Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| molecular and clinical characteristics of clostridium difficile infection in a university hospital in shanghai, china. | 2008 | 19025371 | |
| [hospital-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is common among hospital-acquired bacterial diarrhea, its mortality and morbidity show an increasing trend in recent years. improper antimicrobial drug use is one of the key reasons. adequate hand hygiene of healthcare workers, thorough disinfection of hospital environment, and appropriate isolation of patients are effective measures to prevent the outbreak of hospital-aquired cdad. | 2008 | 19024399 |
| fairness of financial penalties to improve control of clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 19022838 | |
| urinary tract infection in hospitalized elderly patients in the united kingdom: the importance of making an accurate diagnosis in the post broad-spectrum antibiotic era. | the increasing prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has prompted many hospitals in the uk to recommend the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics targeted at the likely bacteria at the clinical site of infection instead of broad-spectrum antibiotics. an underpinning requirement of such a strategy is the need to make an accurate diagnosis. in elderly patients, diagnosis of urinary tract infection can be challenging due to the frequent presence of respiratory signs and difficulties in t ... | 2009 | 19022779 |
| high diversity of clostridium difficile genotypes isolated from a single poultry farm producing replacement laying hens. | clostridium difficile is well established as a pathogen of horses, calves, and pigs, but little is known about its prevalence in poultry. in this study, chicken fecal samples were collected on four occasions from two populations being raised as layer replacements. samples were examined by an enrichment culture method, and 38 of 61 (62.3%) were culture positive. the rate of colonization seemed to be age dependent: 100% of fecal samples from 2-week- old birds were culture positive, and the coloniz ... | 2008 | 19022388 |
| the success of nhs goals will depend on the professional development of nurses. | 2008 | 19014125 | |
| spatio-temporal stochastic modelling of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) occurs sporadically or in small discrete outbreaks. stochastic models may help to inform hospital infection control strategies. bayesian framework using data augmentation and markov chain monte carlo methods were applied to a spatio-temporal model of cdad. model simulations were validated against 17 months of observed data from two 30-bedded medical wards for the elderly. simulating the halving of transmission rates of c. difficile from other pat ... | 2009 | 19013677 |
| risk indices for c. difficile infection are unlikely to be generalisable between organisations. | 2009 | 19013667 | |
| the acquisition and outcome of icu-acquired clostridium difficile infection in a single centre in the uk. | the clinical course and outcome of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the intensive care unit (icu) setting have been reported in a small number of studies in the us and canada. however, no such study has been reported in the uk. therefore, we aimed to study the acquisition rate and outcome of icu-acquired cdis in our unit. | 2008 | 19013649 |
| advances in epidemiology and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases. | the etiology of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) remains unknown. understanding ibd epidemiology helps to identify at-risk individuals, to appreciate the changing demographic profile of ibd, and to interpret theories of ibd pathogenesis. this article reviews recent advances in epidemiology and diagnostics. the importance of clostridium difficile is highlighted. state-of-the-art ibd diagnostic modalities include serology, fecal markers, and advanced radiologic or endoscopic techniques. t ... | 2008 | 19006614 |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 027/toxinotype iii in poland. | of 175 clostridium difficile strains isolated from patient hospitalized in one academic hospital in warsaw between 2005-2006, one isolate belonged to pcr-ribotype 027/toxinotype iii. this isolate had tcda, tcdb, binary toxin genes (cdta and cdtb), a 18-bp deletion and a 1 bp deletion at 117 position in the tcdc gene. antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed high level resistance to erythromycin, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. this is a first report of the 027 strain of c. difficile in poland. | 2008 | 19004250 |
| survey of wastewater indicators and human pathogen genomes in biosolids produced by class a and class b stabilization treatments. | accurate modeling of the infectious aerosol risk associated with the land application of biosolids requires an in-depth knowledge of the magnitudes and changes in pathogen concentrations for a variety of class a and class b stabilization methods. the following survey used quantitative pcr (qpcr) and culture assays to detect environmentally resistant bacterial and viral pathogens and biosolid indicator organisms for 36 biosolid grab samples. biosolids were collected from 14 u.s. states and includ ... | 2009 | 18997022 |
| constructing a multimedia resource for managing clostridium difficile: feedback on effectiveness. | 2008 | 18991997 | |
| expression of recombinant clostridium difficile toxin a and b in bacillus megaterium. | major clostridium difficile virulence factors are the exotoxins tcda and tcdb. due to the large size and poor stability of the proteins, the active recombinant tcda and tcdb have been difficult to produce. | 2008 | 18990232 |
| [clostridium difficile colitis]. | the authors present a detailed study of clostridium difficile-induced conditions and desribe their pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment. considering the extensive use of antibiotics and increasing numbers of immunocompromized patients, it can be expected that surgeons will face this infection, which was practically unknown a few years ago, more often in future. based on the above facts, the authors consider important to inform the surgical profession about the problematics. | 2008 | 18988483 |
| [infections in coloproctology from a microbiologist's view]. | 2008 | 18988479 | |
| laboratory-acquired clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027: a new risk for laboratory workers? | 2008 | 18986267 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin a promotes dendritic cell maturation and chemokine cxcl2 expression through p38, ikk, and the nf-kappab signaling pathway. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes acute colitis associated with intense infiltrating neutrophils. although dendritic cells (dcs) play an important role in the regulation of inflammation, little is known about the effects of toxin a on the maturation and neutrophil-attracting chemokine expression in dcs. this study investigated whether c. difficile toxin a could influence the maturation of mouse bone-marrow-derived dcs and chemokine cxcl2 expression. toxin a increased the dc maturation which w ... | 2009 | 18985311 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a german university hospital. | 2009 | 18982365 | |
| revolutionizing the practice of medicine through rapid (< 1h) dna-based diagnostics. | twenty years ago, i dreamed of using dna detection for speeding the microbiological identification of microorganisms from two days to less than one hour. this dream is slowly becoming a reality as we were the first to develop and put on the market real-time pcr assays, approved by the united states food and drug administration and health canada, for the detection of several pathogens including group b streptococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ... | 2008 | 18980716 |
| clostridium difficile outbreaks. | 2007 | 18978989 | |
| clostridium difficile: the evolving story. | 2007 | 18978983 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile can be a fatal hospital-acquired infection and its prevalence has increased. accurate diagnosis of c difficile is essential for patient management, infection control, and for defining its epidemiology. we did a systematic review of commonly used commercial assays for detection of c difficile toxin (cdt) a and b in stool samples. by comparison of detection of cdt in cell culture with or without selective culture for c difficile, the median sensitivities and specificities (iq ... | 2008 | 18977696 |
| growth and geographic variation in hospitalizations with resistant infections, united states, 2000-2005. | from 2000 through 2005, hospitalizations with resistant infections (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile-associated disease, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and candida infection) nearly doubled, from 499,702 to 947,393. regional variations noted in the aggregate and by individual infection may help clarify modifiable risk factors driving these infections. | 2008 | 18976563 |
| [intestinal colonization and nosocomial spread of clostridium difficile in pediatric cancer patients under long-term hospitalization]. | clostridium difficile is a major causative agent of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, and the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. we clarified intestinal colonization and nosocomial spread of c. difficile in pediatric cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy during long-term hospitalization. subjects were 10 children with pediatric malignant diseases admitted from november 2005 to december 2006, aged 5 to 15 years, who received antineoplastic agents. stool specimens were examined at ... | 2008 | 18975584 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2008 | 18975492 | |
| infection control. a clean bill of health. | lat year the health commission detailed findings that contributed to two infection outbreaks at the kent trust. c difficile rates within the trust in the first quarter of this year were 73 per cent lower than in 20007 plans to set up a 200-strong patient council to give feedback to the board are underway. the trust is projecting a financial deficit of pound 3.8m for the current year. staff recruitment has been largely unaffected by the bad publicity and changes within the organisation. | 2008 | 18975411 |
| proton pump inhibitors are an independent risk factor for an increased length of hospital stay in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | 2008 | 18974472 | |
| metchnikoff and the centenary of probiotics: an update of their use in gastroenteric pathology during the age of development. | acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, diarrhea due to clostridium difficile and traveller's diarrhea, helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal inflammatory diseases are primitive and/or secondary pathological conditions that alter the intestinal mucosa and microbiota. for years researchers have searched for solutions to restore and rebalance normal transit and intestinal flora. elia metchnikoff was the first one to introduce oral bacteriotherapy, that uses very efficient mic ... | 2008 | 18971903 |
| clostridium difficile--more difficult than ever. | 2008 | 18971494 | |
| induction of toxins in clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism. | certain amino acids, and cysteine in particular, promptly blocked toxin expression in clostridium difficile strain vpi 10463 when added to late-exponential-phase peptone-yeast cultures, i.e. prior to normal induction of toxins a and b. glucose reduced toxin yields by 80-fold, but only when supplemented at inoculation. forty upregulated c. difficile proteins were identified during maximum toxin expression, and most of these were enzymes involved in energy exchange, e.g. succinate, co/folate and b ... | 2008 | 18957596 |
| clinical outcomes, safety, and pharmacokinetics of opt-80 in a phase 2 trial with patients with clostridium difficile infection. | opt-80, a novel, minimally absorbed macrocycle, is a candidate treatment option for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) based on cure without recurrence of cdi in the hamster challenge model, good in vitro activity against c. difficile, and relative sparing of commensal gram-negative anaerobes. in this open-label, dose-ranging clinical trial, 48 evaluable subjects were randomized to receive either 50, 100, or 200 mg of opt-80 orally every 12 h for 10 days as treatment for mild to moderately se ... | 2009 | 18955525 |
| opt-80 eliminates clostridium difficile and is sparing of bacteroides species during treatment of c. difficile infection. | during a 10-day treatment for clostridium difficile infection, opt-80 and vancomycin were comparably effective in reducing c. difficile counts. bacteroides fragilis group counts appeared unaffected with increasing dosages of opt-80, whereas vancomycin was markedly suppressive. retention of components of the normal microflora might lower the risk of recurrent disease. | 2009 | 18955523 |
| characterization of tet(32) genes from the oral metagenome. | tet(32) was identified in three bacterial isolates and in metagenomic dna from the human oral cavity. the regions immediately flanking the gene were found to have similarities to the mobile elements tnb1230 from butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, ate-3 from arcanobacterium pyogenes, and ctn5 from clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 18955517 |
| isolation and analysis of bacteria with antimicrobial activities from the marine sponge haliclona simulans collected from irish waters. | samples of the marine sponge haliclona simulans were collected from irish coastal waters, and bacteria were isolated from these samples. phylogenetic analyses of the cultured isolates showed that four different bacterial phyla were represented; bacteriodetes, actinobacteria, proteobacteria, and firmicutes. the sponge bacterial isolates were assayed for the production of antimicrobial substances, and biological activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi were demonstrate ... | 2009 | 18953608 |
| keeping watch over the staphylococcus. | 2008 | 18952322 | |
| porcine circovirus 2 infection of epithelial cells is clathrin-, caveolae- and dynamin-independent, actin and rho-gtpase-mediated, and enhanced by cholesterol depletion. | epithelial cells are the major in vivo target cells for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). although these cells are used for most studies of pcv2 gene expression and, little is known on pcv2 entry, attachment and internalization, in epithelial cells. pcv2 attachment to epithelial cells occurred rapidly and in a time-dependent manner. in contrast to attachment, internalization was slow. immunofluorescent stainings revealed that during internalization, pcv2 co-localized with clathrin, but not caveo ... | 2009 | 18952130 |
| meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | summary: clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea. it is estimated that 15-20% of patients experience recurrence of cdi. a limited number of studies have looked at the risk factors for recurrent cdi. we conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies and randomised controlled trials (rcts) to assess risk factors for recurrent cdi. studies were identified using the pubmed database and search terms 'clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea' ... | 2008 | 18951661 |
| antibiotic stewardship and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2008 | 18947324 | |
| [percutaneous endoscopic colostomy for treatment of an antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis]. | a 61-year-old man was admitted with diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhea for one week. a few weeks before admission he had been given antibiotics for an exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. on physical examination he presented with bronchospasm, abdominal tenderness, active bowel sounds and slight edema in both legs. | 2008 | 18946851 |
| finding the gaps: an assessment of infection control surveillance needs in british columbia acute care facilities. | this paper reports on an infection prevention and control surveillance survey of acute care facilities (acfs) performed by the provincial infection control network of british columbia. | 2008 | 18945521 |
| fulminant small bowel enteritis: a rare complication of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2009 | 18942764 | |
| seasonal variation of enteric infections and inflammatory bowel disease. | 2009 | 18942760 | |
| regulation of kir2.1 channels by the rho-gtpase, rac1. | mutations in kir2.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channels are associated with andersen syndrome, a disease characterized by potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. while several andersen-associated mutations affect membrane expression, the cytoplasmic signals that regulate kir2.1 trafficking are poorly understood. here, we investigated whether the rho-family of small gtpases regulates trafficking of kir2.1 channels expressed in hek-293 cells. treatment with clostridium difficile toxin b, an inhi ... | 2009 | 18932198 |
| mass spectrometric analysis of the s-layer proteins from clostridium difficile demonstrates the absence of glycosylation. | like many other bacterial cell surfaces, the cell wall of clostridium difficile is also encapsulated by a proteinaceous paracrystalline layer, the surface (s)-layer. in many bacterial species, the s-layer proteins (slps) have been shown to be glycosylated, whereas in other species glycosylation is absent. unusually, the s-layer of c. difficile is composed of two distinct proteins, the high-molecular weight (hmw) and low-molecular-weight (lmw) slps. previous investigations have reported that one ... | 2009 | 18932172 |
| probiotics in allergy management. | the gut contains a diverse bacterial flora that is acquired at birth and has a number of physiological functions. administration of prebiotics or probiotics may favourably alter this gut microflora. prebiotics are poorly digested oligosaccharides that promote the growth of desirable bacteria and may have other beneficial gastrointestinal and systemic effects. probiotics are "helpful" human bacteria that provide a variety of health benefits when administered exogenously. probiotics produce benefi ... | 2008 | 18931598 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile isolates using capillary gel electrophoresis-based pcr ribotyping. | we have developed a clostridium difficile pcr ribotyping method based on capillary gel electrophoresis and have compared it with conventional pcr ribotyping. a total of 146 c. difficile isolates were studied: five isolates were reference strains (pcr ribotypes 001, 014, 017, 027 and 053); 141 were clinical isolates comprising 39 austrian pcr ribotypes collected in the period 2006-2007 at 25 austrian healthcare facilities. capillary gel electrophoresis yielded up to 11 fragments per isolate and 4 ... | 2008 | 18927415 |
| ozone gas is an effective and practical antibacterial agent. | bacterial infections continue to pose a threat to health in many institutional and communal settings, and epidemics are frequent. current control measures are clearly inadequate; thus, there is a need for a simple, effective, and safe way to decontaminate surfaces. | 2008 | 18926308 |
| distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes in english hospitals, 2007-08. | a surveillance study designed to provide a representative sample of the strains of clostridium difficile causing infections in hospitals in england was in operation from april 2007 to the end of march 2008. six hundred and seventy-seven isolates were obtained from 186 hospitals in the nine geographical regions of england as recognised by the health protection agency's regional microbiology network. typing studies revealed that pcr ribotype 027 is now the most common strain isolated from symptoma ... | 2008 | 18926105 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: wash your hands before stopping the proton pump inhibitor. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have revolutionized the management of acid-related disorders. the potential adverse effects related to ppi use fall into four main categories: idiosyncratic reactions, drug-drug interactions, drug-induced reflex hypergastrinemia, and drug-induced hypochlorhydria. clostridium difficile (c. difficile) colitis, an epidemic of major importance among hospitalized individuals, is potentially facilitated by the fourth mechanism in ppi users. this article interprets the res ... | 2008 | 18924259 |
| alcohol-based rubs for hand antisepsis. | 2008 | 18922477 | |
| new agents for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridia-derived diseases, in particular c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), have been increasing in incidence, severity, and morbidity. the mainstay of treatment options has relied upon metronidazole and vancomycin, but these treatments routinely result in high relapse rates (20%) and, in the case of metronidazole, decreasing efficacy. | 2008 | 18922104 |
| clinical review of the management of fulminant clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among elderly hospitalized patients. a small but increasing number of patients have developed fulminant cdi, and a significant number of these patients require emergency colectomy. in this review, we discuss the risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of fulminant cdi. | 2008 | 18853982 |
| clostridium difficile: preventing epidemic outbreaks in home health. | clostridium difficile is not affected by alcohol-based hand rubs or most cleaning solutions. as a result, it spreads quickly and easily. spores can survive for months on environmental surfaces. epidemics of hypervirulent mutations in the united states, canada, and europe are causing life-threatening infections, with rising mortality rates. this article aims to teach home health clinicians what they need to know to protect patients, families, themselves, and the community beyond the patient's hom ... | 2008 | 18849725 |
| descriptive study of selected healthcare-associated infections using national hospital episode statistics data 1996-2006 and comparison with mandatory reporting systems. | summary: using hospital episode statistics (hes) data from england for the period 1996-2006, we performed a descriptive study to compare records of clostridium difficile for inpatients aged >or=65 years and for all patients following any of four types of orthopaedic procedures. results showed that infection rates for c. difficile increased whereas rates for orthopaedic surgical site infections (ssis) decreased. both types of infection were more common in older female patients and in patients wit ... | 2008 | 18849092 |
| a mouse model of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | infection with clostridium difficile causes nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. hamsters historically have been used to investigate disease pathogenesis and treatment, but are not ideal models because of the lack of hamster-specific reagents and genetically modified animals, and because they develop fulminant disease. the aim of this study was to establish a mouse model of antibiotic-induced c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) that more closely resembles human disease. | 2008 | 18848941 |
| prevention of the cytopathic effect induced by clostridium difficile toxin b by active rac1. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) glucosylates low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho subfamily and thereby causes actin re-organization (cell rounding). this "cytopathic effect" has been generally attributed to rhoa inactivation. here we show that cells expressing non-glucosylatable rac1-q61l are protected from the cytopathic effect of tcdb. in contrast, cells expressing rhoa-q63l or mock-transfected cells are fully susceptible for the cytopathic effect of tcdb. these findings ... | 2008 | 18848548 |
| community acquired clostridium difficile infection due to a moxifloxacin susceptible ribotype 027 strain. | 2009 | 18846478 | |
| evaluation of repeat clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassay testing. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, which have significant morbidity and mortality. accurate and timely diagnosis is critical. repeat enzyme immunoassay testing for c. difficile toxin has been recommended because of <100% sensitivity. all c. difficile tests between 1 january 2006 and 31 december 2006 were retrospectively analyzed for results and testing patterns. the wampole c. difficile tox a/b ii enzyme immunoassay kit was ... | 2008 | 18845820 |
| [antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 2001 to 2007 in a french university hospital]. | the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile clinical isolates obtained from symptomatic patients suffering from diarrhoea. | 2008 | 18845403 |
| development and application of the active surveillance of pathogens microarray to monitor bacterial gene flux. | human and animal health is constantly under threat by emerging pathogens that have recently acquired genetic determinants that enhance their survival, transmissibility and virulence. we describe the construction and development of an active surveillance of pathogens (asp) oligonucleotide microarray, designed to 'actively survey' the genome of a given bacterial pathogen for virulence-associated genes. | 2008 | 18844996 |
| [the use of bundles in clinical practice]. | a bundle is a small, straightforward set of scientifically grounded elements (generally three to five) that, when implemented together, result in better outcomes than when implemented individually. bundles have found their greatest application in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections (hais). the bundles examined concern the prevention of vap for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, the prevention of bsi cvc, the prevention of surgical side infection (ssi), the prevention of c ... | 2008 | 18843209 |
| [epidemiological study of clostridium difficile strains isolated in jean-verdier-rené-muret hospitals from 2001 to 2007]. | clostridium difficile is the most common agent of nosocomial bacterial diarrhoea in adults. in 2006, c. difficile outbreaks were described in france with the highly virulent strain pcr-ribotype 027, which is also resistant to moxifloxacin and erythromycin. the aim of this study is to perform a phenotypic and molecular characterization of c. difficile strains isolated in jean-verdier-rené-muret hospitals. thirty three c. difficile toxigenic strains isolated in symptomatic patients from 2001 to 20 ... | 2008 | 18842360 |
| the adiponectin receptors adipor1 and adipor2 activate erk1/2 through a src/ras-dependent pathway and stimulate cell growth. | adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that has attracted much attention because of its insulin-sensitizing effects in liver and skeletal muscle. two adiponectin receptors, adipor1/r2, have been cloned, but relatively little is known about their intracellular signaling mechanisms. we found that full-length adiponectin rapidly and robustly activates the erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in primary vascular smooth muscle, vascular endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. in a hek293 ... | 2008 | 18842004 |
| lactobacillus plantarum 299v reduces colonisation of clostridium difficile in critically ill patients treated with antibiotics. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in hospitalised patients is increasing. critically ill patients are often treated with antibiotics and are at a high risk of developing cdad. lactobacillus plantarum 299v (lp299v) has been found to reduce recurrence of cdad. we investigated intensive care unit (icu) patients with respect to the impact of lp299v on c. difficile colonisation and on gut permeability and parameters of inflammation and infection in that context. | 2008 | 18840110 |
| strategies to prevent clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals. | 2008 | 18840091 | |
| patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of clostridium difficile infection. | previous observations have indicated that infection with clostridium difficile occurs almost exclusively after exposure to antibiotics, but more recent observations have suggested that prior antibiotic exposure may be less frequent among cases of community-acquired disease. | 2008 | 18838451 |
| spectrum of clostridium difficile infections outside health care facilities. | 2008 | 18838443 | |
| nature's therapy for recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. interview by paul c. adams. | 2008 | 18837170 | |
| successful treatment of clostridium difficile colitis with intravenous immunoglobulin. | 2008 | 18836636 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in human stem cell transplant recipients: coming epidemic or false alarm? | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states and europe, and is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. a newly identified epidemic strain has been associated with many hospital outbreaks of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), raising the concern of an escalating burden of cdad among at-risk patients. hematopoietic sct (hsct) recipients are known to be at increased risk for a wide variety of infectious complica ... | 2008 | 18836490 |
| reduction in infection risk through treatment of microbially contaminated surfaces with a novel, portable, saturated steam vapor disinfection system. | surface-mediated infectious disease transmission is a major concern in various settings, including schools, hospitals, and food-processing facilities. chemical disinfectants are frequently used to reduce contamination, but many pose significant risks to humans, surfaces, and the environment, and all must be properly applied in strict accordance with label instructions to be effective. this study set out to determine the capability of a novel chemical-free, saturated steam vapor disinfection syst ... | 2009 | 18834748 |
| a comparison of infection control program resources, activities, and antibiotic resistant organism rates in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999 and 2005: pre- and post-severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the resources for infection control in hospitals (rich) project assessed infection control programs and rates of antibiotic-resistant organisms (aros) in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999. in the meantime, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak and the concern over pandemic influenza have stimulated considerable government and health care institutional efforts to improve infection control systems in canada. | 2008 | 18834747 |
| antibiotic prescribing. | 2008 | 18833972 | |
| genetic relatedness of clostridium difficile isolates from various origins determined by triple-locus sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdc, tcdr, and cdtr. | a triple-locus nucleotide sequence analysis based on toxin regulatory genes tcdc, tcdr and cdtr was initiated to assess the sequence variability of these genes among clostridium difficile isolates and to study the genetic relatedness between isolates. a preliminary investigation of the variability of the tcdc gene was done with 57 clinical and veterinary isolates. twenty-three isolates representing nine main clusters were selected for tcdc, tcdr, and cdtr analysis. the numbers of alleles found f ... | 2008 | 18832125 |
| idiopathic pseudomembranous colitis limited to the right colon: a change from clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 18830611 | |
| who's winning the war? | traditionally, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) has been seen as an infection control problem in healthcare communities. it is now clear that antibiotic use is also an important factor in the control of mrsa, both in the treatment of infection and also, paradoxically perhaps, as a cause of the mrsa problem, in the same way that antibiotic use causes clostridium difficile disease. at both levels, major improvements in the quality of our antibiotic use are required, particularly ... | 2008 | 18829723 |
| deaths from norovirus among the elderly, england and wales. | the number of deaths in england and wales associated with gastrointestinal pathogens, norovirus in particular, in persons >or=65 years was estimated for 2001-2006. regression analysis was used to model monthly counts of gastrointestinal pathogens in fecal samples from infected patients against monthly counts of deaths from infectious and noninfectious intestinal diseases. data came from the office of national statistics (death registrations from local registrars) and from the health protection a ... | 2008 | 18826817 |
| melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) modulates c difficile toxin a-mediated enteritis in mice. | melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) is a hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide that regulates energy balance. however, the distribution of mch and its receptor mchr1 in tissues other than brain suggested additional, as yet unappreciated, roles for this neuropeptide. based on previous paradigms and the presence of mch in the intestine as well as in immune cells, its potential role in gut innate immune responses was examined. | 2009 | 18824554 |
| [comparison of three enzyme immunoassays for detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b]. | diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is classically based on detection of toxin a and/or toxins a+b by using several techniques. however, these techniques show important differences in terms of sensitivity and specificity. in this work, we compared three commercial immunoenzymatic tests for detecting c. difficile toxins. | 2008 | 18824307 |
| contamination of hospital curtains with healthcare-associated pathogens. | in a culture survey, we found that 42% of hospital privacy curtains were contaminated with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, 22% with ethicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and 4% with clostridium difficile. hand imprint cultures demonstrated that these pathogens were easily acquired on hands. hospital curtains are a potential source for dissemination of healthcare-associated pathogens. | 2008 | 18823274 |
| mechanisms of infectious diarrhea. | infectious diarrhea is an important public health problem worldwide. research has provided new insights into the mechanisms of diarrhea caused by various pathogens that are classified as noninflammatory, inflammatory or invasive. these three groups of organisms cause two diarrheal syndromes--noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea. the noninflammatory diarrheas are caused by enterotoxin-producing organisms such as vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, or by viruses tha ... | 2008 | 18813221 |
| evaluation of the risks of shedding salmonellae and other potential pathogens by therapy dogs fed raw diets in ontario and alberta. | dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions (aais), often called 'therapy dogs', commonly interact with humans whose immune systems are not functioning optimally. the advisability of feeding raw meat (including poultry) to these animals remains a highly contentious issue, in spite of increasing evidence that raw meat is frequently contaminated with salmonella. we set out to determine if consuming raw meat influences the risk of therapy dogs shedding salmonella and other pathogens. two ... | 2008 | 18811908 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, trends and treatment. | a common complication of antibiotic use is the development of gastrointestinal disease. this complication ranges from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. outbreaks of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) may also occur in healthcare settings, usually caused by clostridium difficile. aad typically occurs in 5-35% of patients taking antibiotics and varies depending upon the specific type of antibiotic, the health of the host and exposure to pathogens. the pathogenesis of aad may be mediated ... | 2008 | 18811240 |
| international infection control council. global consensus conference on infection prevention and control practice for clostridium difficile associated disease (cdad). | 2008 | 18811105 | |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile; england and wales, 2003-07. | 2008 | 18810888 | |
| emergence of clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. | since 2005, an increase in the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) due to polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078 has been noticed in the netherlands. this strain has also been identified as the predominant strain in pigs and calves. | 2008 | 18808358 |
| role of klebsiella oxytoca in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | klebsiella oxytoca was recently shown to be the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. because it is unclear whether k. oxytoca also causes nonhemorrhagic antibiotic-associated diarrhea, our study investigated a possible association between k. oxytoca and that disorder. | 2008 | 18808355 |
| [epidemiology of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in the netherlands 2005-present and the emergence of other subtypes]. | outbreaks of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) involving the virulent pcrribotype 027, toxinotype iii were first reported in the netherlands in 2005. this ribotype has now been detected in 26 of the 97 hospitals in the netherlands. in 13 of the hospitals, the introduction of ribotype 027 was linked to increased cdad incidence; this was found in 2 hospitals since december 2006. ribotype 027 has also been detected in to nursing homes. in 2007, no evidence of ribotype 27 was found i ... | 2008 | 18808085 |
| [treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea with a suspension of donor faeces]. | to study the effect of treating recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) with a suspension of donor faeces. | 2008 | 18808083 |
| [recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea prevented by the administration of a whey concentrate from specifically immunised cows; prospective study]. | to try to prevent recurrences of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) by treatment with a specific neutralising secretory iga-enriched whey-protein concentrate (40%) made from the milk of cows immunised with c. difficile and its toxins. | 2008 | 18808082 |
| toxin-binding treatment for clostridium difficile: a review including reports of studies with tolevamer. | clostridium difficile represents an increasing threat to patients, mainly as a hospital-acquired infection causing antibiotic-associated colitis (aac). the emergence of a new more virulent strain in north america and europe has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. for a long period of time the only available therapeutic options were oral vancomycin and metronidazole. however, both of these antibiotics have limitations either in terms of efficacy, cost, formulation, side effects or t ... | 2009 | 18804351 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in children with solid tumors. | the goal of this study was to describe the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in children with solid tumours. | 2009 | 18802726 |
| [clostridium difficile and clostridium difficile colitis - what are the novelties?]. | 2008 | 18798363 | |
| metronidazole and vancomycin: equivalence of initial efficacy in cdad. | 2008 | 18796117 | |
| intestinal inflammation in nursing infants: different causes and a single treatment ... but of protected origin. | three case histories of nursing infants suffering from different forms of intestinal problems, who underwent special dietary therapy in order to solve situations that would be difficult to deal with using the special artificial milk varieties on the market, are presented. these children were administered a homemade food consisting ofparmigiano reggiano cheese seasoned for at least 36 months, rice or maize custard and tapioca, sugar, maize oil. in the first case the diagnosis of "widespread nonsp ... | 2008 | 18788512 |
| clostridium difficile-positive stools: a retrospective identification of risk factors. | in an attempt to determine the association of potential risk factors and an increase in the rate of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) at a tertiary teaching institution in the midwest united states, all cdad cases among admissions from a period of 20 consecutive months were analyzed. a retrospective chart review was performed on 4992 admissions from this period. logistic regression analysis suggested a correlation between cdad and multiple factors. | 2008 | 18786452 |
| more bad news on clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease. | 2009 | 18785624 | |
| nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of clostridium difficile by use of pcr or enzyme immunoassay. | the diagnostic gains of repeat testing for clostridium difficile by enzyme immunoassay and pcr (i.e., initial negative result followed by positive result) within a 7-day period were 1.9 and 1.7%, respectively. there is little value of repeat testing for c. difficile by enzyme immunoassay or pcr. | 2008 | 18784320 |
| comparison of three commercial methods for rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b from fecal specimens. | three rapid enzyme immunoassays (x/pect clostridium difficile toxin a/b test, wampole tox a/b quik chek, and immunocard toxins a&b) were compared for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. of the 367 stool specimens tested, 102 (27.8%) were positive for toxigenic c. difficile when a combination of direct cytotoxicity assay and cytotoxic culture was used as the gold standard. sensitivity/specificity values were 49.0%/95.8%, 54.9%/95.5%, and 66.7%/95.1%, respectively. the median times t ... | 2008 | 18784313 |