Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| bacteriophage lambda as a cloning vector. | [this corrects the article on p. 582 in vol. 56.]. | 1993 | 16350252 |
| bacteriophage lambda as a delivery vector for tn10-derived transposons in xenorhabdus bovienii. | xenorhabdus bovienii wild-type strains lack a functional receptor protein (lamb) in the outer membrane and as a result are unable to adsorb coliphage lambda (lambda). introduction of plasmids encoding lamb into x. bovienii t228 results in constitutive expression of lamb in the outer membrane of this organism. lamb-expressing strains of x. bovienii adsorb lambda bacteriophage particles and can be used as hosts for lambda::tn constructs. a tn10-derived transposon, element 9 (j. c. way, d. davis, d ... | 1993 | 16349047 |
| the mode of replication is a major factor in segregational plasmid instability in lactococcus lactis. | the effects of the rolling-circle and theta modes of replication on the maintenance of recombinant plasmids in lactococcus lactis were studied. heterologous escherichia coli or bacteriophage lambda dna fragments of various sizes were inserted into vectors based on either the rolling-circle-type plasmid pwv01 or the theta-type plasmid pambeta1. all pambeta1 derivatives were stably maintained. pwv01 derivatives, however, showed size-dependent segregational instability, in particular when large dna ... | 1993 | 16348863 |
| conversion of glucose to 2-keto-l-gulonate, an intermediate in l-ascorbate synthesis, by a recombinant strain of erwinia citreus. | a gene for 2,5-diketo-d-gluconate (25dkg) reductase, which encodes an enzyme composed of 277 amino acid residues catalyzing the reduction of 25dkg to 2-keto-l-gulonate (2klg), was cloned from corynebacterium sp. strain shs752001 and expressed in erwinia citreus shs2003, a strain which oxidizes glucose to 25dkg. the recombinant microorganism converted glucose to 2klg, a compound which can be readily converted to l-ascorbate (vitamin c). improvements in the yield of 2klg were obtained by changing ... | 1988 | 16347687 |
| molecular cloning and expression of cellulase genes from ruminococcus albus 8 in escherichia coli bacteriophage lambda. | a genomic library of ruminococcus albus 8 dna was constructed by using the escherichia coli bacteriophage lambdadash. recombinants were screened for cellulolytic activity by plating in soft agar (0.7%) overlays containing either 1% (wt/vol) carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc), 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-cellobioside (muc, 1 mg/ml), or 1% (wt/vol) ostazin brilliant red-hydroxyethyl cellulose (obr-hec). one hundred and three recombinant phage exhibiting activity against obr-hec were found, and these fe ... | 1988 | 16347685 |
| isolation of a dna probe for lactobacillus curvatus. | a genomic library of lactobacillus curvatus dsm 20019 was constructed in bacteriophage lambda gt11. a 1.2-kilobase dna probe specific for l. curvatus was isolated from this library. when this probe was hybridized to dna from lactobacillus isolates from different sources classified by conventional techniques, differing degrees of hybridization were obtained. this could imply that these isolates may have been incorrectly classified. | 1988 | 16347554 |
| properties of a clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase produced in escherichia coli. | a cellulase gene of clostridium thermocellum was transferred to escherichia coli by molecular cloning with bacteriophage lambda and plasmid vectors and shown to be indentical with the cela gene. the cela gene product was purified from extracts of plasmid-bearing e. coli cells by heat treatment and chromatography on deae-trisacryl. it was characterized as a thermophilic endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, the properties of which closely resemble those of endoglucanase a previously isolated from c. thermocel ... | 1986 | 16347088 |
| novel hydrolase diversity retrieved from a metagenome library of bovine rumen microflora. | a metagenome expression library of bulk dna extracted from the rumen content of a dairy cow was established in a phage lambda vector and activity-based screening employed to explore the functional diversity of the microbial flora. twenty-two clones specifying distinct hydrolytic activities (12 esterases, nine endo-beta-1,4-glucanases and one cyclodextrinase) were identified in the library and characterized. sequence analysis of the retrieved enzymes revealed that eight (36%) were entirely new an ... | 2005 | 16309396 |
| mechanism of the phosphatase component of clostridium thermocellum polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase. | polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (pnkp) from clostridium thermocellum catalyzes atp-dependent phosphorylation of 5'-oh termini of dna or rna polynucleotides and ni(2+)/mn(2+)-dependent dephosphorylation of 2',3' cyclic phosphate, 2'-phosphate, and 3'-phosphate ribonucleotides. cthpnkp is an 870-amino-acid polypeptide composed of three domains: an n-terminal module similar to bacteriophage t4 polynucleotide kinase, a central module that resembles the dinuclear metallo-phosphoesterase superfamily ... | 2006 | 16301605 |
| design of lambda cro fold: solution structure of a monomeric variant of the de novo protein. | one of the classical dna-binding proteins, bacteriophage lambda cro, forms a homodimer with a unique fold of alpha-helices and beta-sheets. we have computationally designed an artificial sequence of 60 amino acid residues to stabilize the backbone tertiary structure of the lambda cro dimer by simulated annealing using knowledge-based structure-sequence compatibility functions. the designed amino acid sequence has 25% identity with that of natural lambda cro and preserves phe58, which is importan ... | 2005 | 16289118 |
| switches in bacteriophage lambda development. | the lysis-lysogeny decision of bacteriophage lambda (lambda) is a paradigm for developmental genetic networks. there are three key features, which characterize the network. first, after infection of the host bacterium, a decision between lytic or lysogenic development is made that is dependent upon environmental signals and the number of infecting phages per cell. second, the lysogenic prophage state is very stable. third, the prophage enters lytic development in response to dna-damaging agents. ... | 2005 | 16285866 |
| human, rhesus macaque, and feline sequences highly similar to mouse mammary tumor virus sequences. | sequences highly similar (>95%) to the mouse mammary tumor virus (mmtv) env gene have been amplified from human dna samples, including dna samples from patients with breast cancer (bc) and persons who did not have bc. the sequences from human dna were distinct from the mmtv sequences used as controls in these pcr reactions, indicating that these results are not simply due to contamination. in addition to both, mouse and human-related sequences were also amplified from some monkey and cat genomic ... | 2005 | 16276510 |
| exo-taq-based detection of dna-binding protein for homogeneous and microarray format. | the study of dna-protein interactions is of great importance to understand basic cellular processes such as transcription, replication and recombination. in this research, we developed a novel detection system for dna-binding proteins (dbps) involving the exonuclease (exo) iii and taq dna polymerase reactions. the system consists of three steps, as follows: the target dbp in the sample solution is incubated with probe dna, and the probe is digested with exo iii and then extended with taq using f ... | 2005 | 16272142 |
| characterisation of the mating-type locus in the genus xanthoria (lichen-forming ascomycetes, lecanoromycetes). | conserved regions of mating-type genes were amplified in four representatives of the genus xanthoria (x. parietina, x. polycarpa, x. flammea, and x. elegans) using pcr-based methods. the complete mat locus, containing one orf (mat1-2-1) coding for a truncated hmg-box protein, and two partial flanking genes, were cloned by screening a genomic lambda phage library of the homothallic x. parietina. the flanking genes, a homologue of sla2 of saccharomyces cerevisiae and a dna lyase gene, served to am ... | 2005 | 16266815 |
| investigation of cc and cxc chemokine quaternary state mutants. | the chemokine family forms two different types of homodimer despite members sharing nearly identical folds. to study the formation of quaternary structure in this family, rational mutagenesis was employed on a representative member of each subfamily (mip-1beta and il-8). the variants were studied by analytical ultracentrifugation and nmr, and it was determined that formation of a folded monomer from a natural chemokine dimer is reasonably facile, while conversion between dimer types is not. mono ... | 2005 | 16256937 |
| increasing pcr fragment stability and protein yields in a cell-free system with genetically modified escherichia coli extracts. | escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis is a highly productive system that can be applied to high throughput expression from polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products in 96-well plates for proteomic studies as well as protein evolution. however, linear dna instability appears to be a major limitation of the system. we modified the genome of the e. coli strain a19 by removing the enda gene encoding the endonuclease i and replacing the reccbd operon (in which recd encodes the exonuclease v) by ... | 2005 | 16254443 |
| mutation spectrum in uvb-exposed skin epidermis of a mildly-affected xpg-deficient mouse. | a c-terminal 183 amino acid-truncated mutation of the mouse xpg gene (xpgdeltaex15) gives rise to a partial deficiency in nucleotide excision repair in homozygously affected cells. we studied the effect of this mutation on uvb-induced mutagenesis in mouse skin, using transgenic mice harboring lambda-phage-based bacterial lacz genes as a mutational reporter. uvb increased the lacz mutant frequency in the epidermis moderately in the homozygous mutant mice, but significantly higher than in the wild ... | 2006 | 16247763 |
| simultaneous sequence transfer into two independent locations of a reporter vector using multisite gateway technology. | the bacteriophage lambda recombination system is increasingly used for recombinant dna applications that involve the frequent transfer of sequences into and between shuttle and reporter vectors. this approach bypasses the need for restriction endonucleases or ligases and, as such, is easily scalable and automated. however this system has not yet been tested for the ability to support the simultaneous introduction of donor fragments into two separate target sites of a single reporter plasmid. thi ... | 2005 | 16235567 |
| the processing of high-molecular-weight xylanase (xyne, 110 kda) from aeromonas caviae me-1 to 60-kda xylanase (xyne60) in escherichia coli and purification and characterization of xyne60. | a xylanase gene (xyne) encoding xyne (110 kda) was cloned from a lambda phage genomic library of aeromonas caviae me-1 which is a multiple-xylanase-producing bacterium. upon nucleotide sequence analysis, we found that xyne comprises 2823 by and encodes a protein of 941 amino acid residues (104,153 da), which was similar to endo-beta-1,4-xylanases which are categorized to glycosyl hydrolase family 10. an escherichia coli transformant that harbored pxed30 carrying xyne produced 110-, 84-, 72-, and ... | 2003 | 16233373 |
| construction and selection of the novel recombinant escherichia coli strain for poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) production. | heterogeneous cloning of vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb), lytic genes of phage lambda with s amber mutation (s(-)rrz) and phb biosynthetic genes (phbcab) in the same host strain e. coli jm105 was carried out for production of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) (phb). a superior novel strain, vg1 (ptu14), was constructed and selected, which contained the vgb gene in the chromosomal dna and the plasmid ptu14 containing s(-)rrz and phbcab genes. when cultured in 100 ml of lbg medium in a 300-ml flask, a ... | 2000 | 16232750 |
| switching dna-binding specificity by unnatural amino acid substitution. | the specificity of protein-nucleic acid recognition is believed to originate largely from hydrogen bonding between protein polar atoms, primarily side-chain and polar atoms of nucleic acid bases. one way to design new nucleic acid binding proteins of novel specificity is by structure-guided alterations of the hydrogen bonding patterns of a nucleic acid-protein complex. we have used ci repressor of bacteriophage lambda as a model system. in the lambda-repressor-dna complex, the epsilon-nh(2) grou ... | 2005 | 16224104 |
| a simple method for displaying recalcitrant proteins on the surface of bacteriophage lambda. | bacteriophage lambda (lambda) permits the display of many foreign peptides and proteins on the gpd major coat protein. however, some recombinant derivatives of gpd are incompatible with the assembly of stable phage particles. this presents a limitation to current lambda display systems. here we describe a novel, plasmid-based expression system in which gpd deficient lambda lysogens can be co-complemented with both wild-type and recombinant forms of gpd. this dual expression system permits the ge ... | 2005 | 16224099 |
| lysis timing and bacteriophage fitness. | the effect of lysis timing on bacteriophage (phage) fitness has received little theoretical or experimental attention. previously, the impact of lysis timing on phage fitness was studied using a theoretical model based on the marginal value theorem from the optimal foraging theory. an implicit conclusion of the model is that, for any combination of host quantity and quality, an optimal time to lyse the host would exist so that the phage fitness would be the highest. to test the prediction, an ar ... | 2006 | 16219778 |
| a trial of somatic gene targeting in vivo with an adenovirus vector. | gene targeting in vivo provides a potentially powerful method for gene analysis and gene therapy. in order to sensitively detect and accurately measure designed sequence changes, we have used a transgenic mouse system, mutamouse, which has been developed for detection of mutation in vivo. it carries bacteriophage lambda genome with lacz+ gene, whose change to lacz-negative allele is detected after in vitro packaging into bacteriophage particles. we have also demonstrated that gene transfer with ... | 2005 | 16219108 |
| display libraries on bacteriophage lambda capsid. | phage display is an established technology that has been successfully applied, in the last fifteen years, to projects aimed at deciphering biological processes and/or at the isolation of molecules of practical value in several diverse applications. bacteriophage lambda, representing a molecular cloning and expression tool widely utilized since decades, has also been exploited to develop vectors for the display of libraries on its capsid. in the last few years, lambda display approach has been co ... | 2005 | 16216777 |
| the cytotoxic activity of the bacteriophage lambda-holin protein reduces tumour growth rates in mammary cancer cell xenograft models. | the potential use of gene therapy for cancer treatment is being intensively studied. one approach utilises the expression of genes encoding cytotoxic proteins. such proteins can affect cellular viability, for example by inhibiting the translation machinery or disturbing membrane integrity. the bacteriophage lambda (lambda)-holin protein is known to form a lesion in the cytoplasmic membrane of e. coli, triggering bacterial cell lysis and thereby enabling the release of new bacteriophage particles ... | 2006 | 16170834 |
| positive autoregulation of ci is a dispensable feature of the phage lambda gene regulatory circuitry. | complex gene regulatory circuits contain many features that are likely to contribute to their operation. it is unclear, however, whether all these features are necessary for proper circuit behavior or whether certain ones are refinements that make the circuit work better but are dispensable for qualitatively normal behavior. we have addressed this question using the phage lambda regulatory circuit, which can persist in two stable states, the lytic state and the lysogenic state. in the lysogenic ... | 2005 | 16159777 |
| repetitive sequences in the its1 region of ribosomal dna in congeneric microphallid species (trematoda: digenea). | in searching for species-specific dna sequences of microphallid species (digenea, trematoda) we examined the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (its) of three closely related species (levinseniella group) hosted by mud snails (first intermediate host) and marine crustaceans (second intermediate host). in the its1 region we found consistent patterns of repeating sequences of 130 bp. within each main repeat there was a varying number of subrepeats specific for each of the species. all r ... | 2005 | 16151738 |
| [construction of cdna library from human colorectal cancer cell hrt-18]. | to construct a cdna library from human colorectal cancer cell hrt-18. | 2004 | 16145893 |
| reduced pcr sensitivity due to impaired dna recovery with the magna pure lc total nucleic acid isolation kit. | the increasing demand for molecular diagnostics in clinical microbiology laboratories necessitates automated sample processing. in the present study, we evaluated the performance of the magna pure lc total nucleic acid isolation kit (m extraction) in comparison with the manual method (si extraction) according to boom et al. (r. boom, c. j. a. sol, m. m. m. salimans, c. l. jansen, p. m. wertheim-van dillen, and j. van der noordaa, j. clin. microbiol. 28:495-503, 1990) for the detection of viral d ... | 2005 | 16145116 |
| structural analysis of chloroplast dna in prunus (rosaceae): evolution, genetic diversity and unequal mutations. | in order to understand the evolutionary aspects of the chloroplast dna (cpdna) structures in rosaceous plants, a physical map of peach (prunus persica cv. hakuhou) cpdna was constructed. fourteen lambda phage clones which covered the entire sequence of the peach cpdna were digested by restriction enzymes (sali, xhoi, bamhi, saci, and psti) used singly or in combination. the molecular size of peach cpdna was estimated to be about 152 kb. the gene order and contents were revealed to be equivalent ... | 2005 | 16142464 |
| lambda integrase: armed for recombination. | bacteriophage lambda moves its viral genome into and out of the bacterial chromosome using site-specific recombination. crystal structures of reaction intermediates in this recombination pathway provide exciting new snapshots of full length lambda integrase interacting with both core and regulatory dna elements. | 2005 | 16139195 |
| analysis of the genome of azotobacter vinelandii revealed the presence of two genetically distinct group ii introns on the chromosome. | azotobacter vinelandii belongs to the y subdivision of eubacteria and has one of the highest respiratory rates. it is considered to be among the probable progenitors of mitochondria. group ii introns were originally identified on organelle genomes. analysis of the a. vinelandii genome for the presence of group ii introns using a deduced group ii intron consensus sequence identified two putative introns. the first intron (avi) which was found to be inserted in the groel, an essential gene, was al ... | 2005 | 16134325 |
| rna-protein recognition: single-residue ultrafast dynamical control of structural specificity and function. | the transcription antiterminator n protein from bacteriophage lambda uses its arginine-rich motif to specifically bind a stem-loop rna hairpin (boxb) as a bent alpha-helix. a single stacking interaction between a tryptophan (trp-18) and an adenosine (a7) in the rna loop is robust and necessary for antitermination activity in vivo. previously, femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion experiments from this laboratory indicated that the n/boxb complex exists in a dynamical two-state equilibrium betwe ... | 2005 | 16129822 |
| [red/et recombination and its biomedical applications]. | red/et recombination, a powerful homologous recombination system based on the red operon of lambda phage or rece/ rect from rac phage, provides an innovative approach for dna engineering. deletion, insertion and mutation can be quickly and precisely performed on the target gene mediated by red/et recombination with pcr derived dna fragments or oligonucleotides. this technical platform has extensive applications in biomedical field including bacterial artificial chromosome modification, gene knoc ... | 2005 | 16108384 |
| characterization of an antisense transcript spanning the ul81-82 locus of human cytomegalovirus. | in this study we present the characterization of a novel transcript, ul81-82ast, ul81-82 antisense transcript, and its protein product. the transcript was initially found in a cdna library of monocytes from a seropositive donor. mrna was obtained from monocytes isolated from a healthy donor with a high antibody titer against human cytomegalovirus (hcmv). the mrnas were cloned into a lambda phage-derived vector to create the cdna library. using pcr, ul81-82ast was amplified from the library. the ... | 2005 | 16103153 |
| two-stage continuous operation of recombinant escherichia coli using the bacteriophage lambda q- vector. | a two-stage continuous culture of escherichia coli in combination with a bacteriophage lambda system was performed in order to overcome the intrinsic plasmid instability that is frequently observed in recombinant fermentation. a phage lambda vector with a q(-) mutation was used to enhance the expression of the lambda system. the optimal values of the important operational variables such as the substrate concentration, the dilution rate, and the mean residence time on the expression of the cloned ... | 2005 | 16096763 |
| genetic switches during bacteriophage lambda development. | 2005 | 16096026 | |
| unaltered stability of newly synthesized rna in strains of escherichia coli missing a ribonuclease specific for double-stranded rna. | pairs of very closely related escherichia coli strains were prepared, one having the wild-type allele for ribonuclease iii, an enzyme which specifically degrades double-stranded rna, and the other having a mutant rnase iii allele. growth and phage plating efficiency were compared in these strains. the rnase iii+ strains grow better than the rnase iii- strains and plate t7 and lambda phage better, but t4 plates with the same efficiency on both strains. on the other hand, the half lives of newly s ... | 1975 | 16094999 |
| e. coli k12 inf: a mutant deficient in prophage lambda induction and cell filamentation. | the bacterial mutant inf-3 (lambda) is not inducible and does not form filaments following thymine starvation. lysogenic induction is neither produced by ultraviolet light (uv) nor promoted by tif-1. this phenotype is due to a mutation infa3 located between 60 and 73 min on the e. coli k12 map. the inf mutant is resistant to x-ray and uv irradiation, in contrast to all other known non-inducible bacterial mutants. it is rec+ and able to perform host cell reactivation as well as uv-reactivation of ... | 1975 | 16094997 |
| bacterial mutants able to partly suppress the effect of n mutations in bacteriophage lambda. | a method is described whereby bacterial mutants (sun) may be selected which are able to specifically suppress mutations in the n gene of bacteriophage lambda. the sun mutations seem to be allelic to sua mutations, which suppress the polarity of nonsense codons, since sua mutants have all of the properties of sun mutants and both are genetically linked to the ilv gene. in the light of these experiments and recent data by others, models originally suggested to explain polarity in bacterial operons ... | 1975 | 16094982 |
| retrotransposable elements on the w chromosome of the silkworm, bombyx mori. | the sex chromosomes of the silkworm, bombyxmori, are designated zw(xy) for females and zz(xx) for males. the w chromosome of b. mori does not recombine with the z chromosome and autosomes and no genes for morphological characters have been mapped to the w chromosome as yet. furthermore, femaleness is determined by the presence of a single w chromosome, regardless of the number of autosomes or z chromosomes. to understand these interesting features of the w chromosome, it is necessary to analyze ... | 2005 | 16093666 |
| partly melted dna conformations obtained with a probability peak finding method. | peaks in the probabilities of loops or bubbles, helical segments, and unzipping ends in melting dna are found in this article using a peak finding method that maps the hierarchical structure of certain energy landscapes. the peaks indicate the alternative conformations that coexist in equilibrium and the range of their fluctuations. this yields a representation of the conformational ensemble at a given temperature, which is illustrated in a single diagram called a stitch profile. this article de ... | 2005 | 16089780 |
| dna-templated photoinduced silver deposition. | we are presenting a photography-derived methodology to achieve the photoreduction of ag+-dna complexes. lambda-phage dna was first loaded with silver ions, then irradiated with uv light at 254 nm. the dna bases acted as light sensitizers, promoting the in situ reduction of ag+ and the formation of metallic silver clusters. three different approaches will illustrate this procedure, and silver nanoparticle chains will be grown along a dna template in a rapid and specific way. | 2005 | 16089430 |
| the bacteriophage 434 repressor dimer preferentially undergoes autoproteolysis by an intramolecular mechanism. | inactivation of the lambdoid phage repressor protein is necessary to induce lytic growth of a lambdoid prophage. activated reca, the mediator of the host sos response to dna damage, causes inactivation of the repressor by stimulating the repressor's nascent autocleavage activity. the repressor of bacteriophage lambda and its homolog, lexa, preferentially undergo reca-stimulated autocleavage as free monomers, which requires that each monomer mediates its own (intramolecular) cleavage. the ci repr ... | 2005 | 16077107 |
| functional similarities between phage lambda orf and escherichia coli recfor in initiation of genetic exchange. | genetic recombination in bacteriophage lambda relies on dna end processing by exo to expose 3'-tailed strands for annealing and exchange by beta protein. phage lambda encodes an additional recombinase, orf, which participates in the early stages of recombination by supplying a function equivalent to the escherichia coli recfor complex. these host enzymes assist loading of the reca strand exchange protein onto ssdna coated with ssdna-binding protein. in this study, we purified the orf protein, an ... | 2005 | 16076958 |
| regulatory functions of the lambda repressor reside in the amino-terminal domain. | the repressor of bacteriophage lambda is a protein containing two domains of approximately equal size. fragments containing the amino-terminal domain of repressor bind specifically to lambda operator dna and mediate positive and negative control of lambda transcription both in vitro and in vivo. | 1979 | 16068162 |
| amplification and cloning of near full-length hiv-2 genomes. | the genomes of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), like those of hiv-1, are not only extremely variable but are also highly recombinogenic. determination of subtypes based on partial genomes cannot predict the subtype classification of other regions of the genome owing to the frequent occurrence of recombinant genomes among subtypes. to fully understand the genetic variation and evolution of hiv-2s, full-length viral genomes need to be obtained for genetic analysis. full-length hiv-2 ge ... | 2005 | 16061992 |
| structure of lambda cii: implications for recognition of direct-repeat dna by an unusual tetrameric organization. | the temperate coliphage lambda, after infecting its host bacterium escherichia coli, can develop either along the lytic or the lysogenic pathway. crucial to the lysis/lysogeny decision is the homotetrameric transcription-activator protein cii (4 x 11 kda) of the phage that binds to a unique direct-repeat sequence t-t-g-c-n6-t-t-g-c at each of the three phage promoters it activates: p(e), p(i), and p(aq). several regions of cii have been identified for its various functions (dna binding, oligomer ... | 2005 | 16061804 |
| an amino acid substitution in a capsid protein enhances phage survival in mouse circulatory system more than a 1000-fold. | in experiments with germ free mice, free from adaptive antibodies to the bacterial virus lambda phage, titers of the virus in the circulatory system have been reported to decrease by more than 10(9)pfu within 48 h of intraperitoneal intravenous or oral administration. based on these observations, serial passage techniques have been used to select lambda phage mutants, with 13,000-16,000-fold greater capacity to remain in the mouse circulatory system 24h after intraperitoneal injection. in these ... | 2005 | 16055223 |
| receipt of the c-terminal tail from a neighboring lambda int protomer allosterically stimulates holliday junction resolution. | bacteriophage lambda integrase (int) catalyzes the integration and excision of the phage lambda chromosome into and out of the esherichia coli host chromosome. the seven carboxy-terminal residues (c-terminal tail) of int comprise a context-sensitive regulatory element that links catalytic function with protein multimerization and also coordinates int functions within the multimeric recombinogenic complex. the experiments reported here show that the beta5-strand of int is not simply a placeholder ... | 2005 | 16054645 |
| fungal antigens expressed during invasive aspergillosis. | rabbits that had been infected intravenously with conidiospores of aspergillus fumigatus were used as sources of antibody for screening a lambda phage cdna expression library. the cdna was derived from a. fumigatus mrna that had been extracted from newly formed, germling hyphae. thirty-six antigens were identified using antisera from six rabbits. though many of these antigens were expected to be intracellular proteins because their genes did not encode a signal sequence, the antisera showed cons ... | 2005 | 16040983 |
| crystal structure of bacteriophage lambda cii and its dna complex. | the tetrameric cii protein from bacteriophage lambda activates transcription from the phage promoters p(re), p(i), and p(aq) by binding to two direct repeats that flank the promoter -35 element. here, we present the x-ray crystal structure of cii alone (2.8 a resolution) and in complex with its dna operator from p(re) (1.7 a resolution). the structures provide a basis for modeling of the activation complex with the rna polymerase holoenzyme, and point to the key role for the rna polymerase alpha ... | 2005 | 16039594 |
| low energy cd of rna hairpin unveils a loop conformation required for lambdan antitermination activity. | n protein coded by phage lambda is a transcription factor that stimulates the antitermination activity of escherichia coli rna polymerase by binding specifically to the nascent rna transcript at a stemloop structure called boxb. we use a new biophysical technique, involving the monitoring of the low energy circular dichroism spectra of 2-aminopurine residues site-specifically placed in the boxb rna loop, to investigate this binding interaction. the low energy cd spectra of these 2-aminopurine pr ... | 2005 | 16033760 |
| a cloned dna probe for the detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis. | dna extracted from mycobacterium paratuberculosis, which had been isolated from a cow with clinical johne's disease, was used to make a gene library in the escherichia coli expression vector phage lambda gt11. plaque-lifts were made from the library onto nitrocellulose membranes. these were screened by differential hybridization using radiolabelled chromosomal dna from m. paratuberculosis and mycobacterium phlei. by this method six recombinants that hybridized to m. paratuberculosis but not to m ... | 1989 | 16031516 |
| [comparison of two amine-modified chemical platforms for dna microarray preparation]. | to study two amine modification procedures for dna microarray preparation based on polymeric coatings. | 2005 | 16027070 |
| improvement of recombination efficiency by mutation of red proteins. | the red recombination system of the bacteriophage lambda is a useful tool for engineering bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) because desired mutations can be made in any part of the dna, even in large dnas, independent of the presence of appropriate restriction enzyme sites. many have tried changing the inducible promoter or decreasing the copy number of red genes in escherichia coli to improve the recombination efficiency. here we describe a novel method for increasing the recombination ef ... | 2005 | 16018553 |
| [development of a new recombineering system by gap repair]. | using lambda phage red recombinase mediated in vivo homologous recombination system, a 6.7 kb lambda pl operon sequence including the red encoding genes was subcloned into pbr322 by gap repair technique, and generated a pbr322-red recombinant plasmid that can provide the red recombination function and can be transferred into many kinds of bacteria. to confirm the recombination functions of pbr322-red, a single-stranded 70-bases oligo was introduced into w3110 by electroporation to create a singl ... | 2005 | 16018266 |
| [cloning and structural analysis of mouse genomic nucleophosmin gene]. | nucleophosmin (npm) is an abundant nucleolar phosphoprotein. npm gene involved chromosomal translocations were found in the patients with anaplastic large cell lymphomas (alcl), myelodysplastic syndrome (mds), acute myeloid leukemia (aml) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (apl). to generate npm gene knockout mice and study its biological function in vivo, we screened the lambda phage genomic library derived from 129s1 mice with mouse npm cdna probe. a positive phage clone which contained the full ... | 2005 | 16018192 |
| discussion of "a bayesian approach to dna sequence segmentation". | this article discusses the results in boys and henderson (2004, biometrics 60, 573-581) in which the authors propose a new approach to the classification of genomic dna into a number of hidden markov states with a variable order of dependency, potentially allowing for the high-throughput detection of structure within genomic dna. this article is likely to be an important point of departure for further modeling of this type. we question whether the genome of the bacteriophage lambda is the most a ... | 2005 | 16011717 |
| nucleotides regulate the conformational state of the small terminase subunit from bacteriophage lambda: implications for the assembly of a viral genome-packaging motor. | terminase enzymes are responsible for "packaging" of viral dna into a preformed procapsid. bacteriophage lambda terminase is composed of two subunits, gpa and gpnu1, in a gpa(1).gpnu1(2) holoenzyme complex. the larger gpa subunit is responsible for preparation of viral dna for packaging, and is central to the packaging motor complex. the smaller gpnu1 subunit is required for site-specific assembly of the packaging motor on viral dna. terminase assembly at the packaging initiation site is regulat ... | 2005 | 16008350 |
| a partial-complementary adapter for an improved and simplified ligation-mediated suppression pcr technique. | ligation-mediated suppression pcr (lms-pcr) is a powerful tool for walking in unknown genomic dna regions from known adjacent sequences. this approach has made it feasible to obtain promoter sequences and to enable researchers to identify full-length gene sequences or isoforms of multigene families. however, the advantages of lms-pcr can be obviated by the presence of incomplete base modifications on the suppression adapters. we propose here that a 'partial-complementary adapter' is a more relia ... | 2005 | 16005075 |
| functional analysis of the lysis genes of staphylococcus aureus phage p68 in escherichia coli. | double-stranded dna phages of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria typically use a holin-endolysin system to achieve lysis of their host. in this study, the lysis genes of staphylococcus aureus phage p68 were characterized. p68 gene lys16 was shown to encode a cell-wall-degrading enzyme, which causes cell lysis when externally added to clinical isolates of s. aureus. another gene, hol15, was identified embedded in the -1 reading frame at the 3' end of lys16. the deduced hol15 protein ha ... | 2005 | 16000723 |
| single-molecule studies of repressor-dna interactions show long-range interactions. | we have performed single-molecule studies of gfp-laci repressor proteins bound to bacteriophage lambda dna containing a 256 tandem lac operator insertion confined in nanochannels. an integrated photon molecular counting method was developed to determine the number of proteins bound to dna. by using this method, we determined the saturated mean occupancy of the 256 tandem lac operators to be 13, which constitutes only 2.5% of the available sites. this low occupancy level suggests that the repress ... | 2005 | 15994229 |
| the e. coli nusa carboxy-terminal domains are structurally similar and show specific rnap- and lambdan interaction. | the carboxy-terminal domain of the transcription factor escherichia coli nusa, nusactd, interacts with the protein n of bacteriophage lambda, lambdan, and the carboxyl terminus of the e. coli rna polymerase alpha subunit, alphactd. we solved the solution structure of the unbound nusactd with high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr). additionally, we investigated the binding sites of lambdan and alphactd on nusactd using nmr titrations. the solution structure of nusactd shows two structur ... | 2005 | 15987884 |
| an end-healing enzyme from clostridium thermocellum with 5' kinase, 2',3' phosphatase, and adenylyltransferase activities. | we identify and characterize an end-healing enzyme, cthpnkp, from clostridium thermocellum that catalyzes the phosphorylation of 5'-oh termini of dna or rna polynucleotides and the dephosphorylation of 2',3' cyclic phosphate, 2'-phosphate, and 3'-phosphate ribonucleotides. cthpnkp also catalyzes an autoadenylylation reaction via a polynucleotide ligase-type mechanism. these characteristics are consistent with a role in end-healing during rna or dna repair. cthpnkp is a homodimer of an 870-amino- ... | 2005 | 15987807 |
| slow assembly and disassembly of lambda cro repressor dimers. | dimers of cro are required to recognize operator dna and repress transcription, but dimerization is weak compared to dna binding. fluorophore-conjugated, single-cysteine variants of cro have been used to investigate the equilibria and kinetics of dimer assembly. equilibrium distributions of mixed dimers, monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret), confirm that labeled variants have equilibrium dimer dissociation constants in the micromolar concentration range. subunit exchange ex ... | 2005 | 15982668 |
| coevolutionary arms races between bacteria and bacteriophage. | we propose a computational and theoretical framework for analyzing rapid coevolutionary dynamics of bacteriophage and bacteria in their ecological context. bacteriophage enter host cells via membrane-bound surface receptors often responsible for nutrient uptake. as such, a selective pressure will exist for the bacteria to modify its receptor configuration and, in turn, for the phage to modify its tail fiber. a mathematical model of these trait adaptations is developed by using the framework of a ... | 2005 | 15976021 |
| a structural basis for allosteric control of dna recombination by lambda integrase. | site-specific dna recombination is important for basic cellular functions including viral integration, control of gene expression, production of genetic diversity and segregation of newly replicated chromosomes, and is used by bacteriophage lambda to integrate or excise its genome into and out of the host chromosome. lambda recombination is carried out by the bacteriophage-encoded integrase protein (lambda-int) together with accessory dna sites and associated bending proteins that allow regulati ... | 2005 | 15973401 |
| [construction of gene library of arthrobacter bt801 and isolation & expression of hydantoinase gene]. | hydantoinase can be widely used in enzymic production of various amino acids. in order to obtain the hydantoinase genes in arthrobacter bt801, its chromatosomal dna is isolated and partialy digested with sau3a i to collect fragments of about 30kb. then, this fragment is inserted into the hpa i and pst i site of cosmid pkc505. the genomic library was thus constructed by packing in vitro with lambda phage package protein and transfecting e. coli dh5alpha. a positive transformant was selected from ... | 2003 | 15969007 |
| involvement of cellular death signals in the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and lambda bacteriophage from a latent state. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 has adapted to the human host through two modes of infection, the acute-transient infection that may cause diseases (such as encephalitis) and the latent state, which is a source for recurrent infection and disease. while much information has been gathered on the cellular and molecular concomitants of establishment and maintenance of hsv-1 latent state, the biological basis of viral reactivation is still unclear. despite their obvious differences, hsv-1 and the bacte ... | 2005 | 15967186 |
| comparative analysis of sequence-specific dna recombination systems in human embryonic stem cells. | the great potential of human embryonic stem cells (hescs) in basic research, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy is widely recognized. controlled manipulation of hesc genomes through sequence-specific dna recombination (ssr) may play a significant role in future hesc applications. however, very little is known about the functionality of ssr systems in hescs. we demonstrate here that mutant phage lambda integrase, phage p1 cre recombinase, and mutant gammadelta resolvase displayed distinct ac ... | 2005 | 15955832 |
| a new plasmid vector for regulated gene expression in bacillus subtilis. | we have developed a novel regulated expression vector for bacillus subtilis based on the staphylococcus aureus plasmid pub110. this vector, named ppr54, carries the p(r) promoter and the ci857 gene (encoding a temperature-sensitive transcriptional repressor) from the escherichia coli phage lambda. using the gfp gene from the jellyfish aequorea victoria as a reporter, we show that ppr54 is a useful vector for controllable production of heterologous proteins in b. subtilis. | 2005 | 15941587 |
| investigating dna adduct-targeted mutagenicity of tamoxifen: preferential formation of tamoxifen-dna adducts in the human p53 gene in sv40 immortalized hepatocytes but not endometrial carcinoma cells. | tamoxifen is a widely used drug for chemotherapy and chemoprevention of breast cancer worldwide. tamoxifen therapy is, however, associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer. the carcinogenicity of tamoxifen is ascribed to its genotoxic and estrogen agonist effects. we investigated dna adduct-targeted mutagenicity of tamoxifen as a function of its genotoxicity in the cii transgene in big blue mouse embryonic fibroblasts and mapped the formation of tamoxifen-induced dna adducts in ... | 2005 | 15938631 |
| nmr solution structure of the monomeric form of the bacteriophage lambda capsid stabilizing protein gpd. | 2005 | 15929002 | |
| genotoxicity of the yamuna river water at okhla (delhi), india. | water samples from the yamuna river at okhla (delhi), india, were concentrated using xad resins (xad-4 and xad-8) and liquid-liquid extraction procedures. gas chromatographic analysis of liquid-liquid extracted water samples revealed the presence of the pesticides ddt, bhc, dieldrin, endosulfan, aldrin, 2,4-d, dimethoate, methyl parathion, and malathion at concentrations of 14, 25, 2.1, 114, 0.9, 0.6, 0.9, 1.7, and 1.9 ng/l, respectively. the genotoxicity of the extracted water samples was evalu ... | 2005 | 15922807 |
| optimization of nuclear localization signal for nuclear transport of dna-encapsulating particles. | the nuclear membrane is a tight barrier against the delivery of therapeutic genes into non-dividing tissue cells. overcoming this barrier with the aid of peptidic nuclear localization signals (nls) is crucial for improving the performance of synthetic gene-delivery vehicles. in this article, we examine the nuclear transport of lambda phage particles displaying various peptides containing the minimum nls of sv40 t antigen on their surface. as the minimum nls (pkkkrkv) is a binding domain to impor ... | 2005 | 15911050 |
| bacterial sensitivity to bacteriophage in the aquatic environment. | there are several unusual features about phage when you first encounter them as a biologist. they are small, but conform to one of a few morphological types. next their genomes can be composed of dna or rna and be single or double stranded. finally they are numerically more abundant than prokaryotes and a significant proportion of them form an association in their microbial host populations termed lysogeny. the latter findings indicate that they are numerically significant in microbial populatio ... | 2004 | 15884658 |
| [estimation of potential mutagenic activity of 24-epibrassinolide]. | genotoxic effect of synthetic phytohormone analogue of steroid origin epibrassinolide was studied in in vitro- and in vivo-tests. epibrassinolide did not display mutagenic properties in ames' test (s. typhimurium, ta100) and dna damaging activity test (dna of phage lambda). the rise in the level of polichromatophilous erythrocytes with micronuclei was observed in the micronuclear test at intraperitoneal epibrassinolide injection at the dose of 500 mg/kg that seems to be associated with disturban ... | 2004 | 15882035 |
| ten new temperate bacteriophages of citrobacter youngae. | in a cross-test, we examined 55 strains of citrobacter youngae against each other as potential producers of temperate bacteriophages and as potential sensitive indicators for them. ten strains (18.2 %) showed the production of phages. seven different strain-specific spectra of activity (from 1 to 11 strains each) were found. phage production by 6 strains was inducible with mitomycin c, in 4 strains it was not inducible. the plaques of the phages were more or less turbid, without a lytic halo, ti ... | 2004 | 15881402 |
| frequency of sox group b (sox1, 2, 3) and zic2 antibodies in turkish patients with small cell lung carcinoma and their correlation with clinical parameters. | expression of neuroectodermal markers is a key feature of small cell lung carcinoma (sclc). although immune responses against a number of these proteins have been associated with paraneoplastic neuronal disease (pnd), most patients with sclc have anti-neuroectodermal antibodies in the absence of pnd. whether these immune responses affect the clinical outcome in sclc is critical in understanding the potential value of these proteins as cancer vaccine targets as well as in the pathogenesis of pnd. | 2005 | 15880380 |
| holliday junction-binding peptides inhibit distinct junction-processing enzymes. | holliday junctions (hj) are the central intermediates in both homologous recombination and site-specific recombination performed by tyrosine recombinases such as the bacteriophage lambda integrase (int) protein. previously, our lab identified peptide inhibitors of int-mediated recombination that prevent the resolution of hj intermediates. we now show that two of these inhibitors bind hj dna in the square-planar conformation even in the absence of int protein. the peptides prevent unwinding of br ... | 2005 | 15867153 |
| targeted modification of the complete chicken lysozyme gene by poxvirus-mediated recombination. | we have developed a novel ex vivo system for the rapid one-step targeted modification of large eucaryotic dna sequences. the highly recombinant environment resulting from infection of rabbit cornea cells with the shope fibroma virus was exploited to mediate precise modifications of the complete chicken lysozyme gene domain (21.5 kb). homologous recombination was designed to occur between target dna (containing the complete lysozyme gene domain) maintained in a lambda bacteriophage vector and mod ... | 2005 | 15864331 |
| [preparation of anti-red antisera and its subcellular localization]. | to prepare rabbit anti-red antisera. | 2005 | 15862146 |
| a quantitative description of the binding states and in vitro function of antitermination protein n of bacteriophage lambda. | the n protein of bacteriophage lambda activates transcription of genes that lie downstream of termination sequences by suppressing transcription termination. n binds to specific (boxb) and non-specific sites on the transcript rna and contacts rna polymerase via cis-rna looping, resulting in "antitermination" of transcription. to find the effect of n-boxb binding on antitermination, we quantitatively relate binding measurements made in isolation to in vitro antitermination activity. we measure bi ... | 2005 | 15854643 |
| transcriptional activation mechanisms of the prm promoter of lambda phage. | we investigate the transcriptional activity associated with the p(rm) promoter of lambda phage. the probability for formation of a transcriptionally active (open) rna polymerase-dna complex is calculated by means of an equilibrium statistical-mechanical model. in particular, we study two different models of the transcriptional activation mechanism when the o(r)2 site is occupied by a ci dimer (typical for a lysogen) compared to the situation when o(r)2 is vacant: (1) transcription rate increases ... | 2004 | 15829357 |
| effective breakage of phage lambda dna by shearing with ceramic-coated needle of syringe. | the loss of biological activity of phage lambda dna was much greater when the dna was sheared using a ceramic-coated needle attached to a syringe compared with a conventional stainless steel needle. inactivation of the biological activity was due to breakage at the middle of the molecule. the thickness of the ceramic-coating was a crucial factor for the breakage. because approximately the same level of inactivation was observed with a non-coated needle as with thin glass and quartz tubes, it was ... | 2005 | 15824459 |
| [construction and characterization of a cdna library from human liver tissue of cirrhosis]. | to construct a cdna library from human liver tissue of cirrhosis. | 2005 | 15812880 |
| revisited gene regulation in bacteriophage lambda. | the contribution of bacteriophage lambda to gene control research is far from over. a revised model of the lambda genetic switch includes extra cooperativity through octamerization of the ci repressor protein, mediated by long-range dna looping. structural analysis reveals remarkably subtle transcriptional activation by ci. the action of ci, activation by cii, and aspects of antitermination by n and q all confirm the utility and versatility of simple, weak adhesive interactions mediated by nucle ... | 2005 | 15797197 |
| gene regulation at the single-cell level. | the quantitative relation between transcription factor concentrations and the rate of protein production from downstream genes is central to the function of genetic networks. here we show that this relation, which we call the gene regulation function (grf), fluctuates dynamically in individual living cells, thereby limiting the accuracy with which transcriptional genetic circuits can transfer signals. using fluorescent reporter genes and fusion proteins, we characterized the bacteriophage lambda ... | 2005 | 15790856 |
| cdna library construction from a small amount of rna: adaptor-ligation approach for two-round crna amplification using t7 and sp6 rna polymerases. | in this study, we developed a method that allows cdna library construction from a small amount of rna without causing serious size bias in the resulting cdna population. for this purpose, we adopted two-round crna amplification by t7 and sp6 rna polymerases. the first-round cdnas, flanked by the promoter sequences of t7 and sp6 rna polymerases, were synthesized from 1 microg total rna and then subjected to two rounds of crna amplification. comparison of the sizes of the first-round and the secon ... | 2005 | 15786810 |
| copper increases the damage to dna and proteins caused by reactive oxygen species. | copper [cu(ii)] is an ubiquitous transition and trace element in living organisms. it increases reactive oxygen species (ros) and free-radical generation that might damage biomolecules like dna, proteins, and lipids. furthermore, ability of cu(ii) greatly increases in the presence of oxidants. ros, like hydroxyl (.oh) and superoxide (.o(2)) radicals, alter both the structure of the dna double helix and the nitrogen bases, resulting in mutations like the at-->gc and gc-->at transitions. proteins, ... | 2005 | 15784956 |
| polarity within pm and pe promoted phage lambda ci-rexa-rexb transcription and its suppression. | the ci-rexa-rexb operon of bacteriophage lambda confers 2 phenotypes, imm and rex, to lysogenic cells. immunity to homoimmune infecting lambda phage depends upon the ci repressor. rex exclusion of t4rii mutants requires rexa and rexb proteins. both imm and rex share temperature-sensitive conditional phenotypes when expressed from ci[ts]857 but not from ci+ lambda prophage. plasmids were made in which ci-rexa-rexb was transcribed from a non-lambda promoter, ptet. the ci857-rexa-rexb plasmid exhib ... | 2005 | 15782233 |
| engineering of a vaccinia virus bacterial artificial chromosome in escherichia coli by bacteriophage lambda-based recombination. | the large capacity of vaccinia virus (vac) for added dna, cytoplasmic expression and broad host range make it a popular choice for gene delivery, despite the burdensome need for multiple plaque purifications to isolate recombinants. here we describe how a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) containing the entire vac genome can be engineered in escherichia coli by homologous recombination using bacteriophage lambda-encoded enzymes. the engineered vac genomes can then be used to produce clonally ... | 2005 | 15782205 |
| self-association properties of the bacteriophage lambda terminase holoenzyme: implications for the dna packaging motor. | terminases are enzymes common to complex double-stranded dna viruses and are required for packaging of viral dna into a protective capsid. bacteriophage lambda terminase holoenzyme is a hetero-oligomer composed of the a and nu1 lambda gene products; however, the self-association properties of the holoenzyme have not been investigated systematically. here, we report the results of sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, and gel-filtration experiments studying the self-association prope ... | 2005 | 15755448 |
| construction and characterization of a cdna library from human liver tissue with chronic hepatitis b. | to construct a cdna library from human liver tissue with chronic hepatitis b and check its quality for investigating the expression level of liver tissue infected by hepatitis b virus. this will then be used to find the relevant genes and interesting proteins associated with the development of hepatitis b. | 2005 | 15754427 |
| high-resolution physical mapping of the secalin-1 locus of rye on extended dna fibers. | high-resolution mapping of secalin-1 (sec-1) locus has been performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization to extended dna fibers of rye (secale cereale, 2n = 14), employing dna probes of lambda phage clones containing the omega-secalin gene. the fluorescent signals to rye extended dna fibers revealed continuous strings of 45 microm, corresponding to the size of 147 kb dna. to determine the copy number of sec-1 locus on dna fibers, a 1.2-kb fragment including the entire coding region of the ome ... | 2005 | 15753562 |
| comparative analysis of selected genes from diachasmimorpha longicaudata entomopoxvirus and other poxviruses. | the diachasmimorpha longicaudata entomopoxvirus (dlepv) is the first symbiotic epv described from a parasitic wasp. the dlepv is introduced into the tephritid fruit fly larval host along with the wasp egg at oviposition. we sequenced a shotgun genomic library of the dlepv dna and analyzed and compared the predicted protein sequences of eight orfs with those of selected poxviruses and other organisms. blastp searches showed that five of these are homologous to poxvirus putative proteins such as m ... | 2005 | 15749105 |
| nanopores: maltoporin channel as a sensor for maltodextrin and lambda-phage. | background: to harvest nutrition from the outside bacteria e.g. e. coli developed in the outer cell wall a number of sophisticated channels called porins. one of them, maltoporin, is a passive specific channel for the maltodextrin uptake. this channel was also named lamb as the bacterial virus phage lambda mis-uses this channel to recognise the bacteria. the first step is a reversible binding followed after a lag phase by dna injection. to date little is known about the binding capacity and less ... | 2005 | 15743521 |
| bacteriophage lambda terminase: alterations of the high-affinity atpase affect viral dna packaging. | dna packaging by large dna viruses such as the tailed bacteriophages and the herpesviruses involves dna translocation into a preformed protein shell, called the prohead. translocation is driven by an atp hydrolysis-powered dna packaging motor. the bacteriophages encode a heterodimeric viral dna packaging protein, called terminase. the terminases have an atpase center located in the n terminus of the large subunit implicated in dna translocation. in previous work with phage lambda, lethal mutatio ... | 2005 | 15733918 |