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sensitivity and specificity of a latex agglutination test for detection of cryptococcal antigen in meningitis.a cryptococcal latex agglutination test (crypto-la; international biological laboratories, canbury, new jersey, usa) was evaluated for its ability to detect cryptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens obtained from black patients with a clinical diagnosis of meningitis. of the 445 gram-stained and bacterial culture-negative csf specimens routinely tested for cryptococcal antigen, 34 (7,6%) were positive. with the exception of 1 false-positive result, the remaining 33 specimens we ...19873551136
evaluation of soc for the presumptive identification of candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans.soc, a fungal growth medium composed of solryth, oxgall, and caffeic acid, was evaluated as a medium to provide rapid, differential identification of candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. using a variety of common isolation media to produce the yeast inocula, the germ tube methods tested ranked in the following order of decreasing sensitivity: soc (97% +/- 1), serum (92% +/- 5), rabbit coagulase plasma with edta in combination with tryptic soy broth (89% +/- 5), toc (89% +/- 6), and rabb ...19873550466
the genetics of medically important fungi.the present review is concerned with recent progress in basic genetic investigations with a variety of fungi which are pathogenic for man and animals. the principles and strategies involved in undertaking genetic investigations of sexual species and of asexual species are discussed. progress in genetic analysis of cryptococcus neoformans made possible by the discovery of its sexual phase is described in detail, as is progress in development of parasexual methods of analysis in candida albicans. ...19873549159
cryptococcal peritonitis. report of a case and review of the literature.cryptococcus neoformans is a rare cause of peritonitis; only four cases have been reported in the literature. a 63-year-old man in whom isolation of c. neoformans from ascitic fluid provided the initial clue to disseminated cryptococcosis is described. review of this case and those previously reported reveals striking association between cryptococcal peritonitis and hepatic disease.19873548351
experimental cryptococcosis: dissemination of cryptococcus neoformans and dermotropism in guinea-pigs. 19863547123
[formation of mucoid capsules in vitro by cryptococcus neoformans]. 19863547122
detection of cryptococcus neoformans in biopsy specimens from the spleen and the liver of aids patients: critical comments. 19863547121
synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of n-triiodoallyl- and n-iodopropargylazoles. new antifungal agents.new series of n-(2,3,3-triiodoallyl) and n-(3-iodopropargyl) azole derivatives (100 compounds) involving pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, and tetrazole nuclei were synthesized successively with the aid of quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) analysis to obtain potent antifungal agents. starting from the derivatives of nitropyrrole-containing antibiotics, the qsar analysis of the pyrrole derivatives against candida albicans and trichophyton mentagrophytes strains indicated t ...19873546691
localized cutaneous cryptococcosis successfully treated with ketoconazole.a 27-year-old female recipient of a renal allograft, treated with systemic steroids and azathioprine, developed progressive cutaneous lesions (an ulcer, a nodule, and an abscess). histopathologic and tissue-culture examination of the skin lesions led to the diagnosis of cutaneous cryptococcosis. a description of the light and electron microscopic features of the cutaneous lesions is reported. a thorough visceral investigation failed to detect systemic involvement. the patient was treated with or ...19873546413
cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in australia.an examination of 45 clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans revealed an unusually high incidence of c. neoformans var. gattii in south australia (65%) and in the northern territory (95%). in assessing all the available data from australian isolates of c. neoformans, there appeared to be an endemic focus for the incidence of c. neoformans var. gattii in the rural aboriginal population of the northern territory.19873546370
protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis by anti-cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibody.humoral immunity does not play a prominent role during experimental cryptococcosis. however, previous studies have shown that immunoglobulin g (igg) anti-cryptococcus neoformans antibodies can mediate cell-dependent yeast killing in vitro. therefore, the protective effect of a previously described monoclonal igg1 anti-c. neoformans antibody (e1) administered intraperitoneally 24 h before intravenous infection with a c. neoformans serotype a strain was evaluated in mice. heavily infected (3 x 10( ...19873546140
production, characterization, and antibody specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide.two monoclonal immunoglobulin g1 antibodies reacting with cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide (cnps) were produced in mice by using a carefully defined procedure for immunization with unmodified cnps purified from c. neoformans serotype a. since the antibodies were found to have the same pattern of specificity, only one of them (e1) is described. this anti-cnps monoclonal antibody reacted with the glucuronoxylomannan component of cnps but not with the constituent monosaccharides or w ...19873546139
biochemical serogrouping of clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans.three hundred twenty-three clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans of diverse geographic origins were biochemically serogrouped using glycine-cycloheximide-phenol red agar (gcp), the same medium less cycloheximide (gop), and glycine-l-canavanine bromothymol blue agar (cgb). twenty isolates gave positive reactions on all three media typical of the b and c serotypes. three were from the peoples' republic of china; three each were from michigan (two patients) and louisiana; two each were from ...19873545655
advantage of fontana-masson stain in capsule-deficient cryptococcal infection.we describe light and electron microscopic findings in three cases of pulmonary infection caused by capsule-deficient cryptococcus neoformans (cdcn) and emphasize the value of the fontana-masson silver (fms) stain in diagnosing cryptococcosis. capsule-deficient c neoformans infections, including coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, typical cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystosis were used as controls. several stains including mucicarmine, alcian blue, and fms were done on t ...19873541845
evaluation of a fluorescent method (fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide solution) in the study of the viability cryptococcus neoformans strains.the effectiveness of the fluorescent viability test (fluorescein diacetate-fda and ethidium bromide-eb-solution) compared to the plaque counting test (miles & misra m & m) was performed on 10 samples of cryptococcus neoformans cultivated in sabouraud dextrose agar at 25 degrees c. the optimum incubation period of 50 minutes was determined. growth curves of the fungal strains studied based on the mean cell number were drawn for both the fda & eb and m & m methods. the statistical evaluation (stud ...19863540676
in vivo and in vitro studies with an atypical, rhinotropic isolate of cryptococcus neoformans.an atypical isolate of cryptococcus neoformans was investigated because of its consistent and reproducible production of gross nasal pathology following i.v. injection in swiss albino mice. dose response to graded concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(2)-1 x 10(7) cells/mouse yielded an ld50 of 1.4 x 10(3) cells/mouse for the atypical rhinotropic strain h140 which was significantly less virulent (p less than 0.01) than our reference strain of cryptococcus neoformans. there was no significant differ ...19863540675
primary cutaneous cryptococcosis.a 7-year-old boy, without apparent underlying disease, but with a non-specific failure in his cellular immunity, developed a cutaneous lesion on the left retroauricular area with spontaneous healing. mycologic study revealed cryptococcus neoformans, a capsule deficient strain, as the etiologic agent.19863540673
inhibition of complement by culture supernatants of aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fumigatus produced a water-soluble extracellular material that inhibited the opsonization of fungal cells by normal human serum. blastospores of cryptococcus neoformans and conidia from a. fumigatus or aspergillus niger were used as fungal targets for ingestion by human monocytes. the opsonic inhibitor from a. fumigatus was found to decrease binding of complement component c3b to fungal surfaces by selectively interfering with activation of the alternative complement pathway. inhibit ...19863537152
the variety of cryptococcus neoformans in patients with aids. 19863537151
natural cellular resistance of beige mice against cryptococcus neoformans.previous reports have demonstrated that natural killer (nk) cells are capable of inhibiting the growth of cryptococcus neoformans in vitro, and recent studies indicate that adoptively transferred nk cell-enriched spleen cell populations enhance clearance of cryptococci from the tissues of cyclophosphamide-pretreated recipients. the primary objective of these studies was to confirm that nk cells participate in early clearance of c. neoformans in vivo. secondarily, the anti-cryptococcal activities ...19863537121
binding of purified and radioiodinated capsular polysaccharides from cryptococcus neoformans serotype a strains to capsule-free mutants.strains 6, 15, 98, 110, and 145 of cryptococcus neoformans serotype a vary in capsule size, animal virulence, and susceptibility to in vitro phagocytosis. the isolated capsular polysaccharides (cpss) differ in monosaccharide composition ratios and molecular size, as determined by gel filtration. the purpose of this investigation was to characterize the binding of cpss to capsule-free mutants of c. neoformans and to examine cpss from these strains for differences in their ability to bind, to dete ...19863536747
strain variation in composition and molecular size of the capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans serotype a.the capsule of cryptococcus neoformans is an important virulence factor. in this investigation capsular polysaccharides (cpss) were isolated by ethanol precipitation from culture filtrates of c. neoformans serotype a strains 6, 15, 98, 110, and 145. capsule sizes on india ink examination ranged from barely perceptible (strain 15) to greater than the diameter of the yeast cell (strain 6); the others were intermediate in size. on ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose each cps eluted at 0.2 ...19863536746
disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as cellulitis with necrotizing vasculitis.patients with disseminated cryptococcosis infrequently present with cutaneous involvement. skin lesions, when present, are usually multiple and polymorphous in appearance. cellulitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans is rare, and necrotizing vasculitis associated with cryptococcal vascular invasion has not to our knowledge been reported. we report here a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a renal transplant recipient who had cellulitis and necrotizing vasculitis and in whom a diagnostic skin ...19863533989
effect of medium composition on results of macrobroth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts.a total of 62 different clinical yeast isolates were examined for susceptibility to four antifungal agents, amphotericin b, 5-fluorocytosine (5-fc), ketoconazole, and miconazole, using synthetic amino acid medium-fungi (saam-f), buffered yeast nitrogen broth (bynb), kimmig broth, casein-yeast-glucose broth (cyg), antibiotic medium 3-fda (anti-3), and tryptic soy broth (tsb). a macrobroth dilution format was used with mics determined after incubation for 24 and 48 h. all analyses were performed i ...19863533974
the susceptibility of cryptococcus neoformans to an antimycotic agent (g2) from alfalfa.compound g2, 2-beta-hydroxy-3-beta-o-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-delta 12-oleanene-23,28-dionic acid, isolated from alfalfa roots, demonstrated considerable activity against cryptococcus neoformans (mic value of 2 micrograms/ml). compound g2 exhibited rapid killing of this fungus (mfc value of 4 micrograms/ml) suggesting that it might be a useful active agent in the treatment of cryptococcosis.19863532631
localized cryptococcal osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent host. 19863532052
poorly encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans from patients with aids. ii. correlation of capsule size observed directly in cerebrospinal fluid with that after animal passage.cryptococcus neoformans recovered from the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of eight patients, seven with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) or aids-related complex (arc), were studied to assess the relationship between degree of encapsulation noted in fresh csf with that observed after animal passage. we further correlated encapsulation with extent of immunodeficiency in these patients. results of these studies showed poor encapsulation (mean capsule plus cell diameter less than 10 micron) ...19863530264
poorly encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans from patients with aids. i: preliminary observations.ten isolates of cryptococcus neoformans recovered from individual patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were studied in conjunction with three other isolates from non-aids patients. on primary culture nine out of ten of the aids isolates grew as nonmucoid, dry, pasty colonies resembling those produced by "diphtheroids." one isolate formed moist colonies. in contrast, the three non-aids cryptococcus neoformans isolates produced highly mucoid colonies. india ink mounts of pri ...19863530263
isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in the aviaries of the antwerp zoological gardens. 19863528845
characterization and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of yeast-like organisms. 19863528467
influence of culture medium on susceptibility testing with bay n 7133 and ketoconazole.the effect of four culture media (two complex and undefined [sabouraud glucose and kimmig] and two synthetic and defined [synthetic amino acid medium, fungal, and modified yeast nitrogen base]) on the activity in vitro of two newer azole compounds (bay n 7133 and ketoconazole) was assessed with five strains each of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, and cryptococcus neoformans. also, the nutritional adequacy of the four media was evaluated with the same 15 strains of yeastlike fungi. while ...19863528213
cryptococcosis involving the eye and central nervous system of a dog.cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis was diagnosed as the cause of stupor and generalized seizures in a 2-year-old cocker spaniel. unilateral granulomatous chorioretinitis was observed ophthalmoscopically, and isolation of c neoformans from csf confirmed the antemortem diagnosis. the dog was euthanatized and necropsied. multifocal lesions were seen throughout the lungs, nasal turbinates, cerebral cortex, and the optic nerve of each eye. microscopically, the multifocal lesions were granulo ...19863528100
differentiation of cryptococcus neoformans serotypes by isoenzyme electrophoresis.cryptococcus neoformans has been divided into four serotypes by specific agglutination in immune rabbit sera. based on mating characteristics of the perfect state and epidemiologic and biochemical differences, the serotypes have been divided into two major pairs. in an attempt to characterize the serotypes further, the authors studied 22 strains of c. neoformans by the technic of horizontal starch-gel isoenzyme electrophoresis. the glucose-phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase of serotypes ...19863526861
cryptococcal infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.cryptococcus neoformans is a major pathogen in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and was found to infect 13.3 percent of such patients seen at two medical centers. serum cryptococcal antigen levels were as high as 1:2,000,000 and, despite therapy, often remained elevated. antigen titers in the cerebrospinal fluid generally declined at an expected rate in the survivors. the significance of high antigen titers in the blood after a prolonged course of therapy with amphotericin b and ...19863524224
macrophage-mediated fungistasis: requirement for a macromolecular component in serum.peritoneal macrophages from mycobacterium bovis- or toxoplasma gondii-infected mice cultured in vitro in dulbecco's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (fbs) and endotoxin stopped replication of cryptococcus neoformans for 30 hr, whereas yeast cells cultured alone reproduced with a 3.0-hr doubling time. without at least 5% fbs, macrophage fungistasis was poor. fbs without macrophages enhanced the growth rate of cryptococci. macrophages preincubated in vitro for 24 hr without serum became fu ...19863522734
[n-pyrazolyl-2-nitrobenzamides with antifungal activity].novel n-pyrazolyl-2-nitrobenzamides variously substituted on the pyrazole nucleus were prepared. the products obtained together with some other n-substituted 2-nitrobenzamides were tested for their antifungal activity against cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans. the results of the antimicrobial assay showed different behaviours of the organisms used with regard to the derivatives tested.19863522271
isolation of saprophytic cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in kinshasa, zaïre. 19863521504
canavanine resistance in cryptococcus neoformans.all of the isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii which we tested were resistant to greater than or equal to 3.5 mm canavanine. all of the serotype d isolates and 28% of the serotype a isolates of c. neoformans var. neoformans tested were susceptible to less than or equal to 18 microm canavanine, whereas the remaining 72% of the serotype a isolates were as resistant as the c. neoformans gattii isolates. in the naturally resistant isolates, the mechanism of resistance appeared to be deco ...19863521488
[cryptococcus neoformans in patients of a berlin lung clinic--a contribution to the diagnosis and control of cr. neoformans mycosis]. 19863520535
an overview of macrophage-fungal interactions.a review of the literature (148 references) on the interactions of fungi with polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes and macrophages is presented. the interactions of aspergillus species, coccidioides immitis, blastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum, cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans, and candida species with human and experimental animal derived immune cells are examined in this overview. an effort has been made to present the reader with a comprehensive list of references with the ...19863520327
genetic complementation in cryptococcus neoformans.a complementation test was devised for the fungus cryptococcus neoformans. complementation was signalled by the growth of prototrophic heterokaryons generated in crosses of the type ab x ab, where a and b represent any two of the genetic markers ilv1, cys1, cys2, and cys3. the cloned complementing heterokaryons formed characteristic hyphal colonies that contained both hyphae and yeast cells. the heterokaryon-derived yeasts were of three kinds: parental haploids, recombinant haploids, and diploid ...19863519586
mechanisms of synergistic interactions between amphotericin b and flucytosine. 19863519560
ventriculoatrial shunt infection due to cryptococcus neoformans: an ultrastructural and quantitative microbiological study.a 28-year-old man presented with hydrocephalus due to an infection by cryptococcus neoformans involving his ventriculoatrial shunt. ultrastructural studies of the ventriculoatrial shunt demonstrated yeastlike organisms consistent with c. neoformans within a biofilm on the appliance. quantitative microbiological studies of segments of the shunt demonstrated c. neoformans in a concentration gradient from 9 x 10(6) colony-forming units (cfu)/0.5-cm section involving the ventricular portion of the c ...19863517675
thermal death potentiation by amphotericin b in cryptococcus neoformans and its dependence on pre-incubation temperature.thermal death of cryptococcus neoformans in the presence of amphotericin b was strongly dependent upon the temperature of pre-incubation. the entropy coefficient, that is, the increase in entropy of activation of thermal death per square unit concentration of the drug in the medium, was 35 times higher after pre-incubation at 25 degrees c than at 39 degrees c. this means that c. neoformans cells grown at lower temperatures were much more sensitive to the temperature-dependent fungicidal effect o ...19863517277
isolation of highly encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans serotype b from a patient in new york city.for the first time, cryptococcus neoformans serotype b was isolated from a patient in new york city, not a region endemic for b/c serotypes. the isolate was morphologically unusual, with cells several times larger in infected tissue than those characteristic of the yeastlike pathogen. this anomaly may be a problem in the identification of similar isolates. two serotype differentiation media and a slide agglutination test were used for definitive serotype identification.19863517042
clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans from zaire.the incidence of disseminated cryptococcosis among central africans with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) may exceed 35%. of the 2 varieties of cryptococcus neoformans--neoformans and gattii--it appears that the neoformans variant is the one most frequently associated with aids. this assumption is based on the investigation of 47 cryptococcosis isolates into white mice to determine their ability (variety gattii) or inability (variety neoformans) to produce the elongated cells characte ...19863516683
serum fungistatic and fungicidal activity in volunteers receiving antifungal agents.the serum levels of two imidazoles, ketoconazole and bayer n7133, when administered alone or in combination with rifampin, were measured in volunteers and the serum antifungal activity was determined against various fungal strains. serum levels were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and correlated with serum fungistatic activity as determined in microtiter plates. ketoconazole showed a wide range of serum levels, suggesting individual variations. the addition of two doses of rifamp ...19863516681
ultrastructure of acapsular mutant cryptococcus neoformans cap 67 and monosaccharide composition of cell extracts.acapsular mutant cryptococcus neoformans cap 67 was grown in pine's citrate broth medium for 3 days and the cells then transferred to a nitrogen-free medium for 6 days. the cells were subjected to a four stage extraction with buffered triton-x100, cold dilute alkaline borohydride, hot dilute acetic acid, and a second alkaline extraction. galactoxylomannan antigens were recovered from the culture supernates of both 3 day-old and 9 day-old yeast cells. the alkaline extracts contained water-soluble ...19863515196
comparative study of the temperature profiles of growth and death of the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans and the non-pathogenic cryptococcus albidus.the temperature profiles of two species of cryptococcus were compared. the pathogenic cr. neoformans had a maximum temperature for growth of 39.8 degrees c and the non-pathogenic cr. albidus, of 30.2 degrees c. the specific growth rates measured in the former were of an order of magnitude higher than in the latter, whereas the arrhenius plots of the specific thermal death rates did not show a significant difference.19863514843
proteolytic activity of a clinical isolate of cryptococcus neoformans.a clinical isolate of cryptococcus neoformans was grown on essential salts medium without (nh4)2so4 and supplemented with bovine serum albumin as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. growth on this medium resulted in secretion of proteolytic enzymes by the organism. the secretion of protease enzymes was inhibited by (nh4)2so4 and glucose. proteolytic activity may be a factor in virulence and pathogenicity of c. neoformans.19863514663
activation of the complement system by cryptococcus neoformans leads to binding of ic3b to the yeast.the complement system plays a key role in resistance to cryptococcosis. in the present study, we examined several factors that influence the binding of c3 cleavage fragments to cryptococcus neoformans. binding of c3 was determined by using normal human serum supplemented with 125i-labeled c3. incubation of encapsulated cryptococci in 20% serum led to the binding of approximately 3.2 x 10(6) molecules of c3 to each cell. the binding of c3 was markedly inhibited by heating the serum at 56 degrees ...19863514450
serotypes of cryptococcus neoformans in patients with aids. 19863512735
antibody-dependent natural killer cell-mediated growth inhibition of cryptococcus neoformans.previous data from this laboratory indicate that normal murine nylon wool nonadherent splenic cells with characteristics of natural killer (nk) cells effectively inhibit in vitro growth of cryptococcus neoformans, a yeastlike pathogen. since nk cells have been shown to be involved in antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity against immunoglobulin g (igg)-coated tumor cells and xenogenic erythrocytes, we were interested in assessing the effects of the igg fraction of rabbit anticryptococcal ...19863510982
correlation of natural killer cell activity and clearance of cryptococcus neoformans from mice after adoptive transfer of splenic nylon wool-nonadherent cells.previous reports demonstrate that natural killer (nk) cells inhibit the growth of cryptococcus neoformans in vitro, but conclusive evidence supporting the effectiveness of nk cells in host resistance to cryptococci is not available. the objective of these studies was to assess the ability of nk cells to clear c. neoformans from the lungs, livers, and spleens of infected mice. cba/j mice were depleted of nk cells, as well as other natural effector cells, by an intraperitoneal injection of cycloph ...19863510981
macrophage-mediated fungistasis in vitro: requirements for intracellular and extracellular cytotoxicity.macrophage cytotoxicity for cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by culturing mouse peritoneal macrophages with a thin-capsuled clone of cryptococcus under conditions permitting efficient phagocytosis. yeast replication was quantitated by electronic particle counting after detergent lysis of macrophages, and viability was determined by quantitative plate counts. under appropriate conditions, reproduction was completely inhibited; stasis began at 2 hr after addition of yeasts and lasted for 3 ...19863510251
development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to pneumocystis carinii.hybridoma-producing monoclonal antibodies against pneumocystis carinii were produced by the fusion of nonsecreting mouse myeloma cells (p3x63-ag8.653) with splenocytes from balb/c mice that had been immunized with partially purified preparations of p. carinii. of 227 hybridoma clones producing antibodies against p. carinii, as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 12 monoclonal antibodies showing the highest reactivity in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were further characteriz ...19863510163
fatal disseminated cryptococcosis and concurrent ehrlichiosis in a dog.laboratory findings in an adult bull terrier presented with a history of anorexia and weight loss included the following: severe anaemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopaenia, thrombocytopaenia, ehrlichia canis morulae in monocytes, hypergammaglo-bulinaemia, a bleeding tendency, icterus and proteinuria. in addition, a high haemobartonella canis parasitaemia, non-encapsulated yeasts on urinalysis and a localised demodex canis infestation were present. treatment for ehrlichiosis was initiated ...19873508465
pulmonary manifestations of aids: review of 106 episodes.we reviewed the clinical records and chest radiographs of all patients admitted to our institution between 1982 and 1984 who had pulmonary disease and who were later proved to have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) (95 patients). diffuse parenchymal lung disease was the most common finding. these infiltrates were usually interstitial and caused by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or p. carinii combined with cytomegalovirus infection. focal, multilobar, interstitial infiltrates were also of ...19863489955
bacteremia and fungemia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.forty-nine episodes of bacteremia and fungemia occurred in 38 of 336 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome seen at our institution since 1980. there were five types of infections. infections commonly associated with a t-cell immunodeficiency disorder comprised 16 episodes and included those with salmonella species, listeria monocytogenes, cryptococcus neoformans, and histoplasma capsulatum. infections commonly associated with a b-cell immunodeficiency disorder included those with ...19863485396
oral manifestations of disseminated cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.a palatal lesion was the initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the diagnosis was initially verified with cytologic smears in situ and later confirmed with pathologic findings from an excisional biopsy specimen. as cryptococcosis is one of the major opportunistic infections in persons with aids, an increased incidence of oral manifestations of cryptococcosis can be expected.19873477767
oral cryptococcus neoformans infection in aids.opportunistic fungal and parasitic infections account for a significant amount of the morbidity and the mortality associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). oral fungal infections are limited primarily to candida albicans. the first reported case of oral cryptococcus neoformans infection in a patient with aids is presented.19873477766
ecology of yeast and epidemiology of yeast infections.in the normal human flora yeasts occur regularly and most of them are potential pathogens. apart from c. albicans, c. glabrata and p. orbiculare they originate mainly from sources outside man. thus cryptococcus neoformans has its main reservoir in pidgeon manure. the epidemiology of yeast infections and more particularly those caused by c. albicans has not been well understood until recently when 3 different methods have been developed that allow for differentiation of strains of c. albicans. th ...19863459343
[cerebrospinal fluid in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. analysis of 50 cases].cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was analysed in 50 aids patients in this investigation. csf analysis included: pressure, aspect, colour, cytology (cell number, cytomorphology, and lymphocyte subpopulations), proteins concentration and their electrophoretic distribution, chloride and glycosis concentration, got and ldh activity, immunology for cysticercosis, syphilis and toxoplasmosis, bacteriology, and mycological examinations (direct, cultures, cryptococcus neoformans antigen test). diagnostic change ...19873449024
[cryptococcus neoformans meningitis with normal cerebrospinal fluid]. 19873431195
[significance of the presence of candida sp. in bronchopulmonary secretions. contribution of pulmonary biopsy].candida sp is often found in broncho-pulmonary secretions (expectorations, bronchial aspirations, bronchiolo-alveolar lavage...); however, its presence even in massive amounts, is difficult to interpret. is it a sign of broncho-pulmonary candidosis or mouth-pharynx contamination? the different clinical and biological elements, in particular immunology in immunodepressed patients, bring little information. in this article, we present the retrospective study of 18 patients hospitalized in pneumolo ...19873425992
[meningitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans]. 19873424703
management of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with aids.a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is described, as well as the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of the disease. in july 1987 a 38-year-old white man was admitted to the hospital because of confusion, disorientation, and headache. his medical history was notable for a positive human immunodeficiency virus test. culture of the cerebrospinal fluid was positive for cryptococcus n ...19883416573
mycological-diagnostic assessment of the efficacy of amphotericin b + flucytosine to control cryptococcus neoformans in aids patients. 19883405247
in vitro synergistic activity of ketoconazole with trifluoperazine and with chlorpromazine against medically important yeasts.combination of ketoconazole and trifluoperazine or chlorpromazine yielded an in vitro synergistic effect on growth inhibition of candida albicans, torulopsis glabrata, cryptococcus neoformans, candida parapsilosis and candida tropicalis. the optimal ph range for the synergistic effects was 7.0-7.6. at ph 5.0 the drug combination was antagonistic. (application for patent protection has been filed).19883391057
death of a child associated with multiple overdoses of acetaminophen.a case of long-term acetaminophen overdosage in a six-year-old child, which contributed to her death despite optimal medical management including oral acetylcysteine therapy, is reported. acetaminophen 325 mg every six hours was prescribed for fever associated with measles. believing that acetaminophen was nontoxic, the child's mother progressively increased the dose over three days, first in response to fever and subsequently for abdominal pain probably secondary to unrecognized acetaminophen t ...19883383545
isolated cryptococcus neoformans osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child. 19883368272
fatal disseminated cryptococcosis following intraocular involvement.a 33-year-old man was treated with systemic steroids for a retinal inflammatory lesion before the diagnosis of cryptococcal retinitis and meningitis was suspected. he died from central nervous system disease despite treatment with parenteral antifungals. histopathological studies demonstrated ocular and disseminated systemic infection with cryptococcus neoformans. direct cryptococcal involvement of the eye is rare and is usually associated with disseminated disease. systemic steroids must be use ...19883355803
cerebrospinal fluid macrophage response to experimental cryptococcal meningitis: relationship between in vivo and in vitro measurements of cytotoxicity.the functional abilities of macrophages from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) have so far been little studied. we examined the acquisition of activation characteristics by csf macrophages during the course of experimental cryptococcal meningitis. csf macrophages developed the ability for increased reactive oxidative intermediate (h2o2) production and tumor and fungal cytotoxicity. despite having been activated, csf macrophages could not inhibit the growth of cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. immunosupp ...19883346075
intraventricular cryptococcal granuloma. report of two cases.infection by cryptococcus neoformans, a budding nonmycelial yeast, involves the central nervous system in 70% of patients at the time of diagnosis. meningitis and meningoencephalitis are common manifestations of infection; solid granulomas occur but are unusual, and intraventricular granulomas are distinctly rare. two cases of intraventricular cryptococcal granuloma are reported. the diagnosis and treatment of mass lesions due to cryptococcal infection are discussed, with special reference to in ...19883335901
[neurocryptococcosis in childhood. report of 3 cases in the 1st decade of life].the authors report three cases of central nervous system cryptococcosis in children in the first decade of life, from rio grande do sul state, brazil. diagnosis was supported by demonstration of cryptococcus neoformans with india-ink preparations of the spinal fluid and sabouraud's media culture. clinical presentation included acute, subacute and chronic forms. increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus were the complications during the course of the disease, and a ventriculoperitoneal sh ...19873329508
[light and electron microscopic observations of cysts in the brain from an autopsy case of cryptococcus meningitis].we gave some considerations to the significance of cyst formation in a case of cryptococcus meningitis by examining the cysts themselves and comparing the organisms in the cysts with those disseminated throughout the subarachnoid space by light and electron microscopy. an 18-year-old girl had complained of headache, stiffneck and fever at the onset. these symptoms worsened into confusion without any definite diagnosis, then resulted in an arrest of spontaneous respiration which led to use of res ...19873327515
rapid identification of the two varieties of cryptococcus neoformans by d-proline assimilation. 19873325842
extracellular iron chelation in cryptococcus neoformans.low-iron minimal medium supported growth of cryptococcus neoformans but spent medium contained no hydroxamates, organic acids or other iron chelators. exogenous deferoxamine stimulated growth in extreme iron-limitation, while neither organic acids nor quartersaturated transferrins were stimulatory. these results suggest two iron uptake mechanisms, one dependent upon exogenous hydroxamate, the other hydroxamate-independent.19873325632
the brown colour effect (bce) of cryptococcus neoformans in the diagnosis, control and epidemiology of c. neoformans infections in aids patients.cryptococcus neoformans was found as the causative agent of cryptococcosis in 7 (3.6%) out of 195 hiv-positive persons, most of them being hospitalized. these 7 persons included 6 homosexuals and 1 heroin addict. the examinations were performed at the mycology unit of the robert koch institute in berlin (west) between 1984 and 1986. the brown colour effect (bce) of the c. neoformans colonies on guizotia abyssinica creatinine agar (with 0.1% glucose) within 2-5 days at 26 degrees c facilitated th ...19873321763
[cryptococcosis of the central nervous system--3 case reports]. 19873320745
[experimental subacute cryptococcosis in wistar rats]. 19873320673
the genetic basis of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine in candida species and cryptococcus neoformans.in terms of genetically determined susceptibility to the clinical antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5-fc), candida albicans may be homozygous sensitive (fcy/fcy), homozygous resistant (fcy/fcy), or heterozygous (fcy/fcy). although heterozygotes are only slightly resistant, they occur at significant frequency among clinical strains and carry preexisting resistance determinants which may be responsible, following homozygosis, for treatment failures. there are two resistance genes (fcy1 and fcy2) ...19873319420
the use of the prompt inoculation system in preparing a standardized yeast inoculum.one of the most important steps in performing broth dilution susceptibility testing of yeast isolates is the preparation of the starting inoculum. although not specifically developed for yeast inoculum preparation, the prompt inoculation system (3m) provides a novel alternative approach that may provide a more standardized yeast inoculum than previously employed methods. the authors examined the relationship between the number of colonies picked with the prompt inoculation wand and the hemacytom ...19873318388
the immunology of cryptococcal disease.cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous fungus found in the soil. upon inhalation, a complex, incompletely understood series of host responses begins that determines whether the infection will be controlled or will progress to local or disseminated disease. local pulmonary disease may be asymptomatic or may pursue a subacute course with mild pulmonary symptoms and systemic complaints suggestive of tumor. in the compromised host, however, symptomatic pulmonary disease is often the harbinger of sy ...19863317598
cryptococcus neoformans meningitis following renal transplantation. 19873317088
absence of fungistatic antagonism between flucytosine and cytarabine in vitro and in vivo.determination of the mic of flucytosine for 16 wild isolates of cryptococcus neoformans and candida spp. in ynbg medium containing 10 mg/l cytosine demonstrated antagonism of fungistatic activity compared with that determined in ynbg alone. determination of the mic in ynbg containing 10 mg/l cytarabine showed no change in activity for 14 of the strains, an increase for one and a decrease for another. determination of serum flucytosine concentrations in a patient receiving cytarabine simultaneous ...19873316150
growth inhibition of cryptococcus neoformans by human alveolar macrophages.macrophage cytotoxicity for cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by culturing human alveolar macrophage (am) with a thin-capsuled clone of c. neoformans in a polypropylene culture tube assay system. yeast replication was quantitated by electronic particle counting after detergent lysis of am and viability by quantitative plate counts. under appropriate conditions, fungal replication was inhibited in the presence of human am. this effect persisted over the 48-h time course that was evaluated. ...19873314617
ultrastructure of the mitotic apparatus in cryptococcus neoformans.mitosis in cryptococcus neoformans was examined by electron microscopy. observation of serial sections showed that the separation of chromosomes occurred in the karyokinetic nucleus in the bud, that the microtubule organizing center (mtoc) was composed of two globular elements and a bridged middle piece, and that the nuclear envelope of the karyokinetic nucleus was partially destroyed during mitosis. these findings are similar to those reported in the heterobasidiomycetous yeasts. in addition, s ...19873312556
new heterocyclic derivatives of benzimidazole with germicidal activity. iv--in vivo anticandida activity of 5-fluoro-2-(5'-nitro-2'-furyl) benzimidazole (f-o-no2).we have studied the possible in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of 5-fluoro-2-(5'-nitro-2'-furyl)benzimidazole (f-o-no2). our data demonstrate that f-o-no2 is able to inhibit the in vitro growth of different mycetes and bacteria, including candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. we also tested the possible in vivo activity against candida albicans. the results clearly show that treatment with f-o-no2 is able to significantly augment the survival of all treated animals; in particul ...19873311805
[cryptococcus neoformans, var. neoformans, cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, causative agents of cryptococcosis]. 19873311260
evaluation of the experimental pathogenicity of some cryptococcus species in normal and cyclophosphamide-immunodepressed mice.the pathogenic potential of distinct cryptococcus species has been evaluated in mice rendered leukopenic by one or two injections of the potent immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide (cy). pathogenicity assessment included enumeration of viable cryptococcal cells in animal organs and histopathological observations. it was found that putatively non-pathogenic species of cryptococcus, in particular c. cereanus and c. albidus, showed significant lethality for cy-treated mice. in cy-immunodepressed ...19873309578
reaction of fungal products with amebocyte lysates of the japanese horseshoe crab, tachypleus tridentatus.a commercially available endotoxin assay (cs-tal) employing a chromogenic peptide and an amebocyte lysate from the japanese horseshoe crab, tachypleus tridentatus, gave a positive result with aqueous extracts of all 15 strains of candida albicans and 1 strain each of candida tropicalis, cryptococcus neoformans, and a mucor species that we tested. purified glucans prepared from the candida strains gave the same results. reconstruction experiments showed that the positive results were not due to c ...19873308950
pulmonary cryptococcosis in aids.cryptococcus neoformans is emerging as an important etiologic agent of disseminated infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). little attention has been placed on the pulmonary expression of this systemic infection. we report five patients with aids and cryptococcosis with primary pulmonary involvement. patients usually presented with fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic chest pain. chest x-ray findings varied from localized and diffuse infiltration to lymphadenopa ...19873308348
[salmonella bacteremia and generalized cryptococcosis, a double indicator of african aids].a male rwandese adult with proven a.i.d.s. died from generalized cryptococcosis six months after episodes of recurrent fever with isolation of salmonella enteritidis from the blood culture. the authors discuss the frequent and precocious appearance of salmonella septicaemia in patients with a.i.d.s. they propose the inclusion of nontyphoidal salmonella bacteraemia in the provisional w.h.o. case definition of adult a.i.d.s. in countries with limited diagnostic resources.19873306249
colonization and pathogenesis of cryptococcus neoformans in gnotobiotic mice.congenitally immunodeficient nude (nu/nu) mice and their immunocompetent littermates (nu/+) were used to determine whether the absence of thymus-matured t cells would alter the capacity of cryptococcus neoformans to colonize their mucosal surfaces or enhance their susceptibility to systemic cryptococcosis, or both, following oral challenge. we present data demonstrating that an encapsulated strain of c. neoformans serotype a colonized the alimentary tracts of germfree, conventional, and antibiot ...19873305359
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), also called the human t-lymphotropic virus type iii/lymphadenopathy-associated virus [htlv-iii/lav], has affected over 23,000 people; more than half of those with the disease have died. the actual case fatality rate approaches 100%. aids affects all groups and classes of people, although some are at special risk. distribution of the disease is worldwide. the illness' effects on the body are widesprea ...19873303395
[30 patients with a 'hidden' disease: cryptococcal meningitis]. 19873302732
ultrastructure of thin and thick capsulated cells in cryptococcus neoformans. 19873302434
cryptococcal udp-glucose dehydrogenase: enzymic control of capsular biosynthesis.udp-glucuronate, formed through dehydrogenation of udp-glucose and itself decarboxylated to make udp-xylose, is the presumed donor for the glucuronyl side-groups in biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharide in cryptococcus neoformans. a specific radiochromatographic assay for udp-glucose dehydrogenase shows that the enzyme is present in the cytosol. the enzyme is very labile but is stabilized by 25% glycerol. the enzyme is inhibited strongly by nadh (ki,nadh = km,nad = 0.1 to 0.2 mm). it is al ...19873302196
activation and binding of c3 by candida albicans.interaction with components of the complement system is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of infection by candida albicans. the key role of c3 as an opsonic ligand and as an element in amplification of complement activation led us to examine several factors that influence the activation and binding of c3 cleavage fragments to the yeast. activation and binding of c3 were determined by use of normal human serum containing 125i-labeled c3. incubation of yeast-phase cells in 20% serum led to d ...19873301679
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