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betanin--a food colorant with biological activity.betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments that are subdivided in red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins. due to glycosylation and acylation betalains exhibit a huge structural diversity. betanin (betanidin-5-o-β-glucoside) is the most common betacyanin in the plant kingdom. according to the regulation on food additives betanin is permitted quantum satis as a natural red food colorant (e162). moreover, betanin is used as colorant in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. rec ...201525178819
growth and cadmium phytoextraction by swiss chard, maize, rice, noccaea caerulescens, and alyssum murale in ph adjusted biosolids amended soils.past applications of biosolids to soils at some locations added higher cd levels than presently permitted. cadmium phytoextraction would alleviate current land use constraints. unamended farm soil, and biosolids amended farm and mine soils were obtained from a fulton co., il biosolids management facility. soils contained 0.16, 22.8, 45.3 mg cd kg(-1) and 43.1, 482, 812 mg zn kg(-1) respectively with initial ph 6.0, 6.1, 6.4. in greenhouse studies, swiss chard (beta vulgaris var. cicla), a cd-acc ...201525174422
anti-inflammatory activity of betalain-rich dye of beta vulgaris: effect on edema, leukocyte recruitment, superoxide anion and cytokine production.we have recently developed betalain-rich beetroot (beta vulgaris) dye (betalain) to be used in food products. betalain (30-300 mg/kg) intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment diminished carrageenan (100 µg/paw)-induced paw edema and neutrophil migration to the paw skin tissue. betalain (100 mg/kg) treatment by subcutaneous or per oral routes also inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw edema. importantly, the post-treatment with betalain (100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited carrageenan- and complete ...201525173360
properties and extraction of pectin-enriched materials from sugar beet pulp by ultrasonic-assisted treatment combined with subcritical water.pectin-enriched material (pem) was extracted from sugar beet pulp using subcritical water combined with ultrasonic-assisted treatment. optimisation of the reaction parameters for maximum extraction yield of pem was carried out using response surface methodology. optimum modification conditions were as follows: liquid/solid ratio 44.03, extraction temperature 120.72°c, extraction time 30.49min and extraction pressure 10.70mpa. under optimal conditions, the maximum yield of pem was 24.63%. the com ...201525172714
culinary preparation of beetroot (beta vulgaris l.): the impact on sensory quality and appropriateness.beetroot is a diverse vegetable available in different shapes and colours. the objectives of this study were to evaluate sensory qualities, and sugar and dry matter content of five beetroot varieties in relationship to the appropriateness for raw, boiled and pan-fried preparation.201525156135
free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of betanin: electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies and studies in cultured cells.betanin is a red pigment present in red beetroot. recently, potential health benefits of betanin-rich beetroot have been suggested. however, little is known regarding the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of betanin. electron spin resonance spectroscopy (esr) and spin trapping techniques were applied to evaluate the ability of betanin to scavenge hydroxyl, superoxide, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph), and galvinoxyl free radicals. in addition, we tested in cultured cells the a ...201425152328
effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation and feeding level on dairy performance, milk fatty acid composition, and body fat changes in mid-lactation goats.the objective of this trial was to study the interaction between the supplementation of lipid-encapsulated conjugated linoleic acid (cla; 4.5 g of cis-9,trans-11 c18:2 and 4.5 g of trans-10,cis-12 c18:2) and feeding level to test if milk performance or milk fatty acid (fa) profile are affected by the interaction between cla and feeding level. twenty-four dairy goats were used in an 8-wk trial with a 3-wk adaptation to the experimental ration that contained corn silage, beet pulp, barley, and a c ...201425151882
transposon-mediated mutation of cyp76ad3 affects betalain synthesis and produces variegated flowers in four o'clock (mirabilis jalapa).the variegated flower colors of many plant species have been shown to result from the insertion or excision of transposable elements into genes that encode enzymes involved in anthocyanin synthesis. to date, however, it has not been established whether this phenomenon is responsible for the variegation produced by other pigments such as betalains. during betalain synthesis in red beet, the enzyme cyp76ad1 catalyzes the conversion of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) to cyclo-dopa. rna sequencing ( ...201425151127
determination of sucrose content in sugar beet by portable visible and near-infrared spectroscopy.visible and near-infrared spectra in interactance mode were acquired for intact and sliced beet samples, using two portable spectrometers for the spectral regions of 400-1100 nm and 900-1600 nm, respectively. sucrose prediction models for intact and sliced beets were developed and then validated. the spectrometer for 400-1100 nm was able to predict the sucrose content with correlations of prediction (rp) of 0.80 and 0.88 and standard errors of prediction (seps) of 0.89% and 0.70%, for intact bee ...201525148988
sensory differences between beet and cane sugar sources.research concerning the sensory properties of beet and cane sugars is lacking in the scientific literature. therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine whether a sensory difference was perceivable between beet and cane sugar sources in regard to their (1) aroma-only, (2) aroma and taste without nose clips, and (3) taste-only with nose clips, and to characterize the difference between the sugar sources using descriptive analysis. one hundred panelists evaluated sugar samples usin ...201425124655
new species of hypoaspis canestrini and coleolaelaps berlese (mesostigmata: laelapidae) associated with polyphylla olivieri castelnau (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) in iran .white grubs, including polyphylla olivieri castelnau, are among the most economically important pests of orchard trees and other crops such as potato and sugar beet. the larvae feed on the roots of the host plants and their adults feed on the leaves. several types of organisms are parasitic or phoretic on this pest, including three species of mites from iran. two new species of mites, namely hypoaspis (hypoaspis) surii n. sp. and coleolaelaps massoumii n. sp. are described here from the adults o ...201325113362
remediation of sediment and water contaminated by copper in small-scaled constructed wetlands: effect of bioaugmentation and phytoextraction.the use of plants and microorganisms to mitigate sediment contaminated by copper was studied in microcosms that mimic the functioning of a stormwater basin (swb) connected to vineyard watershed. the impact of phytoremediation and bioaugmentation with siderophore-producing bacteria on the fate of cu was studied in two contrasted (batch vs. semi-continuous) hydraulic regimes. the fate of copper was characterised following its discharge at the outlet of the microcosms, its pore water concentration ...201525106519
a novel pectin-degrading enzyme complex from aspergillus sojae atcc 20235 mutants.in the food industry, the use of pectinase preparations with high pectin esterase (pe) activity leads to the release of methanol, which is strictly regulated in food products. herein, a pectin-degrading enzyme (pde) complex exhibiting low pe activity of three aspergillus sojae atcc 20235 mutants (m3, dh56 and guserbiot 2.230) was investigated. production of exo-/endo-polygalacturonase (pg), exo-polymethylgalacturonase (pmg) and pectin lyase (pl) by mutant m3 and a. sojae using two different carb ...201525103563
highly oxygenated limonoids and lignans from phyllanthus flexuosus.two new highly oxygenated limonoids, flexuosoids a (1) and b (2), and three new arylnaphthalene lignan glycosides, phyllanthusmins d-f (3-5), were isolated from the roots of phyllanthus flexuosus, in addition to three known lignans, phyllanthusmin c, arabelline, and (+)-diasyringaresinol. their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. compounds 1 and 2, two new decaoxygenated limonoids with a c-19/29 lactol bridge and heptaoxygenated substi ...201425089242
omega-3 and omega-6 content of medicinal foods for depressed patients: implications from the iranian traditional medicine.considering the increasing prevalence of depression in modern societies and the positive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression, this study aims to investigate the omega-3 and omega-6 content of various foodstuffs, prescribed or prohibited by iranian traditional medicine (itm).201425068136
genome-enabled predictions for binomial traits in sugar beet populations.genomic information can be used to predict not only continuous but also categorical (e.g. binomial) traits. several traits of interest in human medicine and agriculture present a discrete distribution of phenotypes (e.g. disease status). root vigor in sugar beet (b. vulgaris) is an example of binomial trait of agronomic importance. in this paper, a panel of 192 snps (single nucleotide polymorphisms) was used to genotype 124 sugar beet individual plants from 18 lines, and to classify them as show ...201425053450
biochemical mechanisms for metaflumizone resistance in beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua.the metaflumizone, which belongs to the class of voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, was registered to control spodoptera exigua on vegetables in china in 2009. the present study revealed s. exigua has developed high resistance to this novel chemistry insecticide shortly after 2-3 years application in guangdong province of china. the metabolic mechanisms for metaflumizone resistance in this insect were analysed. the inhibitor of esterases greatly potentiates the toxicity of this chemical ...201425052521
potential water retention capacity as a factor in silage effluent control: experiments with high moisture by-product feedstuffs.the role of moisture absorptive capacity of pre-silage material and its relationship with silage effluent in high moisture by-product feedstuffs (hmbf) is assessed. the term water retention capacity which is sometimes used in explaining the rate of effluent control in ensilage may be inadequate, since it accounts exclusively for the capacity of an absorbent incorporated into a pre-silage material prior to ensiling, without consideration to how much the pre-silage material can release. a new term ...201225049587
fermentable non-starch polysaccharides increases the abundance of bacteroides-prevotella-porphyromonas in ileal microbial community of growing pigs.most plant-origin fiber sources used in pig production contains a mixture of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (nsp). the knowledge about effects of these sources of nsp on the gut microbiota and its fermentation products is still scarce. the aim of this study was to investigate effects of feeding diets with native sources of nsp on the ileal and fecal microbial composition and the dietary impact on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (scfa) and lactic acid. the experimen ...201425046106
application of two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae for plant-pest interaction studies.the two-spotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with more than 150 of economic value. it is a major pest of greenhouse crops, especially in solanaceae and cucurbitaceae (e.g., tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, cucumbers, zucchini) and greenhouse ornamentals (e.g., roses, chrysanthemum, carnations), annual field crops (such as maize, cotton, soybean, and sugar beet), and in perennial cultures (alfalfa ...201425046103
microbiology of sugar-rich environments: diversity, ecology and system constraints.microbial habitats that contain an excess of carbohydrate in the form of sugar are widespread in the microbial biosphere. depending on the type of sugar, prevailing water activity and other substances present, sugar-rich environments can be highly dynamic or relatively stable, osmotically stressful, and/or destabilizing for macromolecular systems, and can thereby strongly impact the microbial ecology. here, we review the microbiology of different high-sugar habitats, including their microbial di ...201525041632
impacts of dietary fat level and saturation when feeding distillers grains to high producing dairy cows.this experiment was conducted to determine whether increasing the net energy (nel ) of a total mixed ration (tmr) with mainly unsaturated fat from corn distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) vs. rumen inert (ri)-saturated fat has similar impacts on animal performance. the experiment was an incomplete youden square with three treatments and four 28-days periods, completed on a large commercial dairy using three early lactation pens each with approximately 380 multiparity cows. the tmr for a ...201525040565
the impact of domestication on resistance to two generalist herbivores across 29 independent domestication events.the domestication of crops is among the most important innovations in human history. here, we test the hypothesis that cultivation and artificial selection for increased productivity of crops reduced plant defenses against herbivores. we compared the performance of two economically important generalist herbivores - the leaf-chewing beet armyworm (spodoptera exigua) and the phloem-feeding green peach aphid (myzus persicae) - across 29 crop species and their closely related wild relatives. we also ...201425039644
detection of adulteration in mulberry pekmez samples added various sugar syrups with ¹³c/¹²c isotope ratio analysis method.mulberry pekmez can be adulterated in different ways either during the production process or after production is completed. to identify these adulterations, stable carbon isotope ratio analysis (scira) was performed on the model examples prepared by adding saccharose syrup (ss), glucose syrup (gs) and high fructose corn syrup (hfcs) into two different pure mulberry pekmez samples in the ratios of 0%, 10%, 30% and 50%. the δ(13)c ratio of the pure mulberry pekmez was determined as -26.60‰ on aver ...201425038711
improved ethanol production from cheese whey, whey powder, and sugar beet molasses by "vitreoscilla hemoglobin expressing" escherichia coli.this work investigated the improvement of ethanol production by engineered ethanologenic escherichia coli to express the hemoglobin from the bacterium vitreoscilla (vhb). ethanologenic e. coli strain fbr5 and fbr5 transformed with the vhb gene in two constructs (strains ts3 and ts4) were grown in cheese whey (cw) medium at small and large scales, at both high and low aeration, or with whey powder (wp) or sugar beet molasses hydrolysate (sbmh) media at large scale and low aeration. culture ph, ce ...201425036968
ethylene is differentially regulated during sugar beet germination and affects early root growth in a dose-dependent manner.by integrating molecular, biochemical, and physiological data, ethylene biosynthesis in sugar beet was shown to be differentially regulated, affecting root elongation in a concentration-dependent manner. there is a close relation between ethylene production and seedling growth of sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.), yet the exact function of ethylene during this early developmental stage is still unclear. while ethylene is mostly considered to be a root growth inhibitor, we found that external 1-amino ...201425034827
the beet cyst nematode heterodera schachtii modulates the expression of wrky transcription factors in syncytia to favour its development in arabidopsis roots.cyst nematodes invade the roots of their host plants as second stage juveniles and induce a syncytium which is the only source of nutrients throughout their life. a recent transcriptome analysis of syncytia induced by the beet cyst nematode heterodera schachtii in arabidopsis roots has shown that thousands of genes are up-regulated or down-regulated in syncytia as compared to root segments from uninfected plants. among the down-regulated genes are many which code for wrky transcription factors. ...201425033038
novel phthalamides containing sulfiliminyl moieties and derivatives as potential ryanodine receptor modulators.to tackle the serious challenge of insect resistance and stricter environmental regulations, innovating a new eco-friendly insecticide is urgently required. a series of new phthalamides containing sulfiliminyl and sulfoximinyl moieties were designed and synthesized. in total, 30 new structures were characterized by 1h nmr spectra and hrms. the bioassay results indicated that some title compounds exhibited excellent insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm (pseudaletia separata walker) a ...201425026986
the effect of dietary carbohydrate composition on apparent total tract digestibility, feed mean retention time, nitrogen and water balance in horses.a total of four diets with different carbohydrate composition were investigated in a 4×4 latin square design experiment with four norwegian coldblooded trotter horses. the objective of the present study was to increase the fermentable fibre content and reduce the starch intake of the total ration obtained by partly substituting mature hay and barley with sugar beet pulp (sbp), a soluble fibre source. the diets investigated were hay only (hay), hay (85% of dry matter intake (dmi)) and molassed sb ...201425018093
assessment of the physiological responses to drought in different sugar beet genotypes in connection with their genetic distance.drought affects many physiological processes, which influences plant productivity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of genotypic diversity in drought tolerance of sugar beet genotypes (beta vulgaris l.) in connection with their genetic distance. three hybrid genotypes produced by crossing double haploid genotype (p-pollinator) with cytoplasmic male-sterile female part (ms), as well as with two parent lines, were examined. drought conditions were imposed by the cessation of wateri ...201425014257
[accumulation of lead in spodoptera exigua (hübner) and its impact on the population].the heavy metals pollution is one of the ecological problems which have been paid close attention to spodoptera exigua hübner, one of the key pests on vegetables and cotton in the yangtze river and its southern area in china, has broken out more frequently in recent years. in this study, accumulation of pb2+ in s. exigua and its excretion were detected when fed with artificial diets with different pb2+ concentrations (0.3, 1.2, 4.8, 19.2 and 76.8 mg x kg(-1), respectively). life table was constr ...201425011311
responses of beta vulgaris exposed to cadmium and zinc through soil drenching.the present study investigates the responses of indian palak (beta vulgaris l. cv. all green h1) exposed to cadmium (cd) and zinc (zn) at growth, biochemical and physiological levels. the results revealed that cd and zn accumulation was higher in shoots as compared to the roots of b. vulgaris plants. the increased application rates of zn in combination with cd significantly reduced the accumulation of cd in below and above ground parts of b. vulgaris, whereas it increased zn accumulation. treatm ...201425004760
structural and thermal stability of β-lactoglobulin as a result of interacting with sugar beet pectin.changes in the structural and thermal stability of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) induced by interacting with sugar beet pectin (sbp) have been studied by circular dichroism (cd), fourier transform infrared, and steady-state as well as time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. it has been demonstrated that sbp not only is capable of binding to native β-lg but also causes a significant loss in antiparallel β-sheet, ∼10%, accompanied by an increase in either random coil or turn structures. in a ...201425003597
synthesis and characterization of some acyl thiourea derivatives of chitosan and their biocidal activities.three acyl derivatives of chitosan (cs) with different side chains were synthesized and their structures were characterized. their swelling behavior was investigated. the antifungal behavior of these chitosan derivatives was investigated in vitro on the mycelial growth, sporulation and germination of conidia or sclerotia of the sugar-beet pathogens, rhizoctonia solani k"uhn (ag2-2) and sclerotium rolfsii sacc. all the prepared derivatives had a significant inhibiting effect on the different stag ...201425002014
simultaneous occurrence of covert infections with small rna viruses in the lepidopteran spodoptera exigua.viral covert infections in invertebrates have been traditionally attributed to sublethal infections that were not able to establish an acute infection. recent studies are revealing that, although true for some viruses, other viruses may follow the strategy of establishing covert or persistent infections without producing the death of the host. recently, and due to the revolution in the sequencing technologies, a large number of viruses causing covert infections in all type of hosts have been ide ...201424997384
cytosine methylation of an ancient satellite family in the wild beet beta procumbens.dna methylation is an essential epigenetic feature for the regulation and maintenance of heterochromatin. satellite dna is a repetitive sequence component that often occurs in large arrays in heterochromatin of subtelomeric, intercalary and centromeric regions. knowledge about the methylation status of satellite dna is important for understanding the role of repetitive dna in heterochromatization. in this study, we investigated the cytosine methylation of the ancient satellite family pev in the ...201424994030
interaction between dietary protein content and the source of carbohydrates along the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets.although fermentable carbohydrates (cho) can reduce metabolites derived from dietary protein fermentation in the intestine of pigs, the interaction between site of fermentation and substrate availability along the gut is still unclear. the current study aimed at determining the impact of two different sources of carbohydrates in diets with low or very high protein content on microbial metabolite profiles along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. thirty-six piglets (n = 6 per group) were fed d ...201424979393
a genomic survey of proteases in aspergilli.proteases can hydrolyze peptides in aqueous environments. this property has made proteases the most important industrial enzymes by taking up about 60% of the total enzyme market. microorganisms are the main sources for industrial protease production due to their high yield and a wide range of biochemical properties. several aspergilli have the ability to produce a variety of proteases, but no comprehensive comparative study has been carried out on protease productivity in this genus so far.201424965873
the b2 flowering time locus of beet encodes a zinc finger transcription factor.sugar beet (beta vulgaris) is a biennial root crop that grows vegetatively in the first year and starts shoot elongation (bolting) and flowering after exposure to cold temperatures over winter. early bolting before winter is controlled by the dominant allele of the b locus. recently, the bolting time control 1 (btc1) gene has been cloned from this locus. btc1 promotes early bolting through repression of the downstream bolting repressor b. vulgaris flowering locus t1 (bvft1) and activation of the ...201424965366
coupling spore traps and quantitative pcr assays for detection of the downy mildew pathogens of spinach (peronospora effusa) and beet (p. schachtii).downy mildew of spinach (spinacia oleracea), caused by peronospora effusa, is a production constraint on production worldwide, including in california, where the majority of u.s. spinach is grown. the aim of this study was to develop a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay for detection of airborne inoculum of p. effusa in california. among oomycete ribosomal dna (rdna) sequences examined for assay development, the highest nucleotide sequence identity was observed between ...201424964150
spatial genetic structure in beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and beta macrocarpa reveals the effect of contrasting mating system, influence of marine currents, and footprints of postglacial recolonization routes.understanding the factors that contribute to population genetic divergence across a species' range is a long-standing goal in evolutionary biology and ecological genetics. we examined the relative importance of historical and ecological features in shaping the present-day spatial patterns of genetic structure in two related plant species, beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and beta macrocarpa. using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, we surveyed 93 populations from brittany (france) to morocco - the ...201424963380
infection of beet necrotic yellow vein virus with rna4-encoded p31 specifically up-regulates pathogenesis-related protein 10 in nicotiana benthamiana.beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) is the infectious agent of sugar beet rhizomania, which consists of four or five plus-sense rnas. rna4 of bnyvv is not essential for virus propagation in nicotiana benthamiana but has a major effect on symptom expression. early reports showed that rna4-encoded p31 was associated with severe symptoms, such as curling and dwarfing, in n. benthamiana.201424961274
scanning electron microscopic investigations of root structural modifications arising from growth in crude oil-contaminated sand.the choice of plant for phytoremediation success requires knowledge of how plants respond to contaminant exposure, especially their roots which are instrumental in supporting rhizosphere activity. in this study, we investigated the responses of plants with different architectures represented by beetroot (beta vulgaris), a eudicot with a central taproot and many narrower lateral roots, and tall fescue (festuca arundinacea), a monocot possessing a mass of threadlike fibrous roots to grow in crude ...201424958531
betaine and beet molasses enhance l-lactic acid production by bacillus coagulans.lactic acid is an important chemical with various industrial applications, and it can be efficiently produced by fermentation, in which bacillus coagulans strains present excellent performance. betaine can promote lactic acid fermentation as an effective osmoprotectant. here, positive effect of betaine on fermentation by b. coagulans is revealed. betaine could enhance lactic acid production by protecting l-ldh activity and cell growth from osmotic inhibition, especially under high glucose concen ...201424956474
reduced neophobia: a potential mechanism explaining the emergence of self-medicative behavior in sheep.gastrointestinal helminths challenge ruminants in ways that reduce their fitness. in turn, ruminants have evolved physiological and behavioral adaptations that counteract this challenge. for instance, emerging behavioral evidence suggests that ruminants self-select medicinal compounds and foods that reduce parasitic burdens. however, the mechanism/s leading to self-medicative behaviors in sick animals is still unknown. we hypothesized that when homeostasis is disturbed by a parasitic infection, ...201424955494
effect of flaxseed physical form on digestibility of lactation diets fed to holstein steers.four multicannulated (rumen, duodenum, and ileum) holstein steers (459.7±46.4kg of initial body weight) were used in a 4×4 latin square design to determine the effect of flaxseed processing method on ruminal fermentation and digestibility. treatments were based on inclusion of (1) 7.5% linseed meal (control), (2) 10% whole flaxseed, (3) 10% rolled flaxseed, or (4) 10% ground flaxseed on a dry matter (dm) basis, and were formulated to mimic typical high-producing dairy cow lactation diets. the co ...201424952769
screening of liquid media and fermentation of an endophytic beauveria bassiana strain in a bioreactor.a novel approach for biological control of insect pests could be the use of the endophytic entomopathogenic beauveria bassiana isolate atp-02. for the utilization of the endophyte as a commercial biocontrol agent, the fungus has to be mass-produced. b. bassiana was raised in shake flask cultures to produce high concentrations of total spores (ts), which include blastospores (bs) and submerged conidiospores (scs). the highest concentration of 1.33×10(9) ts/ml and the highest yield of 5.32×10(10) ...201424949278
prediction of digestible energy and gross energy digestibility of feeds and diets in ostriches.1. the aim of this study was to assess regression equations able to predict the digestible energy (de) and gross energy digestibility (ged) of feed ingredients and diets for ostriches. 2. results of chemical-nutritional characteristics from 17 ingredients (two varieties of maize, two barleys, oat, triticale, wheat bran, soybean meal, sunflower meal, beet pulp, maize silage, alfalfa hay, 4 alfalfa meals and lupin) and 12 experimental diets were used in a stepwise procedure. 3. acid detergent lign ...201424945235
assessment of the role of agricultural wastes in aggregate formation and their stability.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three agricultural processing wastes (apws) on aggregate formation and aggregate stability in a sandy loam textured soil (typic xerofluvent) in antalya, turkey. the effects of apw applications on aggregate formation and aggregate stability were observed for different aggregate size groups (>4; 4-2; 2-1; 1-0.5; 0.5-0.25; 0.25-0.050 and <0.050 mm). sugar beet pulp (sbp), apple pomace (ap) and cotton gin waste (cgw) were applied to soil as fr ...201424929500
monitoring of thermophilic adaptation of mesophilic anaerobe fermentation of sugar beet pressed pulp.anaerobe fermentation of sugar beet pressed pulp was investigated in pilot-scale digesters. thermophilic adaptation of mesophilic culture was monitored using chemical analysis and metagenomic characterization of the sludge. temperature adaptation was achieved by increasing the temperature gradually (2 °c day(-1)) and by greatly decreasing the olr. during stable run, the olr was increased gradually to 11.29 kg vs m(-3)d(-1) and biogas yield was 5% higher in the thermophilic reactor. vfa levels in ...201424926601
effects of hydrothermal pretreatment of sugar beet pulp for methane production.the effect of liquid hot water treatment conditions on the degree of sugar beet pulp (sbp) degradation was studied. the sbp was subjected to hydrothermal processing at temperatures ranging from 120 to 200 °c. the relationship between processing temperature and parameters of liquid and solid fractions of resulting hydrolysates as well as the efficiency of their methane fermentation was determined. the highest concentration of free glucose (3.29 mg ml(-1)) was observed when the hydrolysis was cond ...201424907578
solarization and biosolarization using organic wastes for the bioremediation of soil polluted with terbuthylazine and linuron residues.strategies for remediation of polluted soils are needed to accelerate the degradation and natural attenuation of pesticides. this study was conducted to assess the effect of solarization (s) and biosolarization (bs) during the summer season using organic wastes (composted sheep manure and sugar beet vinasse) for the bioremediation of soil containing residues of terbuthylazine and linuron. the results showed that both s and bs enhanced herbicide dissipation rates compared with the non-disinfected ...201424905640
a combined metabolomic and phylogenetic study reveals putatively prebiotic effects of high molecular weight arabino-oligosaccharides when assessed by in vitro fermentation in bacterial communities derived from humans.prebiotic oligosaccharides are defined by their selective stimulation of growth and/or activity of bacteria in the digestive system in ways claimed to be beneficial for health. however, apart from the short chain fatty acids, little is known about bacterial metabolites created by fermentation of prebiotics, and the significance of the size of the oligosaccharides remains largely unstudied. by in vitro fermentations in human fecal microbial communities (derived from six different individuals), we ...201424905430
efficacy of repeated exposure and flavour-flavour learning as mechanisms to increase preschooler's vegetable intake and acceptance.dutch children's diets, like the diets of many children in europe and the us are not balanced, do not contain enough vegetables and have been associated with a high prevalence of childhood obesity. promoting children's vegetable intake is challenging.201524903730
comparison and evaluation of three diagnostic methods for detection of beet curly top virus in sugar beet using different visualizing systems.to diminish the time required for some diagnostic assays including polymerase chain reaction (pcr), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp; due to mainly dna extraction step) and also triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (tas-elisa) into a minimum level, an innovative immunocapture lamp (ic-lamp) and immunocapture pcr (ic-pcr) protocol on the basis of beet curly top virus (bctv) genome was used and optimized. tas-elisa was employed first to validate the existence of t ...201424894659
an assessment of urea-formaldehyde fertilizer on the diversity of bacterial communities in onion and sugar beet.the impact of a urea-formaldehyde (uf) fertilizer on bacterial diversity in onion bulbs and main roots of sugar beet were examined using a 16s rrna gene clone library. the uf fertilizer markedly increased bacterial diversity in both plants. the results of principal coordinates analysis (pcoa) revealed that nearly 30% of the variance observed in bacterial diversity in both the onion and sugar beet was attributed to the fertilization conditions and also that the community structures in both plants ...201424882062
nisin based stabilization of novel fruit and vegetable functional juices containing bacterial cellulose at ambient temperature.the current study reports the preparation and stabilization of novel functional drinks based on fruit and vegetable juices incorporating bacterial cellulose from acetobacter xylinum. pineapple, musk melon, carrot, tomato, beet root and a blend juice containing 20 % each of carrot and tomato juice with 60 % beet root juice has been studied. these juices have been stabilized over a storage period of 90 days at 28 °c, by the use of nisin and maintaining a low ph circumventing the need for any chemi ...201424876660
characterisation of the turbid particles in the extraction of sugar beet pectins.this paper was aimed at characterising the insoluble substances (is) responsible for the turbidity of the extract and impurity of the resulting pectins. results showed that the is caused a significant increase in the turbidity of the extract. the is had bi-pyramidal shapes under the sem observation. the observed xrd peaks for the is were similar to those of calcium oxalate dihydrate (cod). moreover, the is consisted of mainly oxalate and calcium. results from the present study indicate the is is ...201424874363
system dynamics approach for modeling of sugar beet yield considering the effects of climatic variables.the aim of this study was to develop a system dynamics model for computation of yields and to investigate the dependency of yields on some major climatic parameters, i.e. temperature and rainfall, for beta vulgaris subsp. (sugar beet crops) under future climate change scenarios.201524871765
profiling of extensively diversified plant lines reveals distinct plant-specific subclades.a large fraction of eukaryotic genomes is made up of long interspersed nuclear elements (lines). due to their capability to create novel copies via error-prone reverse transcription, they generate multiple families and reach high copy numbers. although mammalian lines have been well described, plant lines have been only poorly investigated. here, we present a systematic cross-species survey of lines in higher plant genomes shedding light on plant line evolution as well as diversity, and facilita ...201424862340
manipulation of two α-endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes, atcel6 and gmcel7, reduces susceptibility to heterodera glycines in soybean roots.plant endo-β-1,4-glucanases (egases) include cell wall-modifying enzymes that are involved in nematode-induced growth of syncytia (feeding structures) in nematode-infected roots. egases in the α- and β-subfamilies contain signal peptides and are secreted, whereas those in the γ-subfamily have a membrane-anchoring domain and are not secreted. the arabidopsis α-egase at1g48930, designated as atcel6, is known to be down-regulated by beet cyst nematode (heterodera schachtii) in arabidopsis roots, wh ...201424844661
milk production response to varying protein supply is independent of forage digestibility in dairy cows.the aim of this experiment was to examine whether the positive response in milk production to increased crude protein (cp) supply in dairy cows was dependent on the digestibility of the forage. forty-eight lactating danish holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 latin square design experiment with 4 rations: (1) high digestibility and high cp concentration (hdhp), (2) high digestibility and low cp concentration (hdlp), (3) low digestibility and high cp concentration (ldhp), and (4) low digestibility ...201424835962
evidence of genetic change in the flowering phenology of sea beets along a latitudinal cline within two decades.sea beets grown from seeds collected in 1989 and 2009 along the coasts of france and adjacent regions were compared for flowering date under controlled conditions. seeds from both collection years were sown simultaneously and cultivated under the same glasshouse conditions. date of flowering onset and year of first flowering were recorded. there was an overall northward shift in flowering time of about 0.35° latitude (i.e. 39 km) over the 20-year period. the southern portion of the latitudinal g ...201424835689
anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of beta vulgaris l.the present study deals with the investigation of phytochemically evaluated aqueous extract of leaves of beta vulgaris for its anti-inflammatory activity. the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method for acute inflammation and cotton pellet granuloma method for chronic inflammation. the standard drug used was indomethacin (10 mg/kg) for both the models. in both methods, aqueous extract at a dose level of 1000 mg/kg has shown significant activity which ...201124826006
exo-pectinase production by bacillus pumilus using different agricultural wastes and optimizing of medium components using response surface methodology.in this research, the production of exo-pectinase by bacillus pumilus using different agricultural wastes was studied. agricultural wastes containing pectin such as wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, sunflower plate, orange peel, banana peel, apple pomace and grape pomace were tested as substrates, and activity of exo-pectinase was determined only in the mediums containing sugar beet pulp and wheat bran. then, effects of parameters such as concentrations of solid substrate (wheat bran and sugar beet p ...201424819433
quality traits and modeling of coagulation, curd firming, and syneresis of sheep milk of alpine breeds fed diets supplemented with rumen-protected conjugated fatty acid.the aim of this study was to test the modeling of curd-firming (cf) measures and to compare the sheep milk of 3 alpine breeds supplemented with or without rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (rpcla). twenty-four ewes of the brogna, foza, and lamon breeds were allotted to 6 pens (2 pens/breed) and fed a diet composed of corn grain, corn silage, dried sugar beet pulp, soybean meal, wheat bran, wheat straw, and a vitamin-mineral mixture. the rpcla supplement (12 g/d per ewe plus 4 g/d for each ...201424819130
[creation of transgenic sugar beet lines expressing insect pest resistance genes cry1c and cry2a].impact of insect pests makes a significant limitation of the sugar beet crop yield. integration of cry-genes of bacillus thuringiensis into plant genome is one of the promising strategies to ensure plant resistance. the aim of this work was to obtain sugar beet lines (based on the mm 1/2 line) transformed with cry2a and cry1cgenes. we have optimized transformation protocol and direct plant let regeneration protocol from leaf explants using 1 mg/l benzylaminopurine as well as 0,25 mg/l benzylamin ...201424818505
life table parameters and survivorship of spodoptera exigua (lepidoptera: noctuidae) at constant temperatures.age-specific life table parameters, survivorship, and extra molting of the beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua (hübner), were determined at eight constant temperatures of 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 34, and 36°c with a variation of 0.5°c on sugar beet leaves. no development was observed at 12 and 36°c. the survivorship of overall immature stages was higher at 25°c than the other temperatures. the highest (0.276 d(-1)) and lowest (0.149 d(-1)) value of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) was observed at ...201424801325
beetroot (beta vulgaris l.) and naturally fermented beetroot juices from organic and conventional production: metabolomics, antioxidant levels and anticancer activity.the aim of the paper was to determine the level of antioxidants and metabolomic fingerprinting in both raw beetroots and naturally fermented beetroot juices from organic (org) versus conventional (conv) production. in addition, the anticancer properties of the fermented beetroot juices were evaluated.201424798659
an assessment of the diversity of culturable bacteria from main root of sugar beet.the partial sequences of the 16s rrna genes of 531 bacteria isolated from the main root of the sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) were determined and subsequently grouped into 155 operational taxonomic units by clustering analysis (≥99% identity). the most abundant phylum was proteobacteria (72.5-77.2%), followed by actinobacteria (9.8-16.6%) and bacteroidetes (4.3-15.4%). alphaproteobacteria (46.7-64.8%) was the most dominant class within proteobacteria. four strains belonging to verrucomicrobia wer ...201424789987
purple discoloration of the colon found during autopsy: identification of betanin, its aglycone and metabolites by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.during autopsy of a 38-year-old man the forensic pathologist noted an atypical purple discoloration of the colon membrane. hypothesis was that the discoloration could have been caused by ingestion of red beetroot. in order to exclude other toxicological causes for this finding and to analytically verify this hypothesis, colon membrane, blood and urine were screened not only for the typical forensically relevant substances but also for the main chromophoric beetroot compounds employing liquid chr ...201424787029
nitrate and nitrite content in organically cultivated vegetables.the nitrate and nitrite content of leaf vegetables (swiss chard, sea beet, spinach and cabbage), "inflorescence" vegetables (cauliflower) and fruit vegetables (eggplant and vegetable marrow) grown with organic fertilizers have been determined by a modified cadmium–griess method. samples were purchased from organic food stores as well as collected directly from an organic farm in madrid (spain). nitrate levels were much higher in the leaf vegetables (especially swiss chard species; average over t ...201024785312
the flc-like gene bvfl1 is not a major regulator of vernalization response in biennial beets.many plant species in temperate climate regions require vernalization over winter to initiate flowering. flowering locus c (flc) and flc-like genes are key regulators of vernalization requirement and growth habit in winter-annual and perennial brassicaceae. in the biennial crop species beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris in the evolutionarily distant caryophyllales clade of core eudicots growth habit and bolting time are controlled by the vernalization and photoperiod response gene btc1 and the downstre ...201424782884
narrow tuning of an odorant receptor to plant volatiles in spodoptera exigua (hübner).olfaction plays an important role in insects in recognizing volatile compounds, which are used to find food and mates, as well as avoid danger, predators and pathogens. the key players in the detection of volatile compounds are olfactory receptor (or) proteins, which are located within the dendritic membrane of sensory neurons and extend into the lymph of sensilla on insect antennae. in the present study, we identify an or gene, named sexior3, which is expressed in adult antenna in both sexes, b ...201424779920
organic and conventional fertilisation procedures on the nitrate, antioxidants and pesticide content in parts of vegetables.different parts of plant foods are generally discarded by consumers such as peel, stalk and leaves, which could however possess a nutritional value. however, few studies have analysed the composition of these marginal foods. the phenolic compound, flavonoid, polyamine, nitrate and pesticide contents of parts of vegetables that are usually discarded--but which were cultivated according to conventional and non-conventional procedures--were analysed to provide suggestions on how to improve the cons ...201224779784
(13)c enrichment of the co2 in breast milk and in the breath is rapidly modified by changes in the (13)c content of the diet.c4 plants (e.g. corn and sugar cane) have greater (13)c enrichment than c3 plants (e.g. wheat and sugar beet).201424776965
a cadherin-like protein from the beet armyworm spodoptera exigua (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is a putative cry1ac receptor.in s. exigua, ingestion of cry1ac reduces larval growth, shortens lifespan, and decreases copulation and oviposition of the adults. cadherin-like protein secad1b in s. exigua has recently been published. here, we tested whether secad1b mediates the negative effects of cry1ac. we identified three potential cry toxin binding regions in secad1b, i.e., (879) eiaiqitdtnn(889) , (1357) slltvti(1363) , and (1436) gvislnfq(1443) . we expressed and purified a truncated cadherin, rsecad1bp, and its inters ...201424764290
starch biosynthetic genes and enzymes are expressed and active in the absence of starch accumulation in sugar beet tap-root.starch is the predominant storage compound in underground plant tissues like roots and tubers. an exception is sugar beet tap-root (beta vulgaris ssp altissima) which exclusively stores sucrose. the underlying mechanism behind this divergent storage accumulation in sugar beet is currently not fully known. from the general presence of starch in roots and tubers it could be speculated that the lack in sugar beet tap-roots would originate from deficiency in pathways leading to starch. therefore wit ...201424758347
illumina-based analysis of endophytic bacterial diversity and space-time dynamics in sugar beet on the north slope of tianshan mountain.plants harbors complex and variable microbial communities. endophytic bacteria play an important function and potential role more effectively in developing sustainable systems of crop production. to examine how endophytic bacteria in sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) vary across both host growth period and location, pcr-based illumina was applied to revealed the diversity and stability of endophytic bacteria in sugar beet on the north slope of tianshan mountain, china. a total of 60.84 m effective s ...201424752839
two-step enzymatic fingerprinting of sugar beet pectin.a two-step enzymatic fingerprinting method was introduced to analyze a highly methylesterified and acetylated sugar beet pectin having a degree of methylesterification (dm) of 62 and acetylation of 30. a cocktail of pectolytic enzymes, including endo-polygalacturonase ii (endo-pgii) and pectin lyase (pl), was used for the first digestion. the endo-pgii and pl resistant pectin fragments were isolated and subjected to a second digestion using fungal pectin methylesterase and endo-pgii. after the t ...201424751282
combined hilic-elsd/esi-ms(n) enables the separation, identification and quantification of sugar beet pectin derived oligomers.the combined action of endo-polygalacturonase (endo-pgii), pectin lyase (pl), pectin methyl esterase (fungal pme) and rg-i degrading enzymes enabled the extended degradation of methylesterified and acetylated sugar beet pectins (sbps). the released oligomers were separated, identified and quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (hilic) with online electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (esi-it-ms(n)) and evaporative light scattering detection (elsd). by ms(n), ...201224751008
laccase mediated conjugation of heat treated β-lactoglobulin and sugar beet pectin.laccase, an oxidative enzyme, was used to catalyze the hetero and homo covalent conjugation between ferulic acid in sugar beet pectin (sbp) and tyrosine in heated β-lactoglobulin (h_blg). the conjugation of sbp and h_blg was confirmed by peak position using size exclusion chromatography, multi angle laser light scattering, refractive index, and uv detection. h_blg, pre-treated with laccase, eluted at an earlier volume with greater uv280 absorbance than non-laccase treated dispersions. tyrosine d ...201224750938
[change of blood antioxidant capacity of experimental animals during nutritional correction under oxidative stress].the effect of nutritional correction (a diet high in foods with antioxidant content) on blood parameters in laboratory animals with metabolic disorders associated with oxidative stress has been studied. in experimental models of laboratory animals (male rabbits weighing 3.5-4.0 kg, n = 40) with purulent septic diseases it has been demonstrated that the use of nutritive correction (replacement of 100 g of the cereal mixture through day on a mixture of cabbage 50 g, carrots 50 g, beet 25 g, apple ...201324741961
a novel gh43 α-l-arabinofuranosidase of penicillium chrysogenum that preferentially degrades single-substituted arabinosyl side chains in arabinan.we previously described three α-l-arabinofuranosidases (abfs) secreted by penicillium chrysogenum 31b. here, we purified a fourth abf, termed pcabf43a, from the culture filtrate. the molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 31kda. pcabf43a had the highest activity at 35°c and at around ph 5. the enzyme activity was strong on sugar beet l-arabinan but weak on debranched arabinan and arabinoxylan. low molecular-mass substrates such as p-nitrophenyl α-l-arabinofuranoside, α-1,5-l-arabinooli ...201424731829
refined avian risk assessment for chlorpyrifos in the united states.refined risk assessments for birds exposed to flowable and granular formulations ofcpy were conducted for a range of current use patterns in the united states. overall,the collective evidence from the modeling and field study lines of evidence indicate that flowable and granular cpy do not pose significant risks to the bird communities foraging in agro-ecosystems in the united states. the available information indicates that avian incidents resulting from the legal, registered uses of cpy have b ...201424723136
microbial growth and carbon use efficiency in the rhizosphere and root-free soil.plant-microbial interactions alter c and n balance in the rhizosphere and affect the microbial carbon use efficiency (cue)-the fundamental characteristic of microbial metabolism. estimation of cue in microbial hotspots with high dynamics of activity and changes of microbial physiological state from dormancy to activity is a challenge in soil microbiology. we analyzed respiratory activity, microbial dna content and cue by manipulation the c and nutrients availability in the soil under beta vulgar ...201424722409
[the effect of an intervention on rates of nursing home residents transfers to emergency departments].transfers of nursing home residents to emergency departments can result in iatrogenic complications, morbidity, and excess health care expenditure. some of these transfers are potentially avoidable.201424716424
bioethanol production from fermentable sugar juice.bioethanol production from renewable sources to be used in transportation is now an increasing demand worldwide due to continuous depletion of fossil fuels, economic and political crises, and growing concern on environmental safety. mainly, three types of raw materials, that is, sugar juice, starchy crops, and lignocellulosic materials, are being used for this purpose. this paper will investigate ethanol production from free sugar containing juices obtained from some energy crops such as sugarca ...201424715820
selection of a suitable disc bioassay for the screening of anti-tumor molecules.the crown gall induced in potato discs by agrobacterium tumefaciens is becoming largely utilised in screening anti-tumor agents. the present work is showing that beet discs are more adequate for the anti-tumor screening test. in fact, maximal tumor induction was observed on beet discs (87.5%), followed by carrot discs (75%) and potato discs (68.5%). beet discs present the most sensibility to crown gall disease with a fast expression of symptoms and more visible galls without any staining need. t ...201324711759
investigation of molecular interactions between β-lactoglobulin and sugar beet pectin by multi-detection hpsec.molecular interactions between β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) and sugar beet pectin (sbp) were studied using online multi-detection high performance size exclusion chromatography (hpsec) at neutral ph and 50mm ionic strength. the hydrodynamic properties of various interacting polymer fractions were characterized in detail and compared with those of β-lg and sbp. results showed that ∼6.5% (w/w) of native dimeric β-lg molecules formed complexes with over 35% sbp molecules of varying sizes, 800, 110 and 75 ...201424702936
various-sourced pectin and polyethylene oxide electrospun fibers.pectin, a naturally occurring and biorenewable polysaccharide, is derived from plant cell wall tissue and used in applications ranging from food processing to biomedical engineering. due to extraction methods and source variation, there is currently no consensus in literature as to the exact structure of pectin. here, we have studied key material properties of electrospun pectin blends with polyethylene oxide (peo) (1:1, v/v) in order to demonstrate the fabrication of a fibrous and less toxic ma ...201424702925
a bacillus licheniformis pectin acetylesterase is specific for homogalacturonans acetylated at o-3.a recombinant acetylesterase from bacillus licheniformis dsm13, belonging to carbohydrate esterase family 12, was purified and biochemically characterized. the purified enzyme, termed blipae, was capable of deacetylating acetylated pectins, e.g. sugar beet pectin (sbp). contrary to its provisional annotation as rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase, the enzyme specifically removed acetyl groups from the homogalacturonan region classifying it as a pae. the recombinant enzyme has a molecular mass of 2 ...201424702921
comparative analyses of podospora anserina secretomes reveal a large array of lignocellulose-active enzymes.the genome of the coprophilous fungus podospora anserina harbors a large and highly diverse set of putative lignocellulose-acting enzymes. in this study, we investigated the enzymatic diversity of a broad range of p. anserina secretomes induced by various carbon sources (dextrin, glucose, xylose, arabinose, lactose, cellobiose, saccharose, avicel, solka-floc, birchwood xylan, wheat straw, maize bran, and sugar beet pulp (sbp)). compared with the trichoderma reesei enzymatic cocktail, p. anserina ...201424695830
investigations into aggregate formation with oppositely charged oil-in-water emulsions at different ph values.the ph-dependent formation and stability of food-grade heteroaggregates from oppositely charged oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions was investigated. after screening suitable emulsifiers, 10% (w/w) oil in-water emulsions (d32≈1 μm) were prepared at ph 3-7 using a positively charged emulsifier (na-lauroyl-l-arginine ethyl ester; lae) and four negatively charged ones (citric esters of mono- and diglycerides, soy lecithin, sugar beet pectin, and quillaja saponin). the oppositely charged emulsions were the ...201424681049
fungal secretomes enhance sugar beet pulp hydrolysis.the recalcitrance of lignocellulose makes enzymatic hydrolysis of plant biomass for the production of second generation biofuels a major challenge. this work investigates an efficient and economic approach for the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet pulp (sbp), which is a difficult to degrade, hemicellulose-rich by-product of the table sugar industry. three fungal strains were grown on different substrates and the production of various extracellular hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes involved in pe ...201424677771
presence of non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic e. coli, enteropathogenic e. coli and salmonella in fresh beetroot (beta vulgaris l.) juice from public markets in mexico.unpasteurized juice has been associated with foodborne illness outbreaks for many years. beetroot is a vegetable grown all over the world in temperate areas. in mexico beetroot is consumed cooked in salads or raw as fresh unpasteurized juices. no data about the microbiological quality or safety of unpasteurized beetroot juices are available. indicator bacteria, diarrheagenic escherichia coli pathotypes (dep) and salmonella frequencies were determined for fresh unpasteurized beetroot juice from r ...201424676688
chloroplast dna in mature and senescing leaves: a reappraisal.the fate of plastid dna (ptdna) during leaf development has become a matter of contention. reports on little change in ptdna copy number per cell contrast with claims of complete or nearly complete dna loss already in mature leaves. we employed high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, semithin sectioning of leaf tissue, and real-time quantitative pcr to study structural and quantitative aspects of ptdna during leaf development in four higher plant species (arabi ...201424668747
accumulation and excretion of cadmium in three successive generations of spodoptera exigua (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and impact on the population increase.nowadays, heavy metal pollution has become more and more serious. cadmium is one of the heavy metals that have caused serious pollution. spodoptera exigua hübner (lepidoptera: noctuidae), one of important agricultural pests, has broken out more frequently in recent years. in this study, accumulation at different developmental stages and excretion of cd were detected, and effect of cadmium (cd concentrations were 0.2, 0.8, 3.2, 12.8, and 51.2 mg/kg, respectively) on three successive generations o ...201424665705
in vivo transmission of 'candidatus phytoplasma ulmi' by amplicephalus curtulus (hemiptera: cicadellidae) and its effect on ryegrass (lolium multiflorum cv. tama).in chile, phytoplasmas have been reported in sugar beet, grapevine, peony, and chilean shrubs. 'candidatus phytoplasma ulmi' have been detected in plants of ugni molinae turczanínow (myrtaceae) and the leafhopper amplicephalus curtulus linnavuori & delong. we evaluated the possibility of phytoplasma transmission from native plants to grasses by a. curtulus and the possible effect on the plant hosts. newly emerged adults were placed in cages with phytoplasma-infected u. molinae for 72 h (acquisit ...201424665688
effects of supplementing endophyte-infected tall fescue with sainfoin and polyethylene glycol on the physiology and ingestive behavior of sheep.tannins in sainfoin (onobrychis viciifolia) may bind to alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue [e+; lolium arundinaceum (schreb.) darbysh.] and attenuate toxicosis. if so, supplementing e+ with sainfoin will increase use of e+ by sheep, and polyethylene glycol (peg)-a polymer that selectively binds to tannins-will reduce such response. to test these predictions, thirty-six 2-mo-old lambs were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (12 lambs/treatment). during exposure, all lambs were individuall ...201424664564
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