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coinfection with covid-19 and coronavirus hku1-the critical need for repeat testing if clinically indicated. 202032293743
hyperglycemia, hydroxychloroquine, and the covid-19 pandemic.coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) infection and its severity can be explained by the concentration of glycosylated severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) viral particles in the lung epithelium, the concentration of glycosylated angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ace2) in the lung epithelium, and the degree and control of the pulmonary immune response to the sars-cov-2 spike protein at approximately day 8 to 10 after symptom onset, which may be related to both. bind ...202032293710
[coronavirus: from common cold to severe pulmonary failure].in december 2019 a new human coronavirus emerged in wuhan, china, which is known as sars-cov‑2. the clinical course of the disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) ranges from mild respiratory symptoms to severe lung failure. the virus is currently rapidly spreading around the world and pushing health systems to the limits of their capacity due to the exponential increase in the number of cases. the origin of sars-cov‑2 lies in the bat coronavirus pool and has now emerged in the huma ...202032292213
detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus nucleocapsid protein using algan/gan high electron mobility transistors.algan/gan high electron mobility transistors (hemts) were used to detect the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid protein interaction without fluorescent labeling. the detection limit in our system was approximately 0.003 nm of protein sample. our result showed that this technique was more competitive than isotope-labeling emsa. we demonstrated algan/gan was highly potential in constructing a semiconductor-based-sensor binding assay to extract the dissociation constants of nucleic acid-prote ...201332288936
the renin-angiotensin system in acute respiratory distress syndrome.angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) counterbalances with ace and functions as a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (ras). the importance of ras in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) has recently re-emerged owing to the identification of ace2 as a receptor for the sars-coronavirus. recent studies have demonstrated that ace2 protects mice from acute lung injury as well as sars-mediated lung injury. we review the role of the ras, in particular ace2, in the pathogenesis of ...200632288774
molecular targets for the rational design of drugs to inhibit sars coronavirus.despite years of research, the precise determinants of coronavirus replication and pathogenesis remain unidentified. what is known of the pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is limited, but clinical observations suggest that both viral-induced cytotoxicity and host immune-mediated destruction contribute to the severity of disease. this summary discusses recent advances in coronavirus research that will facilitate the identification of crucial molecular ta ...200432288772
catalytic inactivation of sars coronavirus, escherichia coli and yeast on solid surface.catalytic oxidation is a potential way to disinfect air through a air-condition system. we find that the sars coronavirus, bacteria and yeast are completely inactivated in 5 min on ag catalyst surface and in 20 min on cu catalyst surface at room temperature in air. scanning electron microscopy (sem) images show that the yeast cells are dramatically destructed on the ag/al2o3 and cu/al2o3 surfaces, which indicates that the inactivation is caused by catalytic oxidation rather than by toxicity of h ...200432288691
identification of phosphorylation sites in the nucleocapsid protein (n protein) of sars-coronavirus.after decoding the genome of sars-coronavirus (sars-cov), next challenge is to understand how this virus causes the illness at molecular bases. of the viral structural proteins, the n protein plays a pivot role in assembly process of viral particles as well as viral replication and transcription. the sars-cov n proteins expressed in the eukaryotes, such as yeast and hek293 cells, appeared in the multiple spots on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de), whereas the proteins expressed in e. coli sh ...200732288628
influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and sars.acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) are a major worldwide health problem, particularly in childhood. about 30-50% of acute lrtis are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. many different influenza a viruses occur naturally in animal reservoirs, and present a constant threat of zoonotic infections and global pandemics. the pandemic (h1n1) influenza virus that emerged in humans in 2009 contained a ...200932288570
dissection of sars coronavirus spike protein into discrete folded fragments.the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) mediates cell fusion by binding to target cell surface receptors. this paper reports a simple method for dissecting the viral protein and for searching for foldable fragments in a random but systematic manner. the method involves digestion by dnase i to generate a pool of short dna segments, followed by an additional step of reassembly of these segments to produce a library of dna fragments with random ends but con ...200632288412
fatalness of virus depends upon its cell fractal geometry.why do more complex viruses (e.g., hiv, aids-virus and sars coronavirus) tend to be more fatal? the paper concludes that the cell fractal geometry of viruses is the key. this paper also suggests two possible new approaches using nanotechnology and temperature to cure or prevent virus infection.200832288359
severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in intensive care units (icus): limiting the risk to healthcare workers.the global epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) during the first half of 2003 resulted in over 8000 cases with more than 800 deaths. many of those who eventually died, did so in the critical (intensive) care units of various hospitals around the world, and many secondary cases of sars arose in healthcare workers looking after such patients in these units. research on sars coronavirus (sars cov) demonstrated that this virus belongs to the same family of viruses, the coronaviridae ...200432288321
[occupationally acquired infections among health care workers: respiratory diseases].in some medical departments, healthcare workers (hcws) are at risk for aerogene transmitted infectious diseases. numerous fatal causalities were described in the international environment. for example fatal causalities during the sars-epidemic as well as cases of death caused by influenza.200932288301
parameter inference in small world network disease models with approximate bayesian computational methods.small world network models have been effective in capturing the variable behaviour of reported case data of the sars coronavirus outbreak in hong kong during 2003. simulations of these models have previously been realized using informed "guesses" of the proposed model parameters and tested for consistency with the reported data by surrogate analysis. in this paper we attempt to provide statistically rigorous parameter distributions using approximate bayesian computation sampling methods. we find ...201032288082
putative structure and function of orf3 in sars coronavirus.based on molecular modeling techniques we constructed a rational 3d model of orf3 in sars coronavirus (sars-cov). our studies suggest that the function of orf3 could be involved in fad/nad binding according to its predicted structure and comparison with other structure neighbors. furthermore, we identified three pairs of non-canonical n-h⋯π interactions in the structure of orf3, which can make contributions to the stability of protein structure. these results provide important clues for better u ...200532287548
synthetic studies towards anti-sars agents: application of an indium-mediated allylation of α-aminoaldehydes as the key step towards an intermediate.ag7088 was identified as a good starting point for modification, leading to an efficient and bio-available inhibitor for the sars coronavirus main proteinase (sars-cov mpro). synthesis of intermediate 1 and analogues proceeded via a highly diastereoselective indium-mediated allylation of α-aminoaldehydes.200432287437
a rate equation approach to model the denaturation or replication behavior of the sars coronavirus.as a newly emerging virus, little is known about the sars coronavirus, whose outbreak has brought away several hundred people's lives over the world in the year of 2003 and is seriously imperiling the human health. revealing the denaturation and replication mechanisms of sars coronavirus has great importance for successfully fighting sars. however, experiments related to sars coronavirus are extremely dangerous and therefore restricted only to certain specific labs with high safety standard. cle ...200432287360
searching therapeutic strategy of new coronavirus pneumonia from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: the target of covid-19 and sars-cov.since december 2019, the infection of the new coronavirus (covid-19) caused an outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia in wuhan, china, and caused great public concern. both covid-19 and sars-cov belong to the coronavirus family and both invade target cells through ace2. an in-depth understanding of ace2 and a series of physiological and physiological changes caused by the virus invading the human body may help to discover and explain the corresponding clinical phenomena and then deal with them ti ...202032285293
diagnostic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2: a narrative review.diagnostic testing to identify persons infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection is central to control the global pandemic of covid-19 that began in late 2019. in a few countries, the use of diagnostic testing on a massive scale has been a cornerstone of successful containment strategies. in contrast, the united states, hampered by limited testing capacity, has prioritized testing for specific groups of persons. real-time reverse transcriptase p ...202032282894
limits of detection of 6 approved rt-pcr kits for the novel sars-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). 202032282874
emergence of novel coronavirus and covid-19: whether to stay or die out?the last century has witnessed several assaults from rna viruses, resulting in millions of death throughout the world. the 21st century appears no longer an exception, with the trend continued with escalated fear of sars coronavirus in 2002 and further concern of influenza h5n1 in 2003. a novel influenza virus created the first pandemic of the 21st century, the pandemic flu in 2009 preceded with the emergence of another deadly virus, mers-cov in 2012. a novel coronavirus "sars-cov-2" (and the di ...202032282268
a cross-sectional comparison of epidemiological and clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease (covid-19) in wuhan and outside wuhan, china.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has spread outside the initial epicenter of wuhan. we compared cases in guangzhou and wuhan to illustrate potential changes in pathogenicity and epidemiological characteristics as the epidemic has progressed.202032278758
evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infectivity by pseudoviral particles.since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in humans in late 2019, it has rapidly spread worldwide. to identify the biological characteristics of sars-cov-2 in a normal laboratory environment (biosafety level 2 [bsl-2]), a lentiviral-based nucleocapsid was used to carry the spike protein of sars-cov-2 onto the surface of pseudoviral particles as a surrogate model to evaluate the infective characterization of sars-cov-2. this study indicated that ...202032275081
false negative of rt-pcr and prolonged nucleic acid conversion in covid-19: rather than recurrence. 202032270882
in silico identification of vaccine targets for 2019-ncov.background: the newly identified coronavirus known as 2019-ncov has posed a serious global health threat. according to the latest report (18-february-2020), it has infected more than 72,000 people globally and led to deaths of more than 1,016 people in china. methods: the 2019 novel coronavirus proteome was aligned to a curated database of viral immunogenic peptides. the immunogenicity of detected peptides and their binding potential to hla alleles was predicted by immunogenicity predictive mode ...202032269766
susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to sars-coronavirus 2.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the infectious disease covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019. despite extensive efforts to control the disease, covid-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and ...202032269068
susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to sars-coronavirus 2.severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes the infectious disease covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019. despite extensive efforts to control the disease, covid-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and ...202032269068
intersecting u.s. epidemics: covid-19 and lack of health insurance. 202032259195
an evidence-based framework for priority clinical research questions for covid-19.on 31 december, 2019, the world health organization china country office was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology. since then, there have been over 75 000 cases globally of the 2019 novel coronavirus (covid-19), 2000 deaths, and over 14 000 cases recovered. outbreaks of novel agents represent opportunities for clinical research to inform real-time public health action. in 2018, we conducted a systematic review to identify priority research questions for severe acute respiratory sy ...202032257173
ace2 the janus-faced protein - from cardiovascular protection to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and covid-19.angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the major enzyme responsible for conversion of ang ii into ang-(1-7). it also acts as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (cov)-2, which causes coronavirus disease (covid)-19. in recognition of the importance of ace2 and to celebrate 20 years since its discovery, the journal will publish a focused issue on the basic science and (patho)physiological role of this multifunctional protein.202032255491
a first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with sars-coronavirus-2.novel coronavirus (sars-coronavirus-2:sars-cov-2) which emerged in wuhan, china, has spread to multiple countries rapidly. we report the first case of meningitis associated with sars-cov-2 who was brought in by ambulance due to a convulsion accompanied by unconsciousness. he had never been to any foreign countries. he felt generalized fatigue and fever (day 1). he saw doctors nearby twice (day 2 and 5) and was prescribed laninamivir and antipyretic agents, his family visited his home and found t ...202032251791
structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against sars-cov-2 infection.the recent emergence of the novel pathogenic sars-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for a worldwide pandemic. given the global health emergency, drug repositioning is the most reliable option to design an efficient therapy for infected patients without delay. the first step of the viral replication cycle [i.e. attachment to the surface of respiratory cells, mediated by the spike (s) viral protein] offers several potential therapeutic targets. the s protein uses the angiotension-convertin ...202032251731
microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: immunogenicity and rapid translational development.coronaviruses pose a serious threat to global health as evidenced by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and covid-19. sars coronavirus (sars-cov), mers coronavirus (mers-cov), and the novel coronavirus, previously dubbed 2019-ncov, and now officially named sars-cov-2, are the causative agents of the sars, mers, and covid-19 disease outbreaks, respectively. safe vaccines that rapidly induce potent and long-lasting virus-specific immune responses aga ...202032249203
sars-cov-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: what we know so far.in december 2019, a cluster of fatal pneumonia cases presented in wuhan, china. they were caused by a previously unknown coronavirus. all patients had been associated with the wuhan wholefood market, where seafood and live animals are sold. the virus spread rapidly and public health authorities in china initiated a containment effort. however, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrom ...202032245083
smoking upregulates angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor: a potential adhesion site for novel coronavirus sars-cov-2 (covid-19).the epicenter of the original outbreak in china has high male smoking rates of around 50%, and early reported death rates have an emphasis on older males, therefore the likelihood of smokers being overrepresented in fatalities is high. in iran, china, italy, and south korea, female smoking rates are much lower than males. fewer females have contracted the virus. if this analysis is correct, then indonesia would be expected to begin experiencing high rates of covid-19 because its male smoking rat ...202032244852
substituting angiotensin-(1-7) to prevent lung damage in sars-cov-2 infection? 202032242749
covid-19, ace2, and the cardiovascular consequences.the novel sars coronavirus sars-cov-2 pandemic may be particularly deleterious to patients with underlying cardiovascular disease (cvd). the mechanism for sars-cov-2 infection is the requisite binding of the virus to the membrane-bound form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and internalization of the complex by the host cell. recognition that ace2 is the coreceptor for the coronavirus has prompted new therapeutic approaches to block the enzyme or reduce its expression to prevent the cell ...202032228252
vaccine development against middle east respiratory syndrome.various types of vaccines are under pre-clinical and clinical development to address the recent appearance of middle east respiratory syndrome or mers, an emerging infectious disease that has already caused over 600 deaths and remains a threat to world health. the causative agent for this respiratory disease is a member of the betacoronavirus genus, phylogenetically closely related to the sars coronavirus that caused an international health emergency in 2002. with lessons learned from the outbre ...201632226714
covid-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease.the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in china and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. similar to its homologous virus, sars-cov, which caused sars in thousands of people in 2003, sars-cov-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. however, covid-19 has lower se ...202032226295
emerging viral infections in india.despite an elaborate armamentarium to tackle microbes, emerging infectious diseases remain a crucial global challenge. emerging infections can be defined as "infections that have newly appeared in a population or have existed previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range." several factors like increase in international travel and trade, human encroachment on wild-life habitats, changes in agricultural practices and wild-life trade have contributed to the emergence of pat ...201232226201
could sars-coronavirus-2 trigger autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects? 202032220633
controversial treatments: an updated understanding of the coronavirus disease 2019.an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. in the absence of specific treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to learn from the experience and lessons in china. to reduce the case-fatality rate among coronavirus disease 2019 patients, we should not ignore the complications, such as rnaaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction. to help understand ...202032219882
modeling the structure of sars 3a transmembrane protein using a minimum unfavorable contact approach.3a is an accessory protein from sars coronavirus that is known to play a significant role in the proliferation of the virus by forming tetrameric ion channels. although the monomeric units are known to consist of three transmembrane (tm) domains, there are no solved structures available for the complete monomer. the present study proposes a structural model for the transmembrane region of the monomer by employing our previously tested approach, which predicts potential orientations of tm α-helic ...201532218650
structural genomics of sars-cov-2 indicates evolutionary conserved functional regions of viral proteins.during its first two and a half months, the recently emerged 2019 novel coronavirus, sars-cov-2, has already infected over one-hundred thousand people worldwide and has taken more than four thousand lives. however, the swiftly spreading virus also caused an unprecedentedly rapid response from the research community facing the unknown health challenge of potentially enormous proportions. unfortunately, the experimental research to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the viral infection and ...202032218151
infection of sars-cov on juvenile and adult brandt's volemicrotus brandtii.we studied the infectious effect of sars-cov virus on juvenile and adult brandt's vole (microtus brandtii) by nasal cavity spraying method (ccid50 is 105.7). sars virus caused serious deaths in adults. the death adults demonstrated hemorrhage from mouth, nasal cavity and intestine, hemorrhageious interstitial pneumonia and gore in liver, spleen and kidney. the survival adults demonstrated local hemorrhagic spot in lung and emphysema, but the other organs showed no pathological abnormality. sars ...200532214720
genome sequencing and characterization analysis of a beijing isolate of chicken coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) is classified as a member of the genus coronavirus in the family coronaviridae. the enveloped virus has a positive-sense, single-stranded rna genome of approximately 28 kilo-bases, which has a 5' cap structure and 3' polyadenylation tract. the complete genome sequence of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), beijing isolate, was determined by cloning sequencing and primer walking. the whole genome is 27733 nucleotides in length, has ten open reading frames: ...200432214717
genome sequencing and characterization analysis of a beijing isolate of chicken coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) is classified as a member of the genus coronavirus in the family coronaviridae. the enveloped virus has a positive-sense, single-stranded rna genome of approximately 28 kilo-bases, which has a 5' cap structure and 3' polyadenylation tract. the complete genome sequence of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), beijing isolate, was determined by cloning sequencing and primer walking. the whole genome is 27733 nucleotides in length, has ten open reading frames: ...200432214717
identification of encoding proteins related to sars-cov.by sampling 100 encoding proteins from sars-coronavirus (sars-cov, nc 004718) and other six coronaviruses and selecting 23 variables through stepwise multiple regression (smr) from 172 variables, the multiple linear regression (mlr) model was established with good results of the quantitative modelling correlation coefficient r2 = 0.645 and the cross-validation correlation coefficient rcv2 = 0.375. after removing 4 outliers, the quantitative modelling and cross-validation correlation coefficients ...200432214714
genome sequence variation analysis of two sars coronavirus isolates after passage in vero cell culture.sars coronavirus is an rna virus whose replication is error-prone, which provides possibility for escape of host defenses, and even leads to evolution of new viral strains during the passage or the transmission. lots of variations have been detected among different sars-cov strains. and a study on these variations is helpful for development of efficient vaccine. moreover, the test of nucleic acid characterization and genetic stability of sars-cov is important in the research of inactivated vacci ...200432214713
design and application of 60mer oligonucleotide microarray in sars coronavirus detection.the 60mer oligonucleotide microarray was designed and applied to detecting of sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus. thirty 60mer specific oligos were designed to cover the whole genome of the first submitted coronavirus strain, according to the sequence of tor2 (genebank accession: ay274119). these primers were synthesized and printed into a microarray with 12 ×12 spots. rnas were extracted from the throat swab and gargling fluid of sars patients and reverse-transcripted into the ...200332214700
angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace2) and its possible roles in hypertension, diabetes and cardiac function.angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace2) is a recently described homologue of the vasoactive peptidase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ace). like ace, ace2 is an integral (type i) membrane zinc metallopeptidase, which exists as an ectoenzyme. ace2 is less widely distributed than ace in the body, being expressed at highest concentrations in the heart, kidney and testis. ace2 also differs from ace in its substrate specificity, functioning exclusively as a carboxypeptidase rather than a peptidyl dipe ...200332214681
angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace2) and its possible roles in hypertension, diabetes and cardiac function.angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace2) is a recently described homologue of the vasoactive peptidase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ace). like ace, ace2 is an integral (type i) membrane zinc metallopeptidase, which exists as an ectoenzyme. ace2 is less widely distributed than ace in the body, being expressed at highest concentrations in the heart, kidney and testis. ace2 also differs from ace in its substrate specificity, functioning exclusively as a carboxypeptidase rather than a peptidyl dipe ...200332214680
comparison of trends in the quantity and variety of science citation index (sci) literature on human pathogens between china and the united states.the proportion of pathogenic microorganisms in the microbial world is relatively small, while their threat to human health, economic development and social stability is severe. the quantity and variation of science citation index (sci) literature related to pathogenic microorganisms may reflect the level of relevant research and the degree of attention. here we compared trends in the quantity and variety of sci literature relating to certain important pathogenic microorganisms published by scien ...201232214557
synthesis in escherichia coli cells and characterization of the active exoribonuclease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.the nsp14 protein, an exoribonuclease of the dedd superfamily encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), was expressed in fusion with different affinity tags. the recombinant nsp14 proteins with either gst fusion or 6-histidine tag were shown to possess ribonuclease activity but nsp14 with a short mghhhhhhgs tag sequence at the n-terminus increased the solubility of nsp14 protein and facilitated the protein purification. mutations of the conserved residues of nsp14 resu ...200932214468
structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) and sars coronavirus (sars-cov).the emergence of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) is of global concern and might have emerged from rna recombination among existing coronaviruses. cov spike (s) protein which is crucial for receptor binding, membrane fusion via conformational changes, internalization of the virus, host tissue tropism and comprises crucial targets for vaccine development, remain largely uncharacterized. therefore, the present study has been planned to determine the sequence variation, structural and antigenic d ...202032206694
immunotherapy of sars based on combinations of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies.evaluation of: coughlin mm, babcook j, prabhakar bs: human monoclonal antibodies to sars-coronavirus inhibit infection by different mechanisms. virology 394(1), 39-46 (2009). this work discusses passive immunotherapy based on neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with different mechanisms of action. the authors have demonstrated that combining such mabs, which target distinct epitopes, may greatly increase inhibition of virus infection and suppress the generation of neutralization esca ...201032201501
autopsy in suspected covid-19 cases.the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus-2 (cov-2) outbreak in wuhan, china has now spread to many countries across the world including the uk with an increasing death toll. this will inevitably lead to an increase in the number of suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)-related deaths at autopsy. the royal college of pathologists has responded to this concern with the release of a briefing on autopsy practice relating to covid-19. the following article is a summary and int ...202032198191
differences and similarities between severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (cov) and sars-cov-2. would a rose by another name smell as sweet? 202032196628
clinical outcomes in 55 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 who were asymptomatic at hospital admission in shenzhen, china.an epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection has spread unexpectedly in wuhan, hubei province, china, since december 2019. there are few reports about asymptomatic contacts of infected patients identified as positive for sars-cov-2 through screening. we studied the epidemiological and clinical outcomes in 55 asymptomatic carriers who were laboratory confirmed to be positive for sars-cov-2 through nucleic acid testing of pharyngeal swab samples. the ...202032179910
composition of human-specific slow codons and slow di-codons in sars-cov and 2019-ncov are lower than other coronaviruses suggesting a faster protein synthesis rate of sars-cov and 2019-ncov.translation of a genetic codon without a cognate trna gene is affected by both the cognate trna availability and the interaction with non-cognate isoacceptor trnas. moreover, two consecutive slow codons (slow di-codons) lead to a much slower translation rate. calculating the composition of host specific slow codons and slow di-codons in the viral protein coding sequences can predict the order of viral protein synthesis rates between different virus strains. comparison of human-specific slow codo ...202032178970
sars coronavirus redux.as an atypical pneumonia began to appear in december 2019, zhou et al. worked with remarkable speed to identify the associated virus, determine its relationship to animal viruses, and evaluate factors conferring infection susceptibility and resistance. these foundational results are being advanced to control the current worldwide human coronavirus epidemic.202032173256
genetic evolution analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus and coronavirus from other species.the corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a public health emergency of international concern. however, so far, there are still controversies about the source of the virus and its intermediate host. here, we found the novel coronavirus was closely related to coronaviruses derived from five wild animals, including paguma larvata, paradoxurus hermaphroditus, civet, aselliscus stoliczkanus and rhinolophus sinicus, and was in th ...202032169673
a high atp concentration enhances the cooperative translocation of the sars coronavirus helicase nsp13 in the unwinding of duplex rna.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 13 (scv nsp13), a superfamily 1 helicase, plays a central role in viral rna replication through the unwinding of duplex rna and dna with a 5' single-stranded tail in a 5' to 3' direction. despite its putative role in viral rna replication, nsp13 readily unwinds duplex dna by cooperative translocation. herein, nsp13 exhibited different characteristics in duplex rna unwinding than that in duplex dna. nsp13 showed very poor process ...202032161317
identification of coronavirus sequences in carp cdna from wuhan, china.severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-like coronavirus sequences were identified in two separate complementary dna (cdna) pools. the first pool was from a carassius auratus (crusian carp) cell line and the second was from ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) head kidney tissue. blast analysis suggests that these sequences belong to sars-like coronaviruses, and that they are not evolutionarily conserved in other species. investigation of the submitting laboratories revealed that two laboratori ...202032159234
rapid random access detection of the novel sars-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2, previously 2019-ncov) using an open access protocol for the panther fusion. 202032143123
nonstructural proteins ns7b and ns8 are likely to be phylogenetically associated with evolution of 2019-ncov.the seventh novel human infecting betacoronavirus that causes pneumonia (2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-ncov) originated in wuhan, china. the evolutionary relationship between 2019-ncov and the other human respiratory illness-causing coronavirus is not closely related. we sought to characterize the relationship of the translated proteins of 2019-ncov with other species of orthocoronavirinae. a phylogenetic tree was constructed from the genome sequences. a cluster tree was developed from the profil ...202032142938
sars-cov-2 cell entry depends on ace2 and tmprss2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor.the recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic sars-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in china and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (s) proteins to cellular receptors and on s protein priming by host cell proteases. unravelling which cellular factors are used by sars-cov-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. here, we demonstrate that sars-cov-2 ...202032142651
the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-ncov and naming it sars-cov-2. 202032123347
a systematic review of lopinavir therapy for sars coronavirus and mers coronavirus-a possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option.in the past few decades, coronaviruses have risen as a global threat to public health. currently, the outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) from wuhan caused a worldwide panic. there are no specific antiviral therapies for covid-19. however, there are agents that were used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) epidemics. we could learn from sars and mers. lopinavir (lpv) is an effective agent that inhibits the protease activity of ...202032104907
avnp2 protects against cognitive impairments induced by c6 glioma by suppressing tumour associated inflammation in rats.glioblastoma is a kind of malignant tumour and originates from the central nervous system. in the last century, some researchers and clinician have noticed that the psychosocial and neurocognitive functioning of patients with malignant gliomas can be impaired. many clinical studies have demonstrated that part of patients, adults or children, diagnosed with glioblastoma will suffer from cognitive deficiency during their clinical course, especially in long-term survivors. many nanoparticles (nps) ...202032097763
potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a sars coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody.the newly identified 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) has caused more than 11,900 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 259 deaths, posing a serious threat to human health. currently, however, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine. considering the relatively high identity of receptor-binding domain (rbd) in 2019-ncov and sars-cov, it is urgent to assess the cross-reactivity of anti-sars cov antibodies with 2019-ncov spike protein, which could have important implication ...202032065055
novel coronavirus outbreak in wuhan, china, 2020: intense surveillance is vital for preventing sustained transmission in new locations.the outbreak of pneumonia originating in wuhan, china, has generated 24,500 confirmed cases, including 492 deaths, as of 5 february 2020. the virus (2019-ncov) has spread elsewhere in china and to 24 countries, including south korea, thailand, japan and usa. fortunately, there has only been limited human-to-human transmission outside of china. here, we assess the risk of sustained transmission whenever the coronavirus arrives in other countries. data describing the times from symptom onset to ho ...202032054124
the reproductive number of covid-19 is higher compared to sars coronavirus. 202032052846
griffithsin inhibits nipah virus entry and fusion and can protect syrian golden hamsters from lethal nipah virus challenge.nipah virus (niv) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. there is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against niv infection. griffithsin (grft) is high-mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad-spectrum activity against viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis c virus, and japanese encephalitis virus. in this study, we e ...202032037447
persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents.currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, sars-cov-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. we therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies ...202032035997
molecular diagnosis of a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) causing an outbreak of pneumonia.a novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (2019-ncov) has recently been identified in patients with acute respiratory disease. this virus is genetically similar to sars coronavirus and bat sars-like coronaviruses. the outbreak was initially detected in wuhan, a major city of china, but has subsequently been detected in other provinces of china. travel-associated cases have also been reported in a few other countries. outbreaks in health care workers indicate human-to-human transmission. molecular t ...202032031583
the novel coronavirus: a bird's eye view.the novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) outbreak, which initially began in china, has spread to many countries around the globe, with the number of confirmed cases increasing every day. with a death toll exceeding that of the sars-cov outbreak back in 2002 and 2003 in china, 2019-ncov has led to a public health emergency of international concern, putting all health organizations on high alert. herein, we present on an overview of the currently available information on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, c ...202032020915
pattern of early human-to-human transmission of wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), december 2019 to january 2020.since december 2019, china has been experiencing a large outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) which can cause respiratory disease and severe pneumonia. we estimated the basic reproduction number r0 of 2019-ncov to be around 2.2 (90% high density interval: 1.4-3.8), indicating the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. transmission characteristics appear to be of similar magnitude to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov) and pandemic influenza, indi ...202032019669
accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence.bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease. a mechanistic understanding of the impact of bats' virus hosting capacities, including uniquely constitutive immune pathways, on cellular-scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence. we carried out virus infectivity assays on bat cell lines expressing induced and constitutive immune phenotypes, then developed a theoretical model of our in vitro system, which we fit to empirical data. best fit models recapitulate ...202032011232
accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence.bats host virulent zoonotic viruses without experiencing disease. a mechanistic understanding of the impact of bats' virus hosting capacities, including uniquely constitutive immune pathways, on cellular-scale viral dynamics is needed to elucidate zoonotic emergence. we carried out virus infectivity assays on bat cell lines expressing induced and constitutive immune phenotypes, then developed a theoretical model of our in vitro system, which we fit to empirical data. best fit models recapitulate ...202032011232
recent discovery and development of inhibitors targeting coronaviruses.human coronaviruses (covs) are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. currently, six human covs have been reported including human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), oc43 (hcov-oc43), nl63 (hcov-nl63), hku1 (hcov-hku1), severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov), and middleeast respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov). they cause moderate to severe respiratory and intestinal infections in humans. in this review, we focus on recent advances i ...202032006468
receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of sars coronavirus.recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) has emerged from wuhan, china, causing symptoms in humans similar to those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). since the sars-cov outbreak in 2002, extensive structural analyses have revealed key atomic-level interactions between the sars-cov spike protein receptor-binding domain (rbd) and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), which regulate both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions of sar ...202031996437
the 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution.there is a worldwide concern about the new coronavirus 2019-ncov as a global public health threat. in this article, we provide a preliminary evolutionary and molecular epidemiological analysis of this new virus. a phylogenetic tree has been built using the 15 available whole genome sequences of 2019-ncov, 12 whole genome sequences of 2019-ncov, and 12 highly similar whole genome sequences available in gene bank (five from the severe acute respiratory syndrome, two from middle east respiratory sy ...202031994738
detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) by real-time rt-pcr.the ongoing outbreak of the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) poses a challenge for public health laboratories as virus isolates are unavailable while there is growing evidence that the outbreak is more widespread than initially thought, and international spread through travellers does already occur.202031992387
molecular mechanism for antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus entry.antibody-dependent enhancement (ade) of viral entry has been a major concern for epidemiology, vaccine development, and antibody-based drug therapy. however, the molecular mechanism behind ade is still elusive. coronavirus spike protein mediates viral entry into cells by first binding to a receptor on the host cell surface and then fusing viral and host membranes. in this study, we investigated how a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab), which targets the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of middl ...202031826992
global virus outbreaks: interferons as 1st responders.outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are increasing. in many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging (sars coronavirus), re-emerging (ebola virus, zika virus) or zoonotic (avian influenza h5n1) virus infections. in the absence of a targeted vaccine or a pathogen-specific antiviral, broad-spectrum antivirals would function to limit virus spread. given the direct antiviral effects of type i interferons (ifns) in inhibiting the replication of ...201931771760
entry of scotophilus bat coronavirus-512 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in human and multiple animal cells.bats are natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome cov (mers-cov). scotophilus bat cov-512 demonstrates potential for cross-species transmission because its viral rna and specific antibodies have been detected in three bat species of taiwan. understanding the cell tropism of scotophilus bat cov-512 is the first step for studying the mechanism of cross-species transmission. in this study, a lentivirus-based pseudovirus was ...201931766704
gold nanoparticle-adjuvanted s protein induces a strong antigen-specific igg response against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infection, but fails to induce protective antibodies and limit eosinophilic infiltration in lungs.the spike (s) protein of coronavirus, which binds to cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion for cell entry, is a candidate vaccine target for blocking coronavirus infection. however, some animal studies have suggested that inadequate immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) induces a lung eosinophilic immunopathology upon infection. the present study evaluated two kinds of vaccine adjuvants for use with recombinant s protein: gold nanoparticles (aunp ...202031692019
gilt restricts the cellular entry mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of sars-cov, ebola virus and lassa fever virus.interferons (ifns) control viral infections by inducing expression of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) that restrict distinct steps of viral replication. we report herein that gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt), a lysosome-associated isg, restricts the infectious entry of selected enveloped rna viruses. specifically, we demonstrated that gilt was constitutively expressed in lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts and its expression could be further induced by type ii interferon ...201931631785
structural insights into coronavirus entry.coronaviruses (covs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). the middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in the arabian peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in hu ...201931522710
identification of diverse bat alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses in china provides new insights into the evolution and origin of coronavirus-related diseases.outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2002, middle east respiratory syndrome in 2012 and fatal swine acute diarrhea syndrome in 2017 caused serious infectious diseases in humans and in livestock, resulting in serious public health threats and huge economic losses. all such coronaviruses (covs) were confirmed to originate from bats. to continuously monitor the epidemic-related covs in bats, virome analysis was used to classify covs from 831 bats of 15 species in yunnan, guangxi ...201931474969
complete genome sequence of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus from kenyan bats.we identified a strain of betacoronavirus btky72/rhinolophus sp./kenya/2007 (here btky72) from rectal swab samples in kenyan bats. this paper reports the complete genomic sequence of btky72, which is closely related to btcov/bm48-31/bulgaria/2008, a severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-related virus from rhinolophus bats in europe.201931296683
sars-coronavirus open reading frame-8b triggers intracellular stress pathways and activates nlrp3 inflammasomes.the sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak was caused by a coronavirus (cov) named the sars-cov. sars pathology is propagated both by direct cytotoxic effects of the virus and aberrant activation of the innate immune response. here, we identify several mechanisms by which a sars-cov open reading frame (orf) activates intracellular stress pathways and targets the innate immune response. we show that orf8b forms insoluble intracellular aggregates dependent on a valine at residue 77. agg ...201931231549
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein counteracts bst2-mediated restriction of virus-like particle release.bst2/tetherin, an interferon-inducible antiviral factor, can block the cellular release of various enveloped viruses. we previously reported that human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) infection can alleviate the bst2 tethering of hiv-1 virions by downregulating cell surface bst2, suggesting that coronaviruses are capable of encoding anti-bst2 factors. here we report our new finding that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) glycoprotein, similar to vpu, is capable of an ...201931199522
nucleoside analogues for the treatment of coronavirus infections.recent outbreaks of sars-coronavirus and mers-coronavirus (cov) have heightened awareness about the lack of vaccines or antiviral compounds approved for prevention or treatment of human or potential zoonotic covs. anti-cov drug development has long been challenged by the activity of a 3' to 5' proofreading exoribonuclease unique to covs. recently, a promising nucleoside analogue with broad-spectrum activity against covs has been identified. this review will discuss progress made in the developme ...201931125806
complete genome analysis of a sars-like bat coronavirus identified in the republic of korea.bats have been widely known as natural reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) caused by coronaviruses (covs). in the present study, we investigated the whole genomic sequence of a sars-like bat cov (16bo133) and found it to be 29,075 nt in length with a 40.9% g+c content. phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences of the orf 1ab and the spike gene showed that the bat coronavirus strain 16bo133 was g ...201931076983
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus orf3a protein activates the nlrp3 inflammasome by promoting traf3-dependent ubiquitination of asc.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is capable of inducing a storm of proinflammatory cytokines. in this study, we show that the sars-cov open reading frame 3a (orf3a) accessory protein activates the nlrp3 inflammasome by promoting tnf receptor-associated factor 3 (traf3)-mediated ubiquitination of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (asc). sars-cov and its orf3a protein were found to be potent activators of pro-il-1β gene transcri ...201931034780
discovery and characterization of novel bat coronavirus lineages from kazakhstan.coronaviruses are positive-stranded rna viruses that infect a variety of hosts, resulting in a range of symptoms from gastrointestinal illness to respiratory distress. bats are reservoirs for a high diversity of coronaviruses, and focused surveillance detected several strains genetically similar to mers-coronavirus, sars-coronavirus, and the human coronaviruses 229e and nl63. the bat fauna of central asia, which link china to eastern europe, are relatively less studied than other regions of the ...201930999711
discovery and characterization of novel bat coronavirus lineages from kazakhstan.coronaviruses are positive-stranded rna viruses that infect a variety of hosts, resulting in a range of symptoms from gastrointestinal illness to respiratory distress. bats are reservoirs for a high diversity of coronaviruses, and focused surveillance detected several strains genetically similar to mers-coronavirus, sars-coronavirus, and the human coronaviruses 229e and nl63. the bat fauna of central asia, which link china to eastern europe, are relatively less studied than other regions of the ...201930999711
sars coronavirus protein nsp1 disrupts localization of nup93 from the nuclear pore complex.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) is a key factor in virus-induced down-regulation of host gene expression. in infected cells, nsp1 engages in a multipronged mechanism to inhibit host gene expression by binding to the 40s ribosome to block the assembly of translationally competent ribosome, and then inducing endonucleolytic cleavage and the degradation of host mrnas. here, we report a previously undetected mechanism by which nsp1 exploits the nuclear po ...201930943371
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