Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| activation and binding of opsonic fragments of c3 on encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans by using an alternative complement pathway reconstituted from six isolated proteins. | encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans yeast cells are potent activators of the complement system. we examined the interaction of the yeast cells with an alternative complement pathway reconstituted from isolated factor d, factor b, factor h, factor i, c3, and properdin. incubation of encapsulated cryptococci with the reconstituted pathway led to activation and binding of c3 fragments to the yeast cells that was quantitatively and qualitatively identical to that observed with normal human serum. i ... | 1989 | 2525113 |
| effects of cyclosporin a on the cells responsible for the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response and its regulation. | cyclosporin a (csa), a potent immunosuppressive drug, was used to explore further the induction, expression, and regulation of lymphoid cells involved in the delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) response to cryptococcal antigen(s). we found that the induction of the cells responsible for dth (tdh cells) was not affected by csa, but their expression was inhibited in csa-treated mice. the inhibition of expression of the tdh cells could not be attributed to the cryptococcus neoformans-specific suppr ... | 1989 | 2522419 |
| paradoxical role of capsule in murine bronchoalveolar macrophage-mediated killing of cryptococcus neoformans. | infections with the encapsulated fungus cryptococcus neoformans are usually acquired via inhalation, and the presence of a capsule has been identified as a virulence factor. therefore, we studied murine bronchoalveolar macrophage (bam)-mediated killing and phagocytosis of encapsulated and acapsular strains of c. neoformans. after 2 h, bam killed encapsulated strains cn52 and mp415 more readily than acapsular strains cn602 and cap67 (54.9 and 36.2% vs 26.1 and 6.7%, respectively, p less than 0.00 ... | 1989 | 2521352 |
| [a case of adult t-cell leukemia with pulmonary cryptococcosis, cryptococcal meningitis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. | a 66-year-old woman was admitted to the medical college hospital of oita on february 23, 1988, because of headache and fever. chest x-p and chest ct findings showed a coin lesion in r-s4. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from the csf. abnormal lymphocytes with lobulated nuclei were found in 0-5% of peripheral leukocytes. the atla-antibody was positive and bone marrow smear showed normal myelogram. according to these data, we diagnosed the patient as smouldering adult t-cell leukemia accompan ... | 1989 | 2509595 |
| current concepts in cryptococcosis. | cryptococcus neoformans has become an increasingly important pathogen. cryptococcosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts and is the second most common fungal infection complicating aids. in recent years, research has focused on the host defenses against cryptococcus and has led to an improved understanding of the capsular virulence of the organism, the mechanisms of t-cell defenses, and the role of phagocytic cells in the fungistasis and killing of crypto ... | 1989 | 2502410 |
| isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from houses of aids-associated cryptococcosis patients in bujumbura (burundi). | cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, which is responsible for aids-associated cryptococcosis in bujumbura, was isolated in the domestic environment of seven out of 20 patients with aids-associated cryptococcosis. the findings prove that in his own domestic environment, the hiv-positive patient in central africa is frequently exposed to the yeast and these observations lead us to insist on the suitability of carrying out a systematic survey by means of soluble antigens-sensitized latex in eve ... | 1989 | 2502153 |
| clearance of cryptococcus neoformans from immunologically suppressed mice. | to assess the effects of cryptococcal antigen-induced immunosuppression on a cryptococcus neoformans infection, cba/j mice were injected intravenously with saline or suppressive doses of cryptococcal antigen (cnef) at weekly intervals and were then infected with viable c. neoformans cells. by the second week after infection, the cryptococcal antigen-injected mice had suppressed anticryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) responses compared with the responses of the saline-treated, infec ... | 1989 | 2499541 |
| the value of cryptococcal serum antigen screening among hiv-positive/aids patients in kinshasa, zaire. | cryptococcal meningitis is a frequently observed opportunistic infection in aids patients in zaire and other countries in central africa. the prognosis in those patients is very poor because of the advanced stage of their cryptococcal disease at presentation. to improve the prognosis of cryptococcal meningitis in hiv-infected patients through earlier diagnosis, a routine serum cryptococcal antigen screening was performed on 450 hiv-positive/aids patients seen at the cliniques universitaires de k ... | 1989 | 2496722 |
| fungicidal activity of ifn-gamma-activated macrophages. extracellular killing of cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast-form fungus which causes pulmonary and meningeal infections preferentially in the immunocompromised host. it is thought that cell-mediated immunity is important for acquired resistance against cryptococcosis with activated macrophages as the final effector cells. however, specific polysaccharides in the capsule of c. neoformans protect the fungus from adherence to phagocytes and from subsequent phagocytosis. we have studied extracellular killing o ... | 1989 | 2496162 |
| [cryptococcosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)]. | cryptococcus neoformans is an infrequent but important cause of severe disease in immunodepressed patients, especially in those with aids. we refer the case of a 45 year old patient with clinical, epidemiological and serological patterns of hiv-induced infection in the course of which the patient suffered a subacute neurologic syndrome with fatal evolution. the diagnosis was made by isolation of cryptococcus neoformans in csf and in palpable lymph nodes by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. cryptoco ... | 1989 | 2487433 |
| antigenic structure of cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharides. | 1989 | 2484982 | |
| [in vitro study of the antifungal activity of two chlorine derivatives to be used in antisepsis]. | the activity of two chlorine derivates, sodium hypochlorite in water solution with nacl (product a) and electrolytic chloroxidant (product b) has been tested in vitro against potentially human pathogenic fungi (aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, microsporum gypseum, candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, trichophyton mentagrophytes, microsporum canis, epidermophyton floccosum, trichophyton rubrum, sporotrix schenkii). for a. niger, the relation of the two compounds has also been consi ... | 1989 | 2483652 |
| immunoelectronmicroscopic characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against cryptococcus neoformans. | three monoclonal antibodies (mabs) (ba4, bd1, cd6) reacted with cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) polysaccharide showing distinctive patterns against four serotypes as revealed by enzyme immunoassay (eia), dot eia, and immunofluorescence. immunoelectron microscopy (iem) was used to characterize binding sites for the mabs on the c. neoformans capsule. all three mabs bound to the capsule of serotype a strains 9104 and 9759. differences in the intensity of binding to the tw ... | 1989 | 2482437 |
| intraventricular cryptococcal granulomas--case report. | a 54-year-old, previously healthy female with chronic meningocencephalitis is presented. computed tomography (ct) revealed hydrocephalus and mass lesions in both the lateral and fourth ventricles. a culture of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from the lateral ventricle on admission was negative, but 2 years later, when the meningoencephalitis recurred, cryptococcus neoformans was cultured. the diagnostic difficulties and ct features of intracranial cryptococcal granulomas are discussed. | 1989 | 2477733 |
| antigenic variation within serotypes of cryptococcus neoformans detected by monoclonal antibodies specific for the capsular polysaccharide. | the serotype-specific polysaccharide was isolated from four to seven strains of each of the four major serotypes of cryptococcus neoformans. reactivities of polysaccharides with seven monoclonal antibodies raised against polysaccharides of serotypes a, b, c, and d were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and double immunodiffusion. the results indicated that there is heterogeneity within all four serotypes in the expression of epitopes reactive with monoclonal antibodies. | 1989 | 2476401 |
| t cell response to soluble cryptococcal antigens after recovery from cryptococcal infection. | 1989 | 2462601 | |
| genetic control of the humoral response to cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide in mice. | cryptococcus neoformans is responsible for opportunistic infections in patients with cellular immune defects. however, c. neoformans-specific capsular polysaccharide antibodies have been shown to participate in host defenses during cryptococcosis. we investigated the humoral response after primary immunization in various inbred strains of mice and the genetic control. our data strengthen the arguments for the t-independent type-2 nature of cryptococcal antigen, since cba/n mice were unable to pr ... | 1988 | 2460403 |
| induction of antigen-specific suppression by circulating cryptococcus neoformans antigen. | immunoaffinity chromatography of sera from mice infected with cryptococcus neoformans (inf-ms) on a column with rabbit anti-cryptococcal antibody as the ligand resulted in the adsorption of the component(s) that induce suppression of the cryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) response. in contrast, immunoaffinity chromatography of inf-ms on columns coupled with cryptococcal antigen or goat anti-mouse igm, igg, and iga did not adsorb the suppressive component(s). quantification of crypt ... | 1988 | 2460273 |
| characterization of the biological activity of cryptococcus infections in surgical pathology. the budding index and carminophilic index. | the histologic spectrum of cryptococcosis varies greatly, including florid granulomatous reactions, necrotizing infections, fibrotic nodules or "cryptococcomas", and gelatinous reactions containing scant or absent inflammatory cells. these variants are thought to represent differences both in the duration and activity of the infection as well as the nature and extent of the immune response. however, there exists no method for the quantitation of these factors in tissue sections to form an estima ... | 1988 | 2460017 |
| the application of immunoperoxidase staining for the detection of causative fungi in tissue specimens of mycosis i. | this study was performed in order to identify the fungi of four species (aspergillus fumigatus, fusarium anthophilum, candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections by the indirect method of immunoperoxidase staining. mature albino rabbits were immunized by formalin-killed organisms. the antibodies were prepared by precipitation at a 50% saturation of ammonium sulfate and were checked for cross-reactivities by ouchterlony's double immunodiffusion ... | 1988 | 2457159 |
| riu's stain in the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis. introduction of a new diagnostic method. | pulmonary cryptococcosis is thought to be a rare disease. clinically, it presents no characteristic symptoms, signs or chest x-ray film findings. most of the reported cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis were not diagnosed either antemortem or before surgical intervention. a simple diagnostic method, riu's stain, can be used routinely in bronchoscopic brushing smears, or for needle aspiration cytologic studies, making pulmonary cryptococcosis easy to diagnose. | 1988 | 2449313 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide. | cryptococcus neoformans is surrounded by a capsular polysaccharide. there are at least four known serotypes of the polysaccharide. the objective of this study was to produce monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that could be used to study the distribution of epitopes among the serotypes of c. neoformans. balb/c mice were immunized with cryptococcal polysaccharides of serotype a or d that were coupled to sheep erythrocytes. splenocytes were isolated, and hybridomas secreting mabs specific for cryptococca ... | 1987 | 2440810 |
| the value of calcofluor white in the diagnosis of mycotic and acanthamoeba infections of the eye and ocular adnexa. | in search of an easy and quick method for the diagnosis of fungal and acanthamoeba infections of the eye, the authors have used calcofluor white (cfw), a fluorescent brightener with marked affinity for chitin and cellulose which are present in the cell walls of fungi and cysts of acanthamoeba. paraffin-embedded tissues containing mycotic organisms were stained with cfw and examined under a fluorescent microscope. several fungi such as candida sp, aspergillus sp, phycomycetes, fusarium solani, hi ... | 1987 | 2436125 |
| production and partial characterization of anti-candida monoclonal antibodies. | spleen cells of biozzi hr mice immunized with formolized, lyophilized candida albicans serotype a cells were fused with p3-x63-ag8.653 mouse myeloma cells. twenty-one monoclonal antibodies (mab) selected by an indirect elisa technique were produced and partially characterized. all mab reacted with a c. albicans cell wall extract. five of the mab were directed against c. albicans serotype a, but not against serotype b. these mab also recognized c. tropicalis. the 16 other mab cross-reacted with s ... | 1986 | 2425714 |
| cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer. principles and problems. | this diagnostic seminar discusses the current status of the principles and problems of cytology as it is applied to the diagnosis of lung cancer. this discussion is divided into four major parts. part i presents a discussion of cytopreparatory techniques and cytology of the lung in the absence of cancer. the cytology of benign proliferations which may mimic cancer is emphasized. the role of cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary infectious organisms is noted. part ii discusses lung cancer as man ... | 1986 | 2422636 |
| human natural killer cells do not inhibit growth of cryptococcus neoformans in the absence of antibody. | the interaction between human natural killer (nk) cells and yeast cells of cryptococcus neoformans was investigated because experiments in mice indicated that nk cells inhibited the growth of c. neoformans. strains of c. neoformans serotype a that differed in both resistance to alveolar macrophages and the size and composition of their capsules were evaluated. human nk cells, which were isolated from normal peripheral blood, were activated by preincubation with interleukin-2 and alpha interferon ... | 1990 | 2407651 |
| metabolic fate of l-arginine in relation to microbiostatic capability of murine macrophages. | l-arginine is required for the fungistatic action of murine macrophages in vitro. to further investigate this requirement, l-arginine metabolism by macrophages was measured under conditions where fungistasis either succeeded or failed. macrophage fungistasis correlated with metabolism of l-arginine to citrulline, nitrite, and nitrate. the metabolic rate was dependent on extracellular l-arginine concentration, reaching a maximum of 67 nmol nitrite/h per mg protein. it accounted for one-third of a ... | 1990 | 2404026 |
| pathogenesis of cryptococcus neoformans in congenitally immunodeficient beige athymic mice. | mortality after intravenous challenge with 10(4) cryptococcus neoformans demonstrated that doubly immunodeficient beige athymic (bg/bg nu/nu) mice were more susceptible to systemic cryptococcosis than either bg/bg or nu/nu mice. infected bg/bg nu/nu mice also had a shortened lifespan compared with their bg/bg nu/+ littermates. beige athymic (bg/bg nu/nu) but not bg/bg nu/+mice developed cryptococcal lesions in the skin, demonstrating that c. neoformans is dermatotropic in a t-cell-deficient host ... | 1990 | 2401566 |
| cryptococcus neoformans infection in goats. | 1990 | 2393374 | |
| gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic involvement with cryptococcus neoformans in aids. | we describe three cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) complicated by disseminated cryptococcosis with gastrointestinal involvement. the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas, and liver showed invasion by the fungus. although none of the patients had any symptoms attributable to cryptococcus neoformans, we speculate that cryptococcal invasion of the liver and gastrointestinal tract may be a contributor to the morbidity in these immunocompromised patients. | 1990 | 2362098 |
| complications of corticosteroid therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | we retrospectively studied the acute toxicity of corticosteroid therapy in 23 episodes of pcp occurring in the setting of aids and determined the incidence of hiv-related complications following these and 16 other contemporaneous episodes of aids-related pcp treated with antimicrobials alone. the mean duration of corticosteroid therapy was 5.4 days and the mean total dose was 660 mg of methylprednisolone. cryptococcus neoformans and listeria monocytogenes infection each occurred once within one ... | 1990 | 2361410 |
| spinal arachnoiditis with cryptococcus neoformans in a nonimmunocompromised child. | cryptococcal spinal arachnoiditis occurs in patients with meningitis and usually when they are immunocompromised. it is rare in children. we report a child without evidence of immunologic abnormality who developed paraparesis due to a primary cryptococcal arachnoiditis without meningitis and who improved with adequate therapy. | 1990 | 2360963 |
| current status of cryptococcosis in canada. | the concurrent use of microscopic, cultural, histopathologic and immunologic procedures enabled us to diagnose 91 cases of cryptococcosis, belonging to cutaneous, pulmonary, meningeal and disseminated types, from the time this mycosis was first reported in canada in 1953 to the present. these cases occurred predominantly in quebec (43%) followed by alberta, british columbia, ontario, saskatchewan, manitoba, new brunswick and newfoundland. it is not known whether any cryptococcus neoformans infec ... | 1990 | 2352543 |
| pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans and disseminated nocardia brasiliensis in an immunocompromised host. case report. | 1990 | 2342607 | |
| passive immunization against cryptococcus neoformans with an isotype-switch family of monoclonal antibodies reactive with cryptococcal polysaccharide. | the in vivo properties of an immunoglobulin isotype-switch family of monoclonal antibodies specific for the polysaccharide capsule of cryptococcus neoformans were examined in a murine model of cryptococcosis. subclass-switch variants were isolated by sequential sublining of an immunoglobulin g subclass 1 (igg1)-secreting cell line. antibodies of the igg1, igg2a, and igg2b isotypes with identical reactivities with cryptococcal polysaccharide were prepared. the antibodies had the distinct biologic ... | 1990 | 2341184 |
| first report of chronic meningitis caused by trichosporon beigelii. | trichosporon beigelii (trichosporon cutaneum) was identified as the causative agent of chronic meningitis in a 15-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukaemia. after a neutropenic episode following cytostatic treatment and itraconazole therapy as prophylaxis, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples yielded growth of trichosporon beigelii. treatment with amphotericin b, flucytosine and high doses of fluconazole was followed by clinical improvement, although csf pleocytosis remained. the cross-reactivi ... | 1990 | 2338090 |
| ventriculoperitoneal shunt in cryptococcal meningitis with hydrocephalus. | fourteen patients with cryptococcal meningitis were reviewed. all patients had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. early recognitions and prompt relief of hydrocephalus were useful for eight patients who showed rapid deterioration of consciousness or signs of cerebral herniation. there was no surgical response in four patients who had had weeks of confusion or mental change. it seems, therefore, that the duration of disturbance of consciousness or change of mentality before shunting ... | 1990 | 2330532 |
| pleural cryptococcosis. | pleural infection by cryptococcus neoformans is uncommon and when present typically occurs in the immunocompromised host. we report two renal transplant patients who developed pleural cryptococcosis. | 1990 | 2325190 |
| cryptococcus neoformans pulmonary infection in hiv-1-infected patients. | cryptococcus neoformans (cn) is a frequent pathogen in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1). we review the initial presentation and clinical course of 18 hiv-1-infected (hiv+) patients with a cn pulmonary infection. simultaneous positive cerebrospinal fluid (csf) cultures were found in 10 (63%) of 16 examined. the most frequent presenting symptoms were fever (87%) and pulmonary complaints (60%). although the most common chest radiographic finding was bilateral diffuse ... | 1990 | 2324944 |
| microbiostatic effect of murine-activated macrophages for toxoplasma gondii. role for synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides from l-arginine. | recent studies show the importance of a single amino acid, l-arginine, as a necessary substrate for activated macrophage-mediated cytotoxic activity for tumor target cells and microbiostatic function for cryptococcus neoformans. the present studies were carried out to determine the role of the l-arginine-dependent macrophage effector function on the microbiostatic effects of activated macrophages on the obligate intracellular protozoan, toxoplasma gondii. a guanidino methylated derivative of l-a ... | 1990 | 2319133 |
| cutaneous cryptococcosis simulating kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | a forty-one-year-old homosexual man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and biopsy proven kaposi's sarcoma of the oral cavity presented to our clinic with a several month history of violaceous papules and plaques on his trunk and extremities. although the patient already carried a clinical diagnosis of kaposi's sarcoma, several biopsies of skin lesions were performed. tissue specimens demonstrated cutaneous infection with cryptococcus neoformans. as patients with aids have an increase ... | 1990 | 2311432 |
| rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by the detection of a fatty acid marker in csf with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring. | a chemical marker of bacterial meningitis was sought by comparing derivatives of sterile cerebrospinal fluid (csf) with cultures of organisms in spinal fluid and artificial media. the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (gc-ms-sim) was used, optimised for the analysis of fatty acids. twenty candidate ions were screened, and an ion of mass: charge ratio (m/e) 268 was chosen for detection in clinical specimens. the origin of this marker is unknown, but it ... | 1990 | 2296039 |
| disseminated coccidioidomycosis detected by percutaneous liver biopsy in a liver transplant recipient. | the authors report the first case, to their knowledge, of disseminated coccidioidomycosis occurring in a liver transplant recipient. the case is also interesting in that the diagnosis of disseminated coccidioidomycosis was made fortuitously, only after finding the characteristic endosporulating spherules on a percutaneous liver biopsy. in addition, the authors reviewed the literature on post-transplant infection with particular emphasis on fungal pathogens. all studies concurred that candida spe ... | 1990 | 2294693 |
| a toxic substance produced by nocardia otitidiscaviarum isolated from cutaneous nocardiosis. | during our studies on toxic substances from clinically isolated nocarida, a new isolate identified as nocardia otitidiscaviarum from cutaneous nocardiosis was found to produce a toxic substance called hs-6 that had strong in vitro as well as in vivo toxicity. the mouse intraperitoneal ld50 value was 1.25 mg/kg and the ed50 value for l1210 cultured cells was 0.3 ng/ml. the structure of hs-6 was determined and found to belong to the 16-membered macrocyclic group with a molecular formula of c43h68o ... | 1990 | 2293032 |
| isolation of saprophytic cryptococcus neoformans. | isolation of cryptococcus neoformans was carried out on sunflower seed agar medium (sfa) and sabouraud dextrose agar (sda). out of 346 environmental substrates (133 fruits, 107 avian extreta, 91 vegetables and 15 wooden scrapings) tested, 3 specimens were positive for c. neoformans. the positive isolations came from the fruits of 2 banana (musa sapientum) and a potato tuber (solnum tuberosum). the pathogen could not be demonstrated in 107 samples of avian droppings and 15 of wooden materials. al ... | 1990 | 2287124 |
| systemic cryptococcosis in a cat. | a three-year-old, castrated, male, domestic cat presented with an antibiotic-resistant rhinitis, generalised lymphadenopathy, and skin nodules distributed over the neck, thorax and abdomen. cryptococcus neoformans was identified on cytology and histopathology specimens, and cultured from all the specimens submitted. the cat died without antimicrobial therapy being instituted. systemic cryptococcosis was confirmed on necropsy. lesions were found in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, skin, su ... | 1990 | 2286990 |
| collaborative investigation of variables in susceptibility testing of yeasts. | a multicenter study was performed to evaluate the effect of medium, incubation time (24 and 48 h), and temperature (30 and 35 degrees c) on intra- and interlaboratory variations in mics of flucytosine, amphotericin b, and ketoconazole for yeasts. testing was performed on coded isolates of candida species (11 strains) and cryptococcus neoformans (2 strains) by using a standard macrodilution protocol 11 laboratories. four chemically defined media buffered to ph 7.0 with morpholinepropanesulfonic a ... | 1990 | 2285276 |
| [disseminated cryptococcosis mimicking lymphoreticular malignancy: report of one case]. | disseminated cryptococcosis is a rare and often fatal disease in children. the majority of cases usually occur in individuals with defective cell-mediated immunity. we herein reported a 10-year-old boy who presented with fever, body weight loss, lymphadenopathy and marked hepatosplenomegaly. he was admitted under the impression of hodgkin's disease. however lymph node biopsy revealed diffuse infiltration with polynuclear giant cell and macrophage. numerous ovoid-shaped microorganisms were found ... | 1990 | 2275379 |
| fluconazole vs amphotericin b: "in vitro" comparative evaluation of the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) against yeasts isolated from aids patients. | fluconazole, a novel triazole antifungal drug, holds promise as a significant advance in the management of human fungal diseases. this new drug can be both orally and parenterally administered and is reported to be less toxic than other antifungal agents. the authors studied the in vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated from aids patients to this antimycotic drug, in order to evaluate if fluconazole's mics were comparable to those of amphotericin b. a sample of 200 yeast strains (100 c.albicans ... | 1990 | 2273982 |
| reactivity of cryptococcus neoformans & candida species with concanavalin a & blood grouping sera. | forty strains of cryptococcus neoformans, 30 of candida albicans, 24 of c. parapsilosis and 10 strains each of c. tropicalis and c. (torulopsis) glabrata were examined. a 0.2 per cent solution of concanavalin a (con a) in phosphate buffered saline and commercial anti-a and anti-b blood grouping sera were used in the whole cell slide agglutination test. all the isolates of candida species strongly reacted with con a and over 90 per cent were agglutinated by anti-a and -b blood grouping sera. in c ... | 1990 | 2269512 |
| melanin as a virulence factor in pathogenic fungi. | the pigment melanin is found universally in nature and is attributed to a variety of functions. in some fungi it is thought to play a decisive role in the determination of virulence. this review examines the experimental evidence which has led to an understanding of the mechanisms by which melanin functions in pathogenic fungi, particularly in plant pathogens, in cryptococcus neoformans and wangiella dermatitidis. | 1990 | 2266997 |
| inhibition and killing of fungi by the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system. antifungal activity of the pao-polyamine system. | both components of the polyamine oxidase (pao)-polyamine system are known to be present in phagocytes and have thus been postulated to contribute to the antimicrobial activity of these cells. therefore, the effects of the pao-polyamine system on three medically important opportunistic fungi were examined. yeasts of cryptococcus neoformans, but not candida albicans blastoconidia or aspergillus fumigatus conidia, were efficiently killed by the system. two putative end products of the system, hydro ... | 1990 | 2264722 |
| fluconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent. | fluconazole is a fluorine-substituted, bis-triazole antifungal agent. its mechanism of action, like that of other azoles, involves interruption of the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol via binding to fungal cytochrome p-450 and subsequent disruption of fungal membranes. activity against aspergillus spp., blastomyces dermatitidis, candida spp., coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, and paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been demonstrated in several animal mode ... | 1990 | 2260347 |
| is cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in the tropics a distinct entity? a retrospective study from thailand. | twenty-four consecutive patients with central nervous system cryptococcosis (c.c.) have been studied retrospectively. in contrary to many reports from america or europe only two patients suffered from an underlying immunocompromising disease. all patients were treated uniformly by amphotericin b and 5-fluorocytosin. they were monitored closely and dose-adjustment was done according to laboratory data. none of the patients died. sixteen were available for a six-month post-treatment follow-up: sev ... | 1990 | 2260210 |
| [fluorescent method (fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide) to study the viability of cryptococcus neoformans in liquor]. | the utilization of the fluorescent method (fluorescein diacetate df and ethidium bromide be), to verify the viability of fungal cells, was studied in 40 samples of liquor, from patients with neurocryptococcosis. for removing leukocytes and red blood cells, which produce interfering fluorescence, good results were obtained with 0.3% saponin solution. after processing of liquor, 0.1 ml aliquots of resulting suspension were mixed to equal volumes of fresh df-be solution. the best incubation period ... | 1990 | 2259831 |
| [cardiac lesions in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). apropos of an autopsy series of 25 cases]. | the pathologic study of the cardiac lesions in 25 persons who died of aids were studied from autopsies. most of these patients were intravenous drug abusers (14 cases). heart failure was symptomatic and lead to death in 4 cases. this study showed histological abnormalities in 76% of the cases. we observed 12 myocarditis. in 6 cases, pathogenes were found: toxoplasma gondii (2), cryptococcus neoformans (2), candida (1), aspergillus (1). a lymphocytic myocarditis was observed in 6 hearts. by immun ... | 1990 | 2257024 |
| comparison of guizotia abyssinica seed extract (birdseed) agar with conventional media for selective identification of cryptococcus neoformans in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | growth of cryptococcus neoformans from the sputum of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may be obscured by oral contamination with candida albicans on conventional media. we prospectively compared direct plating of sputum and urine onto birdseed agar and compared birdseed agar plating with plating onto mycosel and sabouraud dextrose agar cultures. thirty-two sputum and three urine specimens were compared. c. neoformans was isolated from five specimens. in two specimens, one of sput ... | 1990 | 2254431 |
| a case of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and focal cerebral vasculitis with transient immunodeficiency. | the aa. report a case of cns cryptococcosis with vasculopathic complications in a woman in perfect physical conditions. the patient was admitted to hospital after complaining for 20 days of fever, headache and rachialgia. csf examination revealed hypoglicorrachia (18 mg %), cells 440 mmc (polymorphonuclear leukocytes 90%), brain ct scan negative. during antimycobacterial treatment right hemiparesis appeared; brain ct: hypodense lesion in the posterior brachium of the left inner capsule; at its b ... | 1990 | 2251957 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a brazilian aids patients. | 1990 | 2250692 | |
| polyamine depletion and growth inhibition of cryptococcus neoformans by alpha-difluoromethylornithine and cyclohexylamine. | the ability of two known inhibitors of polyamine synthesis alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (odc), and cyclohexylamine, an inhibitor of spermidine synthase, to inhibit the in vitro growth and polyamine synthesis of clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans was examined. treatment of c. neoformans with either dfmo or cyclohexylamine resulted in depletion of cellular polyamines and inhibition of growth. cryptococcus neoformans was shown to lack detec ... | 1990 | 2250691 |
| cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | cryptococcosis is the most common, deep-seated fungal infection in aids patients, and cryptococcal meningitis is the most frequently observed syndrome. aids patients with cryptococcal meningitis usually have an indolent presentation and nonspecific findings on physical examination. routine laboratory tests are of little assistance in diagnosing cryptococcal meningitis. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) white blood cell counts tend to be low, and glucose and protein levels are nonspecific. serum cryptoco ... | 1990 | 2247708 |
| spectrum of cryptococcus neoformans infection in 68 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | sixty-eight patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and cryptococcus neoformans who presented to three major medical centers in new orleans, louisiana, were studied retrospectively. in patients with meningitis the most common presenting symptoms were fever and headache. those without central nervous system involvement generally had an isolated pulmonary infection due to c. neoformans and presented with cough and dyspnea. csf parameters were abnormal in 41% of patients, and the ... | 1990 | 2237116 |
| [disseminated cryptococcosis as the first manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | 1990 | 2236775 | |
| osteomyelitis due to cryptococcus neoformans in advanced age. case report and review of literature. | in an 84-year-old man cryptococcosis with a pronounced osteomyelitic course (involvement of a rib, two thoracic vertebrae, the sacrum and a femur) was diagnosed histologically post mortem, thus directing attention to cryptococcosis in advanced age. the presumptive chronic course of the cryptococcus neoformans (cr. n.) infection in this patient was ascribed to chronic kidney failure, diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive lung disease. special reference is made to the mycological and radiologi ... | 1990 | 2233890 |
| the value of serum cryptococcal antigen in the diagnosis of cryptococcal infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | serum cryptococcal antigen titres were measured in 828 hiv-infected patients with pyrexia, 69 of whom had meningism. serum cryptococcal antigen was positive in 17 patients of whom 16 had meningism with cryptococcus isolated from their csf. the other patient had no meningism, had no evidence of cryptococcal infection on repeated csf examination and remains well. a positive serum cryptococcal antigen test was therefore valuable in the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis, although in all 16 patien ... | 1990 | 2230176 |
| pulmonary manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with aids. | forty-eight patients with disseminated cryptococcosis and aids were retrospectively studied to define the pulmonary manifestations. cryptococcus neoformans (cn) was first isolated from a pulmonary site in 12 patients. disseminated disease was subsequently documented in all these patients. symptoms and roentgenographic manifestations (normal, nodular/circumscribed infiltrates, pleural effusions, lobar consolidation) were diverse. interstitial infiltrates predicted the presence of another opportun ... | 1990 | 2225944 |
| disseminated, nonmeningeal gastrointestinal cryptococcal infection in an hiv-negative patient. | gastrointestinal cryptococcosis is extremely rare, especially in patients with no involvement of the central nervous system. we describe a 63-yr-old man undergoing prednisone therapy for chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis who presented with peritonitis, colitis, and skin lesions. pathological studies revealed necrosis and numerous cryptococcal organisms in the colon, omentum, and skin, and cultures yielded cryptococcus neoformans. the patient died of multisystem organ failure following emergency ex ... | 1990 | 2220742 |
| [cryptococcosis. a study of 9 strains of cryptococcus neoformans isolated from immunodeficient patients]. | five strains of cryptococcus neoformans isolated from the cerebro-spinal fluid and 4 from the blood of aids patients, were studied. although morphologically identical, they differed in the auxanographic pattern. all strains were pathogenic for mice by intracerebral route. six isolates were sensitive and the other three resistant to 5-fluorocytosine. all strains were sensitive to the other antifungal tested: nystatin, amphotericin b, clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole and ketoconazole. | 1990 | 2220425 |
| electron cytochemical studies of cryptococcus neoformans grown on uric acid and related sources of nitrogen. | cells of cryptococcus neoformans grown on xanthine or urate as the sole sources of nitrogen produced numerous, single membrane-bound organelles, deemed to be microbodies. electron images of these structures showed positive cytochemical staining for catalase and alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, known marker enzyme activities for microbodies. microbodies in xanthine and urate-grown cells were cytochemically reactive for the presence of the hydrogen peroxide-producing xanthine and urate oxidases. molybd ... | 1990 | 2213435 |
| cryptococcal keratitis after keratoplasty. | 1990 | 2204273 | |
| cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis after prolonged corticosteroid therapy. | we present a case of a 69-yr-old woman who developed cryptococcal meningo-encephalitis after 9 yr of corticosteroid therapy. the diagnosis was made on an india ink preparation and positive culture of the cerebrospinal fluid sediment. nmr-imaging was a useful tool for detecting intracerebral localisation of the infection. the patient was successfully treated with amphotericin b and flucytosine for 6 wk and with itraconazole for another 8 wk. | 1990 | 2203976 |
| cumulative positivity rates of multiple blood cultures for mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and cryptococcus neoformans in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we examined the occurrence of low-grade mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia and cryptococcus neoformans fungemia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the consistency of positive cultures obtained using a sensitive blood culture system (isolator, e. i. du pont de nemours, wilmington, del) for the recovery of these organisms. the blood culture records were reviewed, and the proportion of positive blood cultures yielding less than 1 colony-forming unit per millilite ... | 1990 | 2202274 |
| application of the theory of adaptive polymorphism to the ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic yeasts. | the theory of adaptive polymorphism predicts that species occupying broad ecological niches will be phenotypically and genotypically more varied than those occupying narrow niches. it is suggested that this theory has direct relevance to the epidemiology of microbial pathogens in that environmental pathogens inhabit a broader niche and should be expected to exhibit greater variation than pathogens that are obligate commensals. this proved to be the case when one obligate commensal, the pathogeni ... | 1990 | 2202259 |
| isolation of the ura5 gene from cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and its use as a selective marker for transformation. | a cdna encoding cryptococcus neoformans orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (omppase) has been isolated by complementation of the cognate escherichia coli pyre mutant. the cdna was used as a probe to isolate a genomic dna fragment encoding the omppase gene (ura5). by using electroporation for the introduction of plasmid dna containing the ura5 gene, c. neoformans ura5 mutants could be transformed at low efficiency. ura+ transformants obtained with supercoiled plasmids containing the ura5 g ... | 1990 | 2201894 |
| septicaemia in patients with aids. | during a 5 year period at st stephen's hospital, london, septicaemia was detected in 66 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and in 13 other patients with non-aids-associated hiv infections. the most frequent pathogens in patients with aids were mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, streptococcus pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, cryptococcus neoformans and staphylococci. a series of hiv-associated septicaemias reported from other centres in different countries has shown ... | 1990 | 2201108 |
| natural habitat of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | environmental isolations have established that cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii appears to have a specific ecological association with eucalyptus camaldulensis. so far, we have isolated c. neoformans var. gattii on 35 separate occasions, all from samples associated with e. camaldulensis. the global distribution of e. camaldulensis appears to correspond to the epidemiologic distribution of cryptococcosis caused by c. neoformans var. gattii. no other environmental source for the fungus has yet ... | 1990 | 2199524 |
| discriminant analysis of cellular fatty acids of candida species, torulopsis glabrata, and cryptococcus neoformans determined by gas-liquid chromatography. | we used discriminant analysis of cellular fatty acid compositions determined by gas-liquid chromatography to differentiate yeastlike fungi (a total of 190 strains; including 37 candida albicans strains, 21 candida krusei strains, 13 candida guilliermondii strains, 37 candida tropicalis strains, 10 candida pseudotropicalis strains, 24 candida parapsilosis strains, 32 torulopsis glabrata strains, and 16 cryptococcus neoformans strains). previous results with a standard strain of c. albicans indica ... | 1990 | 2199515 |
| fluconazole compared with amphotericin b plus flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in aids. a randomized trial. | to compare the efficacy of fluconazole with amphotericin b plus flucytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. | 1990 | 2197908 |
| [a case of cutaneous localized cryptococcosis]. | a 65-year-old japanese male with cutaneous localized cryptococcosis, which was developed as an erythematous infiltrated plaque on the right side of the face, was reported. the biopsy specimen taken from the lesion showed a granulomatous change with many spores in the dermis. culture of the biopsy specimen gave cryptococcus neoformans serotype d. there were no cryptococcal infections in the other organs. the skin lesion was improved by a systemic administration of miconazole. this patient was unu ... | 1990 | 2197471 |
| [fulminating cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. an anatomo-clinical case]. | we report a case of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a 52 year-old man. the patient had complained of headache and drowsiness for a few hours before he became comatose with a bilateral sixth cranial nerve palsy. the cerebrospinal fluid contained less than one lymphocyte per cubic millimeter, a low glucose level (0.20 g/l) and numerous cryptococcus neoformans encapsulated yeasts. a neuropathological study showed that the cortex and midbrain were involved. to our knowledge, such an acute case w ... | 1990 | 2196656 |
| fluconazole. a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in superficial and systemic mycoses. | fluconazole is a bis-triazole antifungal drug with novel pharmacokinetic properties (metabolic stability, relatively high water solubility) which contribute to its therapeutic activity. clinical experience is limited to a relatively small number of mycoses and, as might be expected at this early stage of development, optimal dosage and duration of treatment for some serious mycoses is not yet established. further study to evaluate higher dosages and to establish the efficacy of fluconazole relat ... | 1990 | 2196167 |
| disseminated cryptococcosis diagnosed on peripheral blood smear in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | 1990 | 2195888 | |
| opsonic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | the role of antibody in protection against infection with cryptococcus neoformans is undefined. in this paper we describe the development of opsonic activity in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of rabbits in response to cryptococcal meningitis. the opsonin appeared to be immunoglobulin g (igg); the activity was heat stable, copurified with the igg fraction during protein a separation, and could be absorbed by encapsulated cryptococci. immunosuppression with cyclosporine could be administered to pre ... | 1990 | 2194960 |
| cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, and other fungi bind specifically to the glycosphingolipid lactosylceramide (gal beta 1-4glc beta 1-1cer), a possible adhesion receptor for yeasts. | the role of glycosphingolipids as adhesion receptors for yeasts was examined. cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, and saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as histoplasma capsulatum and sporotrichum schenckii (in their yeast phases), bound specifically to lactosylceramide (gal beta 1-4glc beta 1-1cer), as measured by overlaying glycosphingolipid chromatograms with 125i-labeled organisms. an unsubstituted galactosyl residue was required for binding, because the yeasts did not bind to glucosylc ... | 1990 | 2194958 |
| cytoplasmic components of natural killer cells limit the growth of cryptococcus neoformans. | murine natural killer (nk) cell-mediated inhibition of growth of a yeast-like target cell, cryptococcus neoformans, was completely abrogated by blocking the effector cell secretory process with monensin. therefore, further studies were performed to determine the ability of various cytoplasmic fractions of nk cells to mediate inhibition of cryptococcal growth. percoll-fractionated homogenates of rat lgl tumor cells demonstrated that the granule-containing fractions plus three additional sets of l ... | 1990 | 2193078 |
| cell-wall glucans of cryptococcus neoformans cap 67. | purified cell walls derived from cryptococcus neofromans cap 67, an acapsular mutant, consisted of 86% glc and 7.3% glcnac. the integrity of the cell walls was disrupted in three successive extractions with 60% 4-methylmorpholine n-oxide (4-mmno) at 120 degrees. four 4-mmno-soluble d-glucopyranans were isolated. released within 0.5 h was water-insoluble gi-1, followed by two water-soluble gs fractions and water-insoluble gi-2 over 17.5 h. a 4-mmno-insoluble residue, containing 27% of glcnac, was ... | 1990 | 2191777 |
| growth of opportunistic yeasts on vitamin-free solid medium. | the growth of some opportunistic yeasts (candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, torulopsis glabrata, rhodotorula rubra, geotrichum candidum, trichosporon cutaneum, saccharomyces cerevisiae) was essayed in a solid minimal synthetic medium without vitamins. from the preliminary results some species (candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, rhodotorula rubra, geotrichum candidum and saccharomyces cerevisiae) seem to be autotrophic regarding the growth factor considered indispensable for their ... | 1990 | 2191196 |
| an anti-cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibody directed against galactoxylomannan. | six monoclonal antibodies (mab) were produced by immunizing mice with a cryptococcus neoformans serotype a spheroplast lysate (cnsl). two mab were of the igg1 isotype; the others were igm. the results obtained with one igm mab (cn6) are reported herein. this mab recognized the four serotypes of c. neoformans and no cross-reactions were observed with extracts from cryptococcus melibiosum, candida albicans, saccharomyces cerevisiae, torulopsis glabrata or trichosporon beigelii. fractionation of th ... | 1990 | 2189167 |
| antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration of allium sativum. | commercial allium sativum (garlic) extract was given intravenously to two patients with cryptococcal meningitis and three patients with other types of meningitis. plasma titers of anti-cryptococcus neoformans activity rose twofold over preinfusion titers. anti-c. neoformans activity was detected in four of five cerebrospinal fluid samples but not in pooled normal cerebrospinal fluid. | 1990 | 2188589 |
| 3-methoxysampangine, a novel antifungal copyrine alkaloid from cleistopholis patens. | further examination of the active ethanolic extract of the root bark of cleistopholis patens by using bioassay-directed fractionation resulted in the isolation of a new alkaloid, 3-methoxysampangine (compound i), together with three known alkaloids, eupolauridine (compound ii), liriodenine (compound iii), and eupolauridine n-oxide (compound iv). the proposed structure of compound i was based on its physicochemical properties and spectral data. 3-methoxysampangine exhibited significant antifungal ... | 1990 | 2188584 |
| fungal pneumonia in transplant recipients. | fungal pneumonia is an infrequent but devastating complication of solid organ transplantation. the suspicion of fungal pulmonary infections caused by the dimorphic fungi is based on particular knowledge about the recipient's past or present residence in an endemic area. some fungi, such as cryptococcus neoformans, candida sp and mucor sp are associated with concomitant diabetes mellitus. the level of immunosuppressive therapy is also a major predisposing factor. for some fungi, such as coccidioi ... | 1990 | 2188321 |
| opsonization of cryptococcus neoformans by a family of isotype-switch variant antibodies specific for the capsular polysaccharide. | a family of immunoglobulin isotype-switch variants was isolated by sib selection from a murine hybridoma which produced an immunoglobulin g subclass 1 (igg1) antibody specific for the capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans. antibodies of the igg1, igg2a, and igg2b isotypes had similar serotype specificity patterns in double immunodiffusion assays which used polysaccharides of the four cryptococcal serotypes as antigens. a quantitative difference in the ability of the isotypes to form ... | 1990 | 2187813 |
| [opportunistic infections in hiv-infected patients]. | hiv-infected patients are prone to frequent opportunistic infections (oi). their fundamental differences to infections in the immunocompetent host are explained. the most frequent oi is pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii. a brief overview on diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of encephalitis due to toxoplasma gondii, candidiasis, meningitis due to cryptococcus neoformans, tuberculosis, infection by atypical mycobacteria, infection by viruses of the herpes group--in particular cytomegalovir ... | 1990 | 2187221 |
| overview: treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. | infections caused by cryptococcus neoformans cause significant morbidity and high mortality, particularly among immunocompromised patients. cryptococcal meningitis is an important cause of central nervous system disease and death in patients with aids. although the introduction of amphotericin b has greatly improved the prognosis of patients with cryptococcal meningitis, 30 years of experience have revealed important clinical limitations, including modest efficacy, nephrotoxicity, other clinical ... | 1990 | 2184512 |
| fluconazole therapy for experimental cryptococcosis and candidiasis in the rabbit. | fluconazole is a second-generation azole compound with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. it has been examined in several animal models emphasizing important clinical sites of infection with common yeast pathogens. the drug has an excellent pharmacokinetic profile for central nervous system, renal, and ocular infections; at these sites fluconazole has been successful in the treatment of infections with cryptococcus neoformans or candida albicans. on the basis of the experience in animals, fluco ... | 1990 | 2184508 |
| susceptibility of candida albicans and other yeasts to fluconazole: relation between in vitro and in vivo studies. | in vitro studies of fluconazole have demonstrated that test results can be influenced by several test conditions, including medium composition, ph, and size of the starting fungal inoculum. in studies with candida albicans, a few isolates have been identified that are markedly more resistant than other strains of the same species; in several in vivo studies of experimental infections, the more resistant isolates have caused infections less susceptible to fluconazole treatment. these findings cor ... | 1990 | 2184504 |
| cryptococcal skeletal infections: case report and review. | cryptococcus neoformans is an uncommon but treatable cause of osteomyelitis that affects both normal and immunocompromised hosts. when not considered as a diagnostic possibility, c. neoformans infection may result in increased morbidity. the spectrum of disease at presentation extends from an asymptomatic patient with an osteolytic lesion on radiograph to a patient with signs and symptoms of systemic disease. once diagnosis has been established (often by closed aspiration), optimal therapy appea ... | 1990 | 2184491 |
| cryptococcal cellulitis in congenital lymphedema. | a 27-year-old woman with intestinal lymphangiectasia and congenital lymphedema developed cryptococcal cellulitis as a result of her underlying depressed cell-mediated immune responsiveness. prompt therapy with amphotericin b and 5-fluorocytosine resulted in an excellent outcome. the authors believe that the increasing population of patients with depression of cell-mediated immune response will lead to an increase in the frequency with which cryptococcal cellulitis is seen and emphasize that prop ... | 1990 | 2184141 |
| biliary obstruction and cholestasis in aids: case report. | in summary, we have described a patient with aids and a previously unreported cause of biliary tract obstruction. the incidence of cryptococcal visceral lymphadenitis in patients with aids and disseminated cryptococcosis is unknown, but, if present, is probably clinically silent in most instances. however, in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain and cholestasis in such patients, one should consider major biliary duct obstruction due to cryptococcal lymphadenitis. | 1990 | 2183518 |
| twenty-five years with cryptococcus neoformans. | 1990 | 2183062 |