Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| hiv-1 adenoviral vector vaccines expressing multi-trimeric baff and 4-1bbl enhance t cell mediated anti-viral immunity. | adenoviral vectored vaccines have shown considerable promise but could be improved by molecular adjuvants. ligands in the tnf superfamily (tnfsf) are potential adjuvants for adenoviral vector (ad5) vaccines based on their central role in adaptive immunity. many tnfsf ligands require aggregation beyond the trimeric state (multi-trimerization) for optimal biological function. here we describe ad5 vaccines for hiv-1 gag antigen (ad5-gag) adjuvanted with the tnfsf ligands 4-1bbl, baff, gitrl and cd2 ... | 2014 | 24587225 |
| influence of sulphate on the composition and antibacterial and antiviral properties of the exopolysaccharide from porphyridium cruentum. | the influence of two culture media and three different concentrations of sulphate in the medium on the growth of two strains of porphyridium cruentum and on the production, composition and viscoelastic characteristics, and antimicrobial properties of the sulphated exopolysaccharide (eps) were studied. | 2014 | 24582595 |
| genome scale patterns of recombination between coinfecting vaccinia viruses. | recombination plays a critical role in virus evolution. it helps avoid genetic decline and creates novel phenotypes. this promotes survival, and genome sequencing suggests that recombination has facilitated the evolution of human pathogens, including orthopoxviruses such as variola virus. recombination can also be used to map genes, but although recombinant poxviruses are easily produced in culture, classical attempts to map the vaccinia virus (vacv) genome this way met with little success. we h ... | 2014 | 24574414 |
| local control of repeated-dose rectal challenges in dna/mva-vaccinated macaques protected against a first series of simian immunodeficiency virus challenges. | here, we report the results of a late boost and three additional series of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) challenges in seven dna/modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva)-vaccinated rhesus macaques who resisted a first series of rectal challenges. during 29 additional challenges delivered over 2.3 years, all animals became infected. however, 13 blips of virus in six macaques and anamnestic env-specific rectal iga responses in three of the six suggested that local control of infections was occur ... | 2014 | 24574408 |
| strikingly poor cd8+ t-cell immunogenicity of vaccinia virus strain mva in balb/c mice. | vaccinia virus (vacv) strain mva is a highly attenuated vector for vaccines that is being explored in clinical trials. we compared the cd8(+) t-cell immunogenicity of mva with that of a virulent laboratory strain of vacv (strain wr) in balb/c mice by examining epitope-specific responses as well as estimating the total number of activated cd8(+) t cells, irrespective of specificity. we found that mva elicited total cd8(+) t-cell responses that were reduced by at least 20-fold compared with strain ... | 2016 | 24566805 |
| the recombinant vaccinia virus gene product, b18r, neutralizes interferon alpha and alleviates histopathological complications in an hiv encephalitis mouse model. | interferon-alpha (ifn-α) has been identified as a neurotoxin that plays a prominent role in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated neurocognitive disorders and hiv encephalitis (hive) pathology. ifn-α is associated with cognitive dysfunction in other inflammatory diseases where ifn-α is upregulated. trials of monoclonal anti-ifn-α antibodies have been generally disappointing possibly due to high specificity to limited ifn-α subtypes and low affinity. we investigated a novel ifn-α inhibito ... | 2014 | 24564363 |
| orthopoxvirus inhibitors that are active in animal models: an update from 2008 to 2012. | antiviral agents are being sought as countermeasures for the potential deliberate release of smallpox (variola) and monkeypox viruses, for the treatment of naturally acquired monkeypox virus infections, and as therapy for complications due to smallpox (live-attenuated vaccinia virus) vaccination or accidental infection after exposure to vaccinated persons. reviews of the scientific literature spanning 1950-2008 have documented the progress made in developing small-animal models of poxvirus infec ... | 2013 | 24563659 |
| antitumor activity and immunogenicity of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing hpv 16 e7 protein sige7lamp is enhanced by high-level coexpression of igfbp-3. | we constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses (vacvs) coexpressing the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (igfbp-3) gene and the fusion gene encoding the sige7lamp antigen. the expression of the igfbp-3 transgene was regulated either by the early h5 promoter or by the synthetic early/late (e/l) promoter. we have shown that igfbp-3 expression regulated by the h5 promoter yielded higher amount of igfbp-3 protein when compared with the e/l promoter. the immunization with p13-sige7lamp-h5-ig ... | 2014 | 24556712 |
| boosting functional avidity of cd8+ t cells by vaccinia virus vaccination depends on intrinsic t-cell myd88 expression but not the inflammatory milieu. | t-cell functional avidity is a crucial determinant for efficient pathogen clearance. although recombinant dna priming coupled with a vaccinia-vectored vaccine (vacv) boost has been widely used to mount robust cd8+ t-cell responses, how vacv boost shapes the properties of memory cd8+ t cells remains poorly defined. here, we characterize the memory cd8+ t cells boosted by vacv and demonstrate that the intrinsic expression of myd88 is critical for their high functional avidity. independent of selec ... | 2014 | 24554667 |
| [effect of antibiotic virusin 1609 on vaccinia virus and taylor's virus]. | 2014 | 24544539 | |
| vaccination, vaccinia virus and vaccine lymph. | 1950 | 24538092 | |
| profile of natural killer cells after a previous natural vaccinia virus infection in an in vitro viral re-exposure. | the present study compares the profile of nk cells in an in vitro re-exposure by vaccinia virus (vacv), in groups that have had a previous vaccination or natural infection. our data suggests that stimulation with vacv triggers a cytotoxic response by nk cells marked by an increase of ncrs: nkp30, nkp44, and nkp46 in infected (vaccinated and unvaccinated) subjects and in non-infected vaccinated patients, when compared with non-infected unvaccinated individuals. however, the degranulation and secr ... | 2014 | 24530576 |
| the master regulator of the cellular stress response (hsf1) is critical for orthopoxvirus infection. | the genus orthopoxviridae contains a diverse group of human pathogens including monkeypox, smallpox and vaccinia. these viruses are presumed to be less dependent on host functions than other dna viruses because they have large genomes and replicate in the cytoplasm, but a detailed understanding of the host factors required by orthopoxviruses is lacking. to address this topic, we performed an unbiased, genome-wide pooled rnai screen targeting over 17,000 human genes to identify the host factors t ... | 2014 | 24516381 |
| t-bet and eomes instruct the development of two distinct natural killer cell lineages in the liver and in the bone marrow. | trail(+)dx5(-)eomes(-) natural killer (nk) cells arise in the mouse fetal liver and persist in the adult liver. their relationships with trail(-)dx5(+) nk cells remain controversial. we generated a novel eomes-gfp reporter murine model to address this question. we found that eomes(-) nk cells are not precursors of classical eomes(+) nk cells but rather constitute a distinct lineage of innate lymphoid cells. eomes(-) nk cells are strictly dependent on both t-bet and il-15, similarly to nkt cells. ... | 2014 | 24516120 |
| critical role of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 in determining the length and sequence of peptides bound and presented by hla-b27. | hla-b27 and endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (erap1) are the two strongest genetic factors predisposing to ankylosing spondylitis (as). a key aminopeptidase in class i major histocompatibility complex presentation, erap1 potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of as by altering hla-b27 peptide presentation. the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of erap1 on the hla-b27 peptide repertoire and peptide presentation to cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls). | 2014 | 24504800 |
| vaccinia virus requires glutamine but not glucose for efficient replication. | viruses require host cell metabolism to provide the necessary energy and biosynthetic precursors for successful viral replication. vaccinia virus (vacv) is a member of the poxviridae family, and its use as a vaccine enabled the eradication of variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox. a global metabolic screen of vacv-infected primary human foreskin fibroblasts suggested that glutamine metabolism is altered during infection. glutamine and glucose represent the two main carbon sources for ma ... | 2014 | 24501408 |
| oncolytic vaccinia virus demonstrates antiangiogenic effects mediated by targeting of vegf. | oncolytic vaccinia virus has been shown to induce a profound, rapid and tumor-specific vascular collapse in both preclinical models and clinical studies; however, a complete examination of the kinetics and levels of collapse and revascularization has not been described previously. contrast-enhanced ultrasound was used to follow tumor perfusion levels in mouse tumor models at times after vaccinia therapy. it was observed that revascularization after viral therapy was dramatically delayed and did ... | 2014 | 24474587 |
| methodology for the efficient generation of fluorescently tagged vaccinia virus proteins. | tagging of viral proteins with fluorescent proteins has proven an indispensable approach to furthering our understanding of virus-host interactions. vaccinia virus (vacv), the live vaccine used in the eradication of smallpox, is particularly amenable to fluorescent live-cell microscopy owing to its large virion size and the ease with which it can be engineered at the genome level. we report here an optimized protocol for generating recombinant viruses. the minimal requirements for targeted homol ... | 2014 | 24473272 |
| novel insights on the progression of intermediate viral forms in the morphogenesis of vaccinia virus. | morphogenesis of vaccinia virus (vacv) is a complex structural process in which the capture of all cytoplasmic stages is difficult due to the rapid transition between the different viral forms. taking advantage of two vacv mutants (m65 and m101) with defined genetic alterations, we described by transmission electron microscopy (tem) of ultrathin sections novel potential transition viral forms (ts) with reorganization of the immature virus (iv) membrane and construction of the internal core, and ... | 2014 | 24468494 |
| mouse cmv infection delays antibody class switch upon an unrelated virus challenge. | poor immune protection upon vaccination is a critical determinant of immunosenescence. latent cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection has been associated with poor antibody responses to vaccination, but a causative role for cmv in the poor immune response requires experimental evidence and thus could not be confirmed in clinical studies. to test the hypothesis that latent cmv infection causes poor antibody responses, we infected young or adult mice with mouse cmv and challenged them with vesicular stoma ... | 2014 | 24462805 |
| electron tomography and simulation of baculovirus actin comet tails support a tethered filament model of pathogen propulsion. | several pathogens induce propulsive actin comet tails in cells they invade to disseminate their infection. they achieve this by recruiting factors for actin nucleation, the arp2/3 complex, and polymerization regulators from the host cytoplasm. owing to limited information on the structural organization of actin comets and in particular the spatial arrangement of filaments engaged in propulsion, the underlying mechanism of pathogen movement is currently speculative and controversial. using electr ... | 2014 | 24453943 |
| laboratory-acquired buffalopox virus infection, india. | 2014 | 24447599 | |
| structure of human pir1, an atypical dual-specificity phosphatase. | pir1 is an atypical dual-specificity phosphatase (dsp) that dephosphorylates rna with a higher specificity than phosphoproteins. here we report the atomic structure of a catalytically inactive mutant (c152s) of the human pir1 phosphatase core (pir1-core, residues 29-205), refined at 1.20 å resolution. pir1-core shares structural similarities with dsps related to vaccinia virus vh1 and with rna 5'-phosphatases such as the baculovirus rna triphosphatase and the human mrna capping enzyme. the pir1 ... | 2014 | 24447265 |
| a novel role for the apoptosis inhibitor arc in suppressing tnfα-induced regulated necrosis. | tnfα signaling can promote apoptosis or a regulated form of necrosis. arc (apoptosis repressor with card (caspase recruitment domain)) is an endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis that antagonizes both the extrinsic (death receptor) and intrinsic (mitochondrial/er) apoptosis pathways. we discovered that arc blocks not only apoptosis but also necrosis. tnfα-induced necrosis was abrogated by overexpression of wild-type arc but not by a card mutant that is also defective for inhibition of apoptosis. con ... | 2014 | 24440909 |
| sirna screen of early poxvirus genes identifies the aaa+ atpase d5 as the virus genome-uncoating factor. | poxvirus genome uncoating is a two-step process. first, cytoplasmic viral cores are activated and early viral genes are expressed. next, cores are disassembled and the genomes released. this second step depends on an early viral factor(s) that has eluded identification for over 40 years. we used a large-scale, high-throughput rnai screen directed against vaccinia virus (vacv) to identify the vacv aaa+ atpase d5 as the poxvirus uncoating factor. we show that the atpase activity of d5 is required ... | 2014 | 24439902 |
| oncolytic vaccinia virotherapy for endometrial cancer. | oncolytic virotherapy is a promising modality in endometrial cancer (ec) therapy. in this study, we compared the efficacy of the copenhagen and wyeth strains of oncolytic vaccinia virus (vv) incorporating the human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (hnis) as a reporter gene (vvnis-c and vvnis-w) in ec. | 2014 | 24434058 |
| traf2 facilitates vaccinia virus replication by promoting rapid virus entry. | tumor necrosis factor receptor (tnfr)-associated factor 2 (traf2) is a pivotal intracellular mediator of signaling pathways downstream of tnfr1 and -2 with known pro- and antiviral effects. we investigated its role in the replication of the prototype poxvirus vaccinia virus (vacv). loss of traf2 expression, either through small interfering rna treatment of hela cells or through genetic knockout in murine embryonic fibroblasts (mefs), led to significant reductions in vacv growth following low-mul ... | 2014 | 24429366 |
| the live vector approach-viruses. | recombinant dna technology has made it possible to express foreign genes in viruses and bacteria. this has led to the idea of engineering live attenuated vaccines to express protective antigens from foreign pathogens. vaccinia virus, the smallpox vaccine, has been used to ploneer this approach. several hundred recombinants have been recorded in the literature and many of them have been shown to protect animals against challenge with the appropriate pathogen. although mixed results have been obta ... | 1991 | 24424925 |
| susceptibility of the wild-derived inbred cast/ei mouse to infection by orthopoxviruses analyzed by live bioluminescence imaging. | classical inbred mice are extensively used for virus research. however, we recently found that some wild-derived inbred mouse strains are more susceptible than classical strains to monkeypox virus. experiments described here indicated that the 50% lethal dose of vaccinia virus (vacv) and cowpox virus (cpxv) were two logs lower in wild-derived inbred cast/ei mice than classical inbred balb/c mice, whereas there was little difference in the susceptibility of the mouse strains to herpes simplex vir ... | 2013 | 24418545 |
| il-10 suppresses il-17-mediated dermal inflammation and reduces the systemic burden of vaccinia virus in a mouse model of eczema vaccinatum. | individuals with atopic dermatitis (ad) are susceptible to a severe, potentially fatal, systemic infection and inflammatory response following exposure to vaccinia virus (vv). il-10 acts both as an inducer of th2 responses and as a regulator of t cell activation. it has been shown to limit skin inflammation elicited by contact sensitizers. ad exacerbations have been associated with decreased il-10 function. we used il-10(-/-) mice to test the role of the cytokine in vv immunity. they exhibited l ... | 2013 | 24412909 |
| genome sequence of wau86/88-1, a new variant of vaccinia virus lister strain from poland. | the poxviruses warsaw agricultural university 86 (wau86) and 88-1 (wau88-1) were isolated in 1986 to 1988 from separate outbreaks in laboratory mice in poland and described as ectromelia virus isolates. the genome sequences of these poxviruses reveal that they are almost identical and represent a novel variant of the vaccinia virus lister strain. | 2014 | 24407630 |
| myd88-dependent immunity to a natural model of vaccinia virus infection does not involve toll-like receptor 2. | although the pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) is typically thought to recognize bacterial components, it has been described to alter the induction of both innate and adaptive immunity to a number of viruses, including vaccinia virus (vacv). however, many pathogens that reportedly encode tlr2 agonists may actually be artifactually contaminated during preparation, possibly with cellular debris or merely with molecules that sensitize cells to be activated by authentic tlr2 a ... | 2014 | 24403581 |
| antibiotic-dependent expression of early transcription factor subunits leads to stringent control of vaccinia virus replication. | the use of vaccinia virus (vacv) as the vaccine against variola virus resulted in the eradication of smallpox. vacv has since been used in the development of recombinant vaccine and therapeutic vectors, but complications associated with uncontrolled viral replication have constrained its use as a live viral vector. we propose to improve the safety of vacv as a live-replicating vector by using elements of the tet operon to control the transcription of genes that are essential for viral growth. po ... | 2014 | 24394294 |
| giving oncolytic vaccinia virus more bite. | 2014 | 24384909 | |
| a novel oncolytic viral therapy and imaging technique for gastric cancer using a genetically engineered vaccinia virus carrying the human sodium iodide symporter. | gastric cancers have poor overall survival despite recent advancements in early detection methods, endoscopic resection techniques, and chemotherapy treatments. vaccinia viral therapy has had promising therapeutic potential for various cancers and has a great safety profile. we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a novel genetically-engineered vaccinia virus carrying the human sodium iodide symporter (hnis) gene, glv-1 h153, on gastric cancers and its potential utility for imaging with (99m ... | 2014 | 24383569 |
| antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of turbinariaconoides (j.agardh) kuetz. | brown alga, turbinariaconoideswas successively extracted with n-hexane, cyclohexane, methanol and ethanol:water (1:1). the extracts were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities by disc diffusion method. minimal inhibitory concentration was determined for active extracts by broth dilution method. the antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of the extracts were tested in human embryonic lung (hel) cells (herpes simplex virus-1, herpes simplex virus-2, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis ... | 2010 | 24381606 |
| a rev-independent gag/pol eliminates detectable psi-gag recombination in lentiviral vectors. | lentiviral vectors (lvs) are being developed for clinical use in humans for applications including gene therapy and immunotherapy. a safety concern for use of lvs in humans is the generation of replication-competent lentivirus (rcl), which may arise due to recombination between the split genomes of third-generation lvs. although no rcl has been detected to date, design optimizations that minimize recombination events between split genome vectors would provide an added safety benefit that may fur ... | 2013 | 24380052 |
| vaccinia virus inhibits nf-κb-dependent gene expression downstream of p65 translocation. | the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated b cells (nf-κb) plays a critical role in host defense against viral infection by inducing the production of proinflammatory mediators and type i interferon. consequently, viruses have evolved many mechanisms to block its activation. the poxvirus vaccinia virus (vacv) encodes numerous inhibitors of nf-κb activation that target multiple points in the signaling pathway. a derivative of vacv strain copenhagen, called vv8 ... | 2014 | 24371075 |
| effects of different promoters on the virulence and immunogenicity of a hiv-1 env-expressing recombinant vaccinia vaccine. | previously, we developed a vaccination regimen that involves priming with recombinant vaccinia virus lc16m8δ (rm8δ) strain followed by boosting with a sendai virus-containing vector. this protocol induced both humoral and cellular immune responses against the hiv-1 envelope protein. the current study aims to optimize this regimen by comparing the immunogenicity and safety of two rm8δ strains that express hiv-1 env under the control of a moderate promoter, p7.5, or a strong promoter, psfj1-10. m8 ... | 2014 | 24370703 |
| a replicating modified vaccinia tiantan strain expressing an avian-derived influenza h5n1 hemagglutinin induce broadly neutralizing antibodies and cross-clade protective immunity in mice. | to combat the possibility of a zoonotic h5n1 pandemic in a timely fashion, it is necessary to develop a vaccine that would confer protection against homologous and heterologous human h5n1 influenza viruses. using a replicating modified vaccinia virus tian tan strain (mvtt) as a vaccine vector, we constructed mvttha-qh and mvttha-ah, which expresses the h5 gene of a goose-derived qinghai strain a/bar-headed goose/qinghai/1/2005 or human-derived anhui strain a/anhui/1/2005. the immunogenicity prof ... | 2013 | 24358269 |
| characterization and structure of the vaccinia virus nf-κb antagonist a46. | successful vaccinia virus (vacv) replication in the host requires expression of viral proteins that interfere with host immunity, such as antagonists of the activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nf-κb. two such vacv proteins are a46 and a52. a46 interacts with the toll-like receptor/interleukin-1r (tir) domain of toll-like receptors and intracellular adaptors such as mal (myd88 adapter-like), tram (tir domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (trif)-related adaptor molecu ... | 2014 | 24356965 |
| reliefseq: a gene-wise adaptive-k nearest-neighbor feature selection tool for finding gene-gene interactions and main effects in mrna-seq gene expression data. | relief-f is a nonparametric, nearest-neighbor machine learning method that has been successfully used to identify relevant variables that may interact in complex multivariate models to explain phenotypic variation. while several tools have been developed for assessing differential expression in sequence-based transcriptomics, the detection of statistical interactions between transcripts has received less attention in the area of rna-seq analysis. we describe a new extension and assessment of rel ... | 2013 | 24339943 |
| prime-boost vaccination with plasmid dna followed by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing bggarp induced a partial protective immunity to inhibit babesia gibsoni proliferation in dogs. | a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime with dna and recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) vectors expressing relevant antigens has been shown to induce effective immune responses against several infectious pathogens. in this study, we describe the effectiveness of the prime-boost strategy by immunizing dogs with a recombinant plasmid followed by vaccinia virus, both of which expressed the glutamic acid-rich protein (bggarp) of babesia gibsoni. the dogs immunized with the prime-boost regime dev ... | 2013 | 24338330 |
| combination of virotherapy and t-cell therapy: arming oncolytic virus with t-cell engagers. | while cure rates for several cancers have significantly improved, the outcome for patients with advanced solid tumors remains grimly unchanged over the last decades. thus, there is a need for new therapies that could improve outcome for patients who fail current therapies. oncolytic vaccinia virus (vv) would be an appealing addition to the current therapies of cancers because of its ability to infect, replicate in, and lyse tumor cells, and spread to other tumor cells in successive rounds of rep ... | 2013 | 24333405 |
| transcutaneous yellow fever vaccination of subjects with or without atopic dermatitis. | atopic dermatitis (ad) is a common inflammatory skin disease with a global prevalence ranging from 3% to 20%. patients with ad have an increased risk for complications after viral infection (eg, herpes simplex virus), and vaccination of patients with ad with live vaccinia virus is contraindicated because of a heightened risk of eczema vaccinatum, a rare but potentially lethal complication associated with smallpox vaccination. | 2013 | 24331381 |
| oncolytic vaccinia virus in combination with radiation shows synergistic antitumor efficacy in pancreatic cancer. | combining oncolytic viruses with conventional therapy such as radiation is an innovative option for pancreatic cancer. we demonstrated that combination of glv-1h151 and radiation yielded a synergistic cytotoxic effect, with the greatest effect achieved in the aspc-1cell line. combination treatment significantly increased apoptosis compared with either single treatment or the control group. in mice bearing human pancreatic tumor xenografts, combination treatment resulted in significantly enhanced ... | 2014 | 24321381 |
| persistent suppression of type 1 diabetes by a multicomponent vaccine containing a cholera toxin b subunit-autoantigen fusion protein and complete freund's adjuvant. | data presented here demonstrate multifunctional vaccination strategies that harness vaccinia virus mediated delivery of a gene encoding an immunoenhanced diabetes autoantigen in combination with complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) that can maintain safe and durable immunologic homeostasis in nod mice. systemic coinoculation of prediabetic mice with recombinant vaccinia virus rvv-ctb::gad and undiluted or 10-fold diluted cfa demonstrated a significant decrease in hyperglycemia and pancreatic islet i ... | 2013 | 24319466 |
| structure of the uracil complex of vaccinia virus uracil dna glycosylase. | poxvirus uracil dna glycosylases are the most diverse members of the family i uracil dna glycosylases (ungs). the crystal structure of the uracil complex of vaccinia virus uracil dna glycosylase (d4) was determined at 2.03 å resolution. one uracil molecule was located in the active-site pocket in each of the 12 noncrystallographic symmetry-related d4 subunits. although the ungs of the poxviruses (including d4) feature significant differences in the characteristic motifs designated for uracil rec ... | 2013 | 24316823 |
| genome-wide comparison of cowpox viruses reveals a new clade related to variola virus. | zoonotic infections caused by several orthopoxviruses (opv) like monkeypox virus or vaccinia virus have a significant impact on human health. in europe, the number of diagnosed infections with cowpox viruses (cpxv) is increasing in animals as well as in humans. cpxv used to be enzootic in cattle; however, such infections were not being diagnosed over the last decades. instead, individual cases of cowpox are being found in cats or exotic zoo animals that transmit the infection to humans. both ani ... | 2013 | 24312452 |
| transmission of vaccinia virus, possibly through sexual contact, to a woman at high risk for adverse complications. | severe adverse events, including eczema vaccinatum (ev), can result after smallpox vaccination. persons at risk for ev include those with underlying dermatologic conditions, such as atopic dermatitis. we investigated a case of vaccinia infection, possibly acquired during sexual contact with a recently vaccinated military service member, in a female maryland resident with atopic dermatitis. the u.s. department of defense's vaccine healthcare centers network (vhcn) and the centers for disease cont ... | 2013 | 24306023 |
| cd40 ligand and tdtomato-armed vaccinia virus for induction of antitumor immune response and tumor imaging. | oncolytic vaccinia virus is an attractive platform for immunotherapy. oncolysis releases tumor antigens and provides co-stimulatory danger signals. however, arming the virus can improve efficacy further. cd40 ligand (cd40l, cd154) can induce apoptosis of tumor cells and it also triggers several immune mechanisms. one of these is a t-helper type 1 (th1) response that leads to activation of cytotoxic t-cells and reduction of immune suppression. therefore, we constructed an oncolytic vaccinia virus ... | 2014 | 24305418 |
| cdc42 and the rho gef intersectin-1 collaborate with nck to promote n-wasp-dependent actin polymerisation. | vaccinia virus enhances its cell-to-cell spread by inducing arp2/3-dependent actin polymerisation. this process is initiated by src- and abl-mediated phosphorylation of the viral transmembrane protein a36, leading to recruitment of a signalling network consisting of grb2, nck, wip and n-wasp. nck is a potent activator of n-wasp-arp2/3-dependent actin polymerisation. however, recent observations demonstrate that an interaction between nck and n-wasp is not required for vaccinia actin tail formati ... | 2014 | 24284073 |
| vaccinia virus in household environment during bovine vaccinia outbreak, brazil. | 2013 | 24274787 | |
| reemergence of vaccinia virus during zoonotic outbreak, pará state, brazil. | in 2010, vaccinia virus caused an outbreak of bovine vaccinia that affected dairy cattle and rural workers in pará state, brazil. genetic analyses identified the virus as distinct from bean58058 vaccinia virus (identified in 1960s) and from smallpox vaccine virus strains. these findings suggest spread of autochthonous group 1 vaccinia virus in this region. | 2013 | 24274374 |
| actin assessment in addition to specific immuno-fluorescence staining to demonstrate rickettsial growth in cell culture. | rickettsiae are able to spread within infected cell mono-layers by modifying intra-cellular actin formations. the study analyzes whether a visualization of actin modifications in addition to specific immuno-fluorescence staining of rickettsiae might facilitate the proof of rickettsial growth in cell culture. cell mono-layers of vero e6 und bgm cells were infected with rickettsia honei. intra-cellular actin was fluorescence stained with tritc-(tetra-methyl-5,6-isothiocyanate)-labeled phalloidin i ... | 2013 | 24265939 |
| isg15 is counteracted by vaccinia virus e3 protein and controls the proinflammatory response against viral infection. | conjugation of isg15 inhibits replication of several viruses. here, using an expression system for assaying human and mouse isg15 conjugations (isgylations), we have demonstrated that vaccinia virus e3 protein binds and antagonizes human and mouse isg15 modification. to study isgylation importance in poxvirus infection, we used a mouse model that expresses deconjugating proteases. our results indicate that isgylation restricts in vitro replication of the vaccinia virus vvδe3l mutant but unconjug ... | 2013 | 24257616 |
| the canarypox virus vector alvac induces distinct cytokine responses compared to the vaccinia virus-based vectors mva and nyvac in rhesus monkeys. | despite the growing use of poxvirus vectors as vaccine candidates for multiple pathogens and cancers, their innate stimulatory properties remain poorly characterized. here we show that the canarypox virus-based vector alvac induced distinct systemic proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine and chemokine levels following the vaccination of rhesus monkeys compared to the vaccinia virus-based vectors mva and nyvac. these data suggest that there are substantial biological differences among leading pox ... | 2014 | 24257612 |
| proteomic, cellular, and network analyses reveal new dusp3 interactions with nucleolar proteins in hela cells. | dusp3 (or vaccinia virus phosphatase vh1-related; vhr) is a small dual-specificity phosphatase known to dephosphorylate c-jun n-terminal kinases and extracellular signal-regulated kinases. in human cervical cancer cells, dusp3 is overexpressed, localizes preferentially to the nucleus, and plays a key role in cellular proliferation and senescence triggering. other dusp3 functions are still unknown, as illustrated by recent and unpublished results from our group showing that this enzyme mediates d ... | 2013 | 24245651 |
| involvement of the cellular phosphatase dusp1 in vaccinia virus infection. | poxviruses encode a large variety of proteins that mimic, block or enhance host cell signaling pathways on their own benefit. it has been reported that mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are specifically upregulated during vaccinia virus (vacv) infection. here, we have evaluated the role of the mapk negative regulator dual specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp1) in the infection of vacv. we demonstrated that dusp1 expression is enhanced upon infection with the replicative wr virus and with the ... | 2013 | 24244156 |
| development and comparison of a quantitative taqman-mgb real-time pcr assay to three other methods of quantifying vaccinia virions. | plaque assays are a widely used method to quantify stocks of viruses. although this method is well established for titrating viral stocks, it is time consuming and can take several days to complete. in this study, the creation and validation of a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay for enumerating virions of vaccinia virus is reported. pcr primers and a minor groove-binding probe were designed to hybridize to the dna polymerase gene (e9l) from a number of different orthopoxviruses. the numbe ... | 2014 | 24211297 |
| cascade regulation of vaccinia virus gene expression is modulated by multistage promoters. | vaccinia virus contains ~200 genes classified temporally as early, intermediate or late. we analyzed 53 intermediate promoters to determine whether any have dual late promoter activity. our strategy involved (i) construction of a cell line that stably expressed the three late transcription factors, (ii) infection with a vaccinia virus mutant that expresses rna polymerase but neither intermediate nor late transcription factors, and (iii) transfection with plasmids containing a luciferase reporter ... | 2013 | 24210117 |
| virus-encoded ectopic cd74 enhances poxvirus vaccine efficacy. | vaccinia virus (vv) has been used globally as a vaccine to eradicate smallpox. widespread use of this viral vaccine has been tempered in recent years because of its immuno-evasive properties, with restrictions prohibiting vv inoculation of individuals with immune deficiencies or atopic skin diseases. vv infection is known to perturb several pathways for immune recognition including mhc class ii (mhcii) and cd1d-restricted antigen presentation. mhcii and cd1d molecules associate with a conserved ... | 2014 | 24205828 |
| cd8 t cell memory to a viral pathogen requires trans cosignaling between hvem and btla. | defining the molecular interactions required to program activated cd8 t cells to survive and become memory cells may allow us to understand how to augment anti-viral immunity. hvem (herpes virus entry mediator) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (tnfr) family that interacts with ligands in the tnf family, light and lymphotoxin-α, and in the ig family, b and t lymphocyte attenuator (btla) and cd160. the ig family members initiate inhibitory signaling when engaged with hvem, but may ... | 2013 | 24205056 |
| vaccinia virus glv-1h153 in combination with 131i shows increased efficiency in treating triple-negative breast cancer. | we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a replication-competent oncolytic vaccinia virus, glv-1h153, carrying human sodium iodide symporter (hnis), in combination with radioiodine in an orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) murine model. in vitro viral infection was confirmed by immunoblotting and radioiodine uptake assays. orthotopic xenografts (mda-mb-231 cells) received intratumoral injection of glv-1h153 or pbs. one week after viral injection, xenografts were randomized into 4 ... | 2014 | 24186964 |
| a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for mammalian orthoreoviruses driven by a plasmid-encoded t7 rna polymerase. | mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) have served as highly useful models for studies of virus replication and pathogenesis. the development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system represented a major breakthrough in reovirus research. the current reverse genetics systems for reoviruses rely on the expression of t7 rna polymerase within cells transfected with reovirus gene-segment cdna plasmids. in these systems, the t7 rna polymerase is provided by using a recombinant vaccinia virus express ... | 2014 | 24183920 |
| il-18 expression results in a recombinant vaccinia virus that is highly attenuated and immunogenic. | interferon-γ (ifn-γ) is an attenuating factor for vaccinia virus (vacv), decreasing its virulence in vivo by more than a million fold. it is also a highly effective adjuvant when administered at the time of immunization with protein antigens. however, recombinant vacv (rvacv) vaccines expressing ifn-γ do not induce enhanced immune responses. it is possible that the ifn-γ expressed by rvacvs induces both an antiviral state and increased immunological clearance, thus resulting in decreased levels ... | 2014 | 24168450 |
| group 1 vaccinia virus zoonotic outbreak in maranhao state, brazil. | in brazil, several exanthematic autochthone vaccinia virus (vacv) outbreaks affecting dairy cattle and rural workers have been reported since 1999. although outbreaks had been first described in the brazilian southeast, vacv outbreaks were notified in all brazilian regions in < 10 years. however, in this context, vacv outbreaks had not been described in some brazilian states, likely because of a lack of notification, or yet unknown epidemiological reasons. here, we describe the first vacv outbre ... | 2013 | 24166043 |
| generation of a complete single-gene knockout bacterial artificial chromosome library of cowpox virus and identification of its essential genes. | cowpox virus (cpxv) belongs to the genus orthopoxvirus in the poxviridae family. it infects a broad range of vertebrates and can cause zoonotic infections. cpxv has the largest genome among the orthopoxviruses and is therefore considered to have the most complete set of genes of all members of the genus. since cpxv has also become a model for studying poxvirus genetics and pathogenesis, we created and characterized a complete set of single gene knockout bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clon ... | 2014 | 24155400 |
| resistance to infection, early and persistent suppression of simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac251 viremia, and significant reduction of tissue viral burden after mucosal vaccination in female rhesus macaques. | the efficacy of oral, intestinal, nasal, and vaginal vaccinations with dna simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)/interleukin-2 (il-2)/il-15, siv gag/pol/env recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (rmva), and at-2 sivmac239 inactivated particles was compared in rhesus macaques after low-dose vaginal challenge with sivmac251. intestinal immunization provided better protection from infection, as a significantly greater median number of challenges was necessary in this group than in the others. or ... | 2014 | 24155376 |
| the d10 decapping enzyme of vaccinia virus contributes to decay of cellular and viral mrnas and to virulence in mice. | posttranscriptional mechanisms are important for regulation of cellular and viral gene expression. the presence of the 5' cap structure m(7)g(5')ppp(5')nm is a general feature of mrnas that provides protection from exoribonuclease digestion and enhances translation. vaccinia virus and other poxviruses encode enzymes for both cap synthesis and decapping. decapping is mediated by two related enzymes, d9 and d10, which are synthesized before and after viral dna replication, respectively. the timing ... | 2014 | 24155373 |
| use of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing interferon gamma for post-exposure protection against vaccinia and ectromelia viruses. | post-exposure vaccination with vaccinia virus (vacv) has been suggested to be effective in minimizing death if administered within four days of smallpox exposure. while there is anecdotal evidence for efficacy of post-exposure vaccination this has not been definitively studied in humans. in this study, we analyzed post-exposure prophylaxis using several attenuated recombinant vacv in a mouse model. a recombinant vacv expressing murine interferon gamma (ifn-γ) was most effective for post-exposure ... | 2013 | 24147092 |
| tracking viral genomes in host cells at single-molecule resolution. | viral dna trafficking in cells has large impacts on physiology and disease development. current methods lack the resolution and accuracy to visualize and quantify viral dna trafficking at single-molecule resolution. we developed a noninvasive protocol for accurate quantification of viral dna-genome (vdna) trafficking in single cells. ethynyl-modified nucleosides were used to metabolically label newly synthesized adenovirus, herpes virus, and vaccinia virus vdna, without affecting infectivity. su ... | 2013 | 24139403 |
| isg15 regulates peritoneal macrophages functionality against viral infection. | upon viral infection, the production of type i interferon (ifn) and the subsequent upregulation of ifn stimulated genes (isgs) generate an antiviral state with an important role in the activation of innate and adaptive host immune responses. the ubiquitin-like protein (ubl) isg15 is a critical ifn-induced antiviral molecule that protects against several viral infections, but the mechanism by which isg15 exerts its antiviral function is not completely understood. here, we report that isg15 plays ... | 2013 | 24137104 |
| t-cell engager-armed oncolytic vaccinia virus significantly enhances antitumor therapy. | oncolytic vaccinia virus (vv) therapy has shown promise in preclinical models and in clinical studies. however, complete responses have rarely been observed. this lack of efficacy is most likely due to suboptimal virus spread through the tumor resulting in limited tumor cell destruction. we reasoned that redirecting t cells to the tumor has the potential to improve the antitumor activity of oncolytic vvs. we, therefore, constructed a vv encoding a secretory bispecific t-cell engager consisting o ... | 2014 | 24135899 |
| a vaccinia virus recombinant transcribing an alphavirus replicon and expressing alphavirus structural proteins leads to packaging of alphavirus infectious single cycle particles. | poxviruses and alphaviruses constitute two promising viral vectors that have been used extensively as expression systems, or as vehicles for vaccine purposes. poxviruses, like vaccinia virus (vv) are well-established vaccine vectors having large insertion capacity, excellent stability, and ease of administration. in turn, replicons derived from alphaviruses like semliki forest virus (sfv) are potent protein expression and immunization vectors but stocks are difficult to produce and maintain. in ... | 2013 | 24130722 |
| limited effectiveness of psoralen- and ultraviolet-inactivated vaccinia virus on shiv infection. | 2013 | 24130561 | |
| disparate epitopes mediating protective heterologous immunity to unrelated viruses share peptide-mhc structural features recognized by cross-reactive t cells. | closely related peptide epitopes can be recognized by the same t cells and contribute to the immune response against pathogens encoding those epitopes, but sometimes cross-reactive epitopes share little homology. the degree of structural homology required for such disparate ligands to be recognized by cross-reactive tcrs remains unclear. in this study, we examined the mechanistic basis for cross-reactive t cell responses between epitopes from unrelated and pathogenic viruses, lymphocytic choriom ... | 2013 | 24127554 |
| langerin+ dermal dc, but not langerhans cells, are required for effective cd8-mediated immune responses after skin scarification with vaccinia virus. | skin scarification (s.s.) with vaccinia virus (vacv) is essential for generation of an optimal protective t-cell memory immune response. dendritic cells (dcs), which are professional antigen-presenting cells, are required for naive t-cell priming and activation. at least three subsets of skin-resident dc have been identified: langerhans cells (lcs), dermal langerin+ dc (lang+ ddc), and dermal langerin- dc (lang- ddc). using langerin-diphtheria toxin receptor mice and established mouse model of v ... | 2014 | 24126845 |
| kay-2-41, a novel nucleoside analogue inhibitor of orthopoxviruses in vitro and in vivo. | the availability of adequate treatments for poxvirus infections would be valuable not only for human use but also for veterinary use. in the search for novel antiviral agents, a 1'-methyl-substituted 4'-thiothymidine nucleoside, designated kay-2-41, emerged as an efficient inhibitor of poxviruses. in vitro, kay-2-41 was active in the micromolar range against orthopoxviruses (opvs) and against the parapoxvirus orf. the compound preserved its antiviral potency against opvs resistant to the referen ... | 2014 | 24126587 |
| poxviral protein a52 stimulates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activation by causing tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (traf6) self-association leading to transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (tak1) recruitment. | vaccinia virus encodes a number of proteins that inhibit and manipulate innate immune signaling pathways that also have a role in virulence. these include a52, a protein shown to inhibit il-1- and toll-like receptor-stimulated nfκb activation, via interaction with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 2 (irak2). interestingly, a52 was also found to activate p38 mapk and thus enhance toll-like receptor-dependent il-10 induction, which was traf6-dependent, but the manner in which a52 manipulate ... | 2013 | 24114841 |
| reversible inactivation and desiccation tolerance of silicified viruses. | long-distance host-independent virus dispersal is poorly understood, especially for viruses found in isolated ecosystems. to demonstrate a possible dispersal mechanism, we show that bacteriophage t4, archaeal virus sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus kamchatka, and vaccinia virus are reversibly inactivated by mineralization in silica under conditions similar to volcanic hot springs. in contrast, bacteriophage prd1 is not silicified. moreover, silicification provides viruses with remarkable desiccati ... | 2013 | 24109222 |
| t-cell help dependence of memory cd8+ t-cell expansion upon vaccinia virus challenge relies on cd40 signaling. | due to their capacity to differentiate into long-lived memory cells, cd8(+) t cells are able to resolve subsequent infections faster than during the primary response. among other factors, cd4(+) t cells play a crucial role during primary and secondary cd8(+) t-cell responses. however, the timing and mechanisms by which they influence cd8(+) t cells may differ in primary and secondary responses. here, we demonstrate that during both primary and secondary vaccinia virus infection, cd4(+) t cells a ... | 2014 | 24108445 |
| comparative molecular docking analysis of cytoplasmic dynein light chain dynll1 with pilin to explore the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa pao. | cytoplasmic dynein light chain 1 (dynll1) is a component of large protein complex, which is implicated in cargo transport processes, and is known to interact with many cellular and viral proteins through its short consensus motif (k/r)xtqt. still, it remains to be explored that bacterial proteins also exhibit similar recognition sequences to make them vulnerable to host defense mechanism. we employed multiple docking protocols including autodock, patchdock, zdock, dock/pierr and cluspro to explo ... | 2013 | 24098557 |
| antibody library display on a mammalian virus vector: combining the advantages of both phage and yeast display into one technology. | utilizing a vaccinia virus based library technology, we previously developed an antibody discovery platform that enabled efficient selection of fully functional igg antibodies from highly diverse immunoglobulin gene libraries expressed on the surface of mammalian cells. recently, we have further modified this platform to enable efficient expression of a library of fully human antibodies on the surface of vaccinia virus; an enveloped mammalian virus. similar in concept to phage display, condition ... | 2014 | 24090134 |
| expression of a non-coding rna in ectromelia virus is required for normal plaque formation. | poxviruses are dsdna viruses with large genomes. many genes in the genome remain uncharacterized, and recent studies have demonstrated that the poxvirus transcriptome includes numerous so-called anomalous transcripts not associated with open reading frames. here, we characterize the expression and role of an apparently non-coding rna in orthopoxviruses, which we call viral hairpin rna (vhrna). using a bioinformatics approach, we predicted expression of a transcript not associated with an open re ... | 2014 | 24078045 |
| new vaccinia virus promoter as a potential candidate for future vaccines. | here we describe the design and strength of a new synthetic late-early optimized (leo) vaccinia virus (vacv) promoter used as a transcriptional regulator of gfp expression during modified vaccinia ankara infection. in contrast to the described synthetic vacv promoter (ps), leo induced significantly higher levels of gfp expression in vitro within the first hour after infection, which correlated with an enhancement in the gfp-specific cd8 t-cell response detected in vivo, demonstrating its potenti ... | 2013 | 24077296 |
| deletion of the vaccinia virus gene a46r, encoding for an inhibitor of tlr signalling, is an effective approach to enhance the immunogenicity in mice of the hiv/aids vaccine candidate nyvac-c. | viruses have developed strategies to counteract signalling through toll-like receptors (tlrs) that are involved in the detection of viruses and induction of proinflammatory cytokines and ifns. vaccinia virus (vacv) encodes a46 protein which disrupts tlr signalling by interfering with tlr: adaptor interactions. since the innate immune response to viruses is critical to induce protective immunity, we studied whether deletion of a46r gene in a nyvac vector expressing hiv-1 env, gag, pol and nef ant ... | 2013 | 24069354 |
| the formin fhod1 and the small gtpase rac1 promote vaccinia virus actin-based motility. | vaccinia virus dissemination relies on the n-wasp-arp2/3 pathway, which mediates actin tail formation underneath cell-associated extracellular viruses (cevs). here, we uncover a previously unappreciated role for the formin fhod1 and the small gtpase rac1 in vaccinia actin tail formation. fhod1 depletion decreased the number of cevs forming actin tails and impaired the elongation rate of the formed actin tails. recruitment of fhod1 to actin tails relied on its gtpase binding domain in addition to ... | 2013 | 24062339 |
| has horsepox become extinct? | mystery surrounds the extent to which horsepox virus may have contributed to the vaccinia virus used to eradicate smallpox. with few documented cases of horsepox in recent years it may never be solved, says josé esparza, who seeks to raise awareness of the potential historical and scientific importance of identifying new cases. | 2013 | 24057497 |
| systemically administered dna and fowlpox recombinants expressing four vaccinia virus genes although immunogenic do not protect mice against the highly pathogenic ihd-j vaccinia strain. | the first-generation smallpox vaccine was based on live vaccinia virus (vv) and it successfully eradicated the disease worldwide. therefore, it was not administered any more after 1980, as smallpox no longer existed as a natural infection. however, emerging threats by terrorist organisations has prompted new programmes for second-generation vaccine development based on attenuated vv strains, which have been shown to cause rare but serious adverse events in immunocompromised patients. considering ... | 2013 | 24050999 |
| novel role of hsp40/dnaj in the regulation of hiv-1 replication. | dnaj/hsp40 is an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins bearing various functions. historically, it has been emphasized that hsp40/dnaj family proteins play a positive role in infection of various viruses. we identified dnaj/hsp40b6 as a potential negative regulator of hiv-1 replication in our genetic screens. in this study, we investigated the functional interactions between hiv-1 and hsp40 family members. | 2013 | 24047968 |
| direct formation of vaccinia virus membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of the newly characterized l2-interacting protein a30.5. | crescents consisting of a single lipoprotein membrane with an external protein scaffold comprise the initial structural elements of poxvirus morphogenesis. crescents enlarge to form spherical immature virions, which enclose viroplasm consisting of proteins destined to form the cores of mature virions. previous studies suggest that the l2 protein participates in the recruitment of endoplasmic reticulum (er)-derived membranes to form immature virions within assembly sites of cytoplasmic factories. ... | 2013 | 24027302 |
| optical detection and virotherapy of live metastatic tumor cells in body fluids with vaccinia strains. | metastatic tumor cells in body fluids are important targets for treatment, and critical surrogate markers for evaluating cancer prognosis and therapeutic response. here we report, for the first time, that live metastatic tumor cells in blood samples from mice bearing human tumor xenografts and in blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with cancer were successfully detected using a tumor cell-specific recombinant vaccinia virus (vacv). in contrast to the fda-approved cellsearch syste ... | 2013 | 24019862 |
| vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity. | virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. in response, viruses have evolved many countermeasures that enable them to replicate and be transmitted to new hosts, despite the host innate immune response. poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (vacv), have large dna genomes and encode many proteins that are dedicated to host immune evasion. some of these proteins are ... | 2013 | 23999164 |
| preventing the return of smallpox: molecular modeling studies on thymidylate kinase from variola virus. | smallpox was one of the most devastating diseases in the human history and still represents a serious menace today due to its potential use by bioterrorists. considering this threat and the non-existence of effective chemotherapy, we propose the enzyme thymidylate kinase from variola virus (vartmpk) as a potential target to the drug design against smallpox. we first built a homology model for vartmpk and performed molecular docking studies on it in order to investigate the interactions with inhi ... | 2014 | 23998201 |
| the effects of post-exposure smallpox vaccination on clinical disease presentation: addressing the data gaps between historical epidemiology and modern surrogate model data. | decades after public health interventions - including pre- and post-exposure vaccination - were used to eradicate smallpox, zoonotic orthopoxvirus outbreaks and the potential threat of a release of variola virus remain public health concerns. routine prophylactic smallpox vaccination of the public ceased worldwide in 1980, and the adverse event rate associated with the currently licensed live vaccinia virus vaccine makes reinstatement of policies recommending routine pre-exposure vaccination unl ... | 2013 | 23994378 |
| crystal structure of vaccinia viral a27 protein reveals a novel structure critical for its function and complex formation with a26 protein. | vaccinia virus envelope protein a27 has multiple functions and is conserved in the orthopoxvirus genus of the poxvirus family. a27 protein binds to cell surface heparan sulfate, provides an anchor for a26 protein packaging into mature virions, and is essential for egress of mature virus (mv) from infected cells. here, we crystallized and determined the structure of a truncated form of a27 containing amino acids 21-84, c71/72a (ta27) at 2.2 å resolution. ta27 protein uses the n-terminal region in ... | 2013 | 23990784 |
| safety mechanism assisted by the repressor of tetracycline (smart) vaccinia virus vectors for vaccines and therapeutics. | replication-competent viruses, such as vaccinia virus (vacv), are powerful tools for the development of oncolytic viral therapies and elicit superior immune responses when used as vaccine and immunotherapeutic vectors. however, severe complications from uncontrolled viral replication can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or in those with other predisposing conditions. vacvs constitutively expressing interferon-γ (ifn-γ) replicate in cell culture indistinguishably from control ... | 2013 | 23988330 |
| systemic toll-like receptor ligation and selective killing of dendritic cell subsets fail to dissect priming pathways for anti-vaccinia virus cd8⁺ t cells. | cd8⁺ t cell responses can be generated by direct or cross-priming mechanisms, and several mouse models have been used to reveal which of these is the most important pathway for various viruses. among these models is systemic treatment of mice with a cpg-containing oligodeoxynucleotide (cpg) to mature all dendritic cells (dcs), rendering them incapable of cross-presentation. a second is the use of cytochrome c (cytc) as a selective poison of the subsets of dcs able to cross-present antigen. in th ... | 2013 | 23986587 |
| vaccinia virus induces programmed necrosis in ovarian cancer cells. | the mechanisms by which oncolytic vaccinia virus induces tumor cell death are poorly understood. we have evaluated cell death pathways following infection of ovarian cancer cells with both wild-type and thymidine kinase-deleted (dtk) lister strain vaccinia. we show that death does not rely upon classical apoptosis despite the appearances of some limited apoptotic features, including phosphatidylserine externalization and appearance of sub-g1 dna populations. vaccinia infection induces marked lip ... | 2013 | 23985697 |