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assessment of the antiviral properties of recombinant surfactant protein d against influenza b virus in vitro.the armamentarium of antiviral drugs against influenza viruses is limited. furthermore, influenza viruses emerge that are resistant to existing antiviral drugs like the m2 and na inhibitors. therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of antiviral drugs. here we investigated the antiviral properties of recombinant porcine surfactant protein d (rpsp-d), an innate defense molecule with lectin properties, against influenza b viruses. we have previously shown that porcine ...201525200748
using daily syndrome-specific absence data for early detection of school outbreaks: a pilot study in rural china.this paper describes and preliminarily evaluates the usefulness of the daily syndrome-specific absenteeism surveillance system (dssass) as an early warning system of school outbreaks in rural china.201425200208
performance of the simplexa™ flu a/b & rsv direct kit on respiratory samples collected in saline solution.molecular assays for diagnosis of influenza a, influenza b, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with short turnaround time are of considerable clinical importance. we have evaluated the diagnostic performance of the simplexa(™) flu a/b & rsv direct kit, which has a run time of 60 min, using different types of respiratory samples collected from patients with a suspected respiratory tract infection, including materials not previously evaluated on this kit.201425195649
comparison of three commercial rt-pcr systems for the detection of respiratory viruses.due to the insensitivity of rapid tests for respiratory viruses, nucleic acid amplification tests are quickly becoming the standard of care.201425183359
respiratory virus is a real pathogen in immunocompetent community-acquired pneumonia: comparing to influenza like illness and volunteer controls.viral pathogens were more commonly reported than previously estimated in community-acquired pneumonia (cap) patients. however, the real role of virus was still controversial.201425178477
impact of influenza b lineage-level mismatch between trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines and circulating viruses, 1999-2012.influenza b virus strains in trivalent influenza vaccines are frequently mismatched to the circulating b strains, but the population-level impact of such mismatches is unknown. we assessed the impact of vaccine mismatch on the epidemiology of influenza b during 12 recent seasonal outbreaks of influenza in finland.201425139969
editorial commentary: changing epidemiology of influenza b virus. 201425139967
tropical influenza and weather variability among children in an urban low-income population in bangladesh.influenza seasonality in the tropics is poorly understood and not as well documented as in temperate regions. in addition, low-income populations are considered highly vulnerable to such acute respiratory disease, owing to limited resources and overcrowding. nonetheless, little is known about their actual disease burden for lack of data. we therefore investigated associations between tropical influenza incidence and weather variability among children under five in a poor urban area of dhaka, ban ...201425128806
the n terminus of the influenza b virus nucleoprotein is essential for virus viability, nuclear localization, and optimal transcription and replication of the viral genome.the nucleoprotein (np) of influenza viruses is a multifunctional protein with essential roles throughout viral replication. despite influenza a and b viruses belonging to separate genera of the orthomyxoviridae family, their np proteins share a relatively high level of sequence conservation. however, np of influenza b viruses (bnp) contains an evolutionarily conserved n-terminal 50-amino-acid extension that is absent from np of influenza a viruses. there is conflicting evidence as to the functio ...201425122787
comparison of severe pneumonia caused by human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children.the objective of this study is to compare the incidence and clinical characteristics of severe pneumonia caused by human metapneumovirus (hmpv) to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in children.201425118733
influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in one hospital in medellin, colombia. 2007-2012.the city of medellin in colombia has almost no documentation of the causes of acute respiratory infections (aris). as part of an ongoing collaboration, we conducted an epidemiologic surveillance for influenza and other respiratory viruses. it described the influenza strains that were circulating in the region along with their distribution over time, and performing molecular characterization to some of those strains. this will contribute to the knowledge of local and national epidemiology.201525100179
detection of varying influenza circulation within england in 2012/13: informing antiviral prescription and public health response.subnational variation of 2009 pandemic influenza activity in england has been reported; however, little work has been published on this topic for seasonal influenza. if variation is present, this knowledge may assist with both identifying the onset of influenza epidemics, informing community antiviral prescription and local health planning.201525096307
sentinel surveillance of influenza in burkina faso: identification of circulating strains during 2010-2012.although influenza surveillance has recently been improved in some sub-saharan african countries, no information is yet available from burkina faso.201425074591
live attenuated influenza vaccine.cold-adapted ann arbor based live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) has been available in the usa since 2003. the vaccine is efficacious against influenza infection. features of laiv include: easy administration suitable for mass immunization, cross-reactivity to drifted strains for broader coverage, and establishment of herd immunity for control of influenza spread. annual seasonal laiv now contains four strains against influenza a h1n1, h3n2, influenza b-victoria, and b-yamagata lineages tha ...201525059893
influenza vaccine effectiveness in australia: results from the australian sentinel practices research network.to estimate influenza vaccine coverage and effectiveness against medically attended laboratory-confirmed influenza for the 2012 season.201425045991
epidemiology and impact of influenza in mongolia, 2007-2012.mongolia's health service began to conduct surveillance for influenza in the 1970s. this surveillance has become more comprehensive over time and now includes 155 sentinel sites in mongolia. in this study, we analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and impact of influenza using data from influenza surveillance in mongolia.201425043147
a comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics of laboratory-confirmed influenza b yamagata and victoria lineage infection.the evolution of influenza viruses is characterized by the co-circulation of two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages b/victoria/2/87-like viruses (victoria) and b/yamagata/16/88-like viruses (yamagata). to date, there is not much data associating lineages variation with demographic and clinical data.201425034374
effectiveness of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the united kingdom: 2012/13 end of season results.the effectiveness of the 2012/13 trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (tiv) was assessed using a test-negative case-control study of patients consulting primary care with influenza-like illness in the united kingdom. strain characterisation was undertaken on selected isolates. vaccine effectiveness (ve) against confirmed influenza a(h3n2), a(h1n1) and b virus infection, adjusted for age, sex, surveillance scheme (i.e. setting) and month of sample collection was 26% (95% confidence interval (ci): ...201425033051
etiology and clinical outcomes of acute respiratory virus infection in hospitalized adults.etiologies and clinical profiles of acute respiratory viral infections need to be clarified to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies.201425024868
influenza a and b virus intertypic reassortment through compatible viral packaging signals.influenza a and b viruses cocirculate in humans and together cause disease and seasonal epidemics. these two types of influenza viruses are evolutionarily divergent, and exchange of genetic segments inside coinfected cells occurs frequently within types but never between influenza a and b viruses. possible mechanisms inhibiting the intertypic reassortment of genetic segments could be due to incompatible protein functions of segment homologs, a lack of processing of heterotypic segments by influe ...201425008914
viral etiology and seasonality of influenza-like illness in gabon, march 2010 to june 2011.surveillance of influenza-like illness (ili) in central africa began only recently, and few data are therefore available on the circulation of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses. in gabon, a central african country, we established a surveillance network in four major towns in order to analyze cases of ili among patients who visited health centers between march 2010 and june 2011, and to determine the viral etiology.201425000832
4flu - an individual based simulation tool to study the effects of quadrivalent vaccination on seasonal influenza in germany.influenza vaccines contain influenza a and b antigens and are adjusted annually to match the characteristics of circulating viruses. in germany, influenza b viruses belonged to the b/yamagata lineage, but since 2001, the antigenically distinct b/victoria lineage has been co-circulating. trivalent influenza vaccines (tiv) contain antigens of the two a subtypes a(h3n2) and a(h1n1), yet of only one b lineage, resulting in frequent vaccine mismatches. since 2012, the who has been recommending vaccin ...201424993051
a flow-through chromatography process for influenza a and b virus purification.vaccination is still the most efficient measure to protect against influenza virus infections. besides the seasonal wave of influenza, pandemic outbreaks of bird or swine flu represent a high threat to human population. with the establishment of cell culture-based processes, there is a growing demand for robust, economic and efficient downstream processes for influenza virus purification. this study focused on the development of an economic flow-through chromatographic process avoiding virus str ...201424992667
evaluation of alere i influenza a&b for rapid detection of influenza viruses a and b.rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza is important for infection control, as well as for patient management. alere i influenza a&b is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based integrated system for detection and differentiation of influenza virus a and influenza virus b. the performance of the alere i influenza a&b was screened using frozen nasopharyngeal-swab specimens collected in viral transport medium (vtm) that were originally tested fresh with the filmarray respiratory panel (rp) ...201424989611
pathogenic influenza b virus in the ferret model establishes lower respiratory tract infection.influenza b viruses have become increasingly more prominent during influenza seasons. influenza b infection is typically considered a mild disease and receives less attention than influenza a, but has been causing 20 to 50 % of the total influenza incidence in several regions around the world. although there is increasing evidence of mid to lower respiratory tract diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia in influenza b patients, little is known about the pathogenesis of recent influenza b virus ...201424989173
protective immunity based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain and its prospects for universal influenza vaccine development.influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) is an excellent and chief target that elicits neutralizing antibodies during vaccination or natural infection. its ha2 subunit (stem domain) is most conserved as compared to ha1 subunit (globular head domain). current influenza vaccine relies on globular head domain that provides protection only against the homologous vaccine strains, rarely provides cross-protection against divergent strains, and needs to be updated annually. there is an u ...201424982895
estimates of mortality attributable to influenza and rsv in the united states during 1997-2009 by influenza type or subtype, age, cause of death, and risk status.influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause substantial mortality from respiratory and other causes in the usa, especially among people aged 65 and older.201424975705
risk factors for hospitalization among children with influenza b infection.data regarding risk factors for hospitalization among children with influenza b infection are limited. we conducted a retrospective study of 184 children with influenza b infection during october 2011 - september 2012 seen at bamrasnaradura infectious diseases institute, thailand; clinical and laboratory data were compared between hospitalized and outpatient children. the numbers of hospitalized and outpatient children were 65 (35%) and 119 (65%), respectively. most children (> 80%) were aged > ...201424974646
multicenter clinical evaluation of the novel alere™ i influenza a&b isothermal nucleic acid amplification test.rapid detection of influenza infection is important for patient management and timely anti-viral therapy. rapid antigen detection tests for influenza have inferior sensitivity when compared to nucleic acid-based amplification tests. an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test that offers the potential for rapid molecular testing at the clinical point-of-care with simple equipment can improve influenza detection rates.201424973813
genital ulcers: it is not always simplex ….patients with vulval aphthae, also termed lipschütz ulcers, often present to genitourinary medicine clinics. typically, these ulcers present as acute, painful, vulval ulcers in young women and adolescents. the aetiology is unknown, and often these ulcers are accompanied by flu-like symptoms. previous case reports have linked such lesions to acute viral infections such as epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus and influenza a. we report the first case of influenza b virus and adenovirus infections a ...201524970475
impact of preceding respiratory viral infections on the clinical severity of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia.this study aimed to investigate the impact of preceding respiratory viral infections (rvi) on the clinical severity of pneumococcal pneumonia patients.201424962523
epidemiology of influenza virus types and subtypes in south africa, 2009-2012.to determine clinical and epidemiologic differences between influenza caused by different virus types and subtypes, we identified patients and tested specimens. patients were children and adults hospitalized with confirmed influenza and severe acute respiratory illness (sari) identified through active, prospective, hospital-based surveillance from 2009-2012 in south africa. respiratory specimens were tested, typed, and subtyped for influenza virus by pcr. of 16,005 sari patients tested, 1,239 (8 ...201424960314
death of woman with peripartum influenza b virus infection and necrotizing pneumonia. 201424960253
epidemiology and viral etiology of the influenza-like illness in corsica during the 2012-2013 winter: an analysis of several sentinel surveillance systems.influenza-like illness (ili) surveillance is important to identify circulating and emerging/reemerging strains and unusual epidemiological trends. the present study aimed to give an accurate picture of the 2012-2013 ili outbreak in corsica by combining data from several surveillance systems: general practice, emergency general practice, hospital emergency units, intensive care units, and nursing homes. twenty-eight respiratory viruses were retrospectively investigated from patients in general pr ...201424959929
results from the first six years of national sentinel surveillance for influenza in kenya, july 2007-june 2013.recent studies have shown that influenza is associated with significant disease burden in many countries in the tropics, but until recently national surveillance for influenza was not conducted in most countries in africa.201424955962
a rationally designed form of the tlr5 agonist, flagellin, supports superior immunogenicity of influenza b globular head vaccines.previously, we demonstrated that for h1n1 and h5n1 influenza strains, the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) antigen fused to flagellin of salmonella typhimurium fljb (stf2) is highly immunogenic in preclinical models and man (song et al. (2008) [13]; song et al. (2009) [14]; taylor et al. (2012) [12]). further we showed that the vaccine format, or point of attachment of the vaccine antigen to flagellin, can dramatically affect the immunogenicity and safety profile of the vaccine. however, ...201424950354
2012-2013 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza hospitalizations: results from the global influenza hospital surveillance network.the effectiveness of currently licensed vaccines against influenza has not been clearly established, especially among individuals at increased risk for complications from influenza. we used a test-negative approach to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (ive) against hospitalization with laboratory-confirmed influenza based on data collected from the global influenza hospital surveillance network (gihsn).201424945510
pandemic clinical case definitions are non-specific: multiple respiratory viruses circulating in the early phases of the 2009 influenza pandemic in new south wales, australia.during the early phases of the 2009 pandemic, subjects with influenza-like illness only had laboratory testing specific for the new a(h1n1)pdm09 virus.201424942807
[influenza: a four-year evolution of the pandemic. prof. alejandro posadas national hospital, argentina].as from january to august 2013, epidemiological weeks 1-35 (ew), influenza incidence, case characteristics, types and subtypes of circulating influenza virus in the nacional profesor alejandro posadas hospital were studied, and were compared to incidences during 2009-2012. from late may to the end of august 2013 (ew18-35), an increase was observed in the proportion of patients' visits for respiratory disease, influenza-like illness and hospitalizations due to pneumonia; of 207 cases diagnosed wi ...201424918665
difference in immune response in vaccinated and unvaccinated swedish individuals after the 2009 influenza pandemic.previous exposures to flu and subsequent immune responses may impact on 2009/2010 pandemic flu vaccine responses and clinical symptoms upon infection with the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza strain. qualitative and quantitative differences in humoral and cellular immune responses associated with the flu vaccination in 2009/2010 (pandemic h1n1 vaccine) and natural infection have not yet been described in detail. we designed a longitudinal study to examine influenza- (flu-) specific immune responses ...201424916787
structure of influenza virus n7: the last piece of the neuraminidase "jigsaw" puzzle.there are nine subtypes of influenza a virus neuraminidase (na), n1 to n9. in addition, influenza b virus also contains na, and there are two influenza virus na-like molecules, n10 and n11, which were recently identified from bats. crystal structures for all of these proteins have been solved, with the exception of n7, and there is no published report of n6, although a structure has been deposited in the protein data bank. here, we present the n7 and n6 structures at 2.1 å and 1.8 å, respectivel ...201424899180
influenza activity - united states, 2013-14 season and composition of the 2014-15 influenza vaccines.during the 2013-14 influenza season in the united states, influenza activity increased through november and december before peaking in late december. influenza a (h1n1)pdm09 (ph1n1) viruses predominated overall, but influenza b viruses and, to a lesser extent, influenza a (h3n2) viruses also were reported in the united states. this influenza season was the first since the 2009 ph1n1 pandemic in which ph1n1 viruses predominated and was characterized overall by lower levels of outpatient illness a ...201424898165
influenza b outbreak on a cruise ship off the são paulo coast, brazil.in february 2012, crew and passengers of a cruise ship sailing off the coast of são paulo, brazil, were hospitalized for acute respiratory illness (ari). a field investigation was performed to identify the disease involved and factors associated.201424889210
detection of avian influenza a/h7n9/2013 virus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.the first case of avian influenza a/h7n9 infection was reported in shanghai in mid-february, 2013; by may 1, 2013, it had infected 127 people and caused 26 deaths in 10 provinces in china. therefore, it is important to obtain reliable epidemiological data on the spread of this new infectious agent, a need that may be best met by the development of novel molecular methods. here, a new method was described for the detection of avian influenza a/h7n9 using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase ...201424880072
molecular characterization of influenza b virus outbreak on a cruise ship in brazil 2012.in february 2012, an outbreak of respiratory illness occurred on the cruise ship msc armonia in brazil. a 31-year-old female crew member was hospitalized with respiratory failure and subsequently died. to study the etiology of the respiratory illness, tissue taken at necropsy from the deceased woman and respiratory specimens from thirteen passengers and crew members with respiratory symptoms were analyzed. influenza real-time rt-pcr assays were performed, and the full-length hemagglutinin (ha) g ...201524878994
broad-spectrum antiviral property of polyoxometalate localized on a cell surface.cs2k4na[siw9nb3o40] has broad antiviral ability including anti-influenza a, -influenza b, -hsv-1, -hsv-2, -hiv-1, and -hbv. a series of antivirus and/or biochemical experiments and x-ray nanotomography analysis confirm that this kind of broad-spectrum antiviral property is mainly due to its localization on the cell surface.201424878685
screening of respiratory pathogens by respiratory multi well system (mws) r-gene™ assay in hospitalized patients.novel respiratory viruses have been identified as possible agents of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. multiplex real-time pcrs have been developed to identify clinically relevant respiratory pathogens. in this study, 178 respiratory samples already screened for influenza virus types a and b by flu a/b asr real-time pcr kit were retrospectively analyzed with the respiratory multi well system (mws) r-gene™ real-time pcr kit which detects a wide spectrum of respiratory pathogens. the g ...201424858651
comparison of simplexa flu a/b & rsv pcr with cytospin-immunofluorescence and laboratory-developed taqman pcr in predominantly adult hospitalized patients.to compare simplexa flu a/b & rsv pcr with cytospin-immunofluorescence and laboratory-developed taqman pcr methods, 445 nasopharyngeal samples were tested. of these, 199 were positive (46 for respiratory syncytial virus [rsv], 120 for influenza a, and 33 for influenza b) and 246 were negative. the direct fluorescent-antibody assay (dfa) detected 132 (66.3%) positive samples, simplexa direct detected 162 (81.4%), simplexa using extracts detected 177 (88.9%), and lab-developed taqman pcr reference ...201424850350
development of an immunochromatographic kit for rapid detection of human influenza b virus infection.type b influenza virus is a major epidemic strain responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity.201424839825
evaluation of the sofia influenza a + b fluorescent immunoassay for the rapid diagnosis of influenza a and b.rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) can facilitate the appropriate prescription of antivirals for influenza, obviate the need for unnecessary testing and antibacterial agents and allow the implementation of infection control measures. however, the reported sensitivities and specificities of different ridts vary widely in clinical settings, as does assay ability to distinguish between influenza types and subtypes. to evaluate the performance of the sofia influenza a + b fluorescent immunoass ...201524838873
effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccinations against laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated infections among singapore military personnel in 2010-2013.limited information is available about seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) in tropical communities.201424828687
influenza virus genotypes circulating in and around lucknow, uttar pradesh, india, during post pandemic period, august 2010--september 2012.during the post influenza pandemic period, continuous surveillance of influenza virus and its subtypes is mandatory to help the policy makers to take effective and appropriate decisions. therefore, this study was planned to determine the pattern of influenza virus activity in context to various meteorological and clinical parameters in and around lucknow, uttar pradesh, india, during post pandemic period august 2010 - september 2012.201424820836
recrudescent wave of a/h1n1pdm09 influenza viruses in winter 2012-2013 in kashmir, india.some parts of world, including india observed a recrudescent wave of influenza a/h1n1pdm09 in 2012. we undertook a study to examine the circulating influenza strains, their clinical association and antigenic characteristics to understand the recrudescent wave of a/h1n1pdm09 from november 26, 2012 to feb 28, 2013 in kashmir, india. of the 751 patients (545 outpatient and 206 hospitalized) presenting with acute respiratory infection at a tertiary care hospital in srinagar; 184 (24.5%) tested posit ...201324818063
clinical features and outcomes of influenza infections in lung transplant recipients: a single-season cohort study.for lung transplant recipients (ltrs) influenza infections pose a considerable risk for complications. these infections have mainly been described in hospitalized patients. the aim of this study was to describe characteristics of predominantly outpatient-treated influenza infections.201424810480
evaluation and verification of the nanosphere verigene rv+ assay for detection of influenza a/b and h1/h3 subtyping.with the emerging risks of drug-resistant viruses and pandemic influenza, rapid and accurate detection of influenza viruses and determination of their subtypes is a crucial component of patient management. this study evaluated the performance of the verigene respiratory virus plus nucleic acid (verigene rv+) test for the detection of influenza a/b and subtype determination compared it with conventional molecular methods. nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 228 patients with influenza-like i ...201524797766
real-time rt-pcr assays for discriminating influenza b virus yamagata and victoria lineages.since the late 1980s, two genetically and antigenically distinct lineages of influenza b virus, namely, b/victoria/2/87-like (b/victoria) and b/yamagata/16/88-like (b/yamagata), have co-circulated. in this study, one-step real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rrt-pcr) assays were developed to differentiate b/victoria and b/yamagata lineages. the assays were evaluated using in vitro transcribed control rna, isolated viruses, and other respiratory pathogenic viruses, and were shown to have high sen ...201424797457
comparison of xtag respiratory virus panel and verigene respiratory virus plus for detecting influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.nucleic acid amplification tests have allowed simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses.201524796703
a novel i221l substitution in neuraminidase confers high-level resistance to oseltamivir in influenza b viruses.influenza b viruses with a novel i221l substitution in neuraminidase (na) conferring high-level resistance to oseltamivir were isolated from an immunocompromised patient after prolonged oseltamivir treatment.201424795482
high percentage of false-positive results for influenza b obtained with a rapid influenza point-of-care test. 201424795330
molecular characterization of circulating pandemic strains of influenza a virus during 2012 to 2013 in lucknow (india).the pandemic h1n1 strain of influenza a virus [a(h1n1)pdm09] is now well adapted in human populations. however, it is still causing sporadic outbreaks worldwide with different severity. the present study was planned to understand the genetic diversity (based on the ha1 gene) of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 strains circulating during the post pandemic period. the ha1 gene was selected because the ha1 protein is immunogenic, functions as a receptor binding site and indirectly affects transmission and pa ...201424777528
the effectiveness of seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory confirmed influenza hospitalisations in auckland, new zealand in 2012.few studies report the effectiveness of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) in preventing hospitalisation for influenza-confirmed respiratory infections. using a prospective surveillance platform, this study reports the first such estimate from a well-defined ethnically diverse population in new zealand (nz).201424768730
a novel molecular test for influenza b virus detection and lineage differentiation.contemporary influenza b viruses are classified into two groups known as yamagata and victoria lineages. the co-circulation of two viral lineages in recent years urges for a robust and simple diagnostic test for detecting influenza b viruses and for lineage differentiation. in this study, a sybr green-based asymmetric pcr assay has been developed for influenza b virus detection. apart from identifying influenza b virus, the assay contains sequence-specific probes for lineage differentiation. thi ...201424760697
[viral etiology in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections plus platelet disorders in changsha, china: an analysis of 255 cases].to investigate the viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrti) plus platelet disorders.201424750840
comparing clinical characteristics between hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed influenza a and b virus infection.we challenge the notion that influenza b is milder than influenza a by finding similar clinical characteristics between hospitalized adult influenza-cases. among patients treated with oseltamivir, length of stay and mortality did not differ by type of virus infection.201424748521
causes of non-malarial fever in laos: a prospective study.because of reductions in the incidence of plasmodium falciparum malaria in laos, identification of the causes of fever in people without malaria, and discussion of the best empirical treatment options, are urgently needed. we aimed to identify the causes of non-malarial acute fever in patients in rural laos.024748368
clinical performance evaluation of the bd veritor system flu a+b assay.early identification of influenza is important for optimal patient management and infection control. rapid influenza antigen tests have been used routinely in clinical settings to confirm clinical suspicion, despite their low sensitivity. to improve sensitivity, various influenza point-of-care test reader systems have been developed. this study evaluated the clinical performance of a digital readout rapid influenza diagnostic test (ridt), the bd veritor™ system flu a+b assay (bd). nasopharyngeal ...201424747589
development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid diagnosis of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus infection.a genetic diagnosis system for detecting avian influenza a (h7n9) virus infection using reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) technology was developed. the rt-lamp assay showed no cross-reactivity with seasonal influenza a (h3n2 and h1n1pdm09) or influenza b viruses circulating in humans or with avian influenza a (h5n1) viruses. the sensitivity of the rt-lamp assay was 42.47 copies/reaction. considering the high specificity and sensitivity of the assay for detect ...201424747008
characterization of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttle of the matrix protein of influenza b virus.influenza b virus is an enveloped negative-strand rna virus that contributes considerably to annual influenza illnesses in human. the matrix protein of influenza b virus (bm1) acts as a cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling protein during the early and late stages of infection. the mechanism of this intracellular transport of bm1 was revealed through the identification of two leucine-rich crm1-dependent nuclear export signals (ness) (3 to 14 amino acids [aa] and 124 to 133 aa), one bipartite nuclear loc ...201424741102
investigation of the role of major respiratory viruses in the aetiology of nasal polyps using polymerase chain reaction technique.objective: we aimed to identify the role of major respiratory viruses in the aetiology of human nasal polyps using polymerase chain reaction technique. methods: thirty patients with nasal polyps and a group of 20 healthy patients (control group) were included in this study. mucosa was obtained from the polyps of patients with nasal polyposis and from the middle turbinate of the control group patients by means of biopsy. the samples were stored at -80 °c until molecular analysis by polymerase cha ...201424735988
respiratory viral pathogens among singapore military servicemen 2009-2012: epidemiology and clinical characteristics.few studies have comprehensively described tropical respiratory disease surveillance in military populations. there is also a lack of studies comparing clinical characteristics of the non-influenza pathogens with influenza and amongst themselves.201424735158
peramivir and laninamivir susceptibility of circulating influenza a and b viruses.influenza viruses collected from regions of asia, africa and oceania between 2009 and 2012 were tested for their susceptibility to two new neuraminidase inhibitors, peramivir and laninamivir. all viruses tested had normal laninamivir inhibition. however, 3·2% (19/599) of a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses had highly reduced peramivir inhibition (due to h275y na mutation) and <1% (6/1238) of influenza b viruses had reduced or highly reduced peramivir inhibition, with single occurrence of variants containing i2 ...201424734292
influenza in seasons 2009-2013 in the faculty hospital hradec kralove, east bohemia.the evaluation of four post-pandemic influenza seasons 2009-2013 in the faculty hospital hradec králové and comparison of used rapid antigen tests (rats) with real time rt-pcr.201424730989
analysis of medical consultation interval between the symptom onset and consultation observed in multiple medical facilities in odate city, japan, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.influenza remains one of the most important causes of respiratory infection despite the widespread availability of vaccines. anti-influenza viral agents such as neuraminidase inhibitors are generally efficacious in alleviating the symptoms if they are administered within 2 days of the illness onset. however, few studies have examined the situation of interval between illness onset and medical consultation in influenza outpatients on community level. and the predictors or determinants for longer ...201424725622
hemozoin is a potent adjuvant for hemagglutinin split vaccine without pyrogenicity in ferrets.synthetic hemozoin (shz, also known as β-hematin) from monomeric heme is a particle adjuvant which activates antigen-presenting cells (apcs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages, and enhances humoral immune responses to several antigens, including ovalbumin, human serum albumin, and serine repeat antigen 36 of plasmodium falciparum. in the present study, we evaluated the adjuvanticity and pyrogenicity of shz as an adjuvant for seasonal trivalent hemagglutinin split vaccine (sv) for humans us ...201424721532
molecular epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of influenza b-associated complications among hospitalized patients during an outbreak in taiwan.to study the resurgence of influenza b/yam in taiwan and summarize clinical findings of influenza b-associated complications among hospitalized patients, in particular the link between clinical and molecular epidemiologic characteristics.201424721164
epidemiological aspects of influenza a related to climatic conditions during and after a pandemic period in the city of salvador, northeastern brazil.during the influenza pandemic of 2009, the a(h1n1)pdm09, a/h3n2 seasonal and influenza b viruses were observed to be co-circulating with other respiratory viruses. to observe the epidemiological pattern of the influenza virus between may 2009-august 2011, 467 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children less than five years of age in the city of salvador. in addition, data on weather conditions were obtained. indirect immunofluorescence, real-time transcription reverse polymerase chain ...201424714967
[case of non-convulsive status epilepticus after influenza virus b infection].a 24-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of impaired consciousness after influenza virus b infection. neurological examination revealed mild disturbance of consciousness without other neurological abnormalities. laboratory tests showed elevated serum crp, il-6 and tnf-α levels. the level of il-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid was also slightly elevated. electroencephalography (eeg) disclosed almost continuous generalized spike and wave complexes and multiple spikes and wave complexes ...201424705838
a humoral immunity survey following the 2012 influenza season after the ph1n1 pandemic in guangzhou, china.according to pathogenic surveillance data during the first half of 2012, the h3n2 influenza virus was prevalent in guangdong, china, but no pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) virus was detected. this study aimed to measure the seroprevalence of ph1n1 and h3n2 infection following the influenza epidemic in 2012. we collected serum samples by stratified random sampling in a cross-sectional survey from august, 2012 to october, 2012. antibody titers against h3n2, ph1n1, and influenza b antigens were measured by t ...201424702517
effects of vaccination and the new neuraminidase inhibitor, laninamivir, on influenza infection.evidence of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in children and elderly adults is limited, although this population has the highest risk for influenza infection.201424699254
seasonal influenza vaccination and technologies.seasonal influenza is a serious respiratory illness that causes annual worldwide epidemics resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. influenza pandemics occur about every 40 yrs, and may carry a greater burden of illness and death than seasonal influenza. both seasonal influenza and pandemic influenza have profound economic consequences. the combination of current vaccine efficacy and viral antigenic drifts and shifts necessitates annual vaccination. new manufacturing technologies in inf ...201424691877
[analysis of co-infections between influenza a and influenza b viruses and other respiratory viruses, 2012-2013]. 201424679446
palmitoylation is required for intracellular trafficking of influenza b virus nb protein and efficient influenza b virus growth in vitro.all influenza viruses bud and egress from lipid rafts within the apical plasma membrane of infected epithelial cells. as a result, all components of progeny virions must be transported to these lipid rafts for assembly and budding. although the mechanism of transport for other influenza proteins has been elucidated, influenza b virus (ibv) glycoprotein nb subcellular localization and transport are not understood completely. to address the aforementioned properties of nb, a series of trafficking ...201424671751
retrospective serology study of respiratory virus infections in captive great apes.great apes are extremely sensitive to infections with human respiratory viruses. in this study, we retrospectively analyzed sera from captive chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans. more than 1000 sera (403 chimpanzee, 77 gorilla, and 535 orang-utan sera) were analyzed for antibodies to the human respiratory viruses rsv (respiratory syncytial virus, hmpv (human metapneumovirus), h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses, and influenza b virus. in all ape species high seroprevalences were found for rsv, h ...201424662675
cold adaptation improves the growth of seasonal influenza b vaccine viruses.gene reassortment has proved useful in improving yields of influenza a antigens of egg-based inactivated vaccines, but similar approaches have been difficult with influenza b antigens. current regulations for influenza vaccine seed viruses limit the number of egg passages and as a result resultant yields from influenza b vaccine seed viruses are frequently inconsistent. therefore, reliable approaches to enhance yields of influenza b vaccine seed viruses are required for efficient vaccine manufac ...201424631096
purification of vero cell derived live replication deficient influenza a and b virus by ion exchange monolith chromatography.we explored the possibilities for purification of various δns1 live, replication deficient influenza viruses on ion exchange methacrylate monoliths. influenza a δns1-h1n1, δns1-h3n2, δns1-h5n1 and δns1-influenza b viruses were propagated in vero cells and concentrated by tangential flow filtration. all four virus strains adsorbed well to cim qa and cim deae anion exchangers, with cim qa producing higher recoveries than cim deae. δns1-influenza a viruses adsorbed well also to cim so3 cation excha ...201424631091
immunogenicity and safety of a trivalent inactivated 2010-2011 influenza vaccine in taiwan infants aged 6-12 months.this prospective study aimed to investigate the immune responses and safety of an influenza vaccine in vaccine-naïve infants aged 6-12 months, and was conducted from november 2010 to may 2011. fifty-nine infants aged 6-12 months received two doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine 4 weeks apart. hemagglutination inhibition titers were measured 4 weeks after the two doses of study vaccine. based on the assumption that a hemagglutination inhibition titer of 1:40 or greater against the ant ...201424625341
respiratory virus infections among children in south china.acute respiratory tract infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality with a worldwide disease burden. this study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with viral-induced acute respiratory tract infection, in southern china. nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from 1,980 pediatric patients with suspected acute respiratory tract infection, and 82 samples from healthy subject controls were collected for routine examination at the second affiliated hosp ...201424619492
stability of neuraminidase in inactivated influenza vaccines.influenza vaccines are effective in protecting against illness and death caused by this seasonal pathogen. antibodies that block the function of either hemagglutinin (ha) or neuraminidase (na) contribute to vaccine efficacy, however vaccine potency is based only on ha content. na protein content in vaccines varies from season to season due to differences in the relative amounts of ha and na in influenza a, h1n1 and h3n2, and influenza b viruses that are selected for each manufacturing campaign. ...201424613525
cost-effectiveness analysis of universal influenza vaccination with quadrivalent inactivated vaccine in the united states.to address influenza b lineage mismatch and co-circulation, several quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (iiv4s) containing two type a strains and both type b lineages have recently been approved in the united states. currently available trivalent inactivated vaccines (iiv3s) or trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv3s) comprise two influenza a strains and one of the two influenza b lineages that have co-circulated in the united states since 2001. the objective of this analysi ...201424609063
a historically-controlled phase iii study in adults to characterize the acceptability of a process change for manufacturing inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine.an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (qiv) was recently licenced in the us as a thimerosal-free formulation presented in a pre-filled syringe. a multidose presentation is preferred in some settings due to reduced acquisition and cold storage costs. we assessed the immunogenicity and safety of a thimerosal-containing qiv formulated using a new manufacturing process for presentation in multidose vials.201424606983
1,2,3-triazole-containing derivatives of rupestonic acid: click-chemical synthesis and antiviral activities against influenza viruses.two series of rupestonic acid derivatives, (1-substituted-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl 2-((5r,8s,8as)-3,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulen-5-yl)acrylate and n-(1-substituted-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl 2-((5r,8s,8as)-3,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroazulen-5-yl)acrylamide were easily and efficiently synthesized via click chemistry. these compounds were tested for their in vitro activities against various strains of influenza a virus (h1n1, oseltamivir resistant h1n1, ...201424583605
evaluation of the advansure™ real-time rt-pcr compared with culture and seeplex rv15 for simultaneous detection of respiratory viruses.recently, advansure™ kit based on multiplex real-time pcr was developed for simultaneous detection of 14 respiratory viruses (rvs). we compared the performance of advansure with those of seeplex® rv 15 ace and culture by determining their sensitivities and specificities against a composite reference standard. four hundred thirty-seven respiratory samples were tested by modified shell vial culture method, rv 15 ace, and advansure. one hundred fourteen samples (26.2%) out of 437 samples were posit ...201424582583
prompt detection of influenza a and b viruses using the bd veritor™ system flu a+b, quidel® sofia® influenza a+b fia, and alere binaxnow® influenza a&b compared to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr).the performance characteristics of rapid influenza diagnostic tests vary widely. this study evaluated the bd veritor™ system flu a+b (veritor; bd diagnostics, sparks, md, usa), quidel® sofia® influenza a+b fia (sofia; quidel corp., san diego, ca, usa), and alere binaxnow® influenza a&b (binax; alere scarborough, inc., scarborough, me, usa) compared to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for detection of influenza viruses in nasal wash specimens from 240 pediatric patients. p ...201424582581
fitness costs for influenza b viruses carrying neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant substitutions: underscoring the importance of e119a and h274y.influenza b viruses cause annual outbreaks of respiratory illness in humans and are increasingly recognized as a major cause of influenza-associated pediatric mortality. neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) are the only available therapy for patients infected with influenza b viruses, and the potential emergence of nai-resistant viruses is a public health concern. the na substitutions located within the enzyme active site could not only reduce nai susceptibility of influenza b virus but also aff ...201424566185
in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activity of four neuraminidase inhibitors against influenza virus isolates in the 2011-2012 season in japan.the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu®), zanamivir (relenza®), laninamivir octanoate (inavir®), and peramivir (rapiacta®) have been available for the treatment of influenza in japan since 2010. to assess the extent of viral resistance, we measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic₅₀) of each drug for influenza virus isolates from the 2011-2012 influenza season. specimens were obtained from patients prior to treatment. viral isolation was done using madine-darby canine ki ...201424560563
influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates in europe in a season with three influenza type/subtypes circulating: the i-move multicentre case-control study, influenza season 2012/13.in the fifth season of influenza monitoring vaccine effectiveness in europe (i-move), we undertook a multicentre case-control study (mccs) in seven european union (eu) member states to measure 2012/13 influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended influenza-like illness (ili) laboratory confirmed as influenza. the season was characterised by substantial co-circulation of influenza b, a(h1n1)pdm09 and a(h3n2) viruses. practitioners systematically selected ili patients to swab ≤7 days ...201424556348
no serological evidence that harbour porpoises are additional hosts of influenza b viruses.influenza a and b viruses circulate among humans causing epidemics almost annually. while various hosts for influenza a viruses exist, influenza b viruses have been detected only in humans and seals. however, recurrent infections of seals in dutch coastal waters with influenza b viruses that are antigenetically distinct from influenza b viruses circulating among humans suggest that influenza b viruses have been introduced into this seal population by another, non-human, host. harbour porpoises ( ...201424551217
influenzavirus b-associated acute benign myalgia cruris: an outbreak report and review of the literature.acute benign myalgia cruris is characterized by transient bilateral calf pain that leads to difficulty walking. a regional outbreak of influenza virus b-associated myalgia cruris was observed during the seasonal influenza outbreak observed in switzerland from week 1 to 13 of 2013. we performed a prospective case finding among the swiss-italian pediatric emergency units and pediatricians. a review of the literature was also performed. the diagnosis of myalgia cruris was made in 49 swiss-italian c ...201424530048
[genetic variation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza b viruses isolated in ningbo during 2010-2012].to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza b viruses and explore the genetic evolution characteristics of the hemagglutinin(ha) and neuraminidase(na) genes of local isolated strains in ningbo, southeast china, during 2010 to 2012.201324529267
prevalence of antibodies against influenza a and b viruses in children in germany, 2008 to 2010.the prevalence of influenza a and b virus-specific igg was determined in sera taken between 2008 and 2010 from 1,665 children aged 0-17 years and 400 blood donors in germany. elisa on the basis of whole virus antigens was applied. nearly all children aged nine years and older had antibodies against influenza a. in contrast, 40% of children aged 0-4 years did not have any influenza a virus-specific igg antibodies. eightysix percent of 0-6 year-olds, 47% of 7-12 year-olds and 20% of 13-17 year-old ...201424524235
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