Publications

long-term episomal maintenance of bovine papillomavirus type 1 plasmids is determined by attachment to host chromosomes, which is mediated by the viral e2 protein and its binding sites.	papillomavirus genomes are stably maintained as extrachromosomal nuclear plasmids in dividing host cells. to address the mechanisms responsible for stable maintenance of virus, we examined nuclear compartmentalization of plasmids containing the full-length upstream regulatory region (urr) from the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) genome. we found that these plasmids are tightly associated with the nuclear chromatin both in the stable cell lines that maintain episomal copies of the plasmids an ...	1999	10196338
the transmembrane domain of the e5 oncoprotein contains functionally discrete helical faces.	the e5 protein of bovine papillomavirus is a 44-amino acid, golgi-resident, type ii transmembrane protein that efficiently transforms immortalized mouse fibroblasts. the transmembrane (tm) domain of e5 is not only critical for biological activity, it also regulates interactions with cellular targets including the platelet derived growth factor receptor (pdgf-r) and the 16-kda subunit of the vacuolar proton atpase (v-atpase). in order to define the specific tm amino acids essential for e5 biologi ...	1999	10187811
molecular replacement: the revival of the molecular fourier transform method.	the molecular fourier transform method, perhaps the first application of the molecular-replacement approach, used in the 1950s for the two-dimensional structure determination of small molecules, has been modernised for the efficient solution of complex structures. in the modern application of the molecular fourier transform (mft), the three-dimensional transform of the molecular model is calculated and fitting is achieved by rotating the weighted reciprocal lattice with respect to the calculated ...	1998	10089509
structure of the e2 dna-binding domain from human papillomavirus serotype 31 at 2.4 a.	the papillomaviruses are a family of small double-stranded dna viruses which exclusively infect epithelial cells and stimulate the proliferation of those cells. a key protein within the papillomavirus life-cycle is known as the e2 (early 2) protein and is responsible for regulating viral transcription from all viral promoters as well as for replication of the papillomavirus genome in tandem with another protein known as e1. the e2 protein itself consists of three functional domains: an n-termina ...	1998	10089498
the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein requires a juxtamembrane negative charge for activation of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor and transformation of c127 cells.	the bovine papillomavirus e5 gene encodes a 44-amino-acid, homodimeric transmembrane protein that is the smallest known transforming protein. the e5 protein transforms cultured fibroblasts by forming a stable complex with the endogenous platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) beta receptor through transmembrane and juxtamembrane interactions, leading to sustained receptor activation. aspartic acid 33 in the extracellular juxtamembrane region of the e5 protein is important for cell transformation a ...	1999	10074180
a mutational analysis of the transforming functions of the e8 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 4.	the e8 protein of bpv-4 contributes to transformation of primary bovine cells (palfs) by inducing anchorage-independent growth and by down-regulating gap junction intercellular communication, likely due to its binding to 16k ductin. we show here that, in addition, e8 confers on palf cells the ability to grow in low serum and to escape from contact inhibition (focus formation). e8 also transactivates an exogenous human cyclin a gene promoter, suggesting that overexpression of cyclin a is responsi ...	1999	10069964
induction of autoantibodies to mouse ccr5 with recombinant papillomavirus particles.	the vertebrate immune system has evolved to respond vigorously to microbial infection but to ignore self-antigens. evidence has emerged that b cell responses to viruses are initiated by immune recognition of ordered arrays of antigen on the viral surface. to test whether autoantibodies against a self-antigen can be induced by placing it in a context that mimics the ordered surface of a viral particle, a peptide representing an extracellular loop of the mouse chemokine receptor ccr5 was incorpora ...	1999	10051649
characteristics of cytosine deaminase-5-fluorocytosine system. enhancement of radiation cytotoxicity and bystander effect.		1998	10026860
detection of human papillomavirus type 10 dna in eccrine syringofibroadenomatosis occurring in clouston's syndrome.	syringofibroadenomatosis is often associated with an underlying condition such as diabetes mellitus or hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. by reason of these associations, a reactive or hamartomatous cause is suspected. we report a case of a 71-year-old woman with clouston's syndrome in whom progressive multiple palmoplantar syringofibroadenomas developed over a 10-year period. the syringofibroadenomas formed flat-topped papules simulating verruca plana; the widespread distribution and chronic progre ...	1999	10025758
the bovine papillomavirus type 1 e6 oncoprotein sensitizes cells to tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis.	expression of viral proteins may result in susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxic effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf). while murine c127 cells containing the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) genome were reported to exhibit increased tnf sensitivity, the gene(s) responsible was not identified. the bpv-1 e6 oncoprotein induces tumorigenic transformation of murine c127 cells and stimulates transcription when targeted to a promoter. bpv-1 e6 was introduced into c127 cells (pbe6) by ret ...	1999	9989810
the bovine papillomavirus type 4 long control region contains an epithelial specific enhancer.	bovine papillomavirus type 4 (bpv-4) is a mucosal epitheliotropic virus that is a causative agent in alimentary carcinoma of cattle. the long control region (lcr) of this virus controls expression of the transforming proteins, e8 and e7. deletion mutants of the lcr were prepared and assayed for their ability to activate transcription from the lcr promoter in primary bovine palate keratinocytes (the natural target cell for bpv-4) and fibroblasts. the lcr was at least an order of magnitude more ac ...	1999	9934679
biochemical and electron microscopic image analysis of the hexameric e1 helicase.	dna replication initiator proteins bind site specifically to origin sites and in most cases participate in the early steps of unwinding the duplex. the papillomavirus preinitiation complex that assembles on the origin of replication is composed of proteins e1 and the activator protein e2. e2 is an ancillary factor that increases the affinity of e1 for the ori site through cooperative binding. here we show that duplex dna affects e1 (in the absence of e2) to assemble into an active hexameric stru ...	1999	9933649
a broad-spectrum microbicide with virucidal activity against sexually transmitted viruses.	sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), an alkyl sulfate surfactant derived from an organic alcohol, possesses surfactant properties but also denatures and unfolds both monomeric and subunit proteins. in preliminary experiments, we demonstrated that sds is a potent inactivator of herpes simplex virus type 2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 at concentrations comparable to those used for the surfactant nonoxynol-9. we hypothesized that sds might be capable of denaturing the capsid proteins of nonenve ...	1999	9925525
virocrine transformation: the intersection between viral transforming proteins and cellular signal transduction pathways.	this review describes a mechanism of viral transformation involving activation of cellular signaling pathways. we focus on four viral oncoproteins: the e5 protein of bovine papillomavirus, which activates the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor; gp55 of spleen focus forming virus, which activates the erythropoietin receptor; polyoma virus middle t antigen, which resembles an activated receptor tyrosine kinase; and lmp-1 of epstein-barr virus, which mimics an activated tumor necrosis fac ...	1998	9891803
human papillomavirus dna replication compartments in a transient dna replication system.	many dna viruses replicate their genomes at nuclear foci in infected cells. using indirect immunofluorescence in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization, we colocalized the human papillomavirus (hpv) replicating proteins e1 and e2 and the replicating origin-containing plasmid to nuclear foci in transiently transfected cells. the host replication protein a (rp-a) was also colocalized to these foci. these nuclear structures were identified as active sites of viral dna synthesis by brom ...	1999	9882301
crystal structure of the e2 dna-binding domain from human papillomavirus type 16: implications for its dna binding-site selection mechanism.	the crystal structure of the e2 dna-binding domain from the high-risk cervical cancer-associated strain human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) is described here. the papillomavirus e2 proteins regulate transcription from all viral promoters and are required for the initiation of replication in vivo. they belong to a family of viral proteins that form dimeric beta-barrels and use surface alpha-helices for dna interaction. although all e2 proteins recognize the same consensus, palindromic dna seque ...	1998	9878365
mucosal immunisation with papillomavirus virus-like particles elicits systemic and mucosal immunity in mice.	it has been shown previously that recombinant virus-like particles (vlps) of papillomavirus can induce vlp-specific humoral and cellular immune responses following parenteral administration. to test whether mucosal administration of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) vlps could produce mucosal as well as systemic immune responses to vlps, 50 micrograms chimeric bpv1 vlps containing an hpv16 e7 ctl epitope (bpvl1/e7 vlp) was administered intranasally to mice. after two immunisations, l1-specific ...	1998	9875315
bovine papillomavirus e5 protein induces oligomerization and trans-phosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor.	the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein is a 44-aa transmembrane protein that forms a stable complex with the cellular platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) beta receptor and induces constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the receptor, resulting in cell transformation. the e5 protein does not resemble pdgf, but rather activates the receptor in a ligand-independent fashion, thus providing a unique system to examine activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. here, we used a variety of ...	1998	9860953
structural code for dna recognition revealed in crystal structures of papillomavirus e2-dna targets.	transcriptional regulation in papillomaviruses depends on sequence-specific binding of the regulatory protein e2 to several sites in the viral genome. crystal structures of bovine papillomavirus e2 dna targets reveal a conformational variant of b-dna characterized by a roll-induced writhe and helical repeat of 10.5 bp per turn. a comparison between the free and the protein-bound dna demonstrates that the intrinsic structure of the dna regions contacted directly by the protein and the deformabili ...	1998	9860945
dna curvature and deformation in protein-dna complexes: a step in the right direction.		1998	9860938
structural models of the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein.	the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein is thought to be a type ii integral membrane protein that exists as a disulfide-linked homodimer in transformed cells. polarized-infrared measurements show that the e5 dimer in membrane bilayers is largely alpha-helical and has a transmembrane orientation. computational searches of helix-helix conformations reveal two possible low-energy dimer structures. correlation of these results with previous mutagenesis studies on the e5 protein suggests how the e5 dime ...	1998	9849943
function of a bovine papillomavirus type 1 exonic splicing suppressor requires a suboptimal upstream 3' splice site.	alternative splicing is an important mechanism for the regulation of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) gene expression during the virus life cycle. previous studies in our laboratory have identified two purine-rich exonic splicing enhancers (eses), se1 and se2, located between two alternative 3' splice sites at nucleotide (nt) 3225 and nt 3605. further analysis of bpv-1 late-pre-mrna splicing in vitro revealed a 48-nt pyrimidine-rich region immediately downstream of se1 that inhibits utilizat ...	1999	9847303
recruitment and loading of the e1 initiator protein: an atp-dependent process catalysed by a transcription factor.	initiation of dna replication critically depends on ori recognition as well as on catalytic activities of the initiator complex. for replication of papillomaviruses the catalytic activities for initiation are provided by the e1 protein. here, we show that the transcription factor e2 acts to assemble e1 into a complex active for ori distortion in two steps. first, cooperative dna binding of e1 and e2 generates a sequence-specific ori recognition complex. in the second atp-dependent step, e2 is di ...	1998	9843509
a pyrimidine-rich exonic splicing suppressor binds multiple rna splicing factors and inhibits spliceosome assembly.	the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) exonic splicing suppressor (ess) is juxtaposed immediately downstream of bpv-1 splicing enhancer 1 and negatively modulates selection of a suboptimal 3' splice site at nucleotide 3225. the present study demonstrates that this pyrimidine-rich ess inhibits utilization of upstream 3' splice sites by blocking early steps in spliceosome assembly. analysis of the proteins that bind to the ess showed that the u-rich 5' region binds u2af65 and polypyrimidine trac ...	1998	9826658
l1-specific protection from tumor challenge elicited by hpv16 virus-like particles.	a single injection of hpv16 l1 virus-like particles induced potent cd8-mediated protection from tumor challenge by c3 cells, a line derived from embryonic mouse cells transfected with the hpv16 genome. l1 rna, but not protein, was detected biochemically in c3 cells. these results indicate that low-level expression of hpv16 l1 can occur in proliferating cells and serve as a tumor vaccine target. although l1 expression is generally thought to be restricted to terminally differentiated epithelial c ...	1998	9792847
role of glutamine 17 of the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein in platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor activation and cell transformation.	the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein is a small, homodimeric transmembrane protein that forms a stable complex with the cellular platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) beta receptor through transmembrane and juxtamembrane interactions, resulting in receptor activation and cell transformation. glutamine 17 in the transmembrane domain of the 44-amino-acid e5 protein is critical for complex formation and receptor activation, and we previously proposed that glutamine 17 forms a hydrogen bond with thr ...	1998	9765437
bovine papillomavirus transmission and chromosomal aberrations: an experimental model.	enzootic haematuria and urinary bladder cancer in cattle are associated with feeding on bracken fern and bovine papillomavirus (bpv) infection. an increased rate of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from chronically affected haematuric cows raised in bracken fern pastures has been reported, suggesting the presence of bpv in the peripheral blood of afflicted animals. the purpose of the present investigation was to examine the role of peripheral blood as a potential bpv-trans ...	1998	9747721
the papillomavirus e6 proteins.	specific types of human papillomaviruses (hpv) are strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer. the e6 gene from cancer-related hpvs has exhibited functions in tumorigenesis, regulation of transcription, telomerase, and apoptosis. cancer-related hpvs e6 proteins bind the tumor suppressor p53 and promotes its degradation through an ubiquitin-dependent pathway. several additional cellular e6-binding proteins have recently been identified and implicated in playing roles in p53-indep ...	1998	9739758
inhibition/stimulation of bovine papillomavirus by adeno-associated virus is time as well as multiplicity dependent.	infection by adeno-associated virus (aav) is associated with lower cervical cancer rates. we have been investigating the hypothesis that aav interacts with and inhibits the role of human papillomaviruses (hpv) in cervical cancer. we have been studying the response of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv) oncogenic transformation and dna replication to aav as a prototype system. the aav rep 78 gene product is responsible for this inhibition. here, it is demonstrated that in two assay systems, focus ...	1998	9705917
subpopulations of lymphocytes in cattle naturally infected with papillomavirus.	subpopulations of blood lymphocytes (cd2, cd4, cd8, wc1 and igm-mu chain) were evaluated in clinically manifested bovine papillomatosis. significantly lower numbers of cd2 (44.7%), cd4 (22.8%) and a lower ratio of cd4/cd8 (1.5) were found in animals with tumours compared to a group of cattle free of papillomas (62.3%, 34%, and 2.3, respectively). on the other hand, significantly higher numbers of gamma/delta+ t lymphocytes (9.6%) and of lymphocytes expressing igm molecules (35%) were observed in ...	1998	9704506
functional interaction between the bovine papillomavirus virus type 1 replicative helicase e1 and cyclin e-cdk2.	we have found that the replicative helicase e1 of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) interacts with a key cell cycle regulator of s phase, the cyclin e-cdk2 kinase. the e1 helicase, which interacts with cyclin e and not with cdk2, presents the highest affinity for catalytically active kinase complexes. in addition, e1, cyclin e, and cdk2 expressed in xenopus egg extracts are quantitatively coimmunoprecipitated from crude extracts by either anti-cdk2 or anti-e1 antibodies. e1 protein is also a ...	1998	9696820
1h, 15n, and 13c nmr resonance assignments for the dna-binding domain of the bpv-1 e2 protein.		1998	9691287
bpv-4 e8 transforms nih3t3 cells, up-regulates cyclin a and cyclin a-associated kinase activity and de-regulates expression of the cdk inhibitor p27kip1.	the e8 open reading frame of bovine papillomavirus type 4 (bpv-4) encodes a small (42 amino acid) hydrophobic polypeptide localized to cellular membranes and capable of conferring an anchorage-independent (ai) growth phenotype on primary bovine cells co-transfected with bpv-4 e7 orf and an activated ras gene. to further study the function of e8 independently of other viral gene products, we have expressed it in the murine fibroblast cell line, nih3t3. cells expressing e8 are capable of ai growth ...	1998	9690511
two antibodies that neutralize papillomavirus by different mechanisms show distinct binding patterns at 13 a resolution.	complexes between bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) and examples of two sets of neutralizing, monoclonal antibodies (mab) to the major capsid protein (l1) were analyzed by low-dose cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional (3d) image reconstruction to 13 a resolution. mab #9 is representative of a set of neutralizing antibodies that can inhibit viral binding to the cell surface, while mab 5b6 is representative of a second set that efficiently neutralizes papillomaviruses without significa ...	1998	9680478
interaction of prion peptide huprp106-126 with nucleic acid.	synthetic prion peptide prp106-126 has been used as a model to understand prion diseases. the conformation of the peptide depends on the environmental conditions and it forms amyloid in vitro. the potential of this prion peptide to interact with nucleic acids has been studied using a fluorescent labelled nucleic acid by kinetic and equilibrium methods. a decrease in the fluorescence of the labelled dna induced by the peptide with time is observed which is ph, ionic strength and temperature depen ...	1997	9672613
u1 snrnp inhibits pre-mrna polyadenylation through a direct interaction between u1 70k and poly(a) polymerase.	it has previously been shown in vivo that bovine papillomavirus represses its late gene expression via a 5' splice site sequence located upstream of the late polyadenylation signal. here, the mechanism of repression is determined by in vitro analysis. u1 snrnp binding to the 5' splice site results in inhibition of polyadenylation via a direct interaction with poly(a) polymerase (pap). although the inhibitory mechanism is similar to that used in u1a autoregulation, u1a within the u1 snrnp does no ...	1998	9659922
the papillomavirus e1 protein forms a dna-dependent hexameric complex with atpase and dna helicase activities.	the e1 protein from bovine papillomavirus has site-specific dna binding activity, dna helicase activity, and dna-dependent atpase activity consistent with the properties of an initiator protein. here we have identified and characterized a novel oligomeric form of e1 that is associated with the atpase and dna helicase activities and whose formation is strongly stimulated by single-stranded dna. this oligomeric form corresponds to a hexamer of e1.	1998	9658141
p53 protein is a suppressor of papillomavirus dna amplificational replication.	p53 protein was able to block human and bovine papillomavirus dna amplificational replication while not interfering with epstein-barr virus orip once-per-cell cycle replication. oligomerization, intact dna-binding, replication protein a-binding, and proline-rich domains of the p53 protein were essential for efficient inhibition, while the n-terminal transcriptional activation and c-terminal regulatory domains were dispensable for the suppressor activity of the p53 protein. the inhibition of repl ...	1998	9658131
the bpv-4 co-carcinogen quercetin induces cell cycle arrest and up-regulates transcription from the lcr of bpv-4.	bracken fern is the environmental co-carcinogen of bpv-4 in the induction of neoplasias of the upper alimentary canal of cattle. the flavonoid quercetin is one of the most potent and best characterised mutagens present in the fern. we have shown that transfection with bpv-4 dna and exposure to a single dose of quercetin leads to tumorigenic transformation of primary bovine cells. we now show that quercetin induces cell cycle arrest and up-regulates transcription from the bpv-4 long control regio ...	1998	9652740
presence of papillomavirus-like dna sequences in cutaneous fibropapillomas of the goat udder.	papillomatous lesions were isolated from the mammary skin of goats and examined for evidence of papillomavirus (pv) infection by various criteria, including gross morphology, histology and dna hybridization. although some lesions showed gross papillomatous morphological and histological features similar to those caused by papillomavirus in other species, no viral particles were detected. reverse slot hybridization revealed cross-hybridization between dna extracted from goat mammary papillomas an ...	1998	9646460
a high capacity assay for inhibitors of human papillomavirus dna replication.	the discovery of antiviral compounds against human papillomaviruses (hpv) has been hindered by the difficulties in culturing virus in vitro or assaying stable hpv dna replication. however, plasmids containing the hpv replication origin replicate transiently upon co-transfection with hpv e1 and e2 expression vectors. we have adapted this assay using secreted alkaline phosphatase (sap) as a reporter for rapid analysis of dna copy number. use of the sv40 early promoter in controlling sap expression ...	1995	9636294
distinct roles of two binding sites for the bovine papillomavirus (bpv) e2 transactivator on bpv dna replication.	the modulation of dna replication by transcription factors was examined by using bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv). bpv replication in vivo requires two viral proteins: e1, an origin-binding protein, and e2, a transcriptional transactivator. in the origin, e1 interacts with a central region flanked by two binding sites for e2 (bs11 and bs12), of which only bs12 has been reported to be essential for replication in vivo. using chemical interference and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we fo ...	1998	9621032
selective ablation of human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 p12i reduces viral infectivity in vivo.	human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) is the etiologic agent of adult t-cell leukemia and htlv-1-associated myelopathy. novel, yet conserved rna transcripts encoded from open reading frames (orfs) i and ii of the viral px region are expressed both in vitro and in infected individuals. the orf i mrna encodes the protein p12(i), which has been shown to localize to cellular endomembranes, cooperate with bovine papillomavirus e5 in transformation, as well as bind to the il-2 receptor beta ...	1998	9616168
significant behavioral recovery in parkinson's disease model by direct intracerebral gene transfer using continuous injection of a plasmid dna-liposome complex.	as an alternative to virus-mediated gene transfer, we previously demonstrated a simple, safe, and efficient transfer of foreign gene into the central nervous system using continuous injection of a plasmid dna-cationic liposome complex. to explore whether this approach can be applied to the treatment of certain neurological disorders, we used an experimental model of parkinson's disease (pd) in the present study. following continuous injection for 7 days, tyrosine hydroxylase (th) and aromatic l- ...	1998	9607420
calcium is required in reassembly of bovine papillomavirus in vitro.	papillomaviruses are small dna viruses which infect and induce benign warts and sometimes malignant tumours in the epithelium of the skin or mucosa. the viruses do not replicate in conventional tissue culture systems and little is known about the requirements for virus assembly. we investigated the effect of ethylene glycol-bis(aminoethyl ether)-tetraacetic acid (egta) and dithiothreitol (dtt) treatment on the stability of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) particles in vitro. removal of calci ...	1998	9603328
dna packaging by l1 and l2 capsid proteins of bovine papillomavirus type 1.	encapsidation of circular dna by papillomavirus capsid protein was investigated in cos-1 cells. plasmids carrying both an sv40 origin of replication (ori) and an e. coli ori were introduced into cos-1 cells by dna transfection pv capsid proteins were supplied in trans by recombinant vaccinia viruses. pseudovirions were purified from infected cells and their packaged dna was extracted and used to transform e. coli as an indication of packaging efficacy. vlps assembled from bpv-1 l1 alone packaged ...	1998	9568045
transactivation-competent bovine papillomavirus e2 protein is specifically required for efficient repression of human papillomavirus oncogene expression and for acute growth inhibition of cervical carcinoma cell lines.	the papillomavirus e2 proteins can function as sequence-specific transactivators or transrepressors of transcription and as cofactors in viral dna replication. we previously demonstrated that acute expression of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) e2 protein in hela and ht-3 cervical carcinoma cell lines greatly reduced cellular proliferation by imposing a specific g1/s phase growth arrest. in this report, we analyzed the effects of a panel of point mutations in the bpv1 e2 protein to identi ...	1998	9557678
segregation of viral plasmids depends on tethering to chromosomes and is regulated by phosphorylation.	eukaryotic viruses can maintain latency in dividing cells as extrachromosomal nuclear plasmids. segregation and nuclear retention of dna is, therefore, a key issue in retaining copy number. the e2 enhancer protein of the papillomaviruses is required for viral dna replication and transcription. viral mutants that prevent phosphorylation of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv) e2 protein are transformation-defective, despite normal viral gene expression and replication function. cell colonies ha ...	1998	9539738
stability without a centromere.		1998	9539691
characterization of the dna-binding domain of the bovine papillomavirus replication initiator e1.	the bovine papillomavirus replication initiator protein e1 is an origin of replication (ori)-binding protein absolutely required for viral dna replication. in the presence of the viral transcription factor e2, e1 binds to the ori and initiates dna replication. to understand how the e1 initiator recognizes the ori and how e2 assists in this process, we have expressed and purified a 166-amino-acid fragment which corresponds to the minimal e1 dna-binding domain (dbd). dna binding studies using this ...	1998	9525573
epithelial specific transcriptional regulation of the bovine papillomavirus 4 promoter by e2.	bovine papillomavirus 4 (bpv-4) is a mucosal epitheliotropic papillomavirus. it encodes a transcriptional regulator, e2, which acts on the bpv-4 transcriptional control region (the long control region or lcr) to regulate transcription. the distribution of e2 binding sites within the lcr of bpv-4 is identical to that of the human papillomaviruses hpv-16 and hpv-18, indicating that the mechanism of transcriptional control by e2 of mucosal epitheliotropic papillomaviruses is conserved. in this stud ...	1998	9519828
origin dna-binding proteins.	the first step in dna replication involves the recognition of origin dna sequences by origin-binding proteins. the three-dimensional structures of three different origin dna-binding proteins have recently been solved. these proteins form a structural class distinct from other dna-binding proteins. one of the origin-binding proteins, epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1, most likely has two modes of dna binding; the sequential use of these modes may be important for the initiation of dna replicat ...	1998	9519296
subunit rearrangement accompanies sequence-specific dna binding by the bovine papillomavirus-1 e2 protein.	the 2.5 a crystal structures of the dna-binding domain of the e2 protein from bovine papillomavirus strain 1 and its complex with dna are presented. e2 is a transcriptional regulatory protein that is also involved in viral dna replication. it is the structural prototype for a novel class of dna-binding proteins: dimeric beta-barrels with surface alpha-helices that serve as recognition helices. these helices contain the amino-acid residues involved in sequence-specifying interactions. the e2 prot ...	1998	9500927
dna structure and flexibility in the sequence-specific binding of papillomavirus e2 proteins.	the papillomavirus e2 proteins are transcriptional regulators that bind to a consensus dna sequence accg nnnn cggt. multiple copies of this binding site are found in the viral genomes. the affinities of the naturally occurring binding sites for the e2 proteins are predominantly dependent upon the sequence of the nnnn spacer. the hierarchies of binding site affinities among the sites present in the viral genomes result in differential occupancy during the viral life-cycle. in turn, this different ...	1998	9500925
intercapsomeric disulfide bonds in papillomavirus assembly and disassembly.	in order to analyze bonding contacts that stabilize the virion or promote capsid assembly, bovine papillomavirus (bpv) virions were subjected to buffer conditions known to disrupt polyomavirus virions. at physiologic ionic strength, incubation with dithiothreitol (dtt), egta, or dtt plus egta did not disrupt bpv virions as determined by electron microscopy. however, incubation of virions with dtt rendered the bpv l1 protein susceptible to trypsin cleavage at its carboxy terminus and rendered the ...	1998	9499072
bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes and the e2 transactivator protein are closely associated with mitotic chromatin.	the bovine papillomavirus type 1 e2 transactivator protein is required for viral transcriptional regulation and dna replication and may be important for long-term episomal maintenance of viral genomes within replicating cells (m. piirsoo, e. ustav, t. mandel, a. stenlund, and m. ustav, embo j. 15:1-11, 1996). we have evidence that, in contrast to most other transcriptional transactivators, the e2 transactivator protein is associated with mitotic chromosomes in dividing cells. the shorter e2-tr a ...	1998	9499063
competition for dna binding sites between the short and long forms of e2 dimers underlies repression in bovine papillomavirus type 1 dna replication control.	papillomaviruses establish a long-term latency in vivo by maintaining their genomes as nuclear plasmids in proliferating cells. bovine papillomavirus type 1 encodes two proteins required for viral dna replication: the helicase e1 and the positive regulator e2. the homodimeric e2 is known to cooperatively bind to dna with e1 to form a preinitiation complex at the origin of dna replication. the virus also codes for two short forms of e2 that can repress viral functions when overexpressed, and at l ...	1998	9499046
screening for bovine papillomavirus in peripheral blood cells of donkeys with and without sarcoids.	papillomaviral dna has been identified in peripheral blood cells of both cattle and humans with and without associated disease and it has been suggested that such cells may act as sites of viral latency. in order to investigate the possibility of latent papillomaviral infection in the aetiopathogenesis of the equine sarcoid, peripheral blood derived dna samples from 20 healthy and 34 sarcoid-affected donkeys were subject to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using papillomaviral specific primers. a ...	1997	9491459
human fibroblasts expressing the human papillomavirus e6 gene are deficient in global genomic nucleotide excision repair and sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation.	we investigated the role of wild-type p53 activity in modulating nucleotide excision repair after uv irradiation in normal and p53-deficient primary human fibroblasts created by expression of the human papillomavirus 16 e6 gene. compared with parental cells, the e6-expressing fibroblasts were deficient in global genomic repair of both uv-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts but exhibited normal transcription-coupled repair. the e6-expressing cells were also more sensitive ...	1998	9485006
an embryonic demethylation mechanism involving binding of transcription factors to replicating dna.	in vertebrates, transcriptionally active promoters are undermethylated. since the transcription factor sp1, and more recently nf-kappab, have been implicated in the demethylation process, we examined the effect of transcription factors on demethylation by injecting in vitro methylated plasmid dna into xenopus fertilized eggs. we found that various transactivation domains, including a strong acidic activation domain from the viral protein vp16, can enhance demethylation of a promoter region when ...	1998	9482741
association of bovine papillomavirus type 1 e6 oncoprotein with the focal adhesion protein paxillin through a conserved protein interaction motif.	we have found that the e6 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (be6) as well as the e6 protein of the cancer associated hpv-16 (16e6) interact with the focal adhesion protein paxillin. mutational analysis of paxillin revealed that be6 binds paxillin through small protein interaction motifs called ld motifs that have been previously identified as important in regulating association of paxillin with vinculin and focal adhesion kinase (fak), and that be6 can interact with at least two separa ...	1998	9467941
papillomavirus virus-like particles can deliver defined ctl epitopes to the mhc class i pathway.	to evaluate an antigen delivery system in which exogenous antigen can target the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i pathway, a single human papillomavirus (hpv) 16 e7 cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope and a single hiv gp160 ctl epitope were separately fused to the c-terminus of bovine papillomavirus 1 (bpv1) l1 sequence to form hybrid bpv1l1 vlps. mice immunized with these hybrid vlps mounted strong ctl responses against the relevant target cells in the absence of any adjuvants. i ...	1998	9448699
polyomavirus large t can support dna replication in human cells.	human cells are generally thought to be nonpermissive for polyomavirus (py) dna replication. using transient transfection, we show that py large t-antigen (lt) was able to support replication of a py origin-containing plasmid in two human cell lines. replication supported by lt in human cells was specific for the py origin and required its enhancer sequences, as well as the previously reported critical phosphorylation sites within lt. py replication efficiency was comparable to that of papilloma ...	1998	9448688
functional interaction of the bovine papillomavirus e2 transactivation domain with tfiib.	induction of gene expression by the papillomavirus e2 protein requires its approximately 220-amino-acid amino-terminal transactivation domain (tad) to interact with cellular factors that lead to formation of an activated rna polymerase complex. these interaction partners have yet to be identified and characterized. the e2 protein localizes the transcription complex to the target promoter through its carboxy-terminal sequence-specific dna binding domain. this domain has been reported to bind the ...	1998	9444994
transient viral dna replication and repression of viral transcription are supported by the c-terminal domain of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 e1 protein.	the bovine papillomavirus type 1 e1 protein is important for viral dna replication and transcriptional repression. it has been proposed that the full-length e1 protein consists of a small n-terminal and a larger c-terminal domain. in this study, it is shown that an e1 polypeptide containing residues 132 to 605 (which represents the c-terminal domain) is able to support transient viral dna replication, although at a level lower than that supported by the wild-type protein. this domain can also re ...	1998	9420289
interaction of the bovine papillomavirus e6 protein with the clathrin adaptor complex ap-1.	the e6 gene of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) is expressed in fibropapillomas caused by bpv-1 and in tissue culture cells transformed by bpv-1. it encodes one of the two major oncoproteins of bpv-1. in this study, we demonstrate an interaction between the bpv-1 e6 protein and ap-1, the tgn (trans-golgi network)-specific clathrin adaptor complex. ap-1 is a four-subunit protein complex required for clathrin-mediated cellular transport from the tgn. the ap-1/e6 interaction was observed in ...	1998	9420248
the papillomavirus minor capsid protein, l2, induces localization of the major capsid protein, l1, and the viral transcription/replication protein, e2, to pml oncogenic domains.	we have used immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of structural and nonstructural bovine papillomavirus (bpv) proteins in cultured cells that produce infectious virions. when expressed separately, l1, the major capsid protein, showed a diffuse nuclear distribution while l2, the minor capsid protein, was found to localize to punctate nuclear regions identified as promonocytic leukemia protein (pml) oncogenic domains (pods). coexpression of l1 ...	1998	9420209
bovine papillomavirus and cancer.	bovine papillomavirus (bpv) induces papillomas of cutaneous or mucosal epithelia in cattle. the papillomas are benign tumours and generally regress, but occasionally persist and provide the focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in the presence of environmental cofactors. this has been experimentally demonstrated for bpv-2 and cancer of the urinary bladder, and bpv-4 and cancer of the upper alimentary canal in cattle feeding on bracken fern. in this review, s ...	1997	9414951
papillomaviruses: progress for human and veterinary medicine.		1997	9414949
the bovine papillomavirus e6 protein binds to the ld motif repeats of paxillin and blocks its interaction with vinculin and the focal adhesion kinase.	the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) e6 oncoprotein can transform fibroblasts and induce anchorage-independent growth and disassembly of the actin stress fibers. we have previously shown that the e6 protein interacts with the focal adhesion protein, paxillin, suggesting a direct role of e6 in the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. we have now mapped the e6 binding sites on paxillin to the ld motif repeats region, which has been implicated in mediating paxillin binding to two other focal a ...	1997	9407131
nmr-based discovery of lead inhibitors that block dna binding of the human papillomavirus e2 protein.	the e2 protein is required for the replication of human papillomaviruses (hpvs), which are responsible for anogenital warts and cervical carcinomas. using an nmr-based screen, we tested compounds for binding to the dna-binding domain of the hpv-e2 protein. three classes of compounds were identified which bound to two distinct sites on the protein. biphenyl and biphenyl ether compounds containing a carboxylic acid bind to a site near the dna recognition helix and inhibit the binding of e2 to dna. ...	1997	9379433
gene transfer of the cd80 costimulatory molecule into ocular melanoma cells using a novel episomal vector.	the cd80 (b7.1) molecule, which is a necessary costimulatory signal for t-cell activation and proliferation, is a powerful inducer of antitumor immunity. in this study, primary human ocular melanoma cells were transfected with a novel vector (b45-neo episomal vector) containing the complementary dna (cdna) for human cd80 to determine if this vector system is useful for stimulating cd8+ t cells.	1997	9375572
functional interaction of a novel cellular protein with the papillomavirus e2 transactivation domain.	the transactivation domain (ad) of bovine papillomavirus type 1 e2 stimulates gene expression and dna replication. to identify cellular proteins that interact with this 215-amino-acid domain, we used a transactivation-defective mutant as bait in the yeast two-hybrid screen. in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the cdna of one plasmid isolated in this screen encodes a 37-kda nuclear protein that specifically binds to an 82-amino-acid segment within the e2 ad. mutants with point mutations ...	1997	9372953
structural, functional, and protein binding analyses of bovine papillomavirus type 1 exonic splicing enhancers.	alternative splicing plays an important role in regulation of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) gene expression. we have recently identified in bpv-1 late pre-mrnas two purine-rich exonic splicing enhancers (se1 and se2) which also stimulate splicing of a drosophila doublesex (dsx) pre-mrna containing a suboptimal 3' splice site. in vivo studies now demonstrate that both se1 and se2 are required for preferential use of the bpv-1 nucleotide (nt) 3225 3' splice site in nonpermissive cells. dele ...	1997	9371566
the role of exogenous p53 and e6 oncoproteins in in vitro transformation by bovine papillomavirus type 4 (bpv-4): significance of the absence of an e6 orf in the bpv-4 genome.	bovine papillomavirus type 4 (bpv-4) does not possess an e6 orf. the e6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus (hpv) binds and degrades the tumour suppressor protein p53, thus contributing to tumour progression. since bpv-4 lacks e6, it is unknown how the virus evades the tumour suppressor properties of p53 in the induction of tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. mutations in the p53 gene have been detected both in papillomas and carcinomas, suggesting that p53 dysfunction plays a part in these n ...	1997	9367387
reconstitution of a functional bovine papillomavirus type 1 origin of replication reveals a modular tripartite replicon with an essential at-rich element.	a functional replication origin was reconstituted using oligonucleotide cassettes corresponding to three sequence subelements within the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) replication origin: the 23-bp at-rich region (atr), the 18-bp binding site for the viral replication initiator protein e1 (e1bs), and a binding site for the viral transcriptional transactivator and replication enhancer protein e2 (e2bs). replication of the reconstituted origin depended on heterologous expression of both the ...	1997	9356332
papillomavirus is resistant to desiccation.	there is strong epidemiologic evidence for sexual transmission of high-risk genital human papillomavirus (hpv) types. however, it is unclear if infection may also be transmitted indirectly via fomites. to assess this possibility, the in vitro infectivity after desiccation was compared for pseudotype hpv-16 virions, a model for high-risk type genital hpv, and bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1), a papillomavirus known to be transmitted via fomites. the 2 viruses had similar resistance to desicca ...	1997	9333171
conserved interaction of the papillomavirus e2 transcriptional activator proteins with human and yeast tfiib proteins.	papillomavirus early gene expression is regulated by the virus gene-encoded e2 proteins. the best-characterized e2 protein, encoded by bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1), has been shown to interact with basal transcription factor iib (tfiib) and the tata binding protein basal transcription factor (n. m. rank and p. f. lambert, j. virol. 69:6323-6334, 1995). we demonstrate that the potent e2 transcriptional activator protein encoded by a gene of human pv type 16 also interacts with tfiib in vit ...	1997	9311902
competitive binding of viral e2 protein and mammalian core-binding factor to transcriptional control sequences of human papillomavirus type 8 and bovine papillomavirus type 1.	the promoter p7535 of human papillomavirus type 8 and the promoter p7185 of bovine papillomavirus type 1 are negatively regulated by viral e2 proteins via the promoter proximal binding sites p2 and bs1, respectively. mutations of these e2 binding sites can reduce basal promoter activity. this suggests binding of a transcription-stimulating factor and may indicate that repression by e2 is due to competitive binding of viral and cellular proteins. a computer search revealed putative binding sites ...	1997	9311900
bovine papillomavirus type 1 e1 and simian virus 40 large t antigen share regions of sequence similarity required for multiple functions.	the full-length product of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) e1 translational open reading frame is required for viral dna replication in vivo and in vitro. e1 is a multifunctional protein whose properties include atp binding, acting as an atpase-dependent dna helicase, dna binding to the bpv-1 origin of viral dna replication, and association with the e2 transcriptional transactivator, e2ta, a second viral protein involved in dna replication. all of these properties are thought to be impo ...	1997	9311841
identification of amino acids in the transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor required for productive interaction with the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein.	the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein forms a stable complex with the cellular platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) beta receptor, resulting in receptor activation and cell transformation. amino acids in both the putative transmembrane domain and extracytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal domain of the e5 protein appear important for pdgf receptor binding and activation. previous analysis indicated that the transmembrane domain of the receptor was also required for complex formation and receptor activat ...	1997	9311809
bovine papillomavirus type 5: partial sequence and comparison with other bovine papillomaviruses.	two restriction fragments of bovine papillomavirus type 5 (bpv5), of a genomic size of 1.6 and 1.2 kb were subcloned and sequenced. one of them seemed to correspond to the 3' end of the e1 open reading frame (orf) and the other to the region of the e7, e8 and 5' end of the e1 orf. alignments of these fragments with other bpvs showed that bpv5 is only distantly related to the other 5 bpvs.	1997	9311560
linear b-cell epitopes in the n-terminus of l2 of bovine papillomavirus type 4.	the minor capsid protein l2 of bovine papillomavirus type 4 (bpv-4) is a very effective prophylactic vaccine which induces the production of virus neutralising antibodies and prevents virus-induced papillomatosis. the virus neutralising activity resides in the first 200 n-terminal amino acids of l2 (l2a). to further investigate the humoral immune response to l2, and the role it plays during infection and in prophylactic vaccination, the presentation of b-cell linear epitopes of l2a has been anal ...	1997	9300551
mutational analysis of transcriptional activation by the bovine papillomavirus type 1 e6.	while the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) e6 induces tumorigenic transformation of murine c127 cells, it does not bind or promote the degradation of p53. we recently showed the cellular protein erc-55/e6bp binds bpv-1 e6 as well as the cancer-related human papillomavirus (hpv) e6 proteins. bpv-1 e6 also binds e6-ap, a ubiquitin ligase necessary for hpv e6-induced p53 degradation. we previously reported that the transforming activity of a set of bpv-1 e6 mutants correlated with their e6bp-bi ...	1997	9299614
adeno-associated virus rep78 inhibits oncogenic transformation of primary human keratinocytes by a human papillomavirus type 16-ras chimeric.	seroepidemiologic studies demonstrate that adeno-associated virus (aav) infection is negatively associated with cervical cancer. this inverse association may be due to an ability of aav to inhibit the role of human papillomavirus (hpv) in cervical carcinogenesis. in support of this hypothesis aav has been demonstrated to inhibit several papillomavirus types, including bovine papillomavirus type 1 and human papillomaviruses types 16 and 18 (hpv-16/18) in tissue culture. the aav-encoded rep78 prot ...	1997	9299265
a peptide encoding a b-cell epitope from the n-terminus of the capsid protein l2 of bovine papillomavirus-4 prevents disease.	the first 200 n-terminus amino acids of the l2 capsid protein of bpv-4 (designated l2a) are an effective prophylactic vaccine against bpv-4 infection. vaccination with l2a induces the production of virus neutralizing antibodies, and when l2a antibodies are removed from immune sera, the sera lose their neutralization activity. l2a encodes three dominant b-cell epitopes, defined as epitope 1 (amino acids 101-120), epitope 2 (aa 131-151), and epitope 3 (aa 151-170). to investigate whether any of th ...	1997	9268157
viral proteins of bovine papillomavirus type 4 during the development of alimentary canal tumours.	in cattle infection of the upper alimentary canal mucosa by bovine papillomavirus type 4 (bpv-4) results in the development of papillomas which can progress to cancer in animals fed on bracken fern. this paper describes a study of the cellular and subcellular distribution of a number of different bpv-4 products in experimentally-induced bpv-4 tumours. e8 and e4 proteins were detected solely as cytoplasmic antigens in the undifferentiated and differentiated layers of the papilloma, respectively; ...	1997	9265855
cell-type-specific separate regulation of the e6 and e7 promoters of human papillomavirus type 6a by the viral transcription factor e2.	gene expression of human papillomaviruses (hpv) is tightly controlled by cellular factors and by the virally encoded e2 protein through binding to distinct sites within the regulatory noncoding region. while for the high-risk genital papillomaviruses a single promoter drives the expression of all early genes, a second promoter present in the e6 open reading frame of the low-risk hpv type 6 (hpv6) would allow an independent regulation of e6 and e7 oncogene expression. in this report, we provide t ...	1997	9261424
bovine papillomavirus type 1 dna replication: the transcriptional activator e2 acts in vitro as a specificity factor.	we previously devised cell-free conditions supporting efficient replication of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) dna (c. bonne-andréa, s. santucci, and p. clertant, j. virol. 69:3201-3205, 1995): the use of highly active preparations of viral initiator protein e1, together with extract from a particular cell source, allowed the synthesis of complete dna circles through successive rounds of replication; this occurred in the absence of the viral transcriptional activator e2, required in vivo for ...	1997	9261405
bovine papillomavirus e5 oncogene stimulates dna synthesis in c127 fibroblasts without general effects on growth factor responsive protein phosphorylations.	the bovine papillomavirus (bpv) transforming gene e5 is thought to modulate growth factor receptor function leading to a stimulation of growth factor signal transduction pathways. however, the influence of e5 on the range of receptor mediated changes in protein phosphorylation has not been addressed. we looked for the influence of e5 on dna synthesis as well as the phosphorylation of over 1000 cellular phosphoproteins in mouse c127 fibroblasts and subclones harboring wild type (id13)-, e5- mutan ...	1997	9191860
vaccination against papillomavirus in cattle.		1997	9167911
transformation by bovine papillomavirus type 1 e6 is independent of transcriptional activation by e6.	we have generated mutants of bovine papillomavirus type 1 e6 (be6) that are defective for transcriptional activation and have analyzed these mutants for transformation of contact-inhibited cells and association with the mammalian protein e6-ap. these be6 mutants demonstrate that transformation by be6 does not require transcriptional activation and that association of be6 with e6-ap is a function separable from transcriptional activation by be6. association of be6 with e6-ap appears to be necessa ...	1997	9151888
novel structural features of bovine papillomavirus capsid revealed by a three-dimensional reconstruction to 9 a resolution.	the three-dimensional structure of bovine papillomavirus has been determined to 9 a resolution by reconstruction of high resolution, low dose cryo-electron micrographs of quench-frozen virions. although hexavalent and pentavalent capsomeres form star-shaped pentamers of the major capsid protein l1, they have distinct high-resolution structures. most prominently, a 25 a hole in the centre of hexavalent capsomeres is occluded in the pentavalent capsomeres. this raises the possibility that the l2 m ...	1997	9145113
diagnostic phase antibody response to the human papillomavirus type 16 e2 protein is associated with successful treatment of genital hpv lesions with systemic interferon alpha-2b.	systemic interferon alpha-2b treatment reduces relapses of genital human papillomavirus (hpv) lesions in some but not all females. the aim of the present study was to investigate possible predictive pretreatment factors for the outcome of therapy.	1997	9126686
the bovine papillomavirus e6 oncoprotein interacts with paxillin and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton.	the e6 oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) has been shown to transform cells through a p53-independent pathway, but its transforming mechanism is unknown. here we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo interactions between bpv-1 e6 and the focal adhesion protein paxillin. the ability of bpv-1 e6 to complex with paxillin correlated with its ability to transform; e6 mutant proteins impaired in their transformation function also were impaired in their abilities to bind paxillin. e6 bindin ...	1997	9114003
functional interactions between papillomavirus e1 and e2 proteins.	dna replication of papillomaviruses requires the viral e1 and e2 proteins. these proteins bind cooperatively to the viral origin of replication (ori), which contains binding sites for both proteins, forming an e1-e2-ori complex which is essential for initiation of dna replication. to map the domains in e2 that are involved in the interaction with e1, we have used chimeric bovine papillomavirus (bpv)/human papillomavirus type 11 (hpv-11) e2 proteins. the results from this study show that both the ...	1997	9094661
a papillomavirus e2 phosphorylation mutant exhibits normal transient replication and transcription but is defective in transformation and plasmid retention.	papillomavirus dna persists in infected cells as a nuclear plasmid, causing epithelial lesions in many hosts, including humans. the viral protein e2 is required for both replication and transcription to facilitate this persistence. bovine papillomavirus e2 protein is phosphorylated at two predominant sites. phosphorylation of one of these sites (serine 301) inhibits replication of the genome. using mass spectrometry and edman sequencing, we have mapped additional phosphorylation sites in tryptic ...	1997	9094639
dna binding and bending by the human papillomavirus type 16 e2 protein. recognition of an extended binding site.	the human papillomavirus (hpv) 16 e2 protein (he2) binds to four sites present upstream of the p97 promoter and regulates transcription of the viral e6 and e7 oncogenes. we have determined the relative binding constants for the interaction of the full-length he2 protein with these sites. our results show that he2 binds tightly to site 4, less tightly to sites 1 and 2, and weakly to site 3. similar results have previously been obtained using a c-terminal fragment of the he2 protein suggesting tha ...	1997	9079642
synergistic transcriptional-activation by the papillomavirus e2 protein occurs after dna binding and correlates with a change in chromatin structure.	the papillomavirus e2 protein only activates transcription strongly when two or more of its binding-sites, each of which bind an e2 dimer, are present upstream of a minimal promoter. such synergy has been observed both in mammalian and yeast cells. in an attempt to understand the molecular basis of this synergy we carried out genomic footprinting to monitor the binding in vivo of native or mutant e2 proteins to different templates in yeast. we show that in vivo e2 binds to its site even under co ...	1997	9067604
virocrine transformation.		1997	9061007