospitalizations, united states. | 2008 | 18680680 | |
| high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones among clostridium difficile isolates in a spanish hospital. | 2008 | 18680418 | |
| how to cut clostridium difficile infection. | this article provides an update on clostridium difficile and highlights the appropriate infection-control measures that need to be in place to reduce the infection. | 2008 | 18672843 |
| epidemiology of clostridium species bacteremia in calgary, canada, 2000-2006. | to define the incidence, risk factors for acquisition, and outcomes associated with clostridial bacteremia in a large canadian health region. | 2008 | 18672296 |
| application of isothermal helicase-dependent amplification with a disposable detection device in a simple sensitive stool test for toxigenic clostridium difficile. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) are commonly used for the diagnosis of cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). however, these eias have high false-negative rates, even in patients with severe clinical disease. we have developed an isoamp cdad test using a simple and user-friendly procedure to identify toxigenic c. difficile in feces. after dna extraction from fecal samples, both the conserved sequence of the 5'-end fragment of the c. difficile tcda toxin gene and competitive amplif ... | 2008 | 18669881 |
| germination of spores of clostridium difficile strains, including isolates from a hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | clostridium difficile is an emerging nosocomial pathogen and one of the major causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. cases of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) are likely initiated by the ingestion of dormant c. difficile spores, which then germinate, outgrow and rapidly proliferate to cause gastrointestinal (gi) infections. to understand the initial stages of cdad pathogenesis, we have characterized the germination of spores from a collection of c. difficile strains, including ... | 2008 | 18667557 |
| univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: importance of co-morbidity and serum c-reactive protein. | to investigate risk factors for severe clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) in hospitalised patients. | 2008 | 18666322 |
| tolevamer, an orally administered, toxin-binding polymer for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | genzyme corp is developing tolevamer, an anionic toxin-binding polymer that binds and neutralizes the clostridium difficile a and b toxins, for the potential treatment of c difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). two phase iii clinical trials of tolevamer in patients with cdad have been completed and results from the second trial are expected to be released imminently. | 2008 | 18666039 |
| cdc42 protein acts upstream of iqgap1 and regulates cytokinesis in mouse oocytes and embryos. | cdc42 and rac1 rho family gtpases, and their interacting protein iqgap1 are the key regulators of cell polarity. we examined the role of cdc42 and iqgap1 in establishing the polarity of mouse oocyte and regulation of meiotic and mitotic divisions. we showed that cdc42 was localized on the microtubules of meiotic and mitotic spindle and in the cortex of mouse oocytes and cleaving embryos. iqgap1 was present in the cytoplasm and cortex of growing and fully-grown oocytes. during maturation it disap ... | 2008 | 18662680 |
| can the superbugs ever be beaten? | "cluttered, dirty and overcrowded" wards, "sloppy hygiene" practices among nurses and clinicians, including use of commodes and bedpans that had already been "condemned", and board and management-level failure to respond to repeated requests for more nursing staff, were among the major contributors to the 90 elderly patient clostridium difficile deaths at three large west kent nhs hospitals between april 2004 and september 2006, a recent bbc 1 panorama programme suggested. health estate journal ... | 2008 | 18655658 |
| proceedings from the 2nd international clostridium difficile symposium, maribor, slovenia, june 2007. | 2008 | 18655255 | |
| estimation of faecal carriage of clostridium difficile in patients with ulcerative colitis using real time polymerase chain reaction. | ulcerative colitis (uc) is a disease of unknown aetiology in which exacerbations are sometimes linked to intestinal colonization by toxin-producing clostridium difficile. we undertook this study to detect and quantitatively assess c. difficile in the stool of patients with uc using real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and to compare it with healthy individuals. | 2008 | 18653911 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients in ontario, canada, from 2004 to 2006. | clostridium difficile is the bacterium most commonly surmised to cause antimicrobial- and hospital-associated diarrhea in developed countries worldwide, and such infections are thought to be increasing in frequency and severity. a laboratory-based study was carried out to characterize c. difficile strains isolated from persons in ontario, canada, during 2004 to 2006 according to toxin type (enterotoxin a, cytotoxin b, and binary toxin [cdt]), tcdc gene characterization, ribotyping, pulsed-field ... | 2008 | 18650360 |
| metronidazole resistance in clostridium difficile is heterogeneous. | at our institution, the prevalence of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile with resistance to metronidazole is 6.3%. we observed that initial metronidazole mics of 16 to 64 mg/liter against toxigenic, primary fresh c. difficile isolates, as determined by agar dilution, decreased to 0.125 mg/liter after the isolates were thawed. in this study, we examined the possibility of heterogeneous or inducible resistance. totals of 14 metronidazole-resistant and 10 metronidazole-susceptible clinical ... | 2008 | 18650353 |
| commentary: preventing clostridium difficile-associated disease: is it time to pay the piper? | 2008 | 18643747 | |
| rising economic impact of clostridium difficile-associated disease in adult hospitalized patient population. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is responsible for increased morbidity and a substantial economic burden. incidences of cdad, including those with a severe course of illness, have been increasing rapidly. | 2008 | 18643746 |
| use of a rifaximin "chaser" in the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2008 | 18641597 | |
| continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the postoperative period of major heart surgery. | aspiration of endotracheal secretions is a major step in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap). we compared conventional and continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (cass) procedures in ventilated patients after major heart surgery (mhs). | 2008 | 18641114 |
| peripartum clostridium difficile infection: case series and review of the literature. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in nonhospitalized patients has been reported with increased frequency. an association between cdi and pregnancy has not been stressed. this review will report 4 cases of peripartum cdi with characterization of the infecting strain and a literature review. a pubmed search identified 24 recorded cases of peripartum cdi; information was available for 14 cases. most patients (91%) received prophylactic antibiotics during delivery or for treatment of bacterial i ... | 2008 | 18639213 |
| impact of hydrogen peroxide vapor room decontamination on clostridium difficile environmental contamination and transmission in a healthcare setting. | to determine whether hydrogen peroxide vapor (hpv) decontamination can reduce environmental contamination with and nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18636950 |
| riboswitches in eubacteria sense the second messenger cyclic di-gmp. | cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (di-gmp) is a circular rna dinucleotide that functions as a second messenger in diverse species of bacteria to trigger wide-ranging physiological changes, including cell differentiation, conversion between motile and biofilm lifestyles, and virulence gene expression. however, the mechanisms by which cyclic di-gmp regulates gene expression have remained a mystery. we found that cyclic di-gmp in many bacterial species is sensed by a riboswitch class in messenger r ... | 2008 | 18635805 |
| collateral damage. the rise of resistant c. difficile. | 2008 | 18635789 | |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a marker for disease extent? | 2008 | 18628389 | |
| clostridium difficile infection: emerging concepts and treatments. | clostridium difficile infection has become one of the most common causes of diarrhea in patients frequenting hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and physicians' offices. although the pathogenesis and clinical description were well elucidated three decades ago, cure during the initial episode now occurs in fewer than two thirds of patients exhibiting clinical illness. the past decade has brought a new strain with more toxin. frequent relapses in elderly patients are now the norm rather than a ... | 2008 | 18627654 |
| mechanisms of action of probiotics: recent advances. | the intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining immune homeostasis. in controlled clinical trials probiotic bacteria have demonstrated a benefit in treating gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious diarrhea in children, recurrent clostridium difficile-induced infection, and some inflammatory bowel diseases. this evidence has led to the proof of principle that probiotic bacteria can be used as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate human diseases. the precise mechanisms inf ... | 2009 | 18626975 |
| potential adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have revolutionized the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease over the past two decades. among the most commonly prescribed agents worldwide, ppis' overall safety profile is unquestionable. however, emerging evidence indicates that ppi therapy, particularly with long-term and/or high-dose administration, is associated with several potential adverse effects, including enteric infections (eg, clostridium difficile), community-acquired ... | 2008 | 18625128 |
| single-dose cefuroxime with gentamicin reduces clostridium difficile-associated disease in hip-fracture patients. | antibiotic-associated clostridium difficile diarrhoea may complicate recovery from surgery for proximal femoral fracture. we undertook a four-year case-control study to evaluate a change in antibiotic prophylaxis in our department. during the period january 2003 to january 2005, patients received three doses of prophylactic cefuroxime (1.5g). we then introduced a new regimen, comprising of one single dose of cefuroxime (1.5g) with gentamicin (240mg) at induction. prior to the change in prophylax ... | 2008 | 18621442 |
| emergency laparoscopic surgery for complicated diverticular disease. | the aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of emergency laparoscopic surgical management of complicated diverticular disease. | 2009 | 18616737 |
| [the efficacy of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease]. | probiotics are live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animals by improving its microbial balance. probiotics have been used in the treatment of bacterial or viral induced acute intestinal infection. in recent years, some clinical studies have shown the therapeutic effects of probiotics in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) or prevention of allergic disease. evidence exists for therapeutic use of probiotics in acute infectious diarrhea, clostridi ... | 2008 | 18616132 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a surgical disease in evolution. | several recent publications suggest an increase in the incidence of clostridium difficile colitis. however, such studies commonly lack denominators over which to index this rise. there is also concern in the literature that disease virulence is increasing. | 2008 | 18612709 |
| diarrhea in intensive care: diagnosis and treatment. | diarrhea is a common complication in critically ill patients. the use of ready-to-use sterile formulas, disposable feeding lines, and flow regulated pumps should decrease the frequency of diarrhea due to enteral nutrition. antimicrobial agents are an important cause of diarrhea, because they modify the digestive flora and may induce clostridium difficile colitis. occurrence of diarrhea is also correlated with several factors reflecting the severity of the underlying disease, such as shock and se ... | 1993 | 18611543 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: pathogenesis and therapy. | 1993 | 18611542 | |
| in vitro susceptibility of genotypically distinct and clonal clostridium difficile strains to oritavancin. | clostridium difficile infection is a nosocomial disease of increasing importance. first-line treatment is limited to metronidazole or vancomycin. oritavancin is a lipoglycopeptide with activity against gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant pathogens. mics of oritavancin, metronidazole and vancomycin for genotypically distinct c. difficile strains, including epidemic c. difficile pcr ribotypes 001 and 027, were determined by agar incorporation and broth macrodilution methods. in agar i ... | 2008 | 18606787 |
| environmental control critical for controlling clostridium difficile infections. | 2008 | 18606597 | |
| novel risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease in a setting of endemicity? | 2008 | 18605911 | |
| clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium perfringens type a is associated with 5-20% cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) even though clostridium difficile is implicated in the most severe cases. fecal specimens from one hundred hospitalized patients, who developed diarrhea regardless of antibiotic intake and who were negative for c. difficile toxin assay, were investigated for c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). simultaneously, cultures were set up for other possible aetiological factors. ten healthy controls were a ... | 2008 | 18603680 |
| is over-use of proton pump inhibitors fuelling the current epidemic of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea? | many developed countries have seen an increase in cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in recent years. this has occurred despite heightened awareness of the risks of broad-spectrum antibiotics, overall reduction in antibiotic use and increased focus on hospital hygiene. some of the increase is due to the introduction of new hypervirulent strains, but it predates the description of these. the epidemic coincides with increased use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis), much of wh ... | 2008 | 18602190 |
| costs of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is a common infection in hospitals. a matched case-control study was carried out to determine hospital-wide excess costs due to cdad. cases were assessed by prospective hospital-wide surveillance in a tertiary care university hospital in 2006. nosocomial cases of cdad (>72h after admission) were matched to control patients without cdad in a ratio 1:3 using the same diagnosis-related group in the same year, for a hospital stay at least as ... | 2008 | 18602185 |
| the ifn-gamma-induced transcriptional program of the ciita gene is inhibited by statins. | statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a (hmg-coa) reductase inhibitors that exert anti-inflammatory effects. ifn-gamma induction of class ii mhc expression, which requires the class ii transactivator (ciita), is inhibited by statins; however, the molecular basis for suppression is undetermined. we describe that statins inhibit ifn-gamma-induced class ii mhc expression by suppressing ciita gene expression, which is dependent on the hmg-coa reductase pathway. in addition, ciita expressio ... | 2008 | 18601229 |
| rho gtpase, rac1, regulates skp2 levels, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and intima formation in vitro and in vivo. | vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation contributes to intima formation after angioplasty or venous by-pass grafting, and during atherosclerosis. vsmc proliferation requires degradation of p27(kip1) promoted by s-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (skp2), an f-box protein component of the skp-cullin-f-box(skp2) ubiquitin-ligase. we investigated the role of rac(1) in the regulation of skp2 in rat vsmc. | 2008 | 18599477 |
| pandemic and seasonal influenza: therapeutic challenges. | influenza a viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality annually, and the threat of a pandemic underscores the need for new therapeutic strategies. here, we briefly discuss novel antiviral agents under investigation, the limitations of current antiviral therapy and stress the importance of secondary bacterial infections in seasonal and pandemic influenza. additionally, the lack of new antibiotics available to treat increasingly drug resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphyl ... | 2008 | 18598914 |
| toxinotype v clostridium difficile in humans and food animals. | clostridium difficile is a recognized pathogen in neonatal pigs and may contribute to enteritis in calves. toxinotype v strains have been rare causes of human c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). we examined toxinotype v in human disease, the genetic relationship of animal and human toxinotype v strains, and in vitro toxin production of these strains. from 2001 through 2006, 8 (1.3%) of 620 patient isolates were identified as toxinotype v; before 2001, 7 (<0.02%) of approximately 6,000 isolat ... | 2008 | 18598622 |
| attributable outcomes of endemic clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonsurgical patients. | data are limited on the attributable outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), particularly in cdad-endemic settings. we conducted a retrospective cohort study of nonsurgical inpatients admitted for >/=48 hours in 2003 (n = 18,050). the adjusted hazard ratios for readmission (hazard ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval [ci] 1.87-2.55) and deaths within 180 days (hazard ratio 1.23, 95% ci 1.03-1.46) were significantly different among cdad case-patients and noncase patients. in a ... | 2008 | 18598621 |
| deaths involving mrsa and clostridium difficile by communal establishment: england and wales, 2001-06. | 2008 | 18595388 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis in a health care worker: case report and review of the literature. | 2009 | 18594979 | |
| clostridium difficile pancolitis in adults with cystic fibrosis. | we report three cases of clostridium difficile pancolitis in adults with cystic fibrosis (cf) in whom the presenting symptoms were atypical. all three required treatment with systemic steroids, in addition to oral vancomycin and metronidazole to achieve resolution of the colitis. this experience suggests that c. difficile colitis should be considered in individuals with cf presenting with non-specific abdominal symptoms. | 2008 | 18585983 |
| surveillance for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in long-term care facilities: what you get is not what you see. | 2008 | 18578671 | |
| changing pattern of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in a tertiary care hospital: a 5 year retrospective study. | frequent use of broad spectrum antibiotics in hospitalized patients has increased the incidence of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in recent years. in our tertiary care hospital in north india, c. difficile was responsible for 15 per cent of cases of nosocomial diarrhoea in 1999. a retrospective study was carried out to determine the frequency of c. difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) in our hospital, and to assess the effect of awareness among the hospital personnel and control measures taken ... | 2008 | 18577793 |
| holding back the tide. | 2008 | 18575205 | |
| clostridium difficile infections in a canadian tertiary care hospital before and during a regional epidemic associated with the bi/nap1/027 strain. | since 2002, an epidemic of clostridium difficile infections has occurred in southern quebec, canada. at hôpital maisonneuve-rosemont, montreal, quebec, canada, the incidence of c. difficile infections increased from 11/1,000 admissions (1999 to 2002) to 27/1,000 admissions (2003 to 2005). we compared the exposures and outcomes for patients infected with strains with different ribopatterns isolated before (n = 55) and during (n = 175) the epidemic, as well as the in vitro activities of antibiotic ... | 2008 | 18573937 |
| [a recurrent diarrhea]. | 2009 | 18572277 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease at university hospital basel including molecular characterisation of the isolates 2006-2007. | a prospective study was conducted during a one-year period between 2006 and 2007 to describe the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) at university hospital basel, switzerland (uhbs) and to determine phenotypic and genotypic features of c. difficile strains isolated at the microbiology laboratory uhbs including strains from regional non-university hospitals. we prospectively identified 78 cdad cases at uhbs with an incidence of 2.65/1,000 hospitalised patients or 2.3/1 ... | 2008 | 18560909 |
| ontario's hospitals surpass those of quebec in c. difficile rates. | 2008 | 18559796 | |
| rifampin and rifaximin resistance in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | rifaximin, a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative, is a promising alternative for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections. resistance to this agent has been reported, but no commercial test for rifaximin resistance exists and the molecular basis of this resistance has not been previously studied in c. difficile. to evaluate whether the rifampin etest would be a suitable substitute for rifaximin susceptibility testing in the clinical setting, we analyzed the in vitro rifaximin susceptib ... | 2008 | 18559647 |
| toxigenic and non-toxigenic clostridium difficile: determinants of intestinal colonisation and role in childhood atopic manifestations. | 2008 | 18559395 |