Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| restriction of foamy viruses by primate trim5alpha. | foamy viruses (fvs) are unconventional retroviruses with a replication strategy that is significantly different from orthoretroviruses and bears some homology to that of hepadnaviruses. although some cellular proteins, such as apobec3, have been reported to block fvs, no restriction by trim5alpha has been described to date. the sensitivity of three fv isolates of human-chimpanzee or prototypic (pfv), macaque (sfvmac), and feline (ffv) origin to a variety of primate trim5alphas was therefore test ... | 2008 | 18367529 |
| evolution of the daz gene and the azfc region on primate y chromosomes. | the azoospermia factor c (azfc) region of the human y chromosome is a unique product of segmental duplication. it consists almost entirely of very long amplicons, represented by different colors, and is frequently deleted in subfertile men. most of the azfc amplicons have high sequence similarity with autosomal segments, indicating recent duplication and transposition to the y chromosome. the deleted in azoospermia (daz) gene within the red-amplicon arose from an ancestral autosomal daz-like (da ... | 2008 | 18366765 |
| ectocranial suture closure in pan troglodytes and gorilla gorilla: pattern and phylogeny. | the order in which ectocranial sutures undergo fusion displays species-specific variation among primates. however, the precise relationship between suture closure and phylogenetic affinities is poorly understood. in this study, we used guttman scaling to determine if the modal progression of suture closure differs among homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla. because dna sequence homologies strongly suggest that p. troglodytes and homo sapiens share a more recent common ancestor than ... | 2008 | 18350580 |
| behavioural responses to photographs by pictorially naïve baboons (papio anubis), gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | this study assessed how pictorially naïve nonhuman primates understand pictures. fifty-five baboons with no prior exposure to pictures were trained to grasp a slice of banana presented against a pebble in a two alternative forced choice task. post-training testing involved three stimulus pairs: (1) real banana slice vs. its picture, (2) the banana picture vs. a real pebble and (3) banana picture vs. a pebble picture which were presented twice. preliminary data were also collected on naïve gorill ... | 2008 | 18342457 |
| an experimental study of nettle feeding in captive gorillas. | mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) in karisoke, rwanda, feed on the stinging nettle laportea alatipes by means of elaborate processing skills. byrne [e.g. philosophical transactions of the royal society of london, series b, biological sciences 358:529-536, 2003] has claimed that individuals acquire these skills by means of the so-called program-level imitation, in which the overall sequence of problem-solving steps (not the precise actions) is reproduced. in this study we present west ... | 2008 | 18330896 |
| chimerism, point mutation, and truncation dramatically transformed mast cell delta-tryptases during primate evolution. | tryptases are serine peptidases stored in mast cell granules. rodents express 2 soluble tryptases, mast cell proteases (mcps) 6 and 7. human alpha- and beta-tryptases are orthologs of mcp-6. however, much of the ancestral mcp-7 ortholog was replaced by parts of other tryptases, creating chimeric delta-tryptase. human delta-tryptase's limited activity is hypothesized to be due to truncation and processing mutations. | 2008 | 18325577 |
| molecular mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangement during primate evolution. | breakpoint analysis of the large chromosomal rearrangements which have occurred during primate evolution promises to yield new insights into the underlying mechanisms of mutagenesis. comparison of these evolutionary breakpoints with those that are disease-associated in humans, and which occur during either meiotic or mitotic cell division, should help to identify basic mechanistic similarities as well as differences. it has recently become clear that segmental duplications (sds) have had a very ... | 2008 | 18293104 |
| the behavior of two captive specimens of the lowland gorilla, gorilla gorilla gorilla (savage & wyman). | this report describes the behavior of two pre-adolescent lowland gorillas in the new york zoological park during the summer of 1948. oka, then an eight-year-old female, and makoko, a ten-year-old male, were observed in their regular living cages when alone and when placed together. a check-list was prepared and regular half-hour periods of observation were systematically made. significant behavioral items were compared for the sessions when the animals were alone and when they were together. com ... | 1949 | 18268801 |
| hominoid chromosomal rearrangements on 17q map to complex regions of segmental duplication. | chromosomal rearrangements, such as translocations and inversions, are recurrent phenomena during evolution, and both of them are involved in reproductive isolation and speciation. to better understand the molecular basis of chromosome rearrangements and their part in karyotype evolution, we have investigated the history of human chromosome 17 by comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and sequence analysis. | 2008 | 18257913 |
| task constraints mask great apes' ability to solve the trap-table task. | researchers have investigated animals' causal knowledge with a task requiring subjects to use a tool to bring a reward within reach whilst avoiding a trap. previous studies have suggested limitations in the ability of several species to avoid traps in tubes or tables. however, certain features may have inflated task difficulty. we tested 20 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), 7 orangutans (pongo pygmaeus), 5 bonobos (pan paniscus), and 5 gorillas (gorilla gorilla) in the trap-table--a task in which s ... | 2008 | 18248114 |
| manipulating decay time for efficient large-mammal density estimation: gorillas and dung height. | large-mammal surveys often rely on indirect signs such as dung or nests. sign density is usually translated into animal density using sign production and decay rates. in principle, such auxiliary variable estimates should be made in a spatially unbiased manner. however, traditional decay rate estimation methods entail following many signs from production to disappearance, which, in large study areas, requires extensive travel effort. consequently, decay rate estimates have tended to be made inst ... | 2007 | 18213978 |
| molecular evolution of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5a gene in primates. | many electron transport chain (etc) genes show accelerated rates of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions in anthropoid primate lineages, yet in non-anthropoid lineages the etc proteins are typically highly conserved. here, we test the hypothesis that cox5a, the etc gene that encodes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5a, shows a pattern of anthropoid-specific adaptive evolution, and investigate the distribution of this protein in catarrhine brains. | 2008 | 18197981 |
| the evolutionary role of modularity and integration in the hominoid cranium. | patterns of morphological integration and modularity among shape features emerge from genetic and developmental factors with varying pleiotropic effects. factors or processes affecting morphology only locally may respond to selection more easily than common factors that may lead to deleterious side effects and hence are expected to be more conserved. we briefly review evidence for such global factors in primate cranial development as well as for local factors constrained to either the face or th ... | 2008 | 18194472 |
| the mastodon mitochondrial genome: a mammoth accomplishment. | the mitochondrial genome of an american mastodon was recently sequenced and used to root a phylogenetic analysis that included full mitochondrial genome sequences from woolly mammoths and the two living elephant genera. the study definitively established that mammoth and asian elephant mitochondrial dna lineages are more closely related than either is to african elephants. however, it also suggests that a complex evolutionary picture could ultimately emerge and points to similarities between the ... | 2008 | 18192067 |
| tubes, tables and traps: great apes solve two functionally equivalent trap tasks but show no evidence of transfer across tasks. | previous studies on tool using have shown that presenting subjects with certain modifications in the experimental setup can substantially improve their performance. however, procedural modifications (e.g. trap table task) may not only remove task constraints but also simplify the problem conceptually. the goal of this study was to design a variation of the trap-table that was functionally equivalent to the trap-tube task. in this new task, the subjects had to decide where to insert the tool and ... | 2008 | 18183433 |
| comparing ape densities and habitats in northern congo: surveys of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in the odzala and ndoki regions. | the conservation status of western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees in western equatorial africa remains largely speculative because many remote areas have never been surveyed and the impact of emergent diseases in the region has not been well documented. in this study, we compared ape densities and habitats in the lokoué study area in odzala national park and the goualougo triangle in nouabalé-ndoki national park in northern republic of congo. both of these sites have long been consider ... | 2008 | 18176937 |
| the role of pleistocene refugia and rivers in shaping gorilla genetic diversity in central africa. | the role of pleistocene forest refugia and rivers in the evolutionary diversification of tropical biota has been the subject of considerable debate. a range-wide analysis of gorilla mitochondrial and nuclear variation was used to test the potential role of both refugia and rivers in shaping genetic diversity in current populations. results reveal strong patterns of regional differentiation that are consistent with refugial hypotheses for central africa. four major mitochondrial haplogroups are e ... | 2007 | 18077351 |
| new hand bones of hadropithecus stenognathus: implications for the paleobiology of the archaeolemuridae. | a partial, associated skeleton of hadropithecus stenognathus (aha-i) was discovered in 2003 at andrahomana cave in southeastern madagascar. among the postcranial elements found were the first hand bones (right scaphoid, right hamate, left first metacarpal, and right and left fifth metacarpals) attributed to this rare subfossil lemur. these hand bones were compared to those of extant strepsirrhines and catarrhines in order to infer the positional adaptations of hadropithecus, and they were compar ... | 2008 | 18068213 |
| [the first ray of the hand and the foot of the primates (i). descriptive anatomy]. | dissection of the first ray and the connecting structures of the hand and the foot of simian primates, conserved by freezing or embalming and observation of 325 skeletal pieces of specimens of the museum of natural history of paris. the trapezometacarpal articulation is a saddle joint with a trapezial concavity according to its great oblique axis directed at 45 degrees with respect to a sagittal plan for the whole of the simian primates, with a trapezoidal concavity according to a great axis dir ... | 2007 | 18061502 |
| quantitative three-dimensional shape analysis of the proximal hallucial metatarsal articular surface in homo, pan, gorilla, and hylobates. | multidimensional morphometrics is used to compare the proximal articular surface of the first metatarsal between homo, pan, gorilla, hylobates, and the hominin fossils a.l. 333-54 (a. afarensis), skx 5017 (p. robustus), and oh 8 (h. habilis). statistically significant differences in articular surface morphology exist between h. sapiens and the apes, and between ape groups. ape groups are characterized by greater surface depth, an obliquely curved articular surface through the dorso-lateral and m ... | 2008 | 18046775 |
| mobile dna elements in primate and human evolution. | roughly 50% of the primate genome consists of mobile, repetitive dna sequences such as alu and line1 elements. the causes and evolutionary consequences of mobile element insertion, which have received considerable attention during the past decade, are reviewed in this article. because of their unique mutational mechanisms, these elements are highly useful for answering phylogenetic questions. we demonstrate how they have been used to help resolve a number of questions in primate phylogeny, inclu ... | 2007 | 18046749 |
| preliminary observations on increasing root length during the eruptive phase of tooth development in modern humans and great apes. | ground sections of incisors, canines, and molars were selected that showed clear incremental markings in root dentine. the sample comprised 98 homo sapiens, 53 pan troglodytes, and a more limited combined sample of 51 gorilla and pongo sections. daily rates of root dentine formation, together with the orientation of incremental markings in roots close to the cement-dentine junction (cdj), were used to calculate root extension rates for the first 10mm of root formed beyond the buccal enamel cervi ... | 2008 | 18045653 |
| three-dimensional primate molar enamel thickness. | molar enamel thickness has played an important role in the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and dietary assessments of fossil primate teeth for nearly 90 years. despite the frequency with which enamel thickness is discussed in paleoanthropological discourse, methods used to attain information about enamel thickness are destructive and record information from only a single plane of section. such semidestructive planar methods limit sample sizes and ignore dimensional data that may be culled from the enti ... | 2008 | 18045652 |
| comparative observations on the tooth root morphology of gigantopithecus blacki. | the extinct great ape gigantopithecus blacki from the middle pleistocene of china and vietnam is known only from dental and mandibular remains, and its dietary specializations remain contentious. here, for the first time, we describe the root morphology in g. blacki using computed tomography and three-dimensional image processing. we quantify the tooth root lengths and surface areas of the female g. blacki mandible no. 1 from the liucheng cave and compare it to a sample of extant great apes and ... | 2008 | 18045651 |
| influence of male morphology on male mating status and behavior during interunit encounters in western lowland gorillas. | the western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) is one of the most sexually dimorphic primate species. mature males are twice the size of females and have grey fur on their backs and a fibrous, adipose crest on their heads. such traits are likely to have evolved by sexual selection, either because they confer advantages during male-male fights or because females prefer males with more dimorphic traits. we developed photogrammetric methods for distance collection of morphological data from ... | 2008 | 18044692 |
| mechanical analysis of infant carrying in hominoids. | in all higher nonhuman primates, species survival depends upon safe carrying of infants clinging to body hair of adults. in this work, measurements of mechanical properties of ape hair (gibbon, orangutan, and gorilla) are presented, focusing on constraints for safe infant carrying. results of hair tensile properties are shown to be species-dependent. analysis of the mechanics of the mounting position, typical of heavier infant carrying among african apes, shows that both clinging and friction ar ... | 2008 | 18030438 |
| gorillas are a host for dientamoeba fragilis: an update on the life cycle and host distribution. | dientamoeba fragilis is a gastrointestinal protozoan that has a worldwide distribution and is emergeing as a common cause of diarrhea. as d. fragilis has a propensity to cause chronic illness with symptoms similar to irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) it is not surprising that some patients with d. fragilis are misdiagnosed as having ibs. in contrast to most other pathogenic protozoa very little is known about its life cycle, epidemiology and mode of transmission. what role animal reservoirs play in ... | 2008 | 18022187 |
| patterns of paternity and group fission in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. | to understand variation among social systems, it is essential to know the relative reproductive success of individuals in group-living species. particularly interesting for such studies are taxa such as mountain gorillas in which both one-male and multimale groups are common, because of the opportunity to estimate the costs and benefits to males of pursuing different reproductive strategies. we genotyped 68 individuals from two groups of multimale mountain gorilla groups in bwindi impenetrable n ... | 2008 | 18000886 |
| isolated lung perfusion, is it time to deal with the 800 pound gorilla? | 2007 | 17999390 | |
| nutritional quality of gorilla diets: consequences of age, sex, and season. | we tested the effects of age, sex, and season on the nutritional strategies of a group of mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei) in the bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda. through observations of food intake of individual gorillas and nutritional analyses of dietary components over different seasons and environments, we estimated nutrient intake and evaluated diet adequacy. our results suggest that the nutritional costs of reproduction and growth affect nutrient intake; growing juveniles an ... | 2008 | 17999090 |
| reactivity of urinary albumin (microalbumin) assays with fragmented or modified albumin. | controversy exists regarding occurrence and measurement of structural variants of albumin in urine. in this study, we examined cross-reactivity of in vitro modified albumins in assays for urine albumin (microalbumin). | 2008 | 17981922 |
| legislating delivery system reform: a 30,000-foot view of the 800-pound gorilla. | between 1993 and today, health policy experts have reached consensus that quality assurance, cost discipline, and equitable access depend on delivering health care at times, in places, and in ways much different from those to which we are accustomed. the challenge for the next generation of health reformers is to improve coverage by improving care. this can happen only if reform legislation has a theory for success, collective social meaning, and political champions. | 2007 | 17978373 |
| comparative ocular anatomy of the western lowland gorilla. | to examine the lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) eye and determine similarities to and differences between the mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei) and the human eye. in addition, we compare our findings of g. g. gorilla to previous reports on the eye of this subspecies. | 2007 | 17970996 |
| alu recombination-mediated structural deletions in the chimpanzee genome. | with more than 1.2 million copies, alu elements are one of the most important sources of structural variation in primate genomes. here, we compare the chimpanzee and human genomes to determine the extent of alu recombination-mediated deletion (armd) in the chimpanzee genome since the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages ( approximately 6 million y ago). combining computational data analysis and experimental verification, we have identified 663 chimpanzee lineage-specific deletions (in ... | 2007 | 17953488 |
| mast cell alpha and beta tryptases changed rapidly during primate speciation and evolved from gamma-like transmembrane peptidases in ancestral vertebrates. | human mast cell tryptases vary strikingly in secretion, catalytic competence, and inheritance. to explore the basis of variation, we compared genes from a range of primates, including humans, great apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan), old- and new-world monkeys (macaque and marmoset), and a prosimian (galago), tracking key changes. our analysis reveals that extant soluble tryptase-like proteins, including alpha- and beta-like tryptases, mastins, and implantation serine proteases, likely evolve ... | 2007 | 17947681 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) from the taï forest, côte d'ivoire sivwrc in wild-living western red colobus monkeys. | numerous african primates are infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). it is now well established that the clade of sivs infecting west-central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) represent the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), whereas hiv-2 results from different cross-species transmissions of sivsmm from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys atys). we present here the first molecular epidemiological ... | 2008 | 17916449 |
| fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks. | fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. anthropoid primates (apes, old and new world monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. this study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (alouatta palliata, callithrix jacchus, gorilla beringei beringei, leontopithecus rosalia, macaca sinica) to test the null hypothes ... | 2008 | 17916436 |
| new insights in insect prey choice by chimpanzees and gorillas in southeast cameroon: the role of nutritional value. | the insect diet of chimpanzees and gorillas living at the northern periphery of the dja biosphere reserve in southeast cameroon and its nutritional contribution is described. we analyzed fecal samples and recorded additional evidence of insectivory. a detailed prey species list is presented for both apes. we carried out nutritional analyses (macronutrients, macro- and micro-minerals) on 11 important and eight nonimportant, but accessible, ant and termite prey species, and estimated the average n ... | 2008 | 17902166 |
| interspecies hybridization on dna resequencing microarrays: efficiency of sequence recovery and accuracy of snp detection in human, ape, and codfish mitochondrial dna genomes sequenced on a human-specific mitochip. | iterative dna "resequencing" on oligonucleotide microarrays offers a high-throughput method to measure intraspecific iodiversity, one that is especially suited to snp-dense gene regions such as vertebrate mitochondrial (mtdna) genomes. however, costs of single-species design and microarray fabrication are prohibitive. a cost-effective, multi-species strategy is to hybridize experimental dnas from diverse species to a common microarray that is tiled with oligonucleotide sets from multiple, homolo ... | 2007 | 17894875 |
| conservation. scientists say ebola has pushed western gorillas to the brink. | 2007 | 17872416 | |
| maintenance of imprinting and nuclear architecture in cycling cells. | dynamic gene repositioning has emerged as an additional level of epigenetic gene regulation. an early example was the report of a transient, spatial convergence (< or =2 microm) of oppositely imprinted regions ("kissing"), including the angelman syndrome/prader-willi syndrome (as/pws) locus and the beckwith-wiedemann syndrome locus in human lymphocytes during late s phase. it was argued that kissing is required for maintaining opposite imprints in cycling cells. employing 3d-fish with a bac cont ... | 2007 | 17848516 |
| collecting gorilla brains. | 1892 | 17838947 | |
| knuckle walking signal in the manual digits of pan and gorilla. | this article examines the curvature of the manual proximal and middle phalanges of species belonging to pan, gorilla, ateles, macaca, pongo, hylobates, and cebus to determine whether middle phalangeal curvature, when considered in conjunction with proximal phalangeal curvature, yields a locomotor signal. prior studies have demonstrated the discriminatory power of proximal phalanges for separating suspensory species (including knuckle walkers) from pronograde quadrupedal species, but less emphasi ... | 2008 | 17787000 |
| cytoarchitecture of the gorilla brain. | 1938 | 17752339 | |
| a gorilla-sized ape from the miocene of india. | a large ape existed in india at the close of the miocene or the beginning of the pliocene epochs; this ape shows a complex of anatomical structures at the opposite pole from its contemporary, ramapithecus. although found in the same beds, the two seldom occur at the same exact sites and levels. considering the thickness of these beds, recovery close to haritalyangar does not, of itself, prove sympatry of these two different kinds of hominoidea. however, both are definitely present at one recentl ... | 1971 | 17747306 |
| the gorilla. | 1982 | 17736246 | |
| selective logging, habitat quality and home range use by sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees: a case study from an active logging concession in southeast cameroon. | we examined range use by great apes during logging activities and investigated associations between local variations in ape abundance and changes in the structure of the habitat or in the availability of fruits after disturbances. we carried out two annual censuses of western lowland gorilla (g. g. gorilla) and chimpanzee populations (pan t. troglodytes) in an active logging concession in southeast cameroon. the results suggest that gorillas may adapt their range use to avoid most recently logge ... | 2008 | 17726332 |
| analysis of structure, function, and evolutionary origin of the ob gene product--leptin. | leptin, the ob gene product, is a 167 amino acid polypeptide known to play a key role in regulating the fat stores of the body and is found in all eukaryotes, including mammals, aves, and also in invertebrates. to gain insight into the structure-function relation and origin of leptin, we have analyzed the amino acid sequence of leptin from 23 species by computing the frequency of occurrence of amino acids, their secondary structure, sequence homology, et cetera. extensive conservation is observe ... | 2007 | 17718597 |
| a new species of great ape from the late miocene epoch in ethiopia. | with the discovery of ardipithecus, orrorin and sahelanthropus, our knowledge of hominid evolution before the emergence of pliocene species of australopithecus has significantly increased, extending the hominid fossil record back to at least 6 million years (myr) ago. however, because of the dearth of fossil hominoid remains in sub-saharan africa spanning the period 12-7 myr ago, nothing is known of the actual timing and mode of divergence of the african ape and hominid lineages. most genomic-ba ... | 2007 | 17713533 |
| oldest gorilla ages our joint ancestor. | 2007 | 17713490 | |
| a new approach to estimate parameters of speciation models with application to apes. | how populations diverge and give rise to distinct species remains a fundamental question in evolutionary biology, with important implications for a wide range of fields, from conservation genetics to human evolution. a promising approach is to estimate parameters of simple speciation models using polymorphism data from multiple loci. existing methods, however, make a number of assumptions that severely limit their applicability, notably, no gene flow after the populations split and no intralocus ... | 2007 | 17712021 |
| discrete quantity judgments in the great apes (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus): the effect of presenting whole sets versus item-by-item. | the authors examined quantity-based judgments for up to 10 items for simultaneous and sequential whole sets as well as for sequentially dropped items in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), gorillas (gorilla gorilla), bonobos (pan paniscus), and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). in experiment 1, subjects had to choose the larger of 2 quantities presented in 2 separate dishes either simultaneously or 1 dish after the other. representatives of all species were capable of selecting the larger of 2 quantities ... | 2007 | 17696650 |
| spontaneously occurring mother-infant swapping and the relationships of infants with their biological and foster mothers in a captive group of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | the present study describes spontaneously occurring infant-mother swapping and the relationships of infants with their biological and foster mothers after swapping in a captive social group of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). after infant-swapping took place between a primiparous mother with a neonate and a multiparous mother with a 10-month-old infant, the mothers provided appropriate maternal care, including nursing, to their adopted infants, but the older infant still sought refuge ... | 2007 | 17683751 |
| resting heart rate and tympanic temperature in operant conditioned western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | the conscious, resting heart rate and body temperature of healthy western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) is not reported in the literature. to obtain this information, two clinically healthy adult male western lowland gorillas in a training program were conditioned to allow auscultation and obtain tympanic temperatures. the mean heart rate was 73.8 +/- 8.96 beats per minute (n = 176), and it was lower than mean heart rate reported in studies on anesthetized gorillas. the mean tympani ... | 2007 | 17679523 |
| hominoid lineage specific amplification of low-copy repeats on 22q11.2 (lcr22s) associated with velo-cardio-facial/digeorge syndrome. | segmental duplications or low-copy repeats (lcrs) constitute approximately 5% of the sequenced portion of the human genome and are associated with many human congenital anomaly disorders. the low-copy repeats on chromosome 22q11.2 (lcr22s) mediate chromosomal rearrangements resulting in deletions, duplications and translocations. the evolutionary mechanisms leading to lcr22 formation is unknown. four genes, usp18, bcr, ggtla and ggt, map adjacent to the lcr22s and pseudogene copies are located w ... | 2007 | 17675367 |
| replication profile of pcdh11x and pcdh11y, a gene pair located in the non-pseudoautosomal homologous region xq21.3/yp11.2. | in order to investigate the replication timing properties of pcdh11x and pcdh11y, a pair of protocadherin genes located in the hominid-specific non-pseudoautosomal homologous region xq21.3/yp11.2, we conducted a fish-based comparative study in different human and non-human primate (gorilla gorilla) cell types. the replication profiles of three genes from different regions of chromosome x (zfx, xist and atrx) were used as terms of reference. particular emphasis was given to the evaluation of alle ... | 2007 | 17671842 |
| lessons from naked apes and their infections. | human infections come from two main sources. our 'family heirlooms' have co-evolved with the host as we diverged from the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and these are often vertically transmitted. our 'new acquisitions' come from cross-species infections, and these are typically horizontally transmitted. compared with other apes, naked apes harbor a larger variety of pathogens, acquired from the domesticated and commensal non-primate species which share our habitat, as well as from e ... | 2007 | 17669206 |
| a comparative volumetric analysis of the amygdaloid complex and basolateral division in the human and ape brain. | the amygdaloid complex functions to facilitate effective appraisal of the social environment and is an essential component of the neural systems subserving social behavior. despite its critical role in mediating social interaction, the amygdaloid complex has not attracted the same attention as the isocortex in most evolutionary analyses. we performed a comparative analysis of the amygdaloid complex in the hominoids to address the lack of comparative information available for this structure in th ... | 2007 | 17661399 |
| mapping human genetic ancestry. | the human genome is a mosaic with respect to its evolutionary history. based on a phylogenetic analysis of 23,210 dna sequence alignments from human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and rhesus, we present a map of human genetic ancestry. for about 23% of our genome, we share no immediate genetic ancestry with our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. this encompasses genes and exons to the same extent as intergenic regions. we conclude that about 1/3 of our genes started to evolve as human-sp ... | 2007 | 17660505 |
| using photogrammetry and color scoring to assess sexual dimorphism in wild western gorillas (gorilla gorilla). | investigating sexual dimorphism is important for our understanding of its influence on reproductive strategies including male-male competition, mate choice, and sexual conflict. measuring physical traits in wild animals can be logistically challenging and disruptive for the animals. therefore body size and ornament variation in wild primates have rarely been quantified. gorillas are amongst the most sexually dimorphic and dichromatic primates. adult males (silverbacks) possess a prominent sagitt ... | 2007 | 17657788 |
| genetic diversity and phylogeographic clustering of sivcpzptt in wild chimpanzees in cameroon. | it is now well established that the clade of simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) infecting west central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) comprises the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in this study, we have greatly expanded our previous molecular epidemiological survey of sivcpz in wild chimpanzees in cameroon. the new results confirm a wide but uneven distribution of sivcpzptt in p. t. troglodytes thro ... | 2007 | 17651775 |
| scaling of neuron number and volume of the pulvinar complex in new world primates: comparisons with humans, other primates, and mammals. | the lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar (lp-pulvinar complex) are the principal thalamic nuclei associated with the elaborate development of the dorsal and ventral streams of the parietal cortex in primates. in humans, a novel site of origin for a subpopulation of pulvinar neurons has been observed, the ganglionic eminence of the telencephalon. this additional site of neuron origin has been proposed to contribute to the pulvinar's evolutionary expansion (letinic and rakic [2001] nat neurosci ... | 2007 | 17640049 |
| the origins of hiv and implications for the global epidemic. | hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the result of several cross-species transmissions from primates to humans. recently, the ancestral strains of hiv-1 groups m and n were shown to still persist in today's wild chimpanzee populations (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in south cameroon. lately, hiv-1 group o-related viruses have been identified in western gorillas (gorilla gorilla), called sivgor, but chimpanzees are most likely the original reservoir of this simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) ... | 2007 | 17618555 |
| potential for female kin associations in wild western gorillas despite female dispersal. | female philopatry and male dispersal are the norm for most mammals, and females that remain in their natal region often derive foraging or social benefits from proximity to female kin. however, other factors, such as constraints on group size or a shortage of potential mates, may promote female dispersal even when female kin associations would be beneficial. in these cases, female kin associations might develop, not through female philopatry, but through female emigration to the same group. to d ... | 2007 | 17609183 |
| the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the facial skeleton of the african apes. | this paper aims to test the contribution of ontogenetic scaling to sexual dimorphism of the facial skeleton in the african apes. specifically, it addresses whether males and females of each species share a common postnatal ontogenetic shape trajectory for the facial skeleton. where trajectories are found to differ, it is tested whether male and female trajectories: 1) diverge early, or 2) diverge later after sharing a common trajectory earlier in the postnatal period. where ontogenetic shape tra ... | 2007 | 17582464 |
| sex-biased dispersal in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | we explored two hypotheses related to potential differences between sexes in dispersal behaviour in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). direct observations suggest that immature females have more opportunities to move between breeding groups than immature males. the distribution of kin dyadic relationships within and between groups does not, however, support this hypothesis. at larger geographical scales, dispersal is likely to be easier for males than females because of the soli ... | 2007 | 17561888 |
| the 800-lb gorilla we all ignore: treatment of nsclc in elderly and ps 2 patients. | patients with non-small cell lung cancer,nsclc, typically have advanced disease on presentation. first-line palliative platinum-based doublet chemotherapy has emerged as the standard of care in fit, younger patients. however, patients with advanced age and/or impaired performance status have been relatively underrepresented in clinical trials. retrospective analyses and the few existing prospective randomized trials in these populations have suggested a poorer overall prognosis, yet also provide ... | 2007 | 17519883 |
| response of captive lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) to different housing conditions: testing the aggression-density and coping models. | several studies have suggested that primates react differently to spatial reduction. in this article, the authors tested some general hypotheses on primate response to spatial reduction by studying the apenheul lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla; apeldoorn, the netherlands). the frequency of conflicts did not greatly change between the 2 housing settings, thus not supporting the density- aggression model. indoor, gorillas performed touching behavior more often and increased their level of ... | 2007 | 17516795 |
| molar crown formation in the late miocene asian hominoids, sivapithecus parvada and sivapithecus indicus. | during the past decade, studies of enamel development have provided a broad temporal and geographic perspective on evolutionary developmental biology in miocene hominoids. here we report some of the first data for molar crown development in one hominoid genus, sivapithecus. the data are compared to a range of extant and extinct hominoids. crown formation times (cfts), daily rates of enamel secretion (dsr), retzius line number and periodicity, and relative enamel thickness (ret) were calculated i ... | 2007 | 17512035 |
| fluorescent (f) bodies in the spermatozoa of man and the great apes. | mature spermatozoa of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and the orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) were stained with quinacrine dihydrochloride. fluorescent (f) bodies were visualized in the spermatozoa of the chimpanzee and gorilla but were absent in the orangutan, in which there is no brilliant fluorescence in any chromosome. the f bodies appeared to be randomly located in the sperm heads of these two species, as they usually are in human spermatozoa. however, the propor ... | 1976 | 17494623 |
| evolutionary history of chromosome 11 featuring four distinct centromere repositioning events in catarrhini. | panels of bac clones used in fish experiments allow a detailed definition of chromosomal marker arrangement and orientation during evolution. this approach has disclosed the centromere repositioning phenomenon, consisting in the activation of a novel, fully functional centromere in an ectopic location, concomitant with the inactivation of the old centromere. in this study, appropriate panels of bac clones were used to track the chromosome 11 evolutionary history in primates and nonprimate boreoe ... | 2007 | 17490852 |
| habituation of western gorillas: the process and factors that influence it. | habituation of western gorillas to human presence is generally an expensive, lengthy and difficult process. here we describe the habituation process for two groups of western gorillas at the mondika research center, with the hope that the lessons we learned will facilitate future gorilla studies. we expand upon earlier studies by describing the process through complete habituation for both males and females, and for more than one group. the major obstacle to habituation was developing sufficient ... | 2007 | 17486627 |
| the role of behavioral research in the conservation of chimpanzees and gorillas. | chimpanzees and gorillas are among man's closest living relatives, sharing most of the human genetic code and having many similarities to humans in anatomy, physiology, and behavior. like humans, these apes make and use tools and have strong family bonds. chimpanzees even show population-specific behaviors similar to those of human cultures. however, chimpanzee and gorilla populations are in dramatic decline due to bushmeat hunting, habitat loss, and the varied risks of small, isolated populatio ... | 2007 | 17484681 |
| fine-tuning of social play in juvenile lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | social play, which involves cooperation, communication, and learning, may represent a suitable field for the investigation of cognitive ability in a given species. we collected data on a captive group of gorillas in order to evaluate the potential cognitive skill of juveniles in fine-tuning play behavior. this study revealed that juvenile gorillas are able to "place" the play session in a proper spatial/temporal context, thus evaluating a complex net of factors (e.g., play partner, play roughnes ... | 2007 | 17455241 |
| spontaneous adenomyosis in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes): a first report and review of the primate literature: case report. | adenomyosis is a non-neoplastic condition characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrium in the myometrium with hyperplasia of adjacent smooth muscle. common symptoms in women include debilitating pelvic pain and abnormal uterine bleeding, and the condition has been paradoxically associated with both multiparity and subfertility. adenomyosis spontaneously occurs in humans and some non-human primates, including the baboon and macaque, where it has been associated with primary infertility an ... | 2007 | 17452396 |
| hla-g polymorphism and evolution. | six proteins, one null allele and 22 human leukocyte antigen (hla)-g alleles were found in humans. bonobo, chimpanzee and gorilla only show one allele and orangutan shows five alleles. all cercopithecus alleles show stop codons at position 164 (macaca mulatta with seven dna alleles, macaca fascicularis with seven dna alleles and cercopithecus aethiops with three dna alleles). cotton-top tamarin new world monkeys showed 20 dna and protein alleles; the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-g new ... | 2007 | 17445193 |
| mhc-f polymorphism and evolution. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-f class ib locus shows a limited polymorphism, and the function of its mainly intracellular protein is not clear. we have identified human leukocyte antigen (hla)-f orthologous dna sequences in pongidae in order to study the mhc-f gene evolution and its products' function. hla-f orthologous complementary dna transcripts are found in chimpanzee and in the new primate species studied (bonobo, gorilla and orangutan). analyses of the predicted amino acid se ... | 2007 | 17445188 |
| hla-e polymorphism in amerindians from mexico (mazatecans), colombia (wayu) and chile (mapuches): evolution of mhc-e gene. | human leukocyte antigen (hla)-e is a nonclassical class i (ib) gene with a restricted polymorphism. only eight dna alleles and three proteins of this gene have been described and their frequencies analyzed in caucasian, oriental, asian indian, and negroid populations. in the present study, hla-e polymorphism has been analyzed in six amerindian and mestizo populations from north and south america and compared with previously described populations. hla-e*0101 is the most frequent allele found in a ... | 2007 | 17445187 |
| influence of social and environmental factors on nesting behaviour in captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | field studies on gorilla sleeping sites usually emphasize environmental influences on nest site selection, as individual nesting behaviours are usually not observed directly. in captivity, nesting behaviour and influencing factors are often overlooked. in the present study, the sleeping sites of members of a captive group of 16-21 gorillas were analysed, based on 152 nights over a 5-year period. subadults tended to sleep apart from adults but clustered around the oldest blackback male. full sibl ... | 2007 | 17429209 |
| potential for ebola transmission between gorilla and chimpanzee social groups. | over the past decade ebola hemorrhagic fever has emerged repeatedly in gabon and congo, causing numerous human outbreaks and massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. why ebola has emerged so explosively remains poorly understood. previous studies have tended to focus on exogenous factors such as habitat disturbance and climate change as drivers of ebola emergence while downplaying the contribution of transmission between gorilla or chimpanzee social groups. here we report recent observation ... | 2007 | 17427138 |
| gorilla-like anatomy on australopithecus afarensis mandibles suggests au. afarensis link to robust australopiths. | mandibular ramus morphology on a recently discovered specimen of australopithecus afarensis closely matches that of gorillas. this finding was unexpected given that chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of humans. because modern humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and many other primates share a ramal morphology that differs from that of gorillas, the gorilla anatomy must represent a unique condition, and its appearance in fossil hominins must represent an independently derived morphology. t ... | 2007 | 17426152 |
| spontaneous external endometriosis in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla). | the present report describes a case of external endometriosis in a 28 year old female gorilla (gorilla gorilla). microscopical examination of a pelvic mass observed at necropsy revealed ovarian tissue together with uterine glands and stroma, fibrous tissue and many siderophages. theories of pathogenesis of external endometriosis are briefly reviewed. | 1985 | 17422589 |
| tool use during display behavior in wild cross river gorillas. | during the course of a 3-year ecological study on cross river gorillas (gorilla gorilla diehli) at the kagwene mountain in cameroon, we observed three cases of tool use which may be unique to the gorillas of this region and possibly learned through interactions with humans. a non-habituated group of cross river gorillas threw fistfuls of grass toward humans in display contexts. an individual gorilla was also observed to throw a detached branch toward researchers during another encounter. the thi ... | 2007 | 17410549 |
| recent integrations of mammalian hmg retropseudogenes. | we propose that select retropseudogenes of the high mobility group nonhistone chromosomal protein genes have recently integrated into mammalian genomes on the basis of the high sequence identity of the copies to the cdna sequences derived from the original genes. these include the hmg1 gene family in mice and the hmgn2 family in humans. we investigated orthologous loci of several strains and species of mus for presence or absence of apparently young hmg1 retropseudogenes. three of four analysed ... | 2006 | 17406091 |
| evolutionary genomic remodelling of the human 4q subtelomere (4q35.2). | in order to obtain insights into the functionality of the human 4q35.2 domain harbouring the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (fshd) locus, we investigated in african apes genomic and chromatin organisations, and the nuclear topology of orthologous regions. | 2007 | 17359533 |
| full-length sequence analysis of the hla-drb1 locus suggests a recent origin of alleles. | the hla region harbors some of the most polymorphic loci in the human genome. among them is the class ii locus hla-drb1, with more than 400 known alleles. the age of the polymorphism and the rate at which new alleles are generated at hla loci has caused much controversy over the years. previous studies have mostly been restricted to the 270 base pairs that constitute the second exon and represent the most variable part of the gene. here, we investigate the evolutionary history of the hla-drb1 lo ... | 2007 | 17345114 |
| evolutionary divergence of the pre-promotor region of ribosomal dna in the great apes. | the human ribosomal intergenic spacer (rigs) differs considerably on nucleotide sequence and regulatory elements positioning from their counterparts in the mouse, rat and xenopus laevis. in the present study, we have pcr amplified, cloned and sequenced the rigs fragments of about 4.5 kb length, located approximately 2 kb upstream of the rrna transcription start point for the great apes, pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla and pongo pygmaeus. alignment of the primates' orthologic nucle ... | 2006 | 17343212 |
| tempo and mode of evolution of the rh blood group genes before and after gene duplication. | the rh blood group genes became duplicated in a common ancestor of human-chimpanzee-gorilla. we compared the evolutionary rates of the rh blood group genes for each exon for branches connecting to humans, having duplicated rh loci, and to orangutan, gibbon, and old world monkeys, species having a single rh locus. our results show that evolutionary rates of nonsynonymous substitutions at exon 7 became accelerated in the human lineage. furthermore, we surveyed the sequence variation in the region ... | 2007 | 17334753 |
| mental rotation of anthropoid hands: a chronometric study. | it has been shown that mental rotation of objects and human body parts is processed differently in the human brain. but what about body parts belonging to other primates? does our brain process this information like any other object or does it instead maximize the structural similarities with our homologous body parts? we tried to answer this question by measuring the manual reaction time (mrt) of human participants discriminating the handedness of drawings representing the hands of four anthrop ... | 2007 | 17334535 |
| retrospective evaluation of measles antibody titers in vaccinated captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | retrospective analyses of banked serum samples and medical records from captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at lincoln park zoo showed that vaccination of gorillas with a human vaccine induced antibody production. no significant relationship was found between the groups that received one, two, or three vaccinations and the probability of seroconversion. these data also suggested that antibodies in western lowland gorillas persist for at least 11 yr. this information is use ... | 2005 | 17323559 |
| genomic relationships and speciation times of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla inferred from a coalescent hidden markov model. | the genealogical relationship of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla varies along the genome. we develop a hidden markov model (hmm) that incorporates this variation and relate the model parameters to population genetics quantities such as speciation times and ancestral population sizes. our hmm is an analytically tractable approximation to the coalescent process with recombination, and in simulations we see no apparent bias in the hmm estimates. we apply the hmm to four autosomal contiguous human-ch ... | 2007 | 17319744 |
| cholesterol values in free-ranging gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla and gorilla beringei) and bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | cholesterol concentrations in captive gorillas and orangutans vary widely within species and average approximately 244 mg/dl for gorillas and 169 mg/dl for orangutans as published previously. the international species inventory system reports higher concentrations of 275 and 199 mg/dl for gorillas and orangutans, respectively. it is unknown whether these values were typical, influenced by captive management, or both. to answer this question, banked serum samples from free-ranging mountain gorill ... | 2006 | 17319127 |
| resolution of a hyperprolactinemia in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas are one of the most common causes of infertility in women. prolactin plays an important role in lactation and is involved in producing some of the normal mammalian breeding and maternal behaviors. elevated serum prolactin concentrations can adversely affect the reproductive cycle in females by inhibiting the normal lutenizing hormone surge that stimulates ovulation. a 17-year-old western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) presented with low fertility ... | 2006 | 17315448 |
| preliminary evaluation of blood lipid profiles in captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | published serum cholesterol values in captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) are much higher than human ranges, with a national mean of 7.36 mmol/l (284 mg/dl, n = 863). complete blood lipid profiles were examined in 15 captive gorillas. high-density lipoprotein (hdl) was found to decrease more rapidly with age than total cholesterol, resulting in an increasing ratio of cholesterol hdl with age. the ratio of apolipoprotein b to apolipoprotein al also increased with age. estab ... | 2006 | 17312789 |
| clostridium septicum myositis in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | a 10-yr-old male gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with a history of conspecific bite wounds was evaluated for acute onset of depression, anorexia, and right hemiparesis. the animal was immobilized for diagnostic examination and treatment for suspected toxic shock from a necrotizing, emphysematous wound infection, but was euthanized due to complications during recovery. gross and histopathologic examination revealed acute necrotizing myositis, fasciitis, cellulitis, and emphysema in the affected ... | 2005 | 17312773 |
| ophthalmic examination of the captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | this study examined the captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) eye as compared and contrasted with the human eye. bilateral ophthalmic examinations of western lowland gorillas (n = 5) while under general anesthesia were performed opportunistically, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, dilated fundus examination, cycloplegic retinoscopy, schiotz tonometry, corneal diameter and thickness measurements, a-scan and b-scan ultrasonography, keratometry, and cultures of the eyelid margi ... | 2005 | 17312760 |
| the shape of the hominoid proximal femur: a geometric morphometric analysis. | as part of the hip joint, the proximal femur is an integral locomotor component. although a link between locomotion and the morphology of some aspects of the proximal femur has been identified, inclusive shapes of this element have not been compared among behaviourally heterogeneous hominoids. previous analyses have partitioned complex proximal femoral morphology into discrete features (e.g. head, neck, greater trochanter) to facilitate conventional linear measurements. in this study, three-dime ... | 2007 | 17310545 |
| ontogeny and phylogeny of the pelvis in gorilla, pongo, pan, australopithecus and homo. | to examine the evolutionary differences between hominoid locomotor systems, a number of observations concerning the growth of the pelvis among the great apes as compared to modern and fossil hominids are reported. we are interested in the size and shape of the coxal bones at different developmental stages across species that may elucidate the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny (i.e., heterochrony) in the hominoid pelvis. our hypotheses are: (1) do rates of absolute growth differ?, (2) d ... | 2007 | 17303939 |
| yaws disease in a wild gorilla population and its impact on the reproductive status of males. | we evaluated the prevalence of skin lesions in a gorilla population in the republic of congo. the observed lesions were typical of yaws, a treponematosis described in gorillas and humans living in tropical regions. among the 377 gorillas identified, 17% presented skin lesions, mainly on their faces. the worst cases presented physical handicaps because of the deep lesions. as in humans, lesions break out when individuals are young. lesions were more prevalent among males than females above 8 year ... | 2007 | 17274014 |
| new aspects of chromosomal evolution in the gorilla and the orangutan. | it is well-accepted that studies of chromosomal changes which have occurred during the evolution of the great apes and the human provide clues towards the phylogeny of these species. applying recently developed molecular cytogenetic approaches, this study on the chromosomes of the orangutan and the gorilla revealed the presence of cryptic, until now, unrecognized cytogenetic rearrangements mainly within the evolutionary dynamic subcentromeric and subtelomeric regions. on four orangutan chromosom ... | 2007 | 17273792 |