Publications

not every truth is good. the dangers of publishing knowledge about potential bioweapons.		2002	11839688
from the centers for disease control and prevention. additional options for preventive treatment for exposed persons to inhalational anthrax.		2002	11838446
symptoms associated with anthrax exposure: suspected "aborted" anthrax.	anthrax is a naturally occurring organism with a low incidence of infection. there are no known cases of human-to-human transmission. bioterrorism-related anthrax in the united states has been seen in three high-risk groups: (1) postal workers, (2) politicians and their staffs, and (3) the press. it appears as though the bioterrorism-related anthrax cases of fall 2001 have been transmitted through the us postal service. the authors present a case in which a person at high risk for anthrax exposu ...	2002	11837340
anthrax: a primary care physician's perspective.	anthrax is a disease caused by bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming rod. it is also used as a biological weapon. the primary care physician will be the public's first line of defense in the event of a widespread anthrax exposure and will play a crucial role providing postexposure prophylaxis. understanding the disease process will allow the primary care physician to play an essential role in protecting and educating the public. accurate diagnosis and quick treatment will s ...	2002	11837339
structure of two iron-binding proteins from bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis is currently under intense investigation due to its primary importance as a human pathogen. particularly important is the development of novel anti-anthrax vaccines, devoid of the current side effects. a novel class of immunogenic bacterial proteins consists of dodecamers homologous to the dna-binding protein of escherichia coli (dps). two dps homologous genes are present in the b. anthracis genome. the crystal structures of these two proteins (dlp-1 and dlp-2) have been deter ...	2002	11836250
biological warfare and bioterrorism.		2002	11834562
our love affair with antibiotics: how will it end?		2002	11833828
staying healthy. playing chicken with our antibiotics. overtreatment is creating dangerously resistent germs.		2002	11833133
staying healthy. a public mess.		2002	11833132
experts focus on infective agents of bioterrorism.		2002	11829676
cutaneous anthrax: a concise review.	with the growing threat of bioterrorism, it has become important for clinicians to recognize the clinical manifestations of diseases spread in this manner. the aim of this article is to provide readers with a complete and detailed understanding of anthrax, with a specific concentration on the cutaneous manifestations and a concentrated review of the treatment and current information known about bacillus anthracis.	2002	11829175
on the front line.		2002	11829170
quickening the pace of anthrax research: three advances point towards possible therapies.	anthrax toxin is the dominant virulence factor of bacillus anthracis and drugs blocking its action could therefore have therapeutic benefit. three recent papers suggest new ways to inhibit the toxin. identification of the cell surface toxin receptor could lead to the design of binding competitors and receptor decoys. determination of the crystal structure of the lethal factor protease will facilitate ongoing efforts to develop protease inhibitors as therapies. finally, the susceptibility of cert ...	2002	11827799
[anthrax as biological weapon].		2001	11826774
from the centers for disease control and prevention. evaluation of bacillus anthracis contamination inside the brentwood mail processing and distribution center--district of columbia, october 2001.		2002	11824387
anthrax. 'borrowed immunity' may save future victims.		2002	11823609
life goes on.		2002	11823095
anthrax: what you should know.		2002	11822180
anthrax q & a.		2002	11822179
[anthrax].	anthrax is a serious bacterial infection sustained by bacillus anthracis and occurring in most mammals, especially grazing herbivors, but it can also involve humans when bacterial endospores enter the body through abrasions in the skin or by inhalation or ingestion. human disease results from contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products, while there are no known cases of human-to-human transmission. the most common form of human anthrax is the cutaneous infection, usually curabl ...	2001	11822090
pinpointing anthrax-toxin inhibitors.		2002	11821849
antibodies for defense against biological attack.		2002	11821846
anthrax: ent manifestations and current concepts.	in light of recent events, anthrax has once again taken center stage in the world of science and the world in which we live. because patients with anthrax may initially present to otolaryngology clinics, it is important for the otolaryngologist to know how to diagnose and treat this entity. this article will present current information on epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis/clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment with a particular interest in the head and neck region.	2002	11821758
inhalational anthrax after bioterrorism exposure: spectrum of imaging findings in two surviving patients.	the radiographic and computed tomographic (ct) findings in two patients with documented inhalational anthrax resulting from bioterrorism exposure are presented. chest radiographs demonstrated mediastinal widening, adenopathy, pleural effusions, and air-space disease. chest ct images revealed enlarged hyperattenuating mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and edema of mediastinal fat. chest ct findings are helpful for making the initial diagnosis. to the authors' knowledge, the spectrum and follow-up ...	2002	11818592
anthrax vaccine efficacy in golden syrian hamsters.	the efficacy of a licensed human anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, ava) was tested in golden syrian hamsters against a virulent bacillus anthracis spore challenge. groups of golden syrian hamsters were vaccinated at either 0 and 4 weeks or 0, 4 and 8 weeks, then challenged subcutaneously (s.c.) at 10 weeks with spores of various b. anthracis isolates. although elisa and toxin neutralization assays demonstrated high titers, none of the ava-vaccinated hamsters were protected from challeng ...	2002	11818161
anthrax vaccine: immunogenicity and safety of a dose-reduction, route-change comparison study in humans.	anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava), an effective countermeasure against anthrax, is administered as six subcutaneous (sq) doses over 18 months. to optimize the vaccination schedule and route of administration, we performed a prospective pilot study comparing the use of fewer ava doses administered intramuscularly (im) or sq with the current schedule and route. we enrolled 173 volunteers, randomized to seven groups, who were given ava once im or sq; two doses, 2 or 4 weeks apart, im or sq; or six dos ...	2002	11818160
anthrax. profile of a killer.		2001	11817276
the mayor, his troops, and the health of a city.		2001	11816774
[the abcs on anthrax for health personnel].	the purpose of this series of articles is to present to health personnel an updated summary on bioterrorism associated agents. in this first article an updated summary on anthrax is presented. emphasis has been placed on the characteristics of cases which occurred during october in the united states of america and on the experience of governmental agencies of that country to face the emergency. measures implemented in mexico are described as well. the authors are convinced that the best arm agai ...	2001	11816237
[bioterrorism: a new problem of public health].		2001	11816235
calyculin a sensitive protein phosphatase is required for bacillus anthracis lethal toxin induced cytotoxicity.	previous studies have shown that the bacillus anthracis lethal toxin can induce both necrosis and apoptosis in mouse macrophage-like j774a.1 cells depending on both the toxin concentration and the phosphatase activity. in this study several protein kinase or phosphatase inhibitors were employed to evaluate the hypothesis that the lethal toxin induces cell death via protein phosphorylation processes. pretreatment with a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor calyculin a (300 nm) could inhibit abo ...	2002	11815854
acog committee opinion number 268, february 2002. management of asymptomatic pregnant or lactating women exposed to anthrax. american college of obstetricians and gynecologists.	anthrax infections are diagnosed by isolating bacillus anthracis from body fluids or by measuring specific antibodies in the blood of persons suspected to have the disease. it is recommended that asymptomatic pregnant and lactating women who have been exposed to a confirmed environmental contamination or a high-risk source as determined by the local department of health (not the women's health care provider) receive prophylactic treatment. a variety of antimicrobial regimens are available. altho ...	2002	11814522
pa63 channel of anthrax toxin: an extended beta-barrel.	anthrax toxin consists of three protein components: protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef). pa(63), generated by protease "nicking" of whole pa, is responsible for delivering the toxin's catalytic fragments (lf and ef) to the target cell's cytosol. in planar bilayer membranes, trypsin-nicked pa makes cation-selective voltage-gated channels with a pore diameter of > or =12 a. the channels are presumed to be heptameric "mushrooms", with an extracellular "cap" region and ...	2002	11814336
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	11813831
detection of bacillus anthracis using multiplex pcr on the oligonuclotide biochip.		2001	11813549
an epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century: i. clinical features. 1960.		2002	11812400
inhalation anthrax revisited.		2002	11812397
highlights from the annual scientific assembly: weapons of mass destruction: organized medicine's role in the national response to terrorism.		2001	11811866
acth analogue in treatment of acute aortic dissection.		2002	11809289
preparing for bioterrorism: category a agents.	september 11, 2001, brought the possibility of biologic acts of terrorism against the united states into the national consciousness. as the american people brace themselves for this new threat to the national well-being, clinicians must understand how to prevent, recognize, and treat the biologic agents that could be used in terrorist attacks. this article discusses the most likely biologic agents, including diagnostic laboratory procedures, treatment options, psychological effects, special popu ...	2001	11809039
update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees--new jersey, new york city, and the district of columbia metropolitan area, 2001.	antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax has been recommended for persons potentially exposed to bacillus anthracis as a result of the recent bioterrorist attacks. during october 26-november 6, 2001, an epidemiologic evaluation to detect adverse events associated with antimicrobial prophylaxis was conducted among 8,424 postal employees who had been offered antimicrobial prophylaxis for 60 days in new jersey (nj), new york city (nyc), and one postal facility in the district of co ...	2001	11808926
update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax--connecticut, 2001.	since october 3, 2001, cdc and state and local public health authorities have been investigating cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. as of november 28, a total of 23 cases have been identified; 11 were confirmed as inhalational anthrax, and 12 (seven confirmed and five suspected) were cutaneous. epidemiologic investigations to identify the source of exposure to bacillus anthracis continue for a case of inhalational anthrax in a hospital stockroom worker in new york city (nyc) and, most recent ...	2001	11808925
on the front lines. anthrax scare, jittery public put focus on the healthcare industry.		2001	11808414
delivery of exogenous protein antigens to major histocompatibility complex class i pathway in cytosol.	a fragment of anthrax lethal factor possesses the interesting function of delivering recombinant protein antigens through the classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i pathway. this region of the lethal factor lacks the domain associated with anthrax cytotoxicity and functions independently of its binary partner, protective antigen. experiments that used inhibitors at different steps of the mhc class i pathway supported this hypothesis. application of this discovery to current t c ...	2002	11807699
structural basis for the activation of anthrax adenylyl cyclase exotoxin by calmodulin.	oedema factor, a calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase, is important in the pathogenesis of anthrax. here we report the x-ray structures of oedema factor with and without bound calmodulin. oedema factor shares no significant structural homology with mammalian adenylyl cyclases or other proteins. in the active site, 3'-deoxy-atp and a single metal ion are well positioned for catalysis with histidine 351 as the catalytic base. this mechanism differs from the mechanism of two-metal-ion catalysis pr ...	2002	11807546
anthrax: a molecular full nelson.		2002	11807530
editorial: the risk of anthrax and smallpox in australia.		2001	11806654
service in the front lines for america.		2001	11806342
we are all in this together. terrorism and the physician executive.	the threat of bioterrorism striking america is no longer a threat. it's real. take a look at how the anthrax-laced letters and future acts of terrorism impact physician executives. also consider some ways to prepare your physicians for a bioterrorism emergency.	2002	11806232
when privacy and terror collide.		2001	11803938
[anthrax. history of a public health threat].		2001	11802503
from the centers of disease control and prevention. use of onsite technologies for rapidly assessing environmental bacillus anthracis contamination on surfaces in buildings.		2002	11799964
delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to anthrax vaccine.	the anthrax vaccine immunization program is a department of defense initiative to protect military personnel against the threat of anthrax. surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination has shown that mild local reactions are not uncommon while systemic reactions are extremely rare. we present a case of 26-year-old male with delayed-type hypersensitivity after two doses of anthrax vaccine.	2002	11799819
is your laboratory prepared for a bioterrorism attack?		2001	11799622
anthrax vaccine begins a new round of tests.		2002	11799216
fast tracking drugs to patients. drug approval agencies are frequently criticised for either being too slow or too fast.		2002	11799053
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax--connecticut, 2001.		2002	11797623
cutaneous anthrax.		2001	11797590
drug shortages. taking a shot.		2001	11797570
post-exposure anthrax prophylaxis.		2001	11797483
drugs and vaccines against biological weapons.		2001	11797482
the generics--other drugs to combat anthrax are in ample supply.		2001	11797265
in shift, disease agency recommends combinations of antibiotics for anthrax cases.		2001	11797263
anthrax spores make an essential contribution to vaccine efficacy.	anthrax is caused by bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. septicemia and toxemia rapidly lead to death in infected mammal hosts. currently used acellular vaccines against anthrax consist of protective antigen (pa), one of the anthrax toxin components. however, in experimental animals such vaccines are less protective than live attenuated strains. here we demonstrate that the addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (fis) of b. anthracis to pa elicits total protection a ...	2002	11796596
efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with bacillus anthracis spores by passive immunization.	the efficacy of passive immunization as a postexposure prophylactic measure for treatment of guinea pigs intranasally infected with bacillus anthracis spores was evaluated. antisera directed either against the lethal toxin components (pa or lf) or against a toxinogenic strain (sterne) were used for this evaluation. all antisera exhibited high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against the corresponding antigens, high titers of neutralization of cytotoxicity activity in an in vitro mouse ma ...	2002	11796581
molecular analysis of rifampin resistance in bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus.	rifampin-resistant mutants were selected from uv-light-treated bacillus cereus (20 mutants) and attenuated b. anthracis (23 mutants). in addition, spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants were also isolated in attenuated b. anthracis (22 mutants). the rifampin resistance clusters of the rpob gene were sequenced for all 65 mutants. mutations associated with resistance were consistent with those from other bacteria, though two novel changes were observed. the spontaneous rate of resistance was estim ...	2002	11796364
three steps to targeting anthrax toxin.		2002	11796256
clinical signs differ between inhalational anthrax, influenza.		2001	11794945
new jersey hospital runs anthrax screening operation for cdc.		2001	11794944
friendly fire: the mandatory military anthrax vaccination program.		2001	11794357
after september 11.		2001	11794199
biological weapons: the facts not the fiction.		2001	11792093
trips: generic irony.		2002	11791819
bioterrorism before and after september 11.		2001	11791801
controlling biological warfare threats: resolving potential tensions among the research community, industry, and the national security community.		2001	11791800
stoichiometry of anthrax toxin complexes.	after being proteolytically activated, the protective antigen (pa) moiety of anthrax toxin self-associates to form symmetric, ring-shaped heptamers. heptameric pa competitively binds the enzymatic moieties of the toxin, edema factor and lethal factor, and translocates them across the endosomal membrane by a ph-dependent process. we used two independent approaches to determine how many of the seven identical ef/lf binding sites of the pa heptamer can be occupied simultaneously. we measured isotop ...	2002	11790132
[update on biological weapons and bioterrorism. important that health services pay attention to unusual events].	biological weapons and biological terrorism have recently been in focus due to the deliberate release of bacillus anthracis via mail delivered in the usa. since the 1930s biological weapons have been developed in a number of countries. in 1975 a biological and toxin weapons convention prohibiting the use of these weapons were signed by a large majority of world countries. unfortunately, a number of countries have failed to respect this treaty. the soviet union continued and expanded its biologic ...	2001	11789096
[anthrax--the swedish perspective].	the recent occurrence in the usa of deliberate release of virulent bacillus anthracis in letters sent to three media corporations and to the american senate has led to a great anxiety in sweden and elsewhere in europe. numerous letters have been suspected to contain b. anthracis spores and several have contained powder of different types. in none of the tested letters collected by the swedish police have we been able to detect anthrax bacilli. powder containing letters have been tested with eith ...	2001	11789095
learning about bioterrorism and chemical warfare: medical students explore key threats.		2002	11788542
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax--connecticut, 2001.		2001	11787482
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees--new jersey, new york city, and the district of columbia metropolitan area, 2001.		2001	11787481
what i need to know about anthrax today.	the us department of defense has been concerned about the use of anthrax as a biological weapon by an enemy on us troops for a number of years. this is the reason why the military has embarked on a vaccination program for its forces deployed to regions of the world, which are considered high-risk areas. these areas have been in the southwest asia-persian gulf region as well as the korean peninsula. many intelligence personnel have also been concerned about the possibility of biological agents be ...	2001	11787310
anthrax exceptionalism?		2002	11786887
human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock--north dakota, 2000.	on august 28, 2000, the north dakota department of health was notified by a local clinician of a patient with a cutaneous lesion suggestive of anthrax following exposure to an infected animal carcass. this report summarizes the investigation of this case, which was associated with an anthrax epizootic among livestock in north dakota, and emphasizes the importance of increased vigilance for human cases of anthrax during and following outbreaks of anthrax among livestock.	2001	11785567
anthrax prevention and treatment.		2001	11785495
[biological warfare, bioterrorism and public health].	biological agents as weapons are not new to mankind. for centuries and into the present, biological warfare has been the subject of much research and speculation, but little action. their limited use has probably been due to fear of unexpected counter-effects and doubts about their efficiency as weapons. recently a new form of terrorism employing infectious agents has emerged slowly and without much fanfare, until the recent events with bacillus anthracis in the united states. smallpox is potent ...	2001	11784913
post-traumatic stress disorder.		2002	11784883
real risks: the need for health leadership and security.		2001	11783664
biological and chemical agents: a brief synopsis.	the objective of this article is to provide a concise overview of the most likely biological and chemical agents that could be used as biochemical weapons. the diagnosis, pathology, prevention, decontamination, treatment, and disposition of these biological and chemical agents are presented in a tabular format for quick reference purposes. the information provided outlines the bare essentials needed to deal with any emergency or catastrophic event involving these agents.	2002	11782813
agents of bioterrorism. preparing for bioterrorism at the community health care level.	bioterrorism preparedness is clearly a goal for the health care community, working in concert with city, county, state, and federal public health and emergency authorities and in collaboration with law enforcement at the local and federal levels. opening the channels of communication between all groups involved, obtaining the necessary resources, and maintaining an understanding of the potential agents and the diseases they cause will foster a smooth transition to a rational program directed at ...	2001	11780270
delivering death in the mail.		2001	11780023
tracking & treating anthrax. biological terrorism resources for health care providers.		2001	11778462
wake-up call: a bioterrorism exercise.	operation wake-up call was a simulated bioterrorism exercise conducted in waukesha county, wisconsin (metropolitan milwaukee) on november 6, 1999. the purpose of the exercise was to test and evaluate the emergency response capability of local municipal, county, state, federal, and reserve military agencies to a weapons of mass destruction terrorist act. the exercise simulated a biological agent (bacillus anthracis spores) release, a hostage-taking event, and the management of multiple biological ...	2001	11778452
the psychosocial aspect of the anthrax vaccine: "the dover experience".		2001	11778428
what you need to know about anthrax today.		2001	11778310
anthrax prophylaxis, treatment, and reporting guidelines.		2001	11778309
anthrax: u.s. bioterrorism affecting missourians.		2001	11778308
early detection of inhaled anthrax infection: nuclear medicine investigational nod.		2001	11776251
concern about anthrax: protocols for mailrooms.		2001	11775427
the fallout from september 11. how is health care responding to a new reality?		2001	11775366